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1Dy (0 THE SUNDAY . STAR, WASHINGTON, ) THE EVENING STAR With Sunday Morning Edition. W_A!HINBTON. D. C. SUNDAY.......January 17, wazl THEODORE W. NOYES The Lvening Star Newspaper Company Business Office and Pennsylvania Ave New York Office: 110 East 42nd 8t. Chicako Office: Lake Michigan Building. European Ofice: 14 Regent &.. London, n 11th 8t Rate by Carrier Within the City. | e Evening Star ... 45¢ per month | e Evening and Sunday Star (when 4 Sundays) » 60c per month The E\Pmng and Sunday Star | (when 5 Sundays) - 65¢c per month | Be Sunday Star Scoper copy Cotlection made at the end 6f each month Orders may be sent in by mail or telephone | NAtional 5000. Rate by Mail—Payable in Advance. Maryland and Virginia. 177 310.00: 1 mo. 8¢ ¥ $6.00 1 mo.. 50¢ | 1yr. $4.00: 1mo.. 40c | All Other States and Canada. | 4 Sunday...]yr.$1200:1mo.. $1.00 | iy SUntY:1 yrl Psso0: 1 mo., gsc‘, nday only 1570 $5.00: 1 mo.s Member of the Associated Press. The Associated Press is exclusively entitled o the use for republication of all Tews dis- atches credited to it or not otherwise cred- Fed 1o this paper and aiso th published herein. Al richts of Epecial dispatches herein are ication of Teserved. Confidence in America. The reconstruction bill, now awaiting final approval by House and Senate of changes inserted by each, has been | referred to in debate as the keystone | of the Federal relief program. The metaphor can be broadened, and the | keystone, in turn, can be conceived &s being cemented in place by confidence | in America. Without such confidence, the keystone, and with it the whole structure that it supports, will crum- ble. And nobody ca¥ sy who will escape unharmed from the ruins. The Reconstruction Finance Corpo- ration, to be created under this bill, is referred to as a two-billion-dollar corporation. Two billion dollars is & large sum. But it would be a rela- tively small price to pay for the res- toration of confidence or for the cure of even & few of the fundamental ills begotten by this depression. Nobody believer. however, that the | Federal Government is to raise and spend two billion dollars through this corporation, kiss it good-bye and never see it again. What the Federal Gov- ernment is doing is gambling this sum, or a part of it, on a bet that the Nation's assets are basically sound; that, if a good many of them are frozen now, the warmth of confidence 15 all that is nefessary to melt them. It is humanly impossible to ascribe any one cause for the depression. It may be humanly impossible to muster in any one place all the contributing causes of this, or any other of the periodic depressions. And if it had been possible t# select any one remedy for this depresfion, it stands to reason that it would have been applied long | ago. The theory behind this measure, that | within & few days should be signed by | the President, fs that financial relief ex- | tended by the Government should per- form two principal functions. First, it should furnish the hard cash that is necessary if 1 good many great enter- prises are ta continue in business and meet their obligations in cash. Secondly, 1t should in gome tangible manner sym- bolize the faith in the basic soundness of this country, the lack of which might be considered as the real cause of the stagnation of business and the resulting depression the evils of which have ex- pressed themselves in 50 many ways. The exténsion of the cash will take the form o! loans from the corporation | to those enterprises whose funds are now tied up in sound securities, representing sound values, demand for which has been curtailed by reasoned or unrea- soned fear for the future—the choice of adjectives depending upon a point of view. The renewal of confidence will spring from the fact that the Federal Government, with its vast resources, is willing to “hold the bag.” It is willing to take the risk because of its bellef that the sccurities to be accepted as collat- eral are sound, that deflation of their value is primarily due to a lack of confidence which temporarily has destroyed their marketability. The Federal Government is willing to bet two billion dollars that the Nation | will come out of the slump. Is it a safe bet? The few pessimists who do not believe it is can at least take comfort in the philosophic thought that should the Government “lose,” its forfeit of two billion dollars will be relatively of such &mall importance that it will probably be overlooked entirely. v China holds that Japan is actually at war. She ought to know, if any one does. ——r—————— Ball Players’' Salaries. Loud wails are reaching the ears of | the bese ball public as the contracts for | 1932 are received by the players and cuts in salary are disclosed. The heaviest cuts are those of the higher paid stars. One of them, the redoubtable “Babe” Ruth, 1s sliced from $80,000 to & paltry $70,000. Another, the once terrible slugger “Hack” Wilson, is staggered by an even heavier cut, from something like $38,000 to $7.500. Lesser figures in the sporting picture are getting their shocks in proportion, and there is a | lively prospect of some protracted hold- | outs as the Spring training season epproaches | The players whose stipends are being | curtailed are contending that they | should not bear the brunt of the depres- sion as long 8s there is to be no reduction in the entrance fees. The magnates retort that there is no inten- tion to lower the price of tickets. The players aver that there is no equity in economies that hit them only. The magnates answer that base ball is not & dividend-paying business at the present scale of pay for the higher grades of performers, pointing to the | Jessened public patronage in 1931 and | to the fact that very few, if any, of | the clubs paid any dividends at the close of the season “There will be but little compassion for the high-paid players on the part of the contributors of gate receipts. A feeling generally prevails that base ball salaries have gone entirely too high. A rough calculation of Ruth's salary, for & perhaps extreme example, works out the result that last year he was or not. The natural question in the minds of the magnates is whether his services, or his attractiveness as a drawing card, could possibly be woeth that amount of money. They have de- cided in the negative, though not so | decisively as in the case of the un- fortunate Wilson, who had the fll luck to have what is known in the game 85| 3 “bad season” at the bat. | Base ball is in fact & cheap form of public entertainment. During the years | when other rates were rising the base ball admission prices * remained un- changed. Players’ salaries rose, but the individual gate money stayed where it was before the boom. Any move to sadvance the admission prices would un- doubtedly