Evening Star Newspaper, March 12, 1933, Page 23

HONORING DIRT FARMER CREATES NEW STANDARDS Master Degree Conferred on Four Men and Wives by New York for Tillage, Home-Making, Community Activities. DY KATHERINE GLOVER. HERE is an old tradition in gov- ernment, and an older tradition i® education, that symbols of r shall be bestowed upon world. But in this generation there has been created & new measuring stick for men. An honor given not to & man but to a family which shall have reached certain high standards set for those who sow and reap and till the land. It is no order of merit for one who has offered his life in a crisis, nor yet for the heroes and the doers of the | those who have spent their years in | It is for the man and | woman—jointly—who patiently, through | the long hard seasons, have struggled | and won in the agricultural battle with | academic halls, nature. The only a man and his wife, so far as we have been able to discover, is that known in England as the “Giving of the Dun- mow Flitch.” The flitch is a side of bacon and is given once a year, down in Essex County, to the man and wife who shall have lived together without | a cross word throughout the year. Sev- eral vears ago H. G. Wells presided at that meetine and made some brilliant comments on the old couple whese fam- ily life had set a model for the country. But this American movement, the award of “Master Farmer,” is an inno- vation on high ground, carrying as it does proof that agricultural life can succeed in material and spiritual things. | It is a new movement, begun about five years ago in the Middle West, which has spread now through the State agri- cultural colleges over a very wide area. Sowers Paid Tribute, You could easily have imagined the great banquet room of Willard Straight Hall at Cornell University, with its oak- paneled walls, its overhead beams, jut- tilng gargoyles and colorful pennants swinging from the ceiling, to be one of the ancient guild halls of England on the evening last month when Gov. Leh- man of New York, Mrs. Roosevelt, wife of the nation's President, and several hundred other guests met there for a banquet to honor members of the oldest guild in the world—the sowers and reapers of the soil. The occasion was Cornell's Farm and Home Week. Each ye: in the brief breathing spell of Midwinter, before the Spring sowing sets in, farmers lay aside their milk pails and farming im- [plements and come to Ithaca to discuss agricultural problems, to reckon with the year's successes and failures, to dis- cover better ways of doing old things and to find out new trends in crops and More farmers came this year than ever before. Six thousand. They were a serious lot. The print of the struggle was in their faces and their soil-wrestling hands. But: “The farm- er's a long way from being licked yet,” declared one of their leaders Each year history is quietly made there in Ithaca when the farm folk come together with leaders of the Agri- cultural College: this year this was t: than ever before in the 26 years ce Farm and Home Week was started. [The high peak of the fiv program the banquet in Willard Straight for the bestowal of honors on the farmers of New York State. ~ad never heard of a master farmer of the master farmecr movement. e others, probably, who haven't. to decorations for soldiers | eroes, for artists and men of even degrees for distinguished Yet why not? r award is a revival of the | em, when craftsmen re- th own kind for mastery of their trade. Launching of Move. Since farmers are too busy to do their wn awarding, the movement was launched by a farm paper—the Prairie [Farm in the State of Illinois. Agri- uitural journals in other parts of the ccuntry have taken up the idea. In [New Vork State it has been taken up the American Agriculturist, under he direction of the publisher, Henry [Morgenthau, jr. For five years a search jhas been made for those farmers in [New York State who qualify as master ffarmers. A bcard of judges, including he Governor of the State and the ffaculty of the College of Agriculture at ornell University, examines the rec- ords and makes the selections. This honor to farmers is different from any other decoration. The farmer ho stands before the Governor to re- ceive his award does not come alone. His wife comes with him, standing shoulder to shoulder, a partner in his achievement and a partner in his jaward. A tense thrill ran through the thou- | sand persons who witnessed this cere- mony at Cornell recently. There, be- fore the Governor of the State, the dean of the college, the learned faculty, the wife of the President-elect of the [United States, and fellow farmers from all parts of the State stood some of the finest_examples of citizenship of which the Nation can boast. Character was expressed in every line of face and posture; they were forthright, coura- geous people, the men well dressed and groomed, though obviously unacquainted [with Bond street; the women in simple other award given jointly to | dresses, with the {lnw of health and a | dignified poise which i3 the inalienable | right of those who have won their own | way in the world. [ In reading the citations Gov. Lehman emphasized the fact that no man can qualify as a master farmer who has not considered the health, the happi- ness and opportunities for a rich life for his wife and family. A new measure of men has been found. A master farmer must succeed | on three counts: He must be a good | farmer, a good citizen and a good homemaker. The points on which he is tested are: Material success in farm- ing, his contribution to the life of his community, and his high standards as a homemaker. To be a master farmer, | then, is to be a master citizen—a suc- cessful human being. Other awards might well be revised according to this pattern. ‘There is a story behind each of the citations. One feels hesitant in spot- lighting one of them, yet space forbids all. So here is the story of Ralph De Wolfe: Reared on a farm, he felt the soil and came back to it as the best place to live and to raise a family. Perhaps the experience of four years as a school teacher made him a better farmer. One unusual practice he uses is to take his hired help into close co-operation in his farming business. Once a month all his men—and their wives, if they are married—are called together for