Evening Star Newspaper, August 16, 1931, Page 26

Real Land (Gontinued From Third Page) whén its gifts becameé 16a8 éasy to ac- firfld into ‘-n-:. the coma of its ¢eojonial erty. Yfl c&'finflw yeéars of its inde- rnumdtwhuh came to a close in hé #econ tury) Latin America passed through a new era of exploitation, the symbol of which was the lg of plantation crops upon it and the setting up of a vast eapitalistic machinery for the pro- duction of raw materials of minc and field and forest. Few realized the s of its ensiavement to raw ma- terfals until the great drop in com- modity ptices of 19 Latin America then émergéd as relatively little better than during the Colonial era, its economic piace in the world but iittle more sécure than the status of interor Afriea. The world erisis left many of | thé countries of Latin Ameriea groping because there was nothing in their eco- nomie system that had created opportu- ity for recovery without the patronage of the world Tor its goods or for ifs government bonds. And both were at Jowest ebb in their history. ¢t the world today is demanding néw markéts. It demands. imperiously, hér standards of living that will ere- ate néw and enjarged demands for what it makes and for what the raw mate- Tial$ countriés profucé. The cfy is Qeafening, but the neéd has been ally great a dozen times before and 3}31 be agAin béfore the new countries the world swing into full power. The Adyanoed nations of the world demand yét dnother thing—that is, place in the new countties for their surplus popu- Jations, room where thé emigrating ordes can butld little Englands, little stmanys—yes, and little Japans. Bullding Haphazard. Heretofore all our building of the new éountries and néw markeis has been hapharzard, almost without plain, pite- ously wastéful. We have poured our résourcés and out human power broad- cast over the world into mad schemes. fito hepeléss projects, into lands which probably eannot for half a thousand years Approach the ideal of our needs for soundly g centers of new civilization. lands and projects which must for that long at least remain nebulout and barbaric. We have not chosen, as now we must choose, the areas of the world which can first com- mand our attention And should first be | vén the opportunity, the resources. the Shudied Ang steady support of science, capital And immigrants that will de- Veml it into the source of the new eco- nomic and demographic strength which the world must have. Latin America occupies geographi- .cally the unquéstioned center and focus | of thé development 6f the future. It octupiés néarly a fifth of the area of the werld that is subjéct to ultimate development, and yet it has, roughly, only one<twéntieth of the world's popu- lation to@ay. It4 resources have been sung in phens of praise for all its known history, and fully half of what has been sald is sober truth; a tre- mendous perceritage of reality for any nknown region to command. of the world through the door- Latin America, the Caribbean nos Alres, the southernmost of the great harbors of the world, is fourth | activity and shipping—London, New ‘ork and Hamburg alone surpass it. Latin wflfil foreign trade totals about $5,000,000,000 a year, a healthy sum. evén compared with the trade of ¢ world, which is about $70,000,000,- ; but the exports are composed ly of raw m-terl-l; "‘tfl tl;:.‘ ‘::‘k‘xk the lmmfirm&-n not a heaithy intérnational trade, but a poverty of those industries which build up the living standards and the buying power of nations and continents. Menroe Docirine Effective. TM.MMMQM oi“flx;m l’x;.n eveln with présent in, have only to mllmwfl?;lllll"l. ‘What it and will do & guarter century from now, with & gres ation 4nd a concentrated @évelopment of its résources, leaves the imagination utterly | tin America has been held back by | factors, else it might well | ite fln its own chains. One of ‘béen its freedom from coloni- , to the absence of And Asiatic oolonial exploitation. The Monroe Doctrine, that much abused in- | tetnational , Has been mightily | ective. mnm of 'hl? has ned to Africa in the last century, to Asia before and during that cen- tury, with what has not happened to Tatin Ame: is proof enough of its achievemént of the rlflu'thn irom Bu- colonization. partition ai m is no that but for the question of the United States, great and prosperous German colonies would now occupy Southern Brazil, portions at least of Chile and bly of Ar- tina, while the ee industry of ral Amcriea (to a large cxtent German in its management) would long since have given excuse for intervention and the annexation of thise countries to Getmany. Great Britain's undeniable interests in the Caribbean would have brought her new coloni's. and Argen- the gem of the constellation of Latin America, might considerably today be English by nationality as well as by & notable admixiure of English blood #0 on around the list, until Japan itatif looms in the picture: it is no idle talk that excepting for the unwritten but bly not unspoken opinion of Wash- . Japan might even now be more ly intrenched than she is in the tion of Peru, and in political dom- stion elsewhere ‘The “Mounroe Doctrine” is the casiest L of expressing a foreign policy of the nited tes that perhaps nceds no statement now. but certainly inciudes Japan in the prohibition against colo- }-m in the American hemispherc. The Aet that Latin America has been closed to eolonization by en rgetic peoples is unguestionably one great factor—per- haps the test—in the continuing State of undevelopment there. Bui that delay I8 no indication tha sinews of éxpansion are or ever been absent. Free Trade Handieap. Another factor o! outstanding im- portance in the holding back of Latin Ameriea has been that anclent English fres trade doctrine whos® most imbor~ tant corrollary was the principle that each country or colont should produce thé goods that it could bost prodilce snd should exchange thosc goods for the could bes has been century to that ! 