be resented by the followers of the sport, who have sustained losing clubs—and there must be seven losers in each league to one winner—without demur to the scale of tickets. The| club owners in effect pay the taxes on | the tickets, although there is a fiction | to the contrary. They pay heavy taxes | on their real estate holdings and on| their profits, if any. The star players are the chief gainers from the popular- ity of the sport. If any of these conspicuous figures in the game remain outside of the fold this coming season because of their re- fusal to sign at lower rates they will have little sympathy from the public. They will be missed for & while, but their places will be quickly filled. Per- haps new stars will be developed in consequence of their recalcitrance. The games will be 8s lvely as ever, the| enthusiasm will be as high. The chances are that these considerations will cause even the most grievously disappointed of the performers to take | thelr cuts—after much dickering, of course—and go at their work in the Spring with & disposition to demon- strate that they are worth more to their clubs. ‘The net result should be the establishment of a more even distribu- tion of the salaries and the encourage- ment of the players who are now get- ting only moderate pay. T mrEs S The Chicago World's Fair. The United States Government can be saved from the embarrassing role of absent host Yo the nations of the world through enactment of the Chi- cago century of progress exposition bills reported favorably last week to the Senate and House. Congress nearly three years ago re- quested the President to invite the na- tions to the exposition of 1933, in cele- bration of the one hundredth anniver- sary of the incorporation of Chicago as & municipality. This President Hoover did on November 6, 1929, in a proclama- tion “to the end that there may be shown in Chicago examples of contri- butions made to that progress by the peoples of many nations and in order that the achievements and inventions of the great men of the world in science, in art, in drama and in sport, as well as in industry and agriculture, may be fittingly acknowledged and acclaimed.” The action of Congress and of the President involved for the United States Government a sacred obligation. At the time the House Ways and Means Com- mittee was considering the resolution to request the President to invite for- eign nations, then Representative and now Speaker Garner pointed out with far-seeing wisdom that an invitation to the various nations certainly meant that the United States Government should be at the Chicago Fair in 1933 as host. Accordingly the resolution as passed provided that the Government was not to be obligated to any expense “other than for suitable representation.” The bills pending in Congress provide for that representation, and that only, as the Chicago Exposition authorities have announced that they will accept no subsidies from the Federal, State or city governments. The bills would au- thorize an appropriation of $1,725,000, which amount was fixed by a committee consisting of Assistant Secretary of State Castle, Assistant Secretary of Agriculture Dunlap and Assistant Sec- retary of Commerce Young, appointed by President Hoover in pursuance of & resolution of Congress. Despite adverse economic conditions, nine natiops—France, Greece, China, Guatemal: uador, Honduras, Mexico, Japan, and Lithuania—have already ac- cepted the President’s invitation. Large committees are working on participa- tion in Great Britain, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, and Hungary. Active con- sideration of the matter of participation is being given in Pinland, Jugoslavia, Poland, Spain, Czechoslovakia,' Ru- mania, Austria, Colombia and Peru. Furthermore, Turkey and Persia have promised to send to the United States for the exposition their choicest art treasures. Definite action on the matter of exhi- bition at the exposition, however, has in the case of many nations awaited action by the United States Govern- ment The favorable Treport of the government participation bills in the Senate and House will serve to encour- age such action abroad, and the speedy enactment of such a bill will assure it. RS Could it be possible that Japan has been suffering from & visual error all this time by misreadiog “nine power” as “nine pins"? e An American college or university might be described as a combination of an information booth and a fuvenile protective assoclation. Sheriff Farley's Interest. Whatever may happen to “Wonder- box” Tom Farley, sheriff of New York County, who has been cited to the Governor of the State for removal in consequence of revelations before the legislative investigating committee, he is at least entitled to credit for the development of & new theory of official responsibility in the handling of funds. Somenow or other it has come to light that for & long period the practice in the sheriff’s office has been to split the interest on funds held in escrow in liti- gation, the sheriff taking one of the three per cent paid by the banks and the litigants the remainder. There has been no particular provision of law for this. It was just one ‘of thase little arrangements that are made from time to time within the official precincts of the sherif’s establighment. When Sheriff Tom got wind of this split he was indignant, and he ordered that | bury, the committee counsel, he made no bones about it. It came about that Sheriffl Tom just happened by chance to get wind of the split that had been going on since 1916, and_then he acted. This is how he told %ffe story to the committee: And then I ordered Mr. Connolly to change the account from “Thomas M. Farley, sheriff, special” because they was several attached accounts that was in the office that was marked *Thomas M. Farley, special, sheriff,” that was attached funds and that conflicted with the other, and this being a separate per- sonal account I eliminated the name of “sherifi” to_it, and that is the first knowledge I had that this interest money Was my money. In the light of this very clear state- ment of the case there can be, of course, no question that the money belonged to Sherifl Tom and was rightfully headed for the wonder box. Of course there may be those who think that the inter- est on the money of litigants, tied up in the sheriff’s possession pending set- tlement of suits, ought to go to the credit of the litigants without deduction. 