a | “confab” night. There is a free-for-all | discussion and everybody has a right to air his grievances and to make sug- gestions on ways to improve the farm. It has been a great success. When Mr. De Wolfe leaves home he knows that things go on as usual. He has built up & 100 per cent co-operative group. He started out with a milk route. He bought the farm from the owner of the dairy for which he worked. Since then the milk route has been built up to 400 quarts a day. He runs his farm and his milk business on a strictly business and cost records carefully kept. He has made some interesting experiments in the feeding of his herds. But it is on the human side that this master farmer’s citation has the great- | est interest. He believes in recreation | for his family—co-operation in play as well as in work. In the back yard of his comfortable farmhouse he has built an outdoor fireplace with rocks from the | place. There is a table for picnic meals, | swings for the children, and a sand | box. In the Summer friends come for | week ends and make this their gather- | ing place. The youngsters sleep out in | tents. Each year the De Wolfe family takes a vacation of a week or more and they also sandwich in week end ex- cursions to places of interest. Boys and Girl Honored. If the maturely successful farmers stirred one as they came before the Governor to receive their honors, even more so did five boys and one young | girl who received these medals and citations. One forgot discouragement |and confusion as one watched them. | Written in the courageous, frank faces of these youths was the real future of America. One thing struck home forc- ibly. When the elder men spoke bgfore | their Governor, the President-elect's | lady, the Cornell University faculty and | that great crowd, their words came a trifie haltingly; they were shy. When youth spoke it was in & clear voice and with little hesitation and groping. They are equipped, one fe:ls; t! sheuld be less hard for them, their vic- tories perhaps greater. The awards to youth are made to | Four-H Club members who show the best record, to vocational students of agriculture and to rural Boy Scouts whose achievements are most worthy. These are farmers in the making. Em- ory Waterman, one of the two Boy | Scouts to win an award, has won 31 merit badges. He manages the home poultry business, comprising 700 hens, and has charge of a milk route. George Turner, one of the vocational students of agriculture, takes a large part in the management of a 250-acre farm because his father has to be away from home a great deal of the time. He has made an income of $385.66 from projects of his own and has built up a herd of five pure-bred Guernseys inventoried at Some say you can almost tell the farm of a master farmer when you pass it. In Cortland County Frank Carter and his wife have made a stony hill farm, with its once-sour soil, fertile with the labor of their 40 years. And out of the very soil they have reared and educated five sons and two daughters and put all of them through college. In the gathering of farmers at Cor- nell during this year's Farm and Home Week one was conscious that a new ferment is stirring among farmers to- day. Without yielding any whit in in- dividuality, they are learning to do things neighbor with neighbor—to co- operate on large scale and small. The sting of necessity is driving them not to despair but to fresh initiative. Master Farmer movement is helping to set standards. The sixty or more already chosen in New York State and the 500 lor more through the country have shown other farmers the points on which to score and goals to strive for. Racket K‘ing,” Who Proves to Be Spy, Sells Entire Chinese City to Japan CHINWANGTAO, China.—A flabby-faced Oriental, decked out in [Manchukuo khaki uniform, is the most ffeared individual among Chinese m‘ Shanhaikwan. He is a Korean and his | fat, , their own versions, and, like the begin- a nings of the Mukden incident of Sep- tember 18, 1931, the world is open to of what hap- with fixed accept either version pened. Japanese infantrymen, frame is King, hence he is called by | bayonets, were at their posts patrolling hinese “Korean King.” He is Shan- | the depot platforms. Whatever the in- hhaikwan's most powerful racketeer in a | ception of the incident, all are certain cuntry that has forgotten more about | bracketeering than most Americans will | pver learn, | on one point. Foreigners and Chinese both testify that the first recognizable person on the station platform was none Chinese in Shanhaikwan spoke his | Other than the hotel owner, Kcrean d breath. ‘hiness laborers, Coolies, low- dodged me with b t of rou the narrow city now fiying the Japanese | Manchukuo flags. King owned not one hotel Ehanhaikwan but several. They were | mall places, a group of one-story build- ngs of gray brick, huddling around an | pen courtyard, and they catered to tinerant Chinese sceping in through e great wall of China. | Korean King was also supposed to in the opium business, for opium is asy to get in that city on the edge of fongolian Jehol. Besides his hotel business, this much feared Asiatic redged himself into the hauling busi- ess, and owned most of the baggage oolies who used to meet the trains on he Shanhaikwan station platform. Korean King was an ugusual per- fon who arrived at the city of the great wall at some uncertain time and gradually extended his hands until he jheld in his grasp more illicit power an any cther man in this city of 5,000 people. The Chinese are a tolerant race, put- ing up with abuses rather than stir a nger to fight against them. Amid uch people Korean King grew until jhis name became a houschold word to jtear, and then it was too late to check jhis power. Then came disaster upon he city. At 9:30 o'clock on the night of Jan- nary § there was an explosion at the Shanhaikwan depot of the Peping-Muk- ten Railroad. Somebody had tossed a bomb, others followed, then rifle fire broke out. Nobody to this day is_cer- tain of the sequence of events. Both the Japancse and the Chinese have King—but no longer in the guise of a hotel proprietor. Korean King was 5 impeccably dressed in the uniform of i e rag\rt‘;ut hs(.)r; Tfi:{ | the Manchukuo army—an army created and trained by the Japanese. Chinese have at last penetrated the in | Teal business of the Shanhaikwan hotel proprietor. To the Chinese, thousands of whom are huddling here as refugees, Korean King was a spy. It was he, say the Chinese, who sold out their ancient city to the Japanese army. (Copyright, 1033.) e Free State May Create Own Supply of Timber DUBLIN.