4 s i {ar from elim- inated from politicel if not from cco- nomic theory And practice. ‘The United States, however, hAs carrvied vith in- créaslng momentum. to Latin Ameriea in particular, the doctrine evolved to it highest perfection in this country—that 38, that the best matkets. forelgn as woii s domestic. are the markets where the tustomer is prosperous. and even though produces competitive national or ela] products. nevertheless is en- bled by that production to live better And buy more of the products of other and other factorles. It is a have that no depreasion can r jts sound economic foundation on principle of individual prosperiiy &8 the basis of community prosperity Thus Latin America has been largely . even since its escape from the iron collar of the Spanish colonial regime, to the slow and undirected cconom!ic control of its own leaturely populations the déveiopment, too often on an basis. of its natural resources great foreign companies or by for- buyers Jfim rmp. unclassificd ungraded products of its forests, nd mountains, It became . & part of the modern world. but rated, 83 by A great wali, J-muthn in anything but a the personal profits which landowners. t , the ul- its_contributions to the modern commeree. grew. and into thew i, G decade 6f the preserit cen- | The | a Canal carries the East-West ' the, THE |ot wond wealn will Latin America of Destiny jcans, Japanese and Chinese. They mingled rapidly with the already mixed |races of Portugal and the Spanish provinces (themselves a vivid and in- dividualistie variety). with Indians of & dozen great and differing strains and | with the Negroes who had been brought in Colonial days from Africa. A melt- !ing pot it wAs, and is, compared to which the melting pot of the United |States 18 a mere Irish stew over & campfire. | | This race, whose characteristics d v‘ | | velop more and more clearly and in ac- tuality veer with strange fatality to | ward certain characteristics of the ne- Irace of North America—this race dom- inates Latin America today and will| change that dcmination, probably. only | as it itself changes. Four hundred vears | is long in the history of the New World. | but it is a brief bréathing space in the | history of humanity. The last century | has seen thé growth of Latin America | toward new ldeals and néw achieve- | fents that make vital our reafization | of its power and originality and of the | place it cah be shaped to fill worthily ! lin the devélopment of civilisation. The |gtasping of its offered opportunitics through sound developmént and intelli- |gent crédit and investmént plans is lone of the profound solutions of the | present world erisis, | How great the opportunity of Latin | América and Low great the world's need | |of the opening of its treasure house and lof 1t¢ powers for the ereation of new | wealth and new human prosperity lies |today &s an open book before A dis- | tracted world—a& world that can unfl' must. for the next crowded century de- velop 1ts résonrces with slow_delibera- | tlon and farsighted wisdom. ‘Ten vears | after the close of the World War we | have seen the world threatened with | bankruptey. ‘The fall in commodity | prices seemed to chow that too much s being producgd. and the slump in | the trade of manufactured goods indi- | cated_that *here wers not enough peo- | ple able and willing to buy | | Strugele to Solve Diffieulty. | One possible answer is certainly In! bringing into béing & new world wher raw commodities might be given addi- tional worth before they enter world | markets, and where, in {hat adding ofa| fractions in value to raw exports, there might be ctéated & new buying power | that will demand and consume the| quantities of surplus products that by their lack of markets have siowed up | the business tempo of the whole world. | The struggle of every forward visioned | student (as well &€ of the leaders of | union labor) has been to solve the pres- | ent difficulty without cutting the poten- | tial purchasing power 6f the world's populations, but rather to find effective | ways to ificrease thé numbers and the prosperity of those who can buy | Only & little over a eéntury ago. at! the time that the Monroe dbctrine was promulgated, George Canning, the Btitish prime minister. declared (hat | he himself had “raised up & New World to redtess the balance of the Old." There has béen debate. largely on pa- triotic lines, as to the justice of the pertonal clalm in this boast. but the fact is beyond dispute, certainly in the political realm But a greater question than politics looms, and the creéation of a New World of economic power (so far as it has been created in North America) has come to the rescue of the unbal- | anced economics of Europe in the last few weeks. Vet to be effective to its ultimate possibilities in the balancing of the world business siturtion that| Néw World must be ealled into being | completely and rapidly, not merely in | North, but in Squth America. Hoover Saw Possibilities. In the crisis of 1921 the opportunities of Latin America were obscured by the | very difficulties of overorders ‘and | crowded stocks which wrecked the | plans for the immediate revival of that depression. but it was a fact then seen | clearly by many wise men—among | them, it is said, the then Secretary of | Commerce of the United States, Her- bert Hoover—that the world would have | & betfer chance of recovery if the | wealth which was asked and was later poured into the open maw of Europe were diverted deliberately to the bufld- ing up of Latin America. An invest- ment of capital in Latin America then | would have guickly brought in vast re- turns in profit, becoming an incubator |of wealth that in its turn might well rescue Burops through sound trade de- velopment rather than by pouring of our eapital. as we did and do pour it to- day, into the bottomless pit across the Atiantic. In 1922 the opportunities of Latin America loomed. for all to see, as a field for the employment of capital and for the deliberate building of the markets which would buy not alone the goods of North America, but the goods that Bu- rcpe must sell as the only means of re- gaining its equilibrium. The unbalance of today is in large part due to the fact that the money has been poured into Europe direct and not into productive enterprise that would create new, profit- able markets for Europe as well as for | ourselves. But the money was poured | into Burope, and not until the orgy of epending which