1t is indicated that even at the modest rate of a one-third division Sheriff Tom was adding from $6,000 to $7.000 a year to his salary of $15000. The marvel of the wonder box is being elucidated. ————— Concerning the famed dissenting opinions of Mr. Justice Holmes, now retired from the Supreme Bench, it is sald: “In many cases the dissenting opinions of one generation were the majority view of the next”” So ap- plicable is this axiom to so many | circumstances that it is hard to un- derstand how oblivious thereof men and women can remain. e First editions of the Horatio Alger Dbooks are finding thelr way into printed lists issued by dealers in rare books. How the sophisticated have snickered over the typical Algerian boy hero—and how much better off the United States would be right this minute for a few more of him in the flesh. e ————— It is stated that in Egypt at present there are 152 husbands and 687 wives who are under ten years of age. So- cially inclined persons in that country must get all fagged out from attending golden and diamond wedding celebra- tions alone. ——— ‘The depression must be tremendously accentuated for some who are up at Lake Placid, all be-sweatered and be- skiled, watching a temperature of 60 degrees suck up the Adirondack snows, while trout feed fiippantly in flooded streams. r——— Mrs. Ghandi has joined her illus- trious husband in jeil by order of the British authorities. Now if the latter can just add the goat to the incarcer- ated group, the whole desperate gang will have been rounded up. The Postmaster General in his an- nual report covering 1932 will un- doubtedly announce a vast increase in business for January and February, due to the rapid movement in all directions of unsigned base ball contracts. o The names of some legislators will go ringing down the corridors of time only because they recommended or threatened impeachment of some high Government officlal.” ¢ ot —— Are not those Potomac Park cherry blossoms just a bit slow it emerging? o SHOOTING STARS. BY PHILANDER JOHNSON. Not the Same. “It's a very curious Winter!” said the man who likes to tell With feeling of the way things used to be. “Why, yonder on the river—I remember it full well— The skaters used to speed with care- less glee; Perhaps you'll find it difficult to credit what I say, But January in the years goneby A quantity of real snow would place upon display; "Twas cold, but very pleasing to the eye. “We used to hear the sleigh bells sound- ing far into the night; We saw the frost upon the window pane; We watched the youngster on his sled, in swift intrepid flight, And sang & jolly Wintertime refrain. These modern innovations prove a puz- zle more or less. ‘The numerous improvements that we see Have even reached the climate and compel us to confess E That & Winter isn't what it used to be!” Suspended Animation. “Have you ever known any case of suspended animation?” asked the young woman with an inquiring mind. “Yes,” replied Senator Sorghum. “Examples of suspended animation are presented by some of the most inter- esting laws on our statute books.” An Appeal for Sympathy. “This penitentiary s not properly conducted,” said the prisoner. “I know Jt,” said the warden. “You'll only have to stay here a few years. But Tl probably be hanging around the rest of my life.” The Questioners. The “Information” man gave way To sudden animosity. “The world's gone mad,” I heard him say, “With idle curiosityl” Temptation. “It'’s unfortunate that cost too much.” “Yes. The amount that can be saved by not building one is a terrible temp- tation to short-sighted economy.” Confusing. “Do you approve of slang?” “No," replied Mr. Cumrox. “It's too much trouble. It's as hard to know what slang is permissible as it is to guess the right implement for every course at a big dinner.” battleships Optical Tllusion. The lobster, with its fearful phiz, Looms up & mystery complete! The strangest thing about it is | thereatter all three per cent should be paid in to his own personal account— probably finding its way quickly into That it is really good to eat! “Sometimes,” sald Uncle Eben, “a peid at the rate of about $490 for each the “wonder box.” Questioned on Pri- man gits credit foh outlivin’ his useful- day dmmwhmhwfi day about this matter by Judge Sea- nulwhmhcnmhndm"’ THE FEAR JANUARY 17. 19 —PART TWO. COMPLEX BY THE RIGHT REV. JAMES E. FREEMAN, D. D., LL. D, Bishop of Wasl Text, St. Luke, 17i.26: “Men’s hearts Jailing them for fear, and for looking after those things which are coming on the earth.” Nothing is more common to us than what the psychlogists call “a fear com- plex.” So common is it that an an- cient writer speaks of those “Wno through fear of death are all thelr life- time subject to bondage” He might have included the fear of life as well as the fear of death. hood and the fancied apprehension of impending danger, It goes with us through the period of our school life, the fear of possible failure and the lack of confidence in our ability to meet the tests of examinations; it continues with us through our active commercial and social life and casts shadows across the paths we are pursuing. We are rarely without it and at times it becomes the common experience of all races an peoples. Fear epidemics we are all t00 familiar with, possibly more so today than ever before. John Oliver writes an illuminating book on “Fear,” which is no exaggera- tion of what this dire mental seizure works in the life of an otherwise strong and stable person. The statesman and economist is telling us today that the loss of confidenge which prevails around the world is directly due to the un- founded apprehensions and fears that have laid hold of the hearts and minds of men. Our fears are “such stuff as dreams are made of” and we walk in shadows, the victims largely of our own imagination. could as a Nation resolve at the begin- ning of a new year to dissipate our fears | and with fresh courage attack the prob- | the invader, as he sought to protect the | lems that confront us we should speed- ily emerge from our present abnormal condition. It is conspicuously true that those who now and again rise to lead people out of their difficulties are those who refuse to be bound by fear, and Who 1t begins with child- | If by & supreme effort we | ngton. courage attack problems to the less courageous un- Sabatini, in a recent illum- {oating ~ article, maintains that the | present _demand is for real leadership, Phd as he scans the horizon he fails to | discover the type that the present emer- | Gency demands. Study and observa- Son “make evident the qualities that | ontribute to true leadership. Among | fhese we discover a deep religious con- Viction that dispossesses fear and sub- Ltitues for it & burning passion for a Tghteous cause. The supreme_exemp- Tax of the fearless leader is to be found | i the Man of Nazareth. Munkascy in | his great plcture, “Christ Before Pilate,” Makes the herolc figure of the Master Gominate the whole scene. Standing Defore Pilate, He makes the petty ruler Jook mean and despicable. When the ‘postle Paul appeared before Felix, an- | other petty ruler, so strong was his ex- Bressed. conviction that Felix trembled. with high that seem | solvable. d | 3t was the triumph of a fearless man in the face of & petty despot. There is & vast difference between that kind of courage born of necessity in some great emergency and the kind that stands us in stead under all con- ditions and under all circumstances. The latter is a type that is calm, dis- passionate and deliberate, that is born of & great conviction, & conviction sus- tained by an unfaltering allegiance to high Christian principles. It is the kind that gave to Edith Cavell the strength and fortitude to face a firing squad in that early morning hour, and to do so in the consclousness that she was pay- | ing the price for duty unhesitatingly discharged. It was the kind that made Cardinal Mercier the noblest figure in Belgium, withstand the arrogance of fiock committed to his care. The leadership of the fearless Christ has repeatedly changed critical situa- ticns and brought to a disorderly world fresh courage and hope. We supremely need this today to dissipate our fears and restore our courage. Transfer of Roosevelt From Porto Rico To Philippines Raises Interesting Queries BY WILLIAM HARD. The transit of Theodore Roosevelt through Washington on his way from the governorship of Porto Rico to the governor generaship of the Philippine Islands has vividly directed the atten- tion of Washington to the future fate of the “American Empire.” When will the Philippines be inde- pendent? When will Porto Rico be independent? What will happen in the meantime? Such are the ques- tions that occupy and perplex the Federal authorities in the course of their conferences with Col. Roosevelt. Jocularly, a certain criticism has been leveled at Col. Roosevelt by cer- tain high administration officials. They express themselves as follows: iR “We ragua. We are withdrawing from Haiti. Those two withdrawals are well under way. We had hoped that pos- sibly the day of withdrawal from Porto Rico would begin to swing into view. Our sanguine anticipations had some basis of realistic development. The independence movement in Porto Rico had some considerable momentum. Then Roosevelt became Governor. He is a very emphatic personality. We concluded that under the rigors of his | rule the independence movement would | thrive. What is it, though, that we see? The patriotic’ son of President Roosevelt at once became such & patriotic Porto Rican that during his governorship the movement for inde- pendence from the United States, in- stead of rising higher, has sunk lower. We seem to enjoy actually less chance of being thrown out of Porto Rico now than we enjoyed before.” There is some merit in this whimsi- cal contention. The people of Porto Rico are perhaps increasingly coa- scious of certain material advantages— and even of certain spiritual advan- tages—gained by their United States connection. One of those advantages is a high degree of freedom of expres- sion in the press and at the polls. P_— While independent Cuba has seen its press persistently and completely censored by President Machado, the press of Porto Rico has continuously discussed the government at San Juan and the Government at Washington with all the liberty granted to such discussions in the United States itself. A similar liberty has been exercised by the Porto Rican political parties. One of the last acts of Gov. Roose- | velt in Porto Rico was to summon & special session of the Legislature In order to secure adequate safeguards at | the polls for minority factions desiring to express their political principles. Certain members of these factions de- sired most especially to express & strong aversion to United States dom- ination in Porto Rico and a Strong ambition for Porto Rican independence. Gov. Roosevelt fought strenuously and protractedly to insure the existence of an untrammeled opportunity for the free receiving and full recording of such sentiments in the election booths. In a certain important sense there is more civil and political liberty today in Porto Rico than in many inde- pendent Latin _American countries which are ruled by disguised or open dictatorships. The training, however, which the Porto Rican people are acquiring in free institutions will neces- sarily ultimately lead on, it is admitted, to an increasing demand for one of two permanent outcomes. One is independence, and the other is statehood in the American Union. Some authoritative observers believe that if the Porto Rican people, on & referendum, were confronted with a choice between independence and state- hood, they might, after complete de- bate, choose statehood. It is equally believed, on the other hand, that state- hood for Porto Rico would in all prob- ability get rejected by the Congress at Washington. The weighted conclusion of many students of the matter is, thereforé, to the effect that in the end—although, perhaps, in & quite re- mote end—the destiny of Porto Rico is a wholly independent political life. W In the meantime Porto Rico is lead- ing a locally extremely autonomous life. It has an immense amount of “home rule”” Numerous Porto Rican leaders are now requsting the Hoover admin- istration to accentuate that “home rule” by the appointment of a native Porto Rican to the governorship left vacant by Roosevelt. This demand the Hoover administration is at the moment inclined firmly toreject. The feeling of the administration is that the United States, as long as it continues to as- sume the responsibility for political edu- cation and development in Porto Rico, must continue also to possess and use the authority and power necessary for the task. Many of the most influential advisers of the administration would rather see an independent Porto Rican Republic with a Porto Rican President than see a native Porto Rican Governor ruling the island in a Latin American manner under the sanctioning protec- tion of the United States flag. 1t is fairly safe to assume, accordingly, that Porto Rico will go on getting de- veloped toward _independence under Governors from this country. ok K In the Philippine Islands Col. Roose- velt will find a vigorous independence movement convulsed by an unexpected dificulty. In Washington today there is a Philippine Independence Commis- slon_headed by Sergio Osmena, acting president of the Philippine Senate. The conversations between Senor Osmena and United States officials have not been empty of humor, even if the humor has been a by-product of serious and solemn argumentations. Some of the United States officials are withdrawing from Nica- | have interested themselves earnestly in the “self-determination” idea. Senor Osmena is devoted to that idea. He is intensely in favor of “self-determina- tion” for the Filipinos. United States officials thereupon say to him: “How about ‘self-determination’ for the Mohammedans of the Island of Sulu? How about ‘self-determination’ for the Moros