—If the Irish Free State is to create its own home supply of timber it is estimatéd that the total area of woodlands in the 26 counties must ex- ceed 500,000 acres. At the present | time, according to the director of af- forestation, there are hardly 200,000 | acres, most of it privately owned woods and much of that is timber of inferior quality. For & country its size and basis. Every smallest item is inventoried | The | | enjoying the climate it does, the Free State is regarded by many Irishmen as seriously underwooded. Gales from the Atlantic are said to have discouraged afforestation in the past of thousands of acres of land in | the west. The Dail has voted the equivalent of $300,000 during the cur- rent financial year for the creation of | new plantations, of which between 3,000 and 4,000 acres are being developed yearly. ” SFopyright, 10333 THE | | | BY DONALD WILHELM. Author of “The Btory of Steel,” “The Book of Metals,” Etc. S steel goes, so goes the 6 nation” (and often the stcck market, too) is a proverb that might better be: “As the nation goes, s0 goes the steel industry.” It is important to know how this great industry is faring —how hard it has been hit by the de- pression—what are its hopes and plans for the future—what are the next great steps that will be taken in the industry. I went to Myron C, Taylor, chairman of the beard of the United States Steel Corporation, the largest unit in our most basic and most barometric in- dustry, and asked his views. “We are passing through, and I feel confident that we will presently emerge from, a period of the widest depression of industry,” he said. “The economic balance that ordinarily exists between nations and between industries has been shattered by the stupendous shock of war and its aftermath. Everyone knows that. We are all facing reality again. And what is that reality? The things that were conceived in selfish- ness and born of arrogance have re- turned to the dust from which they came. But, no less to the point, certain fundamental principles of business remain.” “For example?” “The consuming power of any people fundamentally depends upon their normal standard of living. Americans are accustomed to a higher general | standard of living than has ever pre- | vailed anywhere else in the world. For one thing this means—at any rate it is true—that we normally use more steel than any people in the world. For us, at least, steel is indispensable. That is why, even as we rise from the very bottom of this slough of despair, there is an irreducible minimum necessity for steel which is not by any means incon- siderable. That irreducible necessity has not as yvet inspired sufficient de- mand to assure the industry as a whole satisfactory operation. But in any case it makes my point—that steel is at all | times essential to our way of life. Can you look out of that window there—can you look about you anywhere—and ar- rive at any other conclusion? Obsolescence of Steel. “Steel does wear out! Obsolescence, now stimulated as never before by tech- nology, implies tearing down, building up. In the humblest homes people have | had to deprive themselves during these | three bitter years of items made of | steel, and the sum total of even such | items mounts to formidable proportions. | “Moreover, that accumulated nced ex- | tends all the way from homes and shops | to the far greater needs of our railroads, |our’ automobile industry, nearly all others of our 200.000 manufactories. | “In due course all such needs must manifest themselves. We know that they will or life in America would stop —and it will not stop!” ‘Thus one gets a picture of this giant among our industries (in war as in | peace our most essential industry) tak- | |ing a licking, perhaps, but, like Uncle Sam himself, by no means licked. Steel production is at all times a good, no doubt the best, index of all produc- | | tion in America—steel is that basic to | nearly all of ouj industries. And it is is an industry which operates on order almost entirely. Steel production naturally was given a tremendous boost by the World War. | The industry expanded its productive | capacity frantically, until, in 1917, it | turned out its war-time pcak of 43,619,- | 000 ingot tons. There was a slump after | the war, but, with the boom, production | began climbing again. In 1929 the in- | dustry hit its all-time peak of 54,850,000 tons and had facilities for turning out | additional millions of tons had there been a market for them. heavy decreases in both domestic and foreign demand, has ebbed steadily. In 1930 the leaders of the industry were ‘wondering if it could operate profitably at 30 per cent of capacity. In 1931 they were wondering if it could carry on at 25 per cent! Then at 20 per cent! Then at 15 per cent! Until, in August, 1932, our production of steel was down to its all-time low of only 14.3 per cent. Obviously Losing Money. As an industry, steel obviously was losing money, in general was not even meeting the fixed charges on its enor- mous investment; and many thousands | of wage earners dependent on it were i'.hmwn out of work. | But then there came a more hearten- ing picture. Since last August the curves used to indicate steel production have inched upward to above 23 per cent of capacity. Now, near the end, | 1t 1s hoped, of what has been the longest and most costly hiatus in production that steel has experienced, the leaders of the industry are hoping that it will again get into stride and enjoy much | more than the irreducible minimum de- | mand described by Mr. Taylor. Yet, as they hope, Mr. Taylor and | other leaders acknowledge that the in- | dustry today finds itself in a period of profound change. This change is only partly due to the depression. There have been increases and decreases in the demand for steel, in its markets at home and abroad, that have been reflected by the fact that the industry is entering upon & new phase of its development. , for instance, have more rapidly than total steel produc- tion. In 1929 exports amounted to 5.5 per cent of the