culminated In 1929 had t in was Latin America considered a field for investment, and then with no studied plan, no eareful preparation such as alone ean serve to build up any new field of business and trade Has Not Yet Had .Opportunity. Even when the flood of golden invest- | ment came it was inchoate, unstudied uncontrolled, and it dried up almost | overnight after a mad orgy of spending without direction And without super- | vision. Not yet has Latin America had | the opportunity for which it has \ll!ltd; for four centuries, not vet has it even | begun 1o take its place in the economic | world. The collapse of 1930 showed all | too plainiy that its products were essen- tially raw materials, to which virtuaily | nothing had been added before ship- | ment and whose preparation the | methods of & century had gone on vir- | tuaily unchanged | A sweeping statcment that. but the ! notable exeeptions only emphasize us‘ inherent truth Immense importations of machinery have gone into Latin | America. Modern methods in meat packing. in fryit growing. in the han- cling of certain steps in the preparation and shipping process have been adopted, but the field is still practically virgin Machinery. in spite of the $400,000,000 worth imported in the five years still hes an immense ihat is to be met century. to the p well as those it The iender trialization which 's zo of addine a fraction commodities before they are shipped pronounced from one end of Latin America to the other. Twenty nations await the ald and the help and the de- nd fro older nations to enter of the elopment ugh the slow evolution tury of independence, are re at help and that advice ey Gefinitely moved to become a in the development of the world entd to do it under proper supervision «f the older peoples and with a definite end in view Need New Flow of Capital e financial phase of such a con- tinental development is not the least of s problems: it is perhaps the first ranted the premises which have been et down herc. These needs take two forms—one for a new flow of capital investment and. what is perhaps more definitely practics! todzy, longer com- mercial crodits that will ensble pro- gressive indusirialisis and engineers 1o obtain, under terms justified by | their needs and relisbility and by the | soundness of their business plans, the machinery and the suPplies that will enable them to contimue their indus- | triaitzation. That industrislization, ex- | panded to the development of & higher | standurd of livitg for these who pro- | duce, will inevitably result in the o | chase of goods Py G T parcagnig Peeer of | tinction of the redress the economic balance of the Old World with the vivid power and reality of the new Concerning investments. there is one profound truth that must be stated In the past most of the investments in Latin America have been in govern- ment securities, and thus Hmited by fixed government incomes, which in time of crisis fall and make thé bur- dens of debt excessive. In the future the trend of investments must inevita- bly reach into new directions—into in- dustries, into productive public works and into supervised expenditures under engineers and industrialis Loans Not Excessive, ‘The loans to governments in Latin America were not excessive, even if some of them were wasted, by standard -of the incomes of the boom vears. Those Joans were for purposes which properly can be extended payment over fifty or even a hundred years. ‘They are. on the whole, sound. and a Teviving market will pronounce thern so. But beyond the type of gov- ernment loan which the world's in- sularity, and particularly that of the United States, has made the rule in the last decade, riss the opportunities of controlled, supervised investments in national and private “plant” for the creation of that higher standerd of living #nd buying power that is the economic femand of the world today The need of new markeéts, however is not the only reason why a new power should be erectéd in the coun- tries of Latin America. Those nations presént, éven more . définitely than Australia, Néw Zealand and South Africa, outposts of the type of civiliza- tion on which the world we know has been built. They have suffered, in- variably, by the reflections of distress periofls in Burope, and in the United States itself—a proof that they are definitely a part of the world in which we live. They hold, thcss few hundred mil- llons of men and women of our cultural and ractal etrains (mixed though they | be with autochthonous races which they are definitely absorbing into their na- tional life), a vast area cf the earth’s surface. That area they cannot hold lone, either against the reversions to lower politieal types that now and then eam to be the characterisiles of their histors or agAinst a future spread cf the Oriental races into this rich region Europe, and in a few years North America. will definitely need those aress for expansion and for the iransplanting | of their own peoples—pecpies who are iike Latin Americans and a part of the civilization to which they belong. The | Latin Americans must have help to re- tain their place, and if they have the | type of help that will develop their commercial and financial strength they will repay us & thousandfold Future Holds Possibilities. A quarter of a century ahead looms | e of time, but | ited States, or ' as a relatively small s in the history of the Canada. or Latin America, it is crowded with possibilities. The last half cen- tury of the history of the American na- ticns in the north of the nemisphete is crowded and colorful. Into it entered myriad forces, part of which we can analyze and part of Which still remains vague but none the less powerfu. The next 25 years will see vast changes both here and there. but probably more in Latin America than here It is inevitable that populaticns will increase, and in great waves here and there. not in any steady stream either to this country or to thit geographical area. It is inevitable that in its tem- perate areas. and. surely and not slowly As man makes greater and greater gains by his machinery, also in tie subtropics and tropics shall develop the granaries ¢f the world. This must come despite | today's overproduction of food. growing