of the Island of Min- danao? They are not fond of Fill- pinos. They object to being ruled by Filipinos. They were well armed. They surrendered their arms not to the Fili- pinos, but to us. We took their weapons away from them. We render- ed them defenseless. Are we now to give them ‘over, in their defenseless condition, into the hands of Filipino statesmen and soldiers, whom they re- gard not only as aliens, but as op- | pressors?” * Kk K % ‘This question is not an easy one to which to frame a retort. The Philip- pine Islands do not racially or religi- ously constitute one country. They constitute several countries. There is no more reason why the Island of Luzon should rule the Island of Sulu than why the Island of Britain should rule the Island of Ireland. The Irish have achieved the Irish Free State and the Mohammedans of Sulu would struggle for & Sulu free state as soon as there was an independent Philippine government at Manila. The feeling in administration quar- ters at Washington is decidedly sym- pathetic to the claims of Sulu and of Mindanao. Filipino feeling, on the other hand, is decidedly attached to the principle of “Philippine Islands unity.” * K x X The conflict then comes down to this: United States officials say: “If in- dependence for the Filipinos, then in- dependence for the Mohammendans and the Moros from all external au- thority whatsoever!” The Filipino independence leaders respond: “Independence for us from you, but no independence of the Mo- | hammedans and of the Moros from us.” That is & knot that Col. Roosevelt will presumably endeavor to untie. His experfence in Porto Rico, as all on- lookers here have noted, has much ma- tured him. He has gained a greater gravity of judgment and even of de- meanor. It is conceded that he will have an appropriate use for all of it at Manila. The outcome of his governor generalship there may well be that some device may be found whereby an enlarged autonomy may be granted to the Filipinos, together with some guar- anteed autonomy for minority ele- | ments which vehemently repudiate— | and which would violently resist—the | prospect of unrestricted Filipino dom- inance. (Copyright, 1932.) ———— Education in America Not Hit by Depression BY HARDEN COLFAX. General education of the youth of the land is one thing that has not suffered a setback during the business depres- sion. In fact, information disclosed to- day by the National Education Associa- tion indicates that the past year saw the largest university, college and pub- lic school enrollments in the history of the country. In one respect depression and unem- ployment have contributed directly to the promotion of education. Falling off in the attendance of “continuation” schools is attributed to the fact that many boys and girls who otherwise would have gone to work on finishing the grammar grades began high school courses in 1931 because no jobs weie available. Similarly, the universities and colleges or commercial or other vocational institutions received many a promising freshman because there was little in the world of business to lure the high school graduate from the class room. Data collected by the Federal Board for Vocational Education show that the enrollment in Federally-aided classes in 1931 increased by 18! per cent over that of the preceding year. | EE Only the private primary and prepar- atory schools have been hit by the di- | minishing incomes of the heads of fam- jlies. It is apparent from the statistics | that the free public schools are draw- { ing heavily from these institutions. In | Chicago, for example, the Education Association is informed, the annual in- crease in enroliment in public schools during the two depression years has been double the increase of the two receding years. & The Oifl)!:‘e of Education of the De- { partment of Interior has found in its study of colleges and universities indi- cations of a much increased interest in commercial and vocational educa- tion, both on the part of adults and younger people throughout the country. An ever-increasing number of inquiries are being received at the office from every State in the Union for informa- tion~ concerning commercial education. Students ask where they can study en- ginering and technological subjects, professional courses and purely com- merclal courses. Many inquiries come from young men who wish to become physicians, X-ray specialists, engineers, druggists, designers and many other kinds of “gainful” workers. * x K x The largely increased numberd of those who seek scholarships and other financial aid complicates the problem of the universities, and colleges because their svailable fundg, have shrunk, Capital Sidelights BY WILL P. KENNEDY. Uncle Sam has just emphasized that he runs the biggest 10-cent store in this country, selling only one line of goods—copies of patents—when he had 5o much trouble in moving that going concern to the new $20.000,000 De- partment of Commerce Building. It has been known for years that Uncle Sam runs the biggest mail order book store in the world, selling only the works of one publisher on an endless variety of subjects—the document sales department of the Government Printing Office. But Congress has just discovered that, it Tecently put into-business the big- gest little free book store, doing & land office mail order business, in the out- put of one publisher on one general subject, ~distributing its books to every community throughout the length and breadth of the United States and far-flung insular dependencies. This was disclosed in the House re- cently when Representative Sol Bloom, director of the George Washington Bi- centenrial Commission, read one or- der received from a colleague for thousands of copies of & score or more of books on various phases of the life of George Washington. A summary secured by the writer of some statistics on the volume of mate- rial sent out by the Bicentennial Com- mission will be enlightening on the work that has been done to make the entire country George Washington- minded for the big celebration that starts officially in about five weeks, on ‘Washington's birthday, February 22. Prom April 1 last to December 31 there were 6,740,809 pieces of literature about the life and times of Washington distributed by the commission, embrac- ing plays, pageants, programs, COs- tume charts for plays, educational pamphlets and courses of school study, music, clip sheets and news releases. The first week of this Bicentennial year there were 346,255 pieces dis- tributed. ~Saturday, January 9, was the biggest day thus far, and saw 129,426 pieces sent out. The biggest users of this George Washington material, by States, are New York, 321,829 pieces; Pennsylvania, 291,955 pleces, and Illinois, 284,137 pleces. As an illustration of how this material is distributed to individual States, take