total production, or 2,200,000 tons. But in 1932 the 440,000 tons of exports amounted te only 4 per cent of the industry’s total production. Mr. Taylor commented on this de- crease. “With the rapid extension of tariff barriers, which in the case of the United States have been maintained almost from the beginning to safeguard our higher standard of living, I look to our exports to settle at about the level existing before the World War,” he sald. “Perforce, we shall need to look more than ever to domestic markets. And by the same and other tokens we shall have larger need—and in a sense larger opportunity—to get our bearings, to put our house in order.” What are these domestic markets? How have they been affected by the decrease in business—by the change in the steel industry itself? Which of the old markets will loom large in the future? What new markets are being developed to take large shares of zh;n ann’c;i;'s steel production? our automotive industry, steel’s biggest customer, used 7,250, 000 tons of steel, 18 per cent of our total rolled steel. In 1931.it used 2,- 800,000 tons; in 1932 still less. As this is written our automobile industry —by some measurements our biggest industry—after calling back thousands of workmen while bringing out new low-priced models, has encountered dif- ficulties of its own, such as strikes and the “Michigan holiday.” Nevertheless, some of its companies are finding good demand for their products. And, as the industry prospers, it will help steel. Vast Tonnage for Railways. ‘The steel required by our raflroads in 1929 amounted to 6,800,000 tons, or 17 per cent of total production. This huge amount ebbed in 1931 to 2,450,~ 000 tons, and in 1932 to 1,100,000 tons. At all times our railroads require large tonnages of steel for maintenance, grade scparation work, new terminals, new bridges and the like. On the other hand, our railroads are in a period of readjustment to many factors, includ ing automobile, bus, truck, waterway, plane, pipe-line and other competition and, obviously, more branch lines are likely to be abandoned. Normal gnr- | all the more a good index because steel | Since then production, in answer to | SUNDAY STAR, WASHINGTON, D. C, which is awalting adequate financing, general business revival and other re- leases. Note the demand for steel by our agricultura] implement and allied in- dustries—in 1929 for 2,200,000 tons or 515 per cent of the total; in 1931 for | 815,000 tons, and in 1932 for 370,000 tons. Consider that the demand for steel by this industry turns on agri- cultural conditions. But consider also that while the demand for tractors and agricultural machines is likely to be more or less negligible for some time to come, meanwhile the trend from city | to country is accelerating, industries are rediscovering the small town for industrial sites, and it is possible that | demand for steel farm equipment may | increase before long. . | Also note that the building industry | in 1929 required 6,450,000 tons of rolled | steel; 16!2 per cent of the total; in 1931 it required 3.350,000 tons; in 1932, 11,680,000 tons. Meanwhile it obviously | is impossible to predict where the con- | struction industry is going. Toll bricge | reflected in recent steel tonnages have | not provided interest on their bonds. | Until industry in general is revived, de- | mad for steel in industrial buildings will | | not increase materially. And in cmes‘ there is such an excess of office, apart- THE BACKBONE OF STEEL. MARCH 12 —The Laborer. scrapers have reached a point of di- minishing returns, and so many folk are striving back toward the land, that the demand for structural steel in these areas obviously is not promising. Against the uncertain and changing picture there are consolations in the form of new uses for steel, new large markets for new steel products. Steel Houses Inevitable, One of these consolations is steel houses. To many persons steel houses may seem fantastic. They are—if one thinks of them as being run off of as- sembly lines like automobiles, on cars and shipped fully constructed v.:: léxe sites on which they are to stand. “Steel houses,” says Charles F. Ab-| bott, director of the American Institute of Steel Construction, “will never be | built, assembled and shipped like auto- | mobiles, of course. Nevertheless, they are just as inevitable as progress, be- cause they are economical, and because they will provide better homes in America. They are virtually indestruc- tible, they are vermin-proof, sanitary and are really fireproof. ‘The United States Steel Corporation, through its Steel House Committee, has just completed a survey of 56 systems ment and hotel space, so many sky-'of construction, and has classified them | Czechs and Italians PRAGUE.—After a careful survey of the labor, industrial and economic sit- uation, the republic of Czechoslovakia | intends to go on to the “40-hour week” | officially in the near future, regardless | as to whether neighboring countries do | likewise or not. Italy, which has been | experimenting with reduced working ! hours as a means of combatting un- employment and stimulating purchas- ing capacity of the masses as against that of the ciasses, also can be ex- pected to officially proclaim the shorter working week as soon as international action in the realm of hours is gen- | erally accepted—or rejected. | ‘The nation-wice survey conducted by | the Czechoslovak ministry of social | welfare has resulted in a recommen- | dation that Parliament immediately pass legislation making the “eight-hour five-day week,” or some other com- bination of 40 working hours for each seven-day period, obligatory. Very slight opposition has developed on the part of manufacturers, and this is con- fined, not against the reduced working week, but rather to the legal aspects of the problem. ‘The highest court in the land, how- ever, has ruled that government regu- lation is constitutional. In the appeal brought by a manufacturer against the administration over prosecution for working his staff 12 hours per day, the Supreme Court has ruled that such | action violates the national eight-hour- day act, regardless of whether the workers and management mutually agreed to the extended working day. Czechoslovakia was one of the first countries to ratify and put into effect the Washington Hours Convention, drawn up at the International Labor Conference in 1919, and the step from the 48-hour week to tha 40-hour week is a logical sequence in view of the eritical situation which has developed excessive rationalization and machinery and the world-wide eco- nomic crisis. 