populations and new trends in the economic structure cf the older nations will take care of that. These regions must learn to add more and more, even to their foodstuffs, before their products go abroad: their whsat will become flour, their coffee perhaps coffee extract. their .nitrate, finithed fertilizers or gunpowdeér. Moment of Vital Importance. Latin America has te of the period of easy l{ecc»nmp of exploitation. This is a moment of vital importance to those countries and to the world. The glut of raw commibdi- tles in 1930 and 1931 was in large part due to uneconomic. uncontrolled pro- duction on an exploitation basis, either by foreign companies or local political leaders in Latin America. That day is gone, and probably forever Economic self-sufficiency is their de- mand today. It is a gallant demand. and to achievement will move all the forces of their nai:onal organiza- tions—of that we can be certain world will. however, have something to say as to that. and through the invest- ment of new moneys and the extension of new long-term credits under proper supervision ence at Jast will help to determine the directions of Latin American advance That it will be towara closer co-oper- atlon with the United States and with Canada is inevitable, judging by tend- encies of the past. That it will bring Latin America mote definitely into the world of affairs is destiny. Y " Hawaii to Protect Rare Plant of Craters 11— Threatened ex- versword” plant of the crater of Haleakala, Island of Maiu has stirred action by the National Park Board. It is one of the rarest plants in the world, and growns only high up on the inside of the mighty cup of Halea- kala crater, extinct volcano, eight miles in diameter. The plant is something like & mullein—a gigantic rosette whose brilliant sheen and luster of the long curving, spike-like leaves in a cluster give it the name of silversword Insect pests preying on the leaves and borers at work on the roots have de- stroyed many plants in recent vears, though it is not yet clear why there has HONOLULU. Ha been this sudden invasion of insect life | after the piants have flourished for un- known centuries. E. P. Leavitt, super- ntendent of the Hawaii National Park and Ranger J. H Christ recently visited the silversword district of Haleakala and as a result determined to spray the plants. This is being carried out, but it 1s a slow and dangerous job because the plants often grow in high and a most Innccessible crevices up the face of | steep clift Natives of Tuamotu Real South Sea Race | HONOLULU are looking for wi find th Archipelago. th of Tahiti, according reports brought this week by Emory of the Bishop Museum from Hawali —People _who the “real South Scas n_ the two and a half years of study in various | groups of islands among various Poly- nesian tribes The Tuamotus. he says, are less un- spotled than any other Polynesian group. The natives have had little out- side influence and. strangely. little ad- mixture of whits blood Jar in racial type to the primitive H: wailans. They engage in pear! and copra business, and most of them own their own land. They live in great sim- plicity. and their customs are much the same of they were a thousand years ago. Pive distinet ianguages were found in a comparatively small archipelago. issen Described As Modern City BERLIN, Germany. —The director of the Cernegie Institute in Pittsburgh, Homer S. Gaudens, recently vu&' Essen, the so-celled “German Pitts- burgh,” called it a model industrisl eity. At ieast. such is the verdict arrived at by Director Gaudens. who went th n in eonnection with the for the German kection Institute’'s &fln- exhibiven. SUNDAY STAR, the | for | for | tht end | The | the wisdom of long experi- | thick | - | been Tuamotu | hey are simi- | WASHINGTON, _(Continued From First Page.) of présidential re-election, and for that Tegson was one of the most violent opponents of Estrada Palma and Menocal. He was elected to the offic: of President for the term of 1925-1929 on a platform of “no re-election” in accordance with the fundamental prin- ciples of the Liberal party. of which h was the eandidate. However, in a few months after he took office he formed an alliance with the leaders in Con- gress of the opposite party, the Na- tional Conservatives, with the view to bring about certain changes in the electoral code for the purpose of pre- venting the formation of new political parties or the reorganization of the parties then in existence. and to impede the entry of any independent candidate in the election. In this manner Machado brought it about that none of the Cuban citizens outside of the vicious altiance. known as co-operativeism,” were able to vote for any of their candidates in any election that has been held since 1927 for the reason that by means of the combina- tion the electoral ballots do not carry the name of any candidate for public office who is objectionable to the pres- ent ‘administration. And so it was by this system the delegates to the Con- stitutional Convention which changed the constitution at the pleasure of Ma- chado were elected. And by the same means Machado himself was elected for A new term of six years, although he had repeatedly sworn thai he would never be a candidate for re-election. Was lllegally Amended. The Constitutional Convention was | ealled for the purpose of considering {the abolition of re-tlection. When as- | sembled. the delegates, &t the direction of Machado, in violation of the old con- stitution, did not content themselves with continuing the practice of re- election, but illegaliy amended the con- stitution to provide that the present incumbent (Machado) should have a term of office for six years. provided he was re-clected. Under the provisions of the constitution. as amended, no | other President can be re-elected. 