Evening Star Newspaper, November 8, 1931, Page 34

(Continued From First Page.) was still thinking that something could be done by constitutional means. It was in this year that he went to the Fascist party congress at Rome and caused a sensation by a speech which almost caused a split in the party. The official policy expounded by the leader, he asserfed, was not sufficiently syn- dicalist 4nd democratic. There was immediate uproar. But Mussolini calmed the storm and ad- | mitted that there was much in what the young, man from Bologna said. He replied in a tone of serious apprecia- tion. Grandi did not thenceforward & nice of this Clear minded fitionary ieader. ¥ho knew eactly what be wanted ana where he was going. Srandi, with encouragement and comshing, would come on. Grandi was a_mau <& *be people, like himself. Grandi was going L, > ful in the fullness of time, when the day of the fire-eaters was over and when the time came to dragoon the industrialists who just then viewed Fascism as the only | anti-communist force in sight and were financing it. In the year following Grandi made | his first appearance on the international | stage. He was Italian representative | at an international labor congress in Holland. It is an appearance which | has left no mark in history. | After the great march he was given | 8 post in the home office. Then Mus- solini sent him to Turkey to get a brief | acquaintanceship with the mechanism of professional diplomacy before recall- | ing him and making him his deputy at the Palazzo Chigi. The scarcely | velled hostility of the vested interests | there would have made a smaller, less resolute man_feel uncomfortable and i1l at ease. Grandl, however, was sure of himself, and weil-backed by the over- whelming Duce. He stood no non- sense. Mussolini would drop in ever: other day when he came in to the ad ministration quarter from the well- | guarded Villa Torlonia and see how he | was getting along. But he came less and less frequently. right. Full-Fledged Minister. And when, on September 12, 1929, Mussolini relinquished seven cabinet posts, retaining only the premiership and, through the ministry of the in- terior, control of the police forces, the huge militia of 300,000 men and 24,000 officers, and the regular war machine, Grandi was left where he was, but now he was no longer undersecretary; he was full-fledged minister. He knows his stuff. He is a good id diplomatist. He gives the im. Eremion of frankness even when you now, and he knows that you know, he is hiding a lot more under his hat than he allows to emerge from his lips. But | even when he is careful not to talk, even when discretion is the better part of valor for the .elmsman of the Palazzo Chigl, he never has that air of secretiveness which so often irritates the Anglo-Saxon diplomatist dealing ‘with a colleague of Latin, Gallic or Ori- ental persuasion. On the whole, despite the well known Fascist ambition to make the Adriatic an Italian lake and to enlarge Italy’s holdings in Africa, despite also the Duce’s intermitent paeans in praise of machine guns and shells as a means for ing the national fortunes and set- ing arguments with neighbors, Grandi personally has impressed himself on chancelleries as a minister of reason- able mind and peaceful intent. But let it not be thought that the forelgn minister is an independent pow- er within the Fascist group, blanketing his leader’s imperialistic schemes. On the contrary. As Mussolini's efficient instrument he has a very definite func- tion to discharge, and he would not last an hour if he did not discharge that Xmflon to the full satisfaction of his chief. His function has never been captured in a phrase. . But if you said"that it is his business to keep his department functioning efficiently while Fascist Italy consolidates internally, you would be near the mark. Quekdioh b Time. How long it will take the Fascists to consolidate is a question which has been variously answered. Turati, when he was party secretary, told me that the ultimate objective of Fastism was the creation of a middle class, that class which gives Britain its backbone and stability and which Italy has never evolved; after which the Fascist party would disappear. But if Italy has to await the growth and development of a middle class before the Fascists can re- lax from internal watchfulness and send the order for full steam ahead to the Palazzo Chigi, Grandi would be marking time in his office until he celebrates his olden wedding (his wife is young, ovely and very smart). The truth is probably that the Duce Grandi was all | F thinks & critical will come be- tween 1935 and 1940. He wants to be ready, when and if the e: n comes, to obtain the plums under the Pact of London, which Wil- son and Clemenceau tore up in Paris. Itallan prestige must be maintained until the hour strikes. Given strength, | prestige, preparedness, also friends won y an astute diplomancy, and wl | knows what may fall into the Italian| | lap without a blow being struck? In the days of Liloyd George nnd! | Curzon and a British pro-Greek policy, | | there was tension with Italy. ‘Those British statesmen feared an Italian jump into Asia Minor and worked tol | circumvent “it. When they fell and| their policy collapsed. the Palazzo Chigi let bygones be bygones and ar- ranged a naval understanding with a | Britain now anxious for friendly rela- | tions with a power of growing strength | whom it saw entrenched, from Sicily | to Rhodes. along the path of Britain's main_communications with India and the East. Mussolini and Chamberlain broke the ice in a personal conversation. | Grandi took over from that point. Understanding of Turkey. ‘Turkey had feared Itallan intentions, but gradually Grandi whittled down that fear and arranged an understand- ing. Italian influence in Turkey is now superior to French influence. Grandl has talked to Venezelos, and Italy, Greece and Turkey are now a happy little family party. Very busy Grandi has been in Berlin, in Vienna, in Budapest, in Belgrade and Bukarest. He has talked “our common interests” to Jugoslavia, but Jugoslavia 15 coy. Grandi read his history, studied the precedents, learned all tre tricks. The play was, and is, all around France. And the play did not begin with Mus- solini and may not end with Grandi. Its roots are burled in traditional ealousy. For the origin of that