601,438 Unemployed. During the past 12 months unem- ployment in Czechoslovakia has grown 78 per cent. As against 337,654 idle workers a year ago there are now at least 601,438. In December, 1931, about 7 per cent of the country’s workers were unemplo} ‘Today more than }‘2 151" cent of the working population le. ‘The effects of “rationalization” and introduction of labor-saving machinery on Crechoslovak industry (the country is the most highly industrialized sec- tion of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire), during the last few years, has been startling. The government be- lieves that, although the world crisis passes, the country will still be con- fronted by a section of population chronically unemployed unless some re- adjustment is forthcoming. A review of the industrial situation shows: That in glass works, & major indus- try, 9 persons now do with ma- chines the work that 80 to 90 manual laborers did some time ago. In one sheet glass factory 400 workers are now doing the work of an original 3,000. The production of sheet glass has doubled, while workers have been reduced 40 per cent. Recently 2,000 sheet glass workers lost their jobs per- manently. In quarries every new machine in- stalled replaces 24 workers; in clay pits 8 men now do the work formerly done by 60. Output of Tiles Doubled. In pottery factories the use of ma- chinery has doubled the output of Dutch’ tiles, and at the same time workers have been reduced by half. Skilled workers are replaced by man- ual laborers in enamel work. One large metal works has intro- duced scientific heating, reducing the normal consumption of coal by 1,200 tons daily, thereby throwing between 1,200 and 1,400 miners out of work; an electrical smelting appliance has trebled the output and ts have replaced skilled workmen. In machine factories the output of sewing machines was boosted 40 per cent without increasing the staff; electrical appliances production gained 600 per cent on the same number of 'work Are Expected To Adopt 40-Hour Week in Near Future factory discharged 150 workmen and at the same time increased its output 35 per cent; box-making machines have increased the output by 40 per cent. In the textile industry more than one-half of the total number of home workers are out of empioyment as a result of mechanization of mills. Rationalization has not affected the number of workers employed in the building trades, but it has recuced the time worked by the speeding up of construction and shortening contract estimates. Drastic Price Cut Seen. In tobacco factories production has been maintained while one concern cut its staff of workers from 1,570 to 950; the brewing trade reports that half its workers are superfluous as a result of introduction of bottling machines and the conveyor system. The same holds good in the sugar factories. Convinced that unemployment is no passing phenomena, and that unless a sensible reduction of working hours is brought about the entire industrial system will have to be revised, the Czechoslovakian ministry of social wel- fare advocates a plan whereunder workers as well as employers benefit by the use of the machine. At the same time it foresees drastic reduction of commodity prices while still maintaining a_ reasonable profit for industry. An all-around improve- ment in the standard of living of the working masses is sought as a means of increasing consumption. The tendency of employers to re- place skilled workers with unskilled hands and machines also is being re- sisted. Most of the nation’s industries have resulted in bullding up a “crafts- manship” found in few countries. De- prived of the results of years of ap- prenticeship and forced to turn to new trades where rationalization and ma- chinery have not yet made inroads, the skilled workmen are beginning to re- sent the machine. Hatred takes the place of the price they formerly felt in_their work. ‘While the government is seel to protect the living standard of workers by every means at its disposal, it has launched a serious economy campaign in administrative affairs. Pay reduc- tions of from 3 to 10 per cent in all public services became effective Jan- uary 1. Higher officials, including the President of the republic, cabinet min- isters and such, have taken from 5 to 15 per cent wage cuts. Bonuses have been abolished and pensions curtailed in an effort to balance the b:d"ec." 3,067,367 U. S. Autos Visit Canada for Day OTTAWA, Ontario—No fewer than 3,067,367 American automobiles entered Canada for a 24-hour stay last year, according to figures released by the department of national revenue. In 1931, 3439492 United States cars crossed the international boundary for a day's visit to the Dominion. Exactly 1,032,681 American machines entered Canada for a period not exceed- ing 60 days last year, and 5,636 over 60 days and not exceeding six months. It is stated that 376,534 Canadian automobiles crossed the international the United States for touring purposes last year, as compared with 536,855 in 1931. (Copyright, 1933.) Italian Poet’s Book Is Printed on Tin ROME, Italy.—A book printed entire- ly on flexible leaves of tin has just been brought out by the “Tin-Print” publishers of Savona. It is a volume of the poems of F. T. Marinetti, the founder of . The t.'hh'k:ll t,” ac to one announce- B b loaded | 1933—~PART TWO. What’s Next in Steel? At the End of One Cycle of Development, It Is Reaching Out for New and Broader Markets. according to the uses of steel that were suggested. This survey discloses an an- nual potential demand throughout the country for one and two family houses equivaient of 300,000 six-room resi- dences. And if these were merely framed with steel, they would require 2,500,000 tons of steel rolled shapes each year. For the rest: Add steel K:nel.s, other kinds of “steel lumber” already avail- able. Add steel curbing and steel road guards. Add steel dams—one was urged for the Colorado River. Add H-section piling for buildings, bridges and piers. Add swimming pools and welded machine bases, airport hangars and