'The old constitution permitted one re-elcc- tion for a term of four years only. After the adoption of the new consti- tution Machado ran for office of Presi- dent as the only candidate and, of course, was re-elected 1t 18 not possible in this brief account of the situation in Cuba to detail all of the violence, persecutions and crimes that have been perpetrated by Machado and his ascociates {0 maintain them- selves in power. Army Is Made Strong. After Machado had chang=d the elec- toral 1aws at his pleasure, ittle by little he placed the military in control of all the principal departments and offices of the government, bringing the army 1o & stite of groat efficiency so that he could use it against the pecple when the opportune moment should arise For this purpose he has spent in the last two years an enormous sum of money. nctwithstanding the serious world crisis and the great financial sufferings which Cuba is now endwring. Because of the enormous taxes imposed by Michado and by the waste of money of the treas- ury to make an impression upon the pecple and to enrich many of his friends. With new taxes and loans he has spent more than $230.000,000 over and above the ordinary budget of the nation. Cuba is not able to withstand in eras depression, public _expen | tures of mcre than $50.000.000 or $60.- 000,000 annually. Machado, neverthe- Jess, has collected approximately $100.- 000,000 of taxes these last years. and needs at least $80.000.000 to mest the expenses of government Mule Gets More Money. Notwithstnding, he has cut down the | salaries of all employes except the sol- dlers—the government employes’ sala- ries have been reduced 50 per cent. Ac- tually an army mule in Cuba has al- Most twiee the amount of money allotted 10 him for sustenance s the inmates of the government hospitals. All cf | these retrenchments, however, have not been effective to overcome the expendi- | turs which the republic has made’ for the public works built by Machado and | the military establishment which he has foisted upcn the country | Machado has been ior several years preparing to impose his government by force upon the Cuban people. He knew that Cuba could not exist without its pclitical freedom and if the people were | permitted to exercise their liberties, he would not b> able to maintain himself | and his creatures in Congress in power | Neither Machado nor the Congress holds | office by the vote cf the Cuban people | The elections during his administration have ben a farce. Notwithstanding that his adversaries have not been able to vote, Machado has taken great care to have it appear that more than 80 per cent of the elect-rate have voted, and |n order to obtain this result. he re- | | sorted to the stuffing of bailot boxes. People’s Desires Curbed. had existed in Cuba the assembly, the right of associa- d the free expression cf thought nteed under the comstitution, but now denied » the Cuban people. the |structure of the Machado machine | would have been able, within six months, to resist without crumbling the torce of public opinion, and he would have been compelled to Tesign his office or bring down upon him a revclution of all the people. Machado could not |afford to be criticized or discussed by the people. When he began his plan 1o change the constitution to suit his ends. the Union Nationalists, in which are the principal Cubans of all political persuasions, began to organize itself systematically. In order to prevent the {ree and open discussion of his conduet and the organization of his opponents, Machado began to interfere with the activities of the Union Nationalists, for- bidding their public gatherings, dis- banding them through the employment of the army and police. He interfered with the organization of its clube and associations. It was prevented from or- | ganizing itself into a political party by reason of the law which Machado pro- {cured to be enacted. He suppressed |mewspapers and threw into pricon I dreds of it« members without eve trial and without any of them ha found guilty of any vialotion of or of any crime aw | Supreme Court Decision. In 1930 Machado, by a decree, sought to prohibit all political meetings. His | rdversaries proceeded in “the Court and there obtalned a decisior the effect the presidentinl decree wa. neonstitutional. The Nationalist party | therefore, was able to hold a meeting &bout 30.000 people in the rt of Havana without any distu: nce occurring. Machado was furious land when the second meeting of the | Nationalists took place. in the city of Artemisa, he ordered the army before- hand to prevent the assembly and. if ecessary, dissclve it with force. This done and some six petsons werc killed and a hundred wounded when the soldiers discharged their firearms into the gathering. Many of the mem- bers, not sucpecting any trouble, brought their wives and children with them When it appeared that the military had acted under the orders of the chief of staff of the army, a charge was fled against him and his subordinates be- fore the Supreme Court. Machado then, by letter addressed to the president of the Supreme Court, stated that he, as President of the republic, had given the orders to the chief of staff ol the army for the disbursing ef the gathering at Artemisa and the use of force for that purpose and that he alone was respon- sible, Then the principal directors of the Unfon Natlonalists, 1 being one of them, and their attorney lodged before the full Supreme Court a charge against President Machado that he had beer guilty of the violation of the con- stitution and of murder. ‘The court, however, sidestepped a de- cision by holding that before it could try the President the House of re- sentatives would have to accuse him , and the Senate suspend him from office. s thing which was h'g:u.k. sinee his assotiates controlled House and the Why Cubans Stir Revolt L saries, but also the largest newspapers Lanana, D. C., AUGUST 16, Senate. The Supreme Court should have taken jurisdicticn of the case and tried the President, for' the reason that it was not a political crime, but was a common orime committed and admitted by Machado and within the jurisdiction of the court. Not being able to hold public as- semblies br to form any clubs, we a last resort adopted the method of dis- semination of information by means of the press. Machado many times has censored, suspended and closed the es- tablishment not only of the periodicals of the Nationalists and other adver- And magazines of Cuba. The El Diario de 1a Marina, EI Mundo y I Piis, the three largest periodicals in Havana, and the principal magnzines, La Se- Carteies, Bohemia, y