you have to go back to Napoleon III and Cavour. Cavour persuaded Napoleon that it would be advantageous for France, and incidentally for Napoleon II, to make a united kingdom of the disunited Italian states. The Qual d'Orsay has been regretting the achievement of the united TItalian nation ever since. If, as Fascist statesmen have said to me, the guiding principle of the Qual d'Orsay is that the advancement of an Italian interest anywhere in the world reacts to the detriment of France, and must be op) , the guiding principle of the Palazzo Chigi is that until France accepts Italy as her equal in every way there is bound to be friction, | and while this state of affairs exists the | chief business of a Fascist foreign | minister is to uphold Italy’s end vis-a- vis France in and out of season and on all occasions. This clenched, endless struggle be- tween the two foreign ministries has | been going on so long that it has be- | come one of the standing jokes of | diplomacy. | nAs soon as he was put in the foreign office, Grandi began to take lessons in French and English at home. He got on much better with French, which he | now speaks fuently, than with English. | Coming to Lorndon for the naval con- ference it was noticed that he kept carefully to English on all occasions. His grammar was excellent, but the consensus was that his pronunciation was a bit off key. On many occasions he would have been much better under- stood had he spoken in French. But not a word of French did he speak. Biggest Task to Date. ‘The naval conference was his bi it task to date in public. He had ed to stand up for the Italian case, and he stood up for it with the utmost skill, resolution and adroitness. Time and again the worried British and Ameri- cans, anxious for full five-power agree- ment, tried to make him fall off his applecart. He stuck on, not desperately but with grace and aplomb. And it was no light task to play his cards so as to uphold Italy’s claim to parity with France, while contriving or to present Italy to the world in the light of an obstinate nation determined to smash the conference rather than see reason. His play .was entirely successful. It was clear to all that Italy could not engage in a naval race with immediately and in all branches with- out breaking the financial structure and cracking the regime. Nevertheless, it was necessary to maintain the claim of parity. ‘There have been no wild adventures since Grandi took over responsibility for Ttaly's foreign policy. ‘ension with remains, but it has not in- creased, and one cannot say that Italy has been more than usually annoying to Jugoslavia. Grandi has, in short, made the best of things, and skillfully preserved the status quo. Wales a Daring Soldier (Continued From First Page.) “shadower” had to assume roles which would render him inconspicuous. My disguise was that of a dispatch rider—Signals Royal Engineers, with a blue and white brassard over my arm. Often he traveled in a fast, powerful car; often it was quite impossible to keep him in sight, and there were to show myself. Yet I was answerable to headquarters for his safety. Soon we were well within the sheli | area. Shells were falling regularly a | mile to the right, and a little to the | left could be heard the constant rum- ble of artillery. A mile farther along the road and we were in the danger zone. Transport many times when headquarters received a nasty shock—the report that the Prince was missing. On one occasion it was suddenly realized that the Prince had not been seen for some time, and although in- quiries were immediately instituted, no- body seemed to know where he had gone. The first knowledge I had of the trouble was when I was approached by several staff officers in a commnicat- ing trench. They were breathless from hurrying and obviously in a state of great anxiety. One of them recognized me and a look of relief came over his face as he said: “Here's the Intelligence Police chap; perhaps he can tell us something.” T could and I did. T had been trailing the Prince for hours. and at the time ~during_which headquarters ,was in a moral funk lest something should have happened to him, the Prince was in the corner of a machine gun emplace- ment talking to a young lieutenant, )me se-geants and a bunch of in- ted “Tommies.” = To & man of the Prince’s spirit, it was natural that he should disiike the restrictions imposed upo him to pre- vent his running unnecessary risks ‘while at the front Longed for Trench Service, He longed to be with his regiment in the trenches. But instead of being al Jowed to go into the hottest danger gone he found that divisional generals to ‘whos> care he was intrusted were made responsible for his personal safety, and that they were not inclined to| take any risks in the matter. H I vividly recall one incident in the ‘Ypres sector. Heavy fighting had been proceeding in the salient for several ‘weeks. The Prince had gone to visit & clearing hospital and had been ‘warned not to proceed farther® After his visit he learned that a regi- ment of which he was honorary colonel was in the front line or the reserve line, and instead of turning back to ward divisional headquarters when he. and foot traffic was possible from that | point by three different routes to the support” trenches. A transport officer saluted, and two battalions, fallen out | to rest by the roadside, got up and | cheered the Prince for all they were ' worth. “Your highness,” said the officer, “I | have a message from the army com- | mander for you.” He handed the | Prince a message. | "I do not know what it was, but the | Prince smiled, nodded to the officer, | who seemed on the point of saying | something more, and climbed on a horse that had been provided for him. I obtained a horse also and followed after him. Soon we had passed our own artillery. Guns were thundering behind us, shells were bursting only a short distance before us, while not far ahead a black line of smoke and re- curring puffs denoted the hell which is called “the line.” Dropping of Shells. A little farther and two shells dropped in a fleld by the roadside—a fleld that looked like an enormous nut- meg grater! | We had caught up with a regiment | of “Aussies” waiting to go_up to the line: they recognized the Prince and their feet, they sent up a roar of cheer- |ing which well nigh drowned the thunder of the guns. | “'The Prince turned to acknowledge | their cheers and his horse, increasing- ly frightened at the din and cheering, got out of control and bolted away. | My heart went into my mouth! I galloped after the Prince. His horse ran over shell holes, across wide gaps, over a broken fence. My animal was well trained, but it jibbed three times at wide leaps, and at the fence it caught & hoof in the wire. I was shot off 10 feet clear. 