Massachusetts, with its population of 4,249,614. There was a State commission on the Bicentennial appointed by the Governor, with which the National Bicentennial Commission has co-operated. In addition, it has assisted 506 committees appointed by cities and towns, 325 committees ap- pointed by fraternal and patriotic or- ganizations, 315 committees appointed by religious organizations. It has con- tacted with 614 units of the Federation of Women's Clubs in Massachusetts, with 118 chapters of the Daughters of the American Revolution and with 278 other women’s organizations. It has contacted with 2,078 farm groups, 1,950 Scout groups. with 1,164 labor groups. with 184 department stores, with 80 music clubs, with 18 radio stations, with three Braille schools. It has con- tacted with 398 administrators of =chools and colleges, with 75 State and county school superintendents and with one State committee appointed for school contests. The Bicentennial Commission has mailed material to 414 public libraries in" Massachusetts and to 154 educa- tional and professional libraries. There have been 48380 news items originat- ing with the Bicentennial Commission published in Massachusetts newpapers, and 35 newspapers are using & mat service from the commission. There were 68 photographs mailed to maga- zines and newspapers in Massachusetts. The pieces of literature mailed into Massachusetts number 118,279. In ad- dition to all this, there were 3,000 posters of Wakefield, the birthplace of George Washington, mailed into Mas- sachusetts. Contact was made with 495 American Legion posts. Each of the two Senators and the 18 members of the Massachusetts delegation in the House have received another 235 posters for distribution “back home.” ‘The sort of co-operation given to Massachusetts for the big Bicentennial celebration has been extended to all other States, some of which show much larger figures. Throughout the entire United States literature has been distributed to 2,638 schools and colleges, principally the George Washington appreciation courses, which constitute a valuable library in themselves. «The number of organizations throughout the States with which the Bicentennial Commission has contact- ed and which receive the George Wash- ington literature as fast as it comes from the press are: Fraternal and patriotic organizations, 24,340; religious organizations, 11,420; women's clubs, 17,621; D. A. R. chapters, 3,293; wom- en'’s organizations, 2,436; farm groups, 91,149; scout chapters, 43,878; labor organizations, 26,487, department stores, 4,748; music clubs, 4,226; radio stations, 638; Brallle institutions, 101. Mention of the Braille institutions emphasizes the fact that the George ‘Washington educational courses and much other matter have been issued in Braille for the use of the blind, so that no American need be left out of the celebration. More than a million copies of Gilbert Stuart’s famous “Athenaeum” portrait of George Washington have been dis- tributed among the schools of “the United States. In addition to all the great flood of George Washington literature sent to every community throughout the United States, there have also been sent 29,656 pieces to Americans living in foreign countries. The orders for pub- lications come from all over the conti- nental United States, Alaska, Hawalii, the Philippines, Canal Zone, Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands. At the present time the George ‘Washington Bicentennial Conimission receives more than 5,000 pieces of mail per day. Four clerks are needed to open and sort this mail. Typical letters of appreciation are as follows: “Kimshan Cove, Alaska. “I wish to state that Kimshan Cove is a small mining camp and there are only 30 people here—all single men. “There is no organization to take charge of the celebration and we are 50 miles from the nearest town. “Other than to display your in the. reading room of ' our " pulle house there is very little that we can do except on July 4. We will then display the posters in the post office and the bunkhouse dining room. “Yours respectfully, “DANIEL J, WILLIAMS, “Postmaster.” “Office of Superintendent of Schools, ; “Mariposa_County, Calif. “On behalf of the children of our county, the teachers, trustees and fel- low workers, I wish to thank you for the beautifil portrait-poster of Gen. George Washington which I received through the co-operation of our worthy Senators and Congressmen. “It will indeed be appreciated by every citizen of our county, and we are going to put forth every effort to make 1932 s wonderful year in the commemoration of our first great owing to the decreased value of their stocks, bonds and other investments. A reduced building program and de- creased salaries at many institutions have made the task of the universities and colleges more difficult. Partly as a result of the turnigg to commercial and vocational occupations there is at present such a shortage of commercial teachers in the United States that training schools cannot sup- ply the demand. Referring to this shortage, J. O. Malott, specialist in commercial education at the Federal Office of Education, warns teachers and pupils of hazards of short commerce courses as defeating their own purpose. He adviseés persistence in these courses and points to the fact that, during the past two years, many of the most pro- gressive higher institutions of the coun- try have asked the office for assistance in establishing new curricula for train- ing adults as well as youths in gainful occupations. (Copyright, 1933.) Farmer Discovers HisiLuck BY FREDERIC J. HASKIN. The American farmer is in a better | position in relation to other citizens of the United States than almost any one else, according to the view of the De- | partment of Agriculture. This is not | due to any economic gain which has | accrued to him in the last year, but | because of the heavy drop suffered in | the economic status of urban dwellers. | For years the farmer has had scarcely any money, due to the long-drawn-out decline in farm prices. Now the city worker finds himself without money and without sufficlent work. The ad- vantage of the farmer in this situa- tion is that he has a place to live| through the Winter and enjoys the elemental necessities of food, fuel, and shelter. There are no bread lines on the farms, but plenty of bread. There | are no flop houses, no missions provid- | ing an occasional night's shelter in the rural districts, but the are comfort- able farm houses in which fires roar | in fireplace and old iron stove. The farmer’s automobile has been Jaid up in indefinite storage and so h his tractor, There is no monev with | which to buy gasoline and little use | to go anywhere, for there is mo| money to spend. Old Dobbin has been put into the shafts once more for the Jong drive to the general