Karikato appeared before the SBupreme Court and charged that fhe decree closing the newspapers and mAagazines was uncon- stitutional. The Supreme Court de- cided that the old colonial laws which Machado sought to enforce could not be applied by him and he could not suppress the periodicals nor censor them or subject them to the editing b the government authorities beforehand. but thai the only instances in which the President could prosecute the néwspapérs and magazines was for wrongs done by them against the repu- tations of persons, social order or the public peace. Machado, notwithstand- ing the decision of the Supreme Court, established a cénsor for each newspa- per, informing thém that if they did not accept this they would be ex to the attack of the “friends of the government,” who were no other than criminals and arméd gangsters, Gets Aid of Criminale, These eriminals are no other than those which are commonly known hs the Bludgeons,” but known officially, at least by the Machado regime, as the Patriotic League.” The prisons have been emptied of male and female pris- oners, who joined with others ofdeven worse penal antecedents, under the pro- tection of the police, attacked the mem- | bers of the opposition. 1t has happened that women and young girls, members of the opposition, have been attacked on the streets by women of the crimi- hal class in the pay of Machado and have had their entire clothing stripped from them. These women and girls have committed no wrong except to be- long to feminist organizations opposed to the administration of Machado. In Cuba the large majority of the women are identified with the opposi- tion, not only because of their humani- tarian sentiments, but Also because the present oligarchy has refused to con- cede to the women either the active or :‘n':“gnsmw right of suffrage. a_right ¢ opposition is {0 accord them. " e Controls the Judiciary, President Machado has for some past realized that the independence o the judicial power is contrary to his best interests, although he has repeat- edly said that he is a firm supporter of that independence. As he has the power to promote and to seléct the Members of the judiciary he always finds men subservient to fis wishes, a5 happened in the case of Magistrate Herrera of Artemisa, who indicted al] the Jeaders of the Natlonalists who were present at the meeting in Artemisa. but Dot the soldiers who attacked the meet. ing with firearms, although he admit. ted that they did so without any justifi. catlon. Happily, however, many judges | and magistrates have refused to beoome nstruments of the administration, More Than Fifty Killed.. In Santisgo a major naj appointed by Machado as m"n'x'ldur?ral:f-' pervisor of the Province of Oriente, killed more than 50 persons in that city and its vicinity. When the court of Santlago, jn response to ths tefror &f the population, ‘undertook an Investi- gation ‘to detzrmine the cause of the deaths of the persons and whether or not they were mutdered or were sui- cides, as clalmed by the government, B . some nights later, in order lo frighten and menace the eourt hanged an individual immediately i ront of the house of the president of [ The judiciary of Santiago id their duty and indicted and ordered Ortiz and his gang of soldiers and Al o committed suicide = achado came 1o the rescue of the army. claiming that Ortiz and his subordinates ought to be tried a military court %C civil judges de- cided otherwise and they were sus- (2ined by the Supreme Court. Machado then refused to comply with the orders of the Court of Santiago to the effect that Ortiz be conducted to the prison in that cit At first Maj. Orti WAS permitted, under parole, to ride about the sireets of Havana. As the Otvil Court continued to clamor that he be sent to the military prison at Santiago, Machado ordered him to the Fortress of Atares. in Havana, where is quar- tered Machado's personal guard and Where Maj. Ortiz and his family now ve happily and from Wwhere he passes na at his pleasure. For greater Machado has ordered his ce the newspapers to see to it “(;1 Do ey ’;’;;It_‘pv: is permitted to pub- s rmation concerni r or any of his crimes, i Habeas Corpus Abolished The writ of habeas corpus establis in Cuba at the end of the Wee ot 1o dependence by the American Govern- ment for both Cubans and foreigners has been abolished by Machado. Hun- dreds of persons in the last few years have been imprisoned in jails and mili- tary fortresses. without being able to obtain the writ of habeas corpus, and if perchance the writ Was obtained. it was answered that the person Involved was in prison and was retained At the personal disposition of Machado or by the military authorities. One of the greatest public men of Cuba, Col. Aurelio Hevia, who was in the govern- ment of Estrada Palma and Menocal, | was kept in solitary confinement | cell in the Portress days without obtaining a writ of habeas corpus and it was only pecause | the press of the United States began to discuss the violation of the right to the writ of habeas corpus that he was | 8t last liberated. When one of the cases of Col. Hevia reached the Su- preme Court 1. as attorney for him, obtained a decision in that court to the effect that the writ of habeas corpus was effective against every au- thority, military as well as civil. By the help of that decision in the last few weeks attorneys have sppeared in the courts of Havana and obtained the | libcrty of certain well known Iawyers, Writers, students and laborers of ex- cellent reputation in the country, Defies Orders of Libert: Machado has refused to wmf the orders of liberty passed the court, notwithstanding that in some cases there were obtained four orders | of liberty for the same person. And, to make the matter more ridiculous. the House of Representatives has | passed certain provisions of a law to the effect that when there is a sus- pension of constitutional guarantees the power to liberate by writ of habeas corpus shall be taken away from the civil courts and given to one called the Superior Council of War and Navy, of The Sha o1 e Pt e sl of n‘-p‘sl‘bllc.. e ident of the civilization. the writ of habeas 3 which was brought to Cuba m Americans, has been for the last few years