runways, ferry-slip guides, farm bulldings and other farm structures. Add up all these and we will have in such new or newly emphasized mar- kets a tial tonnage, the American Steel truction Institute insists, of around 10,000,000 tons in & normal year —a figure of no little significance. Meanwhile, elevated steel highways are coming into larger acceptance and pipe lines, now proposed for gasoline as well as oil and gas, have a place in the picture. Also the demand for steel in & larger range of miscellaneous uses, in- refrigerators and new products, is prom- ising. Industry End of Cycle. As Mr. Taylor has indicated, obviously our steel industry has reached the end of a cycle. Nearly all of our industries have! The Nation has! Every one nearly everywhere has! In the case of steel, this conclusion is fortified by many facts, some of them full of promise to the industry since they have bearing on new domestic and even foreign demands for steel of vari- ous kinds that are not available any- where else in the world. A quick glimpse at some of these factors may be full of Th:nfm decades have witnessed the discovery or larger use of not a few new materials and the improvement of many old competitive materials. Thus the so- called white metals have come into large acceptance and cement has made progress. ‘These competing materials, new or new in application, are so numerous | that they suggest the picture of almost | numberless little and large industries striving together to shoot at and put 2 dent in the armor of steel. In the iron-and-steel industry itself, research and invention since the World | War have been energizing numerous | betterments in cast iron, a cheaper ma- terial, and some of these have bearing on | steel. Wrought iron meanwhile, thanks to the Aston process which eliminates expensive hand-puddling, has staged a comeback, has been put on a mass pro- | duction basis and promises to extend its | lines beyond pipe, in which alone it has had much competitive meaning during | the last half century. Aluminum and aluminum alloys, used ‘or structural purposes in office equipment, in furni- ture, in automobile, bus, truck, trolley and railroad car bodies and in numer- ous other instances, is a continuous threat because of its lightness and its price. To this invasion 2dd the other invasions, more or less significant, by nickel, by zinc, by stainless steels, which strictly are not steels but combinations of nickel, chromium and iron. But, though too big and busy to be bothered at first by the changing scene in which more progress has been made in metallurgy in three decades than in |all the centuries before, the steel in- | dustry itself has resorted, although in general tardily, to laboratory research. It has taken to itself the manufacture of the increasing family of stainless steels with their infinitude of uses. It has embraced numerous of the white and | other metals as alloying elements, put them to work, married them in ordeals of fire to iron or steel and thus squared around to offer an incredible and in- creasing progeny of alloy steels—already numbering, if each variation produced be counted, some 5,000. Many of those already In use, for example those of the stainless family, are essentially new metals, each with its special merits and uses. And not only do new metals make new products possible; they also bring | refinements in existing products and | therefore make new industries and new Jjobs. Ninety Metal Specifications. For example: A pioneer of the present large family of vanadium steels made | it possible to build the Model T Ford with adequate strength but minimum welght and cost. As a matter of fact some our finest cars today contain as many as 90 different specifications of metals, mainly alloy steels. ‘The steel industry thus has com- pleted a cycle; it has rounded out an early and exploitive and pioneering phase paralleling a like phase in our national development in which there was insatiable demand for steel and more steel—plain carbon steel—with which to span the country with rib- bons called rails, to build bridges and tunnels, skyscrapers and cities them- selves. Through most of a decade it has been, and still is, emerging from this cycle, entering a new one, an era of readjustment, of consolidation, of intensive and competitive refinement of methods and products. In 1909, to cite only one of many straws in the wind, only one ton of alloy steel was made for each 131.6 tons of total steel, where- as in 1928 there was one ton of alloy steel produced in the United States for each 16 tons total; and that, too, in a time when all steel production was In rapid ascendency. But the steadily increasing use ton- nages, does not mean smaller profits. On the contrary, alloy steels bring much larger reward for manufacturing skill than ordinary common steel. ‘Thus steel is in transition. “We are always in transition, always learning,” says Mr. Taylor, “and I for one like to feel that the lessons are at least in some measure worth their cost. “What have we learned? We have learned, among other things, that, as I have said publicity before, the false gods of bigness and speed have proven pow- erless to help us; that bigness has af- forded us no lasting happiness, speed no economic security, hastily gained knowledge no serenity. Now I would add that nationally, industrially and we have reached the end of a cycle— an era of consolidation, of revision of many industrial practices, an era in which we can and must reaffirm our faith at the altars of nm&udty, sobriety and a better human understanding. Better Production Control. “T expect that as a result of the de- pression we shall find that better con- trol of production, therefore of em- ployment, will come automatically. I anticipate a better, because more in- telligent and dependable, distribution of work and the giving to each worker of as t a portion of such work as an e inv pro- duction which has come to stay be- 3 ILATIN NATIONS HOPEFUL OF ROOSEVELT NEW DEAL cluding containers, such as “tin” cans, | in all directions, it would seem that | beings. “Good Neighbor” Policy Regarded as Promise of Non-Intervention, Tariff Re- vision and Strengthening of Relations. BY GASTON NERVAL. FTER listening to the inaugural speech of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Latin Ameri- cans