store or the post office. It costs nothing to provide fuel for Old Dobbin. So the farmer has finally come into his own and there is in the United States today a situation more nearly approaching that of ploneer days than has obtained in many & generation. Although he has no money, he has what his pioneer forbears had—that is, the land, the farmstead and the live | stock. His granaries have been so full that the price of grain has fallen too low to be profitable, but that very fact spells plenty in terms of simple food. He is not like many a city dweller whose | next meal is dependent on the bounty of some charitable organization. Less Money—More to Eat. The harvest of 1931 was 10 per cent greater than that of 1930, in spite of the fact that 2.6 per cent less land was harvested. Most crops were bumper ones. This circumstance gave further impetus to the turning-around of the economic situation. The big crops mean lower prices, but more to eat. The 1930 crop brought to the farmer a total of $5,819,000,000. The 1931 har- vest brought only $4,123,000,000, in spite of the 10 per cent increase in volume. Carrying the money figures back still another year, it is found that the money brought in by the last harvest was only one-half of the sum realized only two | years ago. | Most of the meat is slaughtered in | the first 10 months of each year. It is shown by Federal inspection figures that | during the first 10 months of 1931 slaughter amounted to 10,834,000,000 pounds. In the same number of months of the previous year the slaughter amounted to 10,759,000,000 pounds. But for the larger volume killed in 1931 the farmer received only $1,103,000,000, while for the smaller poundage of the previous year he received $1,553,000,000. So it is seen that in the matter of meat the story has been the same—that is, less money but more to eat. Cattle prices dropped from an aver- age of $8.78 per 100 pounds live weight in 1930 to $6.39 per 100 pounds in 1931, while the decline on hogs was from $9.68 to $6.57 and on sheep and lambs from $9.30 to $7.36. On the year's business every man, woman and child of the farm popula- tion realized a loss of $90 as compared with the previous year. This would mean about $450 per family In some years the price of one crop holds up fairly well, while that of an- other is down. This tends to bring in some cash. This year everything seems to have joined the steady downward trend. On the other hand, this year has seen no fallure of any crop. Every element in the situation, therefore, ac- centuates the situation of less money but more food. JTowa is held up as a typical farm State. Taking 26 different crops raised in Iowa, it is found that in 1931 these were worth $225265,000. This is just 50.4 per cent of the value of the same 26 crops for the five years preceding. A striking statement illustrating what has happened to prices is that in any year preceding 1930 Iowa's corn crop alone was worth more than all 26 of her crops in 1931, Lower Than Pre-War Prices. During the years since the World War it has been customary to speak of pre-war prices as representing a low average. Consumers have sighed for the old pre-war days before the cost of living rose. Present-day farm prices make those of 1914 look rich. For the years from 1910 to 1914 it is found that the average price of cot- ton was 12.2 cents per pound. A com- parable figure now is 6.1 cents. Corn in the pre-war days was bringing §7.7 cents per bushel; now it is 36.6 cents. ‘Wheat was quoted then at 86.7 cents per bushel and now it is 50.5 cents. ‘The same story is told all down the inc. The pre-war days paid farmers up to twice as much for their produce. An interesting comparison is of the price of horses. In 1914 horses brought $13%, while now they bring only $57. Wool furnishes an interesting exhibit. With all the tariff fighting there has been over schedule K and with the very high rates now in effect, it is noted that while in 1914 wool brough 186 cents & pound it now goes begging at 13.1 cents. Indeed, all of these prices stimulate interesting reflections on the effect of the tariff. The present tariff act was passed after the calling of a special session of Congress for the express purpose of increasing the rates on agri- cultural products. The increases were voted and, despite the ecriticism of some sections of the country, are in effect. Their effect seems to have been to lower prices to the farmer. Yields are bigger than they were in pre-war days and although the pop- ulation keeps mounting, production of food keeps pace. It seems possible that the structure of the Nation may under- go & fundamental change and that the pastoral side will increase in im- portance as the tyranny of the ma- chine is challenged. This tale of steadily declining prices for farm produce, in the face of all the special privileges which have been accorded the farmer and the develop- ment of labor-saving devices and fa- cilities for his convenience, will not encourage any one to go back to the farm to make money. But it may en- courage some to go back for a square meal, a night's sleep on a feather bed | with the sound of rain falling lulling- ly on the roof, and the house aro- matic with the incense of wood fires and the smell of apples. Fifty Years Ago In The Star The question of a new home for the Library of Congress, then, as for many . « t, h d | Action on Library In the w s 1:; éhhe west front N s of the central sec- Site Bill Urged. {jon of the Capi- tol, was actively discussed 50 years ago, with occasional moves in Congress t ward the solution of this long-standing problem. The Star of January 11, 1882, says: “The bill introduced in the Senate yesterday by Mr. Windom for the pur- chase of a site and the erection there- upon of a congressional library will scarcely Teceive the approval of the Library Committee. It proposes the purchase of all the ground on both the | north and south sides of the Capitol bounded by First street east and First street west and B and C streets. In the first place, this is much more ground than is needed; and, in the second’| place, many of the lots described are occupied by costly houses, which would, of course, have to be paid for. On the north side of the Capitol the ground described in the bill has been improved within the past year or two at a large cost. The expense of the proposed site would in all probability defeat the bill in the House, if not in the Senate. The bill passed by the Senate of' the last Congress proposed the purchase of a site east of the Capitol Grounds and fronting First street east. That meas- | ure met with considerable opposition | on the ground that the proposed site was too expensive, though its cost would have been small in comparison with that of the ground mentioned in the Windom bill. It may be—and, indeed, 1t is quite probable—that