practically su) by Ma- chado and his oligarchy. During ithe entire administration of President Machado persons of every class have been assassinated without the guilty ones being apprehended, due to the fact tiet they have been agents of the authorities or paid by the gov- ernment. One night after Machado's :flm“nkkntwn had commenced Armando n censors of of Cabana 105 with | the instructions of the Cuban govern- | establishments of i af | for President and Vice President in the 19: and, during o Asassination Spanish Capt. 3 teréd Havana and ex- led capiain general, “Buteher.” After the assassination of Andre. newipaper men, politicians, farmers, students and laborers have Dbeen assassinated in & more or léss public and mysterious way, and even & student of the University of Havan named Jullo Mella, was assassinated in the streets of the City of Mexico under ment. The laborers have been the ones who have suffered most, and the American Federsition of Labor, if it desires, could publish the aceount which it has in its of ihe erimes Which have been committed Against laborers and labor unions. Damage lo Edoeation. But the most terrible of all damage caused by Machado to Cuba is the treatment that he has givén to the professors and students of all the public ing In Cuba The University of Havana has been closed for more than & year, and before that its functions were frequently sus- nded. Many of it bul ln’fl have en converted itito quarters for sol- diers. ‘The professors and students of the country are opposed to Machado, irrespective of whether or not they have taken part in the politieal activities of the country. When the studénts have assembled publicly 1o protest. they have beén attacked by firearms. In this way ‘Tréjo, one of thé most intelligént of the students’ léadérs and vicé president of the Association of Law Students, was urdered. The jails have been filled with stu- dents, men Aud women, and in dosens of indietments Machado has, through his_public atiorneys, persecuted hun- dreds of students And proféssors of the universities. In the same way he has closed the nundergraduate sehools of the six provinces, 41l of the normal schools, in which are prepared the public teach- ers; all of the commerelal schools and the schools uf mechanical arts and of the fine arts of painting and sculptur- ing. In the same waAy many of the professors and students of these vari.| ous sechools have been indicted by the order of Machado in various crimithl causes The educational system in Ouba, from the primary grades until graduation from the university. i¢ in the hands cf the government, and it aloné can incué the vArious degreéés. Today only the imary sehools Are functioning, and Piese Very Abnormally. since the pro- feesors of public instruetion receive miserable pay because of the enormous reductions which Machado has made in their salaries, In the meanwhile, thé treasury is being wastéd on luxuries and in préparation of a military show to crush public opinicn. Bvery day wins | enemies to the governmént. All of that which I have rapidly de- tailed in-this article has actually trans- pired and leads any oné to the con- clusion that Cuba cannot lohger exist under the present administration. Chatges Policy of Deception. The Govérnment has again tried to deceive Cubans and foreigners. Some Congresmen in good faith believe that with a new reform of the constitution and Assurange of guarantees they will be able to refill all the public offices by popular clection to be held next year. In the meantime there should be re- established the public liberties and be constituted a government sufficient to guarantee a free election to all the peo- ple. This is not the case, but instead the new constitutional reform would bé somewhat of a burlesque if the matter were not so serious. The office of Vice President, which was abolished in 1928, is to be re-established with the power in Congress to &elect the person to fill that office, without popular election. Machado i willing to have his term [ ed two years of the six for which he Nad himself re-clected, but he has takeh care, as everybody knows. to have a Viee President who will be his creature, as 13 $he Congress. The Sen- ate will continue notwithstanding the | disturbances in Latin Americs, t! that almost all its members hold :.‘l‘::r :fim filegally, and & large part of the House of Representatives will do the same. Machado will continue as tbe high chief of the entire oligarchy, with the Congréss compostd of his crea- tures, and when a néw Président shall be elected, the latter will not be able to act freely. In the meanwhile. Machado, his peo- pie and the Congress are in office. There will be no maepfendenoe of the m(:iuc,uryi Ro public libertiés, no reorgan n of thepp.rflu. no independent candidates, and no . public elections deccently held. Without doubt the proposed reform is no other than a way of decelving everybody and continuing in power for an indefi- nite period the men who have brought misfortune upon Cuba. Persecution Increased. ‘When Machado realized that his new plan could not be adopted without pro- test, he increased the severity of his per- secutions and it has happened recently that the united chiefs of the opposition have not been able ot lay before the Cuban people their careful and serious protest inst all that achado is doing. 