may feel confident that the dawn of the “new deal” will also break across the Rio Grande. Ever since the November election swept the Democratic party in power and Democratic leaders interpreted the victory as the beg’ aing of a new era— & more liberal, more progressive and more socially-minded era—in the Gov- ernment of this country, Latin Ameri- can observers had been wondering whether this new idealism would be ex~ tended to include the fleld of foreign relations. The Latin American reaction to the Democratic landslide, previous- ly in this column, disclosed that Latin American statesmen and editorialists were very much concerned as to whether the “new deal” ‘would be confined to purely domestic questions or whether it would also affect the foreign policies of Uncle Sam toward the other nations of the world, and particularly toward his sister republics in this Western Hemi- sphere. Only last week I described what the “new deal” inter-American relations, enumerating the principles which would have to be preserved and the changes which would necessary if the incoming adminis- tion wished to win over the good will be tra of Latin America. To the extent to which those principles were maintained | and those changes carried out in the near future, Latin Americens would be | al e to decide, I added, whether the ew deal” had been applied to them or not. ‘Wait Not So Long. After listening t;a the new !c);:zé E:- ecutive’s inaugural address, = hesitatingly say that Latin Americans v:ill not have to wait that long in order to know the intentions and disposition toward them of the regime inaugura on March 4. They will not have to walt until the Latin American policy of the new administration has been spe- cifically outlined or until the approach to some of the outstanding inter-Amer- jcan problems has been publicly an- nounced. If the new administration is to live up, in the fleld of inter-American rela- | tions, to the pledges given by President Roosevelt in his inaugural speech, then it can be said in advance that the “new deal” will not be confined to the geo- | graphical limits of the United States. The declarations of President Roosevelt upon taking office give the best assur- ance that the “new deal” will be ex- tended to the Americas of Latin origin. Only 50-odd words did the President devote to define his foreign policy. But how much he said in those 50 words! All through his pre-election campaign {he had been admired for the precision, brevity and conciseness of his state- ments. In his inaugural address he lived up to that record. Here is President Franklin D. Roose- velt's declaration of foreign policies: “In the field of world policy I would dedicate this Nation to the policy of the good neighbor—the neighbor who reso- Jutely respects himself and, because he does so, respects the rights of others— the neighbor who respects his obliga- tions and respects the sanctity of his agreements in and with a world of neighbors.” Nothing More to Say. ‘That is all he said. But no one could have said more, no matter how many hours and figures of rhetoric were em- pioyed in the attempt. ‘There it is, in a nutshell, the policy which enlightened statesmen all over the world have been preaching to fnan- kind for years. The policy which the whole system of international relation- ships has for its goal. As a matter of fact the policy which is the aim of all international law. Franklin Delano Roosevelt has an unusual gift for coining phrases and political slogans which express funda- mental principles and theories of gov- ernment in the common language of the people. His “fogotien man,” his “new deal.” and other of his campal slogans will be long remembered in the years to come. ‘What these slogans are to domestic g:ll ics his “policy of the good neigh- r,” proclaimed in his inaugural speech, is to the larger field of world affairs. Here is embodied, in five sim- ple unassuming words, the whole phi- losophy of successful international re- lations. Instead of using the more resounding but already too wornout phrases of con- ventional diplomatic language—which, precisely because of their repetition and ambiguity, have lost their meaning to the average citizen—the President took from every-day life a term with which the humblest person is familiar and lpp"[:d it to express his international ideals. This, in itself, reveals that the new would mean in terms of | Chief Executive has a more enlightened, humane conception of international re- lations than many of his predecessors have shown. He looks upon nations not as artificial, omnipotent states, but as groups of individuals, the relations of which should be governed by the same elementary, christening principles which regulate those of the individuals who form them. The “policy of the good neighbor” in last analysis is nothing more nor less than the biblical precept of doing unto your neighbor what you would that they should do unto you. Not Only Significance. Yet, this is not the only significance of the new definition advanced by President Roosevelt. Its merit lies mainly, as said before, in that it ex- presses in five simple words all that set of principles and doctrines which make up present-day international law and, even more important, those other principles, still unperfected today, for which idealists and progressives have been striving for decades. ‘The “policy of the good neighbor” means equality of states, respect for the sovereignty and rights of other na- tions, fairness to all of them and friend- ship with all of them. It means international co-operation, mutual assistance, a collective con- sciousness. It means respect for standing obliga- tions, sanctity of treaties, good faith and confidence in one another. It means preference for peaceful, con- ciliatory methods. It means adjustment of differences and arbitration of inter- national disputes. It means peace. It means fair, well-regulaied eco- | nomic contacts among nations and a sense of justice in their commercial re- lations. ‘The “policy of the good neighbor” cannot accept imperialism, hegemony, interventions, territorial greed, eco- nomic overlordship, commercial dis- crimination and other doctrines based on physical force and violence, which ted | 0 B e past have caused so many con- flicts and shown so much suspicion and discord. ‘The “policy