1 picked myself up, remounted and again took up the t. the Australians were now in thrill of watel his royal mnm- aubduel and control that fear-maddened imal. came out of the hospital. he led off in ) ‘any the direction of the forward ®enches. Just before this I had been smartly taker ‘c task by the late Maj. John $olano, an assistant provost marshal, Jor permitting the Prince to get into danger, an'. 1 determined in this cas: to make an effort to stop him. So I inicated my information to a hly placed staff officer at uarters, and was ordered ess. ‘Those who have eriticized | Prince’s horsemanship would have changed their opinion could they have seen that plece of superb rid! within sound of the Ypres guns. en he rode back past the Australians they broke int> tumultous cheering and shouts of approval. “He's er!” digg 5 ended in a huge depot, and only horse ! ho|in the battle of Neuve Chappelle. not to be|ecrett, Halg’s batman, showed him over maneuvered into a position of isolation | the train. When he had seen it all he nce | pany! a mighty shout went up. Jumping to| holes, and wherever possible I rode on. full cry | but after the Prince, and they had the| tim THE SUNDAY STAR, Division, to which the Prince was at- | tached, were toid to follow and gu: the Prince through langer he made his way along the trenches, and the cockneys were worried. Opinion of Cockney. Hnlll{ one of them turned to the other with a lugubrious face. Jerking a thumb at the Prince he said, “This is a rum game. If 'e gets killed ‘e is all right, see? But wot abaht us?” It is not generally known that the Prince of Wales actually participated On April 15, 1915, Sir John French lgfl. _lhe following dispatch to the war office “To Field Marshal Ear] Kitchener of Khartum, K. P. C, G. B. O. M—His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales is the bearer of this dispatch. His royal highness conti..cs to make most satis- factory progress. During the battle of Neuve Chappelle he acted on my staff as a liaison officer, “Reports from the general officers commanding corps and divisions to which he had been attached agree in commending the thoroughness in which he performs any work intrusted to him. I have myself been very favorably im- pressed by the quickness with which his royal highness has acquired knowl- edge of the various branches of serv- ice, and @he deep interest he has al- ways displayed in the comfort and wel- fare of the men. “His visits to the troops, both in the field and in hospital, have been greatly appreciated by all ranks. His royal highness did duty for a time in the trenches with the battalion to which he_belongs.” The Prince frequently visited various commands, fraternized with the Tom- mies, sat on the floor or ground with them. passed his cigarette case around, lighting his own from that of any one near at hand, swapped jokes and re- counted stories with many of the rank and file. Dr. Archibald Henderson of the University of Ncrth Carolina, biog- rapher of George Bernard Sha re- counts the following amusing story One day an American officer was re- connoitering in the war zone when he met a pleasant faced boy in the uni- form of a British subaltern. “Who are you?” he challenged. “The Prince of Wales,” e young man replied. “Sure,” replied the American colonel, with an accent of derisive skepticism. “Who are you, sir?” asked the young man. “Oh, I'm the King of plied the officer. “Beat Identity a Surprise. Some nights later the two men met in a Red Cross hut and the American officer was visibly embarrassed on learning that the young man was really the Prince of Wales. With a twinkle in his eye, the Prince waved him a friendly greeting and called out cheer- fully: “Hello, dad!" ‘While the Prince was staying at the Brigade of Guards Headquarters, Trer- ville, he used to walk about Estauras and La Gourge as though he were an ordinary subaltern. He fared the same as all his brother officers in the mess, eating what was given to him. He was the idol of the troops, though they never made much fuss about him. They regarded him as any soldier. Many a time I have heard the remark, Bill, there's the Prince! Blimey, he’ lad. No swank about him.” In Bethune the Prince was billeted with M. Danel and his wife in the Rue de Pot Etain. This spot was constantly being shelled, as the tncmf' by some means or other must have learned his whereabouts. . I have been told that when the Prince left this billet, swarms of officers dun- ned the old couple for plates, cups, saucers, serviettes or any article that the Prince might have used. Some bright French lad tumbled to the boom in souvenirs, collected all the odd crockery he could find, and sold to ad- vantage. ‘Two more vivid war memories of the Prince occur to me. The first was when he paid a visit of a week to Lord Haig (then Sir Douglas) on his famous train. The train was magnificently fitted out. The Prince, when he arrived, found the field marshal out, but Sergt. Se- England,” re- T turned to the batman: “Jolly fine place you've got here!" he sald. “A jolly sight better than many of the billets T've had to scratch about in.” I remember falling in behind a cer- tain vost marshal who was accom- Prince for a short “con- stitution: the next morning, and on the return we met the commander in chief. ' As we walked back to headquar- tel:a my officer told me what had taken place. Responsibility of Position. “Well, what exactly is the length of the leading-string today, sir?” the Prince Mad asked, laughingly. “Leading-string?" repeated raising his eyebrows. “Yes,” replied the Prince, “I always get my carg marked, as the fellows on the race courses say. I must go no farther than here, no more than 2 yards to the right of there, only & yard and a half past position X 0 on. I have got quite used to it. “And.” of course,” said the fleld m sly twinkle, “you have Haig, ," eald the Prince hesitatingly, “I_have endeavored to.” The fleld marshal laughed. “I have