'Whie are thioss in the opposition? All the principal members of the govern- ment during the War of Independence; nearly all c? thase who took part in the constitutional assembly during that war, the most famous generals and officers ol the army of libsration: and all of the principal men who formed the govern- ments of the four preceding Presidents These men are Mendez Capote, who was Vice President in the War of Independ- ence( President of the two of its Con- tional Assemblics, President of the Con- stitutional Aksembly convened by Gen Wood. and which enacted the present Constitution, and Vice President durin; the administration of former Presiden Estrada Palma, now deel ; Gen. Menoeal. who was twice President of the republic; Dr. Alfredo Zayas, also former President of the republic, and Vice President during the administra- tion of Gen. Gomez; the son of Gen. reat writer and uu.o‘pher of Latin imerica, Vice President during the ad- ministration of Gen. Menocal: . Car- los Mendieta, ons of the great heroes of the War of Independence, a candidate Liberal party, and the principal leader of the Union Nationalists, Juan Gual- berto Gomez. who with the illustrious Marti organised the War of Independ- ence with Bpain: Roberto Mendez Pe- nate, president of the Union National- ists and former Governor of the Prov-| ince of Las Villas; Aurelio Alverez. for- | mer President of the Senate and of the Conservative party: Aurelio Hev whom I have spoken before: Gen. Fran- | rcisco Peraza, 80 years old. who has| | fought in all the wars of independence: | Dr. Carlos de la Torre, the great na uralist savant of Cuba, known through- ana: Grau San Martin v | Mendez Penate. two professors of the University of Havana: Dr. Pernando | Ortiz, a seientific writer of note, and | president of many scientific societies | and especially well known in the United | States because of his writings; Drs. Do- tner wil ether wi :n hundreds of great patriotic movement against Ma- chado and all that he stands for. ‘This enormous opposition has realized that in order to savé Cuba it is neces- sary Lthat they Machado and his regime, and this is tion that i8 now rising In arms him. Turn to Americans. ‘The t mass of Cuban thelr” present. distress, feel 7 . it i £ L - # i ¥ Revolts in Latin American Countries Seen as First Step Toward Democracy, _(Continued Prom Third Page) 13 I argued. a truly continental eha; and, second, that 1 was claiming that it should not inter- preted as the mere repetition o‘-fla- less. passionate, eapricious, arels P ee” oo to be characteristic of the tempera- tecent politieal ment Instead of mere continuance of & long Seriés of internal upheavals, having no other motives than Pérsonal ambitions or the Mm of a restless spirit of olvil di i I adranced at that time the A | that they were part of & movement for mere demoeratic in «hich three fundamental eléments intervetied. ‘Thése three elements, All of which Are also present in the latest Chilean revolution, wére political, pey- chological and economic. Feeling Against Dictators. ‘The political factor 7!! 46 ine awabising of feel America against diotatorial r::gmn of whlkl :'nmh“nt tflu\ the A man” policy W) own idly in the Southern O&I in_leadérs set the e in the Old World. The sucotss of Musedlini in Italy and_the m succéssful imitation by Prime in Spain awoke the ambitions of seve fi Amériean 50 T4 ifice whieh was folg s e s Qe ropedn i Later on, however, the Latin Americant found out that the cist méthods were an exclugivély Itallan phenome- non, and that there werd many to doubt the real succéss of the dicta- torship in the mothér country—8pain. ‘The consequen of such change of opinien. |memln !l m’mmnu and abuses on the part of the -nnug" ohn Bé b- regimes in Latin Ame: served in this general nzum autoeratic forms government, which is now producing results. Step Toward Democracy. Politically speaking. then, this reac- tion may be ehardcterized ..”&. e~ Amcrica periaps 48 het st sl 100 mérica— ward true democratic maturity. 4180 18 & it in the situation. AS with the masses are extremely to intellectual influence, s & suicide is never an isolated ease in A community, but is always followed by two or three other self-murders, so it haj -.&& any political trénd 16l & La n country is almost invariably similar phenomena in the nations. This 16 évén more un- derstood when oné considers that those are countries which have their ?fl n;:mwu and pol backgréund in common. Last, but not least, thé économic fac- tor hes piayed a most It has given conere cal idedl, and rn‘f time Action. events. Until economic crises on the horisons, lfivfllg‘%sm’-l did not go beyond mere girations in Bolivia, Petu, Argentina razil, Panama, éte. Finances Played Part. But when the tin crisis fected the financial situation A country almost el itu tin exports, the o In like manner, real revolutionary un- re:& was m‘uflnrlmuly Mthw gasernment finasioes n- A consequence of nM&n :’ public frads added to the eral éeo- nomic aepression. Eocont failure of the Irigoyen regime was the outstand- ing lssue behind the revolt. e sérious situation MWI Abouit in #il by the coffee precipita the fall of the Lulz governmént. A %0 on in the other Latin e which witnessed political this year. Now the case of Chile gives final acsurance of this fact. Chile, long re- " was sweeping that f the 3 , B 3 B, Sl T A B nomic 4! ties, Arising from low by Machado, & great thany of the facts concerning the conduet of the Machado regime have been suj , And 1 18 telt that the most important in the direction of the restoration of liberties to the Cuban people i& a full and com- nuul enlightenment of the American e. revolutioh In Cuba is under way, having for its aim the complete restora tion of personal and peopl prolong the revolution menths only time will tell, but it is the thought of the leaders of the révolu- tionary movement that it will until Machado And his regime have keen driven from power. You’l | | | MW‘ hl“t‘h‘m IMpoTtant part. orm to the palLl | & ly m:d the | g 1t has ] 1 A5 not end | aational was uonnu: paymen Chille's foreign obligations. Pailure the Lucernie conférénce betweéen syn- nd Chiléan nitrate to the fi o g‘m&ly une“n'?’ “énjoyed divine Tuling as he thought neces- sary.” Army Plays Part. » As in Bolivia. Peru, nd ther counttries, it was H:%- of the armeg forces of ine nation which really 2 At‘ uu“wm of the the atms, ‘the ol ‘8o in Uhout counties de- ined to and 10 the end. But a4 soon 44 the high of the owh compatriots in the face of an :r“& Bélieved “iron-handed” o " Te. gimes vanlshed and Wéré rendered powerléss. This in in . ‘Thé troops, chuse ti to & potitica “Hove ), vy been hailed as heroes. :.wfl“ h reports that in the dispateh days f the "lueu- of the mm a Wwas 4 signal for & out- burst 5 Pinal over- public opinion all the strength Hawaii Hails Treaty - For Sugar Industry HONOLULU —Signing of the so- “Chadbourne agreement” of Commerce Union of Soviet Socialist Re- 3 z:emer Machado publies is considering the proposml re with his well paid army will be ablé to | cént) by D. 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