of the good neighbor” is the direct antithesis of the “policy of the big stick,” of fateful memory for Latin America. As far as Latin America is concerned, in my last article I listed three stand- ards by which time would judge whether the “new deal” had been extended to the other side of the Rio Grande. They were: (a) Preservation and development of the policy of non-intervention in. and respect for the sovereignty of the small Caribbean republics, inaugurated in part during the Hoover-Stimson regime, but in opposition to the policies of previous Republican and Democratic administrations. (b) Co-operation in the solution of pending and immediate Latin Ameri- can emergencies, such as the Chaco and Leticia conflicts. (c) Revision of discriminatory cus- toms tariffs and strengthening of gen- | eral inter-American economic relation- | ships. Promise Carried Out. The announcement of tihe “policy of the good neighbor,” made by President | Roosevelt, carries a promise that all three of these Latin American aspira- tions will be carried out. In the po- litical flield the “policy of the good neighbor” is the best recognition of the Latin American theory of non-interven- tion and equality of states. President | Roosevelt himself defined the “good | neighbor” as the one who “resolutely | respects himself and, because he does 50, respects the rights of others.” In the economic fleld the “policy of the good neighbor” can only stand for those ideals of co-operation and just treatment among nations which prevail in the relations of individual neigh- bors who, because of their common in- terests, are interested in the common good of all. Besides, the President, in another section of his remarkable speech, referred to “our interdependence on each other” and added that “we cannot merely take, but we must give as weil,” which may also be interpreted as favoring the readjustment of inter- national commercial relations in more Just terms. Finally, in his brave condemnation of the “money changers,” in still another part of the specch, Latin Americans may find some reference to certain du- bious practices of Wall Street bankers in disposing of Latin American bonds, which were on the front page only & few weeks ago. For all this, but above all, because the “policy of the good neighbor” ad- vanced by President Roosevelt embodies the only basis for a real Pan-Amer- icanism—a Pan-Americanism of_ equal rights and mutual obligations—I con- tend that the masterful speech of the new Chief Executive has advanced tRe date when Latin Americans may feel confident that they shall not be left out of the “new deal.” (Copyright. 1933.) Elephant Herds Wo rry for Motorists In New South African Krueger Park JOHANNESBURG, South Africa— Just how will the average untamed Af- rican elephant behave when confronted a stream of organized automobile trafic? That is merely one of the minor problems before the board of the Krueger National Park, greatest game reserve in the world, when the new season opens on May 16. Hitherto the reserve has extended only from the Komati River to the Letaba River, a stretch of 200 miles in which lions, leopards and other carnivorous animals abound. Now the park is to open up another 200 miles to the north of the Letaba River, right into the haunts of the great elephant herds. ‘When the reserve was first opened to the automobile public four years ago was a great deal of speculation about the way in which the lions would behave when confronted with humanity in the mass, but experience soon showed that Mr. Leo is a mild fellow during the day, and that in any case he did not associate motor cars with human ‘That, as a mater of fact, is Tommon to all animals of the reserve, as it has been known up to now. So long as you do not get out of your au- tomobile they do not take the slightest notice of you, probably thinking that the auto is some queer kind of animal that has as much right to the park as they have, and that it is big, anyway. So thousands of people, including many Americans, have gone to the re- serve every year to see the wild beasts of the jungle, content in a land where the huntsman's bullet is never heard. And, thanks to a rule that all automo= biles must be in the rest camps by nightfall, there has never been an un- pleasant encounter with the animals, apart from the time when a party of American world tourists had to climb up trees to avoid the attentions of a too-familiar lion. But that was their own fault for breaking the rules of the place. Elephants, however, are another mat ter entirely, and the trustees of th Krueger National Park are being re- minded of the existence in Nyasaland of a place known as Elephant Corner, and so called because during the World War an elephant happened aleng there as a British army auto truck was pass- ing, lifted the truck from the ground and gave it a good sl g. Having thus expressed his contempt, Jumbo placed the truck back in its tracks and went on his way. The new section of the Krueger Na- tional Park will give it an area of 20.- 000 square miles, the whole of which can be reached by road during the dry season from May to November. (Copyright. 1033.) Only Hundredth Part of World Land Declared to Be Properly Surveyed LONDON.—While the day of the explorer, according to Maj. Mason, %reo!-or of geography of the world’s land surface is properly pecialist ting of certain of the Roman the air of , the compilation of itish Isles which will which are are moving. Having taken astronomical observations in relation to the meridan of Greenwich, he has come to the con= clusion that Greenland is moving west- ward at the rate of about 60 feet & year, white Denmark, in comparison, is moving only 3 feet every hundred years. ‘There are sclentists in Britain who are inclined to take a “Missouri” stand on this supposed 600-foot shift of Green- land since 1922, until the explorer's cards have all been put on the table, It was on British initiative that in- ternational support was enlisted in the making of a great map of the Roman Empire. At the recent mesting of the international commission in Recme which has this work in hand England sub- ortly lg‘ mitted one finished section, Italy four, id | expansion, Spain two and Egypt one provisio: completed. The map is to cover the Roman Empire at its period of greatest uwfllhon.ue“l 10 1,00006 ;