mn_xgfi nohnrd;l;;; he uh}, e en he spoke gravely: “After all, your highness is olfnue. You realize the responsibility of your position, and you realize the responsibility of mine, especially as appertaining to you, With that sense of responsibility I Jeave you—and, of course, trust you to look after us both.” a matter of fact, during his stay with the commander in chief the Prince more than once deliberately refrained from expeditions which might have led him into danger. Soon afterwards, however, when near Merville, he traveled in a staff car, and made his way toward the front line. I followed on a motor cycle. ‘The shelling was h!lvzujull in front, and the driver had tructions not to approach beyond a stipulated point on the map. But e Prince himself took the wheel, ana in a road block managed to separate the car from my motor cycle. I followed the route he should have taken, but traversed sev- eral miles without overtaking him. Inquiry of Soldiers. I made inquiries of soldiers coming the other way. They told me they had met no staff car. I knew then that the Prince must have dodged into an- other road at the trafic block. I doubled back and went along the other road at the fork. I had not gone far before I ran into a regular hail of long-distance shelling. The road be- fore me was impassable for a car. My heart was in my mouth. What if-the Prince had fallen? I lifted my machine over the shell At last I came to the Prince’s car. It was a wreck. Black misery filled my heart. I would rather have put a bullet through my head than go bick and report what had happened. While I was searching the wrecked car a cheery voice some distance away called out: “Hello, sergeant, they've done it this time, haven't they?” Standing under & wall with the driver was the Prince. They had both left the car to speak to a wounded man who was be! taken down the road- side, and w! the car was emgg it was struck—a_direct hit—by a sheil. ‘The Prince la: at the adventure, I was so shaken that it took some e to steady my nerves. His royal highness went back to headquarters upon my moter cycle. money they shouted. | of the At secured by the sale of old manuscripts and séth prints. Church Raises Funds By Selling Old Bible BERLIN, Germany.—In order to raise irs, the Church Trinity in Sonderhausen has to sell its two-volume Latina,” printed in 1462 on ent. It brought 45,000 marks. A further 30,000 marks WASHINGTON, D. C.,, NOVEMBER 8§, THE FORGOTTEN ANANIAS BY BRUCE BARTON. OME years ago a chicken S thief committed a series™ of robberies on big es- tates outside New York. He got away with some very fancy stock. Finally, one of the gentle- man farmers, whom we shall call Van Norton, hired a pri- vate detective and caught the miscreant, Sitting in & New York club a few nights later, Van Norton received the congratulations of his neighbors. “You did a fine thing,” they sala. “Now we hope you'll send the rascal over the road for a good long stretch.” “What do you mean, send him over the road?” Van Nor- ton asked. “Why, prosecute him. Send him to jail.” “Prosecute him? I don't in- tend to prosecute him.” They were incredulous. “Surely you're going to see that he is punished for all the loss ana worry he has caused us.” “Just a minute,” Van Norton responded quietly. “Suppose I do prosecute him. Suppose I get a conviction and a jail sentence. What will happen? Ten years from now my name will be mentioned in a gather- ing such as this, and some- body will say viguely, ‘Van Norton? Van Norton? Let's see. Wasn’t he mixed up in some chicken stealing business a little while ago?’” It is a curious fact of human nature that we forget the best in our fellow men, while a single stain of scandal clings to our memories forever. If I were to mention to any reader of this newspaper the name Judas, he would tell me immediately who Judas was. “He was the treacherous Egog the betrayer of his T If I were to mention the name Ananias, I should get a response almost as prompt. “Ananias Why, Ananias was the man who claimed to have sola all his property and turned the proceeds over to the apostles. But he held some of it back, and for tell- ing that lie he was struck dead. He was the prince of liars.” But how many readers re- member this story? When the apostle Paul saw the vision by which he was converted, he was divinely i‘uided into Damascus to the ouse of a faithful disciple. What was the disciple’s name? Judas. Another disciple was sent to Paul to minister to his needs. What was his name? Ananias. Everybody remembers Judas the betrayer and Ananias the liar. Nobody remembers the other Judas and the other Ananias—quiet, unselfish men who aided Paul in his hour of need and helped to start him on his great career. A very wise and good friend of mine had a motto. Said he: “Hvery man has a right to‘ee judged by his best.” ill some psychologist ex- plain why it is so hard for us to remember the best? And so _easy to remember the worst? (Copyright, 1931.) World Peace Machinery Undergoes Test In Dealing With Situation in Manchuria wanted to make a stand against Japan in the Manchurian dispute. The dip- lomatic impetus given the League Coun- cil came largely from the United States. An attempt was made by certain pow- ers to evade responsibilities on the grounds that the Manchurian case was exceptional and special. To this the other powers replied that all cases, past, present and future, will be found spe- cial and exceptional. ‘When the Council first took the Man- churian dispute it was immediately con- fronted with a precedent set by the Greco-Bulgar dispute, wherein two prin- ciples had been established: First, each disputant must withdraw its troops im- mediately and by a fixed date within its own frontiers, and, second, this with- drawal must be duly attested to by neutral observers. In its resolution of September 30 the \Council, partly on the advice of the United States, avoided fixing the date of withdrawal and made only an indirect provision for neutral observa- tion. In its resolution of October 24, however, the moral pressure was such that the Council was obliged to return to the Greco-Bulgar precedent, fix the date and provide for neutral observers. In addition, the October Council de- bates, confronted by the Japanese de- mand for immediate negotiations on the basic issues and Chins refusal of this demand, developed a new principle which