Senator Win- dom is not committed to this measure. “The question of a site has delayed action in regard to & new library year after year. Meantime the valuable con- tents of the Congressional Library are not only in great measure inaccessible, but are being injured by want of room and means to properly care for them. The necessity for & building as soon as it can be provided leaves the site a matter of secondary consideration, but to propose a location as costly as that contemplated in the bill introduced yes- terday is to raise objections and an- tagonisms to the new library enterprise | which may send it over to another ses- | sion. The joint committee appointed especially to take charge of the matter of providing additional accommodations | for a library will hold its first meeting next Friday. It will find that all the labor pertaining to this subject was performed by its predecessor of the last Congress and that everything is in shape for prompt action. The plan of a build- ing adopted by the former committee meets with general approval. The com- mittee of the last Congress recom- mended 8 site in the center of Judiciary Square, but the Senate overruled this l‘nud decided in favor of the east Capitol * * % At this time 50 years ago the Guiteau trial was entering its last stage. Coun- 3 S sel were addressing Guiteau Trial the jury, the judge . was framing his in- Nearing End. i\ ctions, ‘and: the close of the case was in sight. The prisoner continued his outbursts from the dock in which he had been placed. ‘The Star's account of the proceedings of January 12, 1882, says® “At 3 o'clock Judge Cox consented to adjourn court, notwithstanding the rule he had made to sit until 4 o'clock, on account of Mr. Davidge's feeble health. He asked Mr. Scoville when the prisoner intended to speak, and this gave rise to one of the most sensational scenes of the trial. Judge Cox said he would germlc the prisoner to speak, providing e confined himself to an argument on the legal points. The district attorney made a ringing speech, which was greeted with applause, protesting against having the prisoner brought again to the counsel table. “Mr. Scoville in reply said the pris- oner should not be hurried to the gal- >ws without being heard in his own defense. The prisoner meanwhile kept up a loud clamor, saying the American people were ‘bigger than this court and jury’ Mrs. Scoville (Guiteau's sister) w-;u so affected that she burst out in sobs. “Judge Cox finally agreed to let the British Opinion Favors Canceling Reparations BY A. G. GARDINER. LONDON, January 16.—Will NEGII- tions be interred at Lausanne? is the question which overshadows Euro- pean politics at present. Opinfon here is gathering an over ‘whelming volume in favor of complete cancellation, and the other doubt is whether the British government will take as drastic a stand as public feel- ing warrants. Premier Macdonald has not yet announced the policy he pro- posed to adopt, but he is being urged in the press of all parties and by both business and financial authorities to take an unequivocal line in favor of cancellation of both reparations and war debts. Finance Minister Flandin's protest against Chancellor Breuning's declara- tion of Germany's inability to pay and his insistence on the sacred rights of France generally are dismissed as a belated echo of a tune of which the public has become impatient. Growing sympathy is manifested in all quarters with the gallant struggle of Bruening to preserve Germany from internal dis- ruption, and it is realized that the issue of events at Lausanne involves the fate ‘of Central Europe. x oK KK The most important event bearing in favor of a clean slate is that an extra- ordinary impetus has been given to the cancellation current and to the idea of renunciation as the only solution of Europe’s desperate economic position, which may now be taken as the ac- cepted principle in financial circles. The only difference of opinion among economists is whether cancellation should be absolute or whether, for the sake of agreement with France, some modest figure within Germany's ulti- mate capacity to pay should be fixed as the final settlement of the problem. Sir Walter Layton, the British repre- sentative at Basel, takes the latter view and John Maynard Keynes the former. The possibility of the conference be- ing further postponed must not be ex- cluded, in view of the imminence of the French and Prussian elections, es- pecially the former, It is thought that PFrance might be more amenable to Teasonable proposals after the elec- tions. e Informed opinion here is convinced that in spite of her unyielding official attitude, France is more moderate than the counsels prevailing in banking and business circles and that the campaign of Depreche de Toulouse in favor of cancellation is more representative of the mind of provincial France than the intransigent attitude of the Paris press. It is argued that if by delay, say of three months, a common agreement can be reached, it is better to postpone the conference. On the other hand, France is likely to be still inflexible it is preferable to have the crash without delay. Moreover, should the Prussian elections result in a triumph for Adolph Hitler and a weakening of Bruening's position this fact would add serious complications and tend to stiffen French resistance. * K ok % The probabilities are that the con- ference will meet and attempt to find a basis for agreement, fail and adjourn until the elections have shown the direc- tion in which the popular wind is blow- 1 ng, One of the chief difficulties is the absence of dominating leadership in the emergency that threatens civilization. The United States has washed its hands of the problem, and Congress, as the Week End Review remarks, has ef- fectively trussed up President Hoover. Prance is waiting for marching orders from the election. Italy is bold and realistic, but inadequate for the role of leadership. In the circumstances, all sections of the press here are agreed in urging MacDonald himself to go to Lausanne, cease fumbling toward a compromise with the French on the basis of a new moratorium and declare boldly for a clean slate ot drastic scal- ing down of reparations and a definite and final settlement this year. Such a declaration would set the issue clearly before Europe and have a profound ef- fect upon both France and Germany. Even if a settement were not reached at once, the declaration would mobilize opinion toward a rational decision and prisoner speak, providing Mr. Scoville first expurgated his manuscript. The court then adjourned until tomorrow, vhua_w. Davidge will finish his argu- ment.” incidentally give a lead to the Disarma- ment Conference, which is doomed to {ailure if the Lausanne Conference gives no clear inspiration to Europe, (Copyright, 1932.)