bids fair to remain a part of all future League procedure— namely, there can be no direct nego- tiations between disputants while one of them is under pressure of unlimited military occupation. _ Such, then, are the League's “three fupdamental principles.” According to the present procedure, first, both parties must withdraw their troops within their own territory by a fixed date; second, this withdrawal must be under some form of neutral surveil- lance, and, third, there shall be no direct negotiations under military pressure. ‘Two great issues remain and domi- nate the present moment. The first is, to what extent does the United States indorse the League's three principles? It is feared, for example, probably on the basis of inadequate information, that the United States does not indorse them all, but feels that no date should be fixed, and no neutral observers pro- vided, and sees no objection to imme- diate direct negotiations. As long as this real or imaginary abyss looms be- tween the Council’s viewpoint and the viewpoint of Wi n, there appears to be little hope of an immediate set- tlement in Manchuria. ‘The second issue, supposing that the United States and the Council agree to a common and that one of the disputants, in deflance of its interna- tional engagements, still refuses to fol- low the recommendations of the Coun- cli and the United States, what is to be_done about it? This is the whole problem of sanc- tions, one of the most disagreeable and troublesome problems of modern di- plomacy which every nation in the crisis would 1ike to avoid, but which, if the crisis continues, will inevitably ob- trude itself and in time take precedence over all others. (Copyright, 1931.) Three Southern Republics Swept By Conservatives for President (Continued From Third Page.) alistic sectors of opinion. A non-politi- cal personage himself, Senor Montero had the support of all the moderate elements in the country, professional classes and the students, who in South America, as is well known, have a :‘lochnd quite a noisy voice—in poli- cs. All the Right Wing parties had formed a coalition to support the Montero can- didacy, expressing their desire to see & nationalistic government, above party differences, in power, presided over by an impartial and honest citizen without “political past.” " The other two candidates were Ar- turo Alessandri, former President of munistic choice. Alessandri, 2 long “political past,” as the phrase is understood in Seuth America, Wwas backed by a large portion of the work ing classes and Left Wing elements, be- sides the professional politicians who had profited under his previous admin- istration. § Although not an avowed Communist himself, Senor Alessandri had in his platform a number of radical re- forms, and promised the labor and lower classes of the population a greater in- fluence in the government. The alarm caused by his candidacy was only surpassed by that of Senor Hidalgo's, the official Communist candi- cate, who advocated extreme changes and the tion of many principles strikingly similar to the lines on which Soviet Russia is now governed. In- cluded in Hidalgo's platform were pro- posals for government control of in- ferming by laborers partnersh mm-.unytm ;ovem‘::u:t. higher in- come taxes, etc. R e e et P ca) ing thousands }mfl tons of coffee into the sea, while everywhere men are hungry and in distress." In spite of which, the Chilean elec- tbrate went in mass to the suppory of the capitalist candidate, and Senor Juan Esteban Montero became the elected Chief Executive of the southernmost American republic. In Peru, where presidential elections were next held, a similar case was staged. Here, however, the division of opinion between Right and Left, and the personalistic character of the contest were even more pronounced. Regular political organizations had been almost abolished during the 11-year rule of Dictator President Leguia, who was overthrown last year. Instead of party antagonism, there was, in the Peru- vian elections, the st le between those who favored radical changes and soclalistic principles and those who stood for an orderly and conservative system. The former found their most out- standing representative in Haya de la ‘Torre, leader of the Apra organization, who advocated a united front of work- ing le arl intellectuals for a more oquibable” distribege of privileges RAIIR Tesoutces of the Commory hote! of e tional elements. i For a number of years the mmmoxmnmh'x‘m,wm in exile, had been known for their anti- capitalist, anti-church and anti-im- perialist (opposition to U. S. financial influence) principles. Thus, when the fcunder of Aprism himself returned to Peru as a presidential candidate, all the Left-Wing elements hailed him as their lzgen b ya de ‘Torre, who bscame - barrassed by the accusations of c::- and women ip [ munism cast upon his party, tried to convince the Peruvian 1 Apra (popular revo P o A a British , Wwith. moderate saeialistic Aprism had already the enthusiasm of its interpreters. For the bulk of the populace, and for the 1931—PART TWO. conservative groups wtul;lllllrly, Aprism was disguised Communism. It was, isely, alarmed by the pop- ularity of the Aprista can te, that the conservative elements, the profes- sional classes, the army, the church, the “bourgeois,” started to look out for & strong enough to check the ad- vances of the Left Wing. They found him in Col. Sanchez Cerro, the same ambitious, energetic leader who over- threw the Leguia dictatorship last year and made himself provisional Presi- dent. It will racallea that six months lzter his own ‘mistakes In the govern- ment and his abuse of power had made Sanchez Cerro unpopular, and he. in turn, had been forcea to resign by a military uprising, and eave the country as an exile. Able to Maintain Order. & e conservative classes did not rally to‘%‘nnchez Cerro's support because of his_political premgo or the conditions he had shown as chief executive during his short provisional rule. They went to him because he was the only one able to maintain order and to head a constitutional government which would guarantee and protect the present state of things. And because they knew he had the backing of the armed forces of n to do so. m%‘h‘:fl!fi: man like Col. Sanchez Cerro, who less than a year ago was ousted from power and expelied from the coun- try, should have received such strong support, and finally a majority at the polls, can only be explained by the re- action of the Peruvian people against the menace of radicalism. As in Chile, therefore, a conservative will head the next constitutional con- vention in Peru. A sturdy conservative who has already shown, during his pro- visional rule, his inclination to govern with iron hand. And, as in Chile and Peru, in Ecuador, too, a_ conservative will be the next Chief Executive as a result of the pres- idential elections just held there. Probably for the same reasons that the Chilean electorate chose Montero and the Peruvian Sanchez Cerro, the Ecuadorean electorate rallied in support of Senor Bonifaz, conservative candi- date, and gave him a large majority over his three liberal opponents. Here, once more, the reaction of pub- lic sentiment against the Left must be taken into consideration to explain the success of a conservative candidate in a country which for years has been gov- erned by the Liberais. Previous to the electoral contest the Liberal candidates, and particularly the chief one, Senor Larrea Jiron, had pronounced them- selves in favor of radical reforms which looked too red to influential elements in the middle classes and in the army. Only this, and internal divisions in the Liberal party, can account for the election of the conservative Bonifaz, to whom the Liberal authorities who are now governing Ecuador will have to hand over the reins of power. ‘The recent presidential elections in these three South American republics must have been quite a disapopintment for the radicals of the world. Chile, Peru and Ecuador, like Great Britain, have gone on record as favoring con- servatism and nationalism in a period of widespread economic crisis, which the Left Wingers had expected to result in great advantages for their cause. (Copyright, 1931.) e Spanish Feminists Debate Rights Issue mrn MADRID, Spain.—During the debate on the subject of nationality in the Spanish Cortes recently Deputy Barrio- bero, a pale-faced Federalist, intro- duced amendment to the effect that all Spaniards who took religious oaths or became grlests would automatically lose all rights of citizenship. Despite the support of the Socialists and Rad- ical Socfalists, the drastic amendment met with defeat, 113 votes to 82. For the first time since the Cortes assembled the only two womin Depu- ties in the House—Senorita Clara Cam- poamor and Senorita Victoria Kent— exchanged a round of sharp phrases, which brought ‘laughter among their male colleagues. Senorita Campoamor, who is a member of the Parliamentary Committee which drafted the constitu- tional project. successfully stood off the attack of her sister Deputy that the article defining e({;x:l rights for all Spaniards should divested of the words “in principle,” where the status of women is explained. President Niceto Alcala Zamora, who is a sincere pro- feminist, defended Senorita Kent's ob- jections. PUBLIC LIBRARY American Education Has Its Week. This week it is the schoolman who takes the stage and explains to a more or less bewildered public the activities of his field. During the past decade he has worked hard here in the United States and has accomplished some tangible results which are wholly de- serving the attention of the country during American Education week, which starts tomorrow and continues through next Sunday. He has im- proved his technique and widened his circle of activities. His work, after all, represents a considerable invest- ment of both time and money on the part of the Nation. He feels that the citizen should be willing to devote at least a week to talking things over with him, finding out the actual con- dition of the schools and thinking about means of improvement and ad- vancement. s In connection with American Edu- cation week, the Public Library calls attention to the following books which describe the aims, the methods and the achievements of our schools: Pro and Con. Fads and Fallacles in_ Present-Day Education, by H. E. Buchholz TK-K853. Critical and satirical analyses of modern trends. The American Road to Culture, by G. 8. Counts. IK83-C83. “A widely read and provocative re- view of the American public’s atti- tude toward its schools.” <Youth in a World of Men, by M. L. Johnson. IKI-J§3. A sympathetic treatment of the new schools. The Child-Centered School, by H. O. Rugg and Ann Shumaker. IP-R34. How the new schools differ from the old in equipment, atmosphere and methods. New Methods and the 3 R's, Diagnostic and Remedial Teaching in Arithmetic, by L. J. eckner, LC-B833. ‘Ways to reduce the number of fail- ures in the subject of arithmetic and to eliminate the difficulties which inter- fere with pupil progress. Making Histoly Graphic, by D. C. Knowlton. FA-K765m. Charts, tables and cartoons that make history facts interesting, Teaching the Child to Read, by 8. W. Patterson. IP-P282. ‘The new approach to this subject from the primary grades through junior high school. hing_Geography by Problems, Problems and project or making geography vital and colorful. New Schools Abroad. New Education in A e o N ‘The schools. an ls, and the teaching body in post-war Austria. Among the Danes, by E. W. Knight. TK50-K74. The outstanding work of Denmark in the field of adult education. Education in the German Repub- ey v Thomas Alexander and Beryl Parker. IK47-A123. The work of fitting old institutions to the needs of a new republic. The New Education in_the Soviet Re. W b T - The _educati program ot the Soviet Union. Coal Outlook Brighter (Continued From Third Page.) which paid $3.52 & ton for cosl for their locomotives have been sble w0 buy it from $1.60 to §175. Have the rali- roads benefited by tiese seeming econo- mies? The people of the towns which they serve have been impayerished, pur- chasing power has been reduced, gen- eral business has been stifled, traffic cut down, transportation service shifted to cheaper truck deliveries Industries of all kinds have been buy- ing coal cheap: too cheap—below the cost of production duction cost was thus decreased so was orated In price reductions. The. miners whose average earnings were 91 cents an hour in 1922 were recelving only 68 icents in 1929, The miner at the end of an elght-hour day in 1929 had' about two dollars less to spend than at the | end of a work day seven years before. His average earnings for a half-month in 1929 were cut down to §: months there was no work. The average production per man, the country over, in 1929 was 1,064 tons. that was only 579 tons,” New mining machinery had been invented and in- troduced in the underground workings. A miner now may produce six and one-half tons of coal a day—when there is work—and earn $4.22 at 65 cents & ton. But must pay for some of his tools, for der and the caps to explode it. In Ohio only a com- paratively few years ago an investiga- tioN showed annual average earnings of less than $375! Yet the American miner, using modern methcds and ma- chinery, electric loaders, etc., cf the most efficient underground work- ers in the world. Our output per work- er in 1926 was 966 tors of coal a year, compared with the British miner average output of 281 tons. A survey the next year showed that 70 per cent of our coal was being produced by use of machines against only 23 per cent in Great Britain. Yet all this efficiency, all tais fine productiveness of the Americar miner did him no good, and certainly a.d the industry but little good, for bankruptey and receiverships have been plentiful. Consider another significant fact, if figures are not too painful. In 1920, our miners produced 569 million tons of coal, which had a market value of $2,130,000,000. Nine years later they produced nearly as much coal, 532 mil~ lion tons, but it was worth $1,140,000,000 less. That difference of more than a billion dollars had to come out of the pockets of miners and mine owners; it had to come out of the food for wom- en and children; it had to come out of the amount available for clothes and medical and dental care and furniture and all the things that half a million families needed. But as thelr own pro- | thelr competitors’ and the savings evap- | but many | The output per man forty years before | is one | No doubt we are all tired of hearing the war blamed for all our economic |ills—yet the fact is that under the | stimulus of wartime demands of | dustry our ccal production shot up more than 150,000,000 tons within a few years. Thousands of new mines were opened, scores of thousands of new miners were enrolled by the in- dustry new coal fields were opened in a number of States—and new ways were |found by industry and railroads to make less coal d> more work, because of higher prices during the war period. Then, after the war came the in- creasing use of natural gas, fuel oil and electricity generated by water power. | We had more coal producing capacity and less coal consuming need. We had | more coal miners and less work for them. There were mines in operation | that could not continue to meet the competition of those with better seams of coal or that were nearer the mar- kets for fuel, unless wages were reduced 50 that prices could be cut. We have the capacity to produce 730 million tons of coal a year, but the average annual demand during a five-year period has been cnly 525 million tons. So there is a surplus capacity of 200 million tons. The result is ruinous competition, and misery for millions of miners and their families. The thing that needs to be done in the coal mining industry is to put an end to the kind of wild competition that benefits no one and injures ev one. If new laws, State or Federal, are needed to give effect or sanction to a constructive program of betterment worked out by the industry and those who dig the coal of the Nation, then those laws shculd be and will be en- acted. In the public interest, coal ’produc- jon can and should be limited” In the ublic interest and in the interests of umanity. miners' wages can and should be increased. Other industries can well afford to pay a fair price for coal—a price that will justify decent wages and increase the purchasing power of the people who work in the mines., If public regulation of prices becomes necessary to insure stability and pre- vent imposition, it can be imposed. No one would advocate public control of coal production and distribution while there is still a chance for the industry to work out its own salvation. But the time has come for practical, effective action, that men may labor at I ‘wages, that their families may be main- tained in accordance with American standards, that capital honestly in. vested may be made to pay a fair re- turn to the owners. This is not an insoluble problem. It is a_difficult problem, but it is one which common sense, fairness and a decent regard for the rights of other men wjl solve for the bene.. of the Nation ‘as a whole. For House by (Continued From Third Page.) friends, while the minority leadership may present some difficulties to the Re- publicans if they are to be in the | minority, The contest over the Speak- ership while the Republicans held the temporary advantage was very spirited and will be more or less prominent until party control is decided definitely. No such contest within the Democratic ranks will occur, there being but one candidate, Honorable John Garner of Texas. His nomination by the Demo- cratic caucus seems assured. But in the event of Democratic vacancies oc- curring between now and the meeting of Congress, and Democratic absentee- ism, which is in the realm of possibility, the vote in the House on the Speaker- ship may not be decisive on the open- ing day. Speakership Deadlocks Cited. A majority is required to elect a Speaker, not of the whole membership of 435, but & majority of those present. This principle was established in 1809, but there have been two instances when after prolonged deadlocks Speak- ers were elected by plurality vote; but in each of these cases the House ward ratified the selections by a ma- jority vote. In 1839 the Democrats had a majority in the House of two over the Whigs with two contesting delegations from New Jersey, who were excluded from the voting. On the eleventh ballot a small group of Demo- crats became allied with the Whigs and flxmed Robert M. T. Hunter of Vir- ginia. In 1849 the fight for Speakership took place between the Free Soil Whigs and Democrats, and after three weeks voting Howell Cobb of Georgia was elected on the sixty-third vote. But the most violent and protracted Speak- ership fight occurred in 1855 and 1856. This fight grew out of the slavery question. ~ The struggle -lasted two months, from December 3, 1855, until February 2, 1856. On the 133d vote Nathaniel P. Banks was elected as Speaker by a plurality. One hundred votes were scattered. On the eve of the Civil War the labt serious fight over the Speakershipn took place—partisan _and sectional feeling ran high. On February 1, 1860, nearly two months after Congress met, Pen- nington of New Jersey, a new member with no political background, was elect- ed on the forty-fourth vote, receiving exactly the number of votes necessary to elect him. In the Sixty-Eighth Congress, of re- cent history, Frederick H. Gillett of Massachusetts was elected Speaker after three days voting. This brief deadlock was caused by Progressive Republicans voting for the late Henry Allen Cooper until some of their de- mands were satisfied. Proposes Temporary Chairman, A speakership deadlock results from the lack of agnajority vote and because the election szll a Speaker is the first business in order. Until a Speaker shall have been elected no other business can be transacted. The voting for Speaker takes place even before the members- Temporary Chairman Is Proposed William Tyler Page 1 elect themselves take the oath of office. On December 7, being the day fixed by the Constitution for the meeting of Con- gress, the clerk of the preceding House, which happens to be myself, will call the House to order and preside until a Speaker shall be elected. The clerk will call the roll of Representatives-elect, which is made up from the certificates of election filed with him, in accordance with law. These certificates give the person therein named prima facie title to seats in the House, notwithstanding their ultimate right may be contested. The House regards certificates of elec- tion very highly and has seldom kept out of his seat the person After the roll call and a quorum is ascertained to be present, nominations for Speaker are made of those mem- bers who have been selected by their respective party associates in confer- ence or caucus, and the voting begins viva vece. Each member indicates his choice by name and the voting con- tinues uninterruptedly, except for ade journment, until one of the nominees is elected. In my judgment there seems to be no good reason why a speakership fight which produces a deadlock should bh:: perml:hd to duz;:y '.hzh e;xmg‘nent of portant legislation, such, for instance, as the GLmnn moratorium bill, to which Admjarlty in Congress seems If the members-elect who answer upon the roll call were sworn in imme- diately thereafter they would then be qualified to vote upon legislative meas- ures. Temporary machinery to meet an exigency could readily be set up and imminently important bills disposed of. Meanwhile either a temporary chairman or the clerk could preside and all con- troversial matters, including the elec- tion of a Speaker, be deferred. Working Majority to Be Lacking. ‘The situation in the forthcoming Congress_is unfortunate in many re- spects. It is unfortunate that neither great political party will have a re= sponsible working majority at a time :’lhel?- th:ob eg:n.try nesd:I um_luch nolnmi- P as el party be_able to tfurnish. e It is further unfortunate that this condition will exist in the Bicentennial *year of the Father of Our Country, George Washington. Great plans are in preparation for the celebra of the ‘birth of that great man throughout the year 1932. It is unfortunate also that this great Bicentennary comes in a Presidential year when politics will hold the stage and headlines, and Con- gress will be in the throes of partisan discussion. It might be well to remember these facts both in and out of Congress and an effort be made by the people them- selvs and by their representatives to act in consonance with the spirit and character and public services of George Washington in meeting the serious problems that confront our common and beloved oauntry—groblm, the correct solution of which concern the welfare of every man, woman and child in this republic, and possibly the peace and happiness of mankind everywhere throughout the world. Being Traced to PARIS, France—“A History of Eng- lish Money,” by A. E. Feavearyear, just out, describes the vagaries of English money during the last few thousand years. The book throws an interesting light on how people pay for their wars, or have it done for them. Even the Caesars resorted to debasing coins. King Offa of Mercia had a pound to g0 off as far back as 775 A.D, when he was able to crowd 240 of his pennies in 8 pint tin and called it & silver pound. But his people gypped him, too, for they soon caught on to the method of holiowing coins and clipping off pleces now and then to eke out the family budget. Alloy Used With Silver. Then the King would go his le one better and mix some chfilpplgroy with the silver. Counterfeiters and clippers were punished by being placed on the rack, or being put through the usual ceremony of the times, but this did not seem to deter them. Things have not changed very much today, and most governments are living by legalized counterfeiting or by issulng bank notes which melt in the rain. Silver coins of today ought to be in the money joke column. But old King Offa’s pound of silver pennies was 1,000 years older than the pound gold standard., It was not until 1816 that standard was instituted. At this time gold sov- the gold Practice of Debasing Coins Ancient, 775. A. D. Currency Going on to the gold standard came about after a number of years of war- time inflation. It seems to have worked out about the same during each of Eng- land’s wars. There was a period of in- flation to pay for the war. Then fol- lowed a battle between inflationists and deflationisgs, in which the latter always won out. ' S0, if we can draw any lesson from history it would seem to indicate the British will go through a period of in- flation, and then stabilize again, just as they always have done. In his k Mr. Feavearyear also points out that the franc was once called a pound, and that pound and lira descended from the libra of Charl " (copyright. 1931) Chinese May Raise Envoys to First Rank SHANGHAI China. — Because of China’s growing importance in world affairs, especially in relation to Jepan, Nanking is considering elevating the rank of her Ministers abroad to that of le- - ereigns were issued at pre-war parity. |the first such Simultaneously & free marl as the official single standard, was .established for the.first time. ket in gold, | Aml