Evening Star Newspaper, July 12, 1931, Page 22

THE World Role o (Continued From First Page.) and sugar. In exports there is a con- trary tendency, the complemnentary as- pect of this same development. In 1927 exports of manufactured articles amounted to 41.6 per cent, as against only 164 per cent during the period from 1886 to 1890. Every one knows of the enormous ex- ports of automobiles and machines, which for some years have formed the bulk of American industry. One dis- cerns here, in opposition to the remarks suggested above, the economic straits of a country which is rapidly developing toward industrialization. essential aspects of the foreign policy of the United States would be inex- plicable today if one lost sight of cer- ‘tain bare figures which are most en- lightening. It is pecessary to draw attention to ¢ €esierthle way in which the United Seetes i belng drawn toward indus- trialization and toward industrial ex- pansion. But we would have an en- tirely false idea of America if at the time we did not notice the very aston- ishing persistance of her economic au- tonomy. Even today America continues to be a country—we should say a conti- nent—which is self-sufficient for nine- | On its own soil | tenths of its needs. this continent produces practically all it consumes. With 6 per cent of the population of the world and 5.7 per cent of the land of this planet, the United | States produces 72 per cent of the oil of the world, 42 per cent of the iron ore. 45 per cent of the steel, 51 per cent of the copper, 54 per cent of the cotton, 64 per cent of the corn, 37 per | cent of the coal, 20 per cent of the wheat, 83 per cent of the automobiles. | Let us add that she herself consumes the greater part of this formidable array. The conclusion to remember is that even today exports play a relatively secondary role in the economic balance of the country. Paints New Picture. Remembering these facts, which in a way are contradictory, let us retain the following picture, which reflects—at least 0 is my belief—the actual condi- tions at this moment. America continues to be. even today, an enormous exporter of raw materials, and in this respect she preserves the tradition of the nineteenth century. In contrast some of the big industries—the | mafjority of them, without doubt—con- tinue to count on home markets for their chief outlet. There are only spe- cial industries which are beginning to depend on foreign markets—manufac- ture of typewriters and farm imple. ments, of motor cycles and sewing ma- chines and automobiles, which are in a class by themselves. We can therefore assume that on the whole exportation is not essential to the industrial pros- perity of this country, but at the same time we must not ignore the fact that some of the most important industries, the most conspicuous ones. are growing more and more dependent on foreign markets. Due to this transformation, a growing regard for foreign countries is emerging, not among the masses of the people of the United States, but among those who are so placed as to visualize the whole situation. It is very evident that America must depend on the world markets for raw materials more than she formerly did. She will not be able | to do without them. What would she do. for example, without the rubber of Malay or the raw silk from Japan and China? At the same 8ime the neces sity of watching her export markets be- comes daily more evident. As an Amer- ican said to me recently, “Formerly Eu- rope bought our cotton: now we must sell our automobiles and our farm ma- chinery.” The shade of difference is subtle but true. And, above all, as soon as the selling of manufactured goods becomes difficult the vulnerability grows. We have emphasized above the practical impossibility of making reprisals against raw cotton, but every one knows it is not so difficult to hamper the sale of automobiles. A notable change is therefore being produced in the nature of the interna- tional economic relationships of the United States. Until quite recently America enjoyed an almost complete autonomy. Today, even though she holds on to approximately the old pro- portion between exports and imports— and we have taken pains to emphasize to what degree America remains self- sufficlent—she is learning some of the preoccupations of the old industrial countries—the worries over the impor- tation of raw materials, the fear of see- ing the foreign markets closed to man- ufactued articles. Balance Tending. A sort of balance between continents is thus tending to be established. As compared to Europe, the United States is a country which is still growing eco= nomically, while Europe is economically developed—we can say older. America exports raw_products, or partially raw products. These make up 74 per cent | of her exports to the old continent. Next come manufactured articles of a standardized type, principally machines. But she buys from Europe manufactured articles of a more refined workmanship. As regards countries outside of Eu- rope. the position of America is quite different. To them the United States is the “old country”—the seller of man- ufactured articles and the buyer of raw materials and food products. Manufac- tured goods make up 71 per cent of her exports to South America, whereas, on the other hand, raw materials and farm products form 79 per cent of the vol- ume of goods coming to the United States from that continent. Finally, there is a third group of countries with which the United States entertains a kind of special relationship. ‘These are the countries of the white race belonging to the “dominion” type— Canada, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa, for example. The needs of this group are so similar to those of America that they quite naturally buy her automobiles, her bathtubs, her farm implements and her radios—await- ing the moment, which is not far off, when they will also absorb her ideas and her opinions. Due to this powerful and in some cases irresistible attrac- tion, many of these countries gravitate toward America Therefore new eco- nomic constellatiss,s might well be born which would result in serious perturba- tions to the economic equilibrium of the world, which up to the present has had its foundation in Europe—a fact which we have wrongly considered permanent. The conclusion which these observa- tions indicate is that the United Stsles is on the track of becoming a nation which overprodwes ana which dupli- cates in the twentieth century the same kind of expansion seen in England and Germany during the nineteenth century. And it is therefore quite natural that we should ask ourselves if there will not be a change in the political attitude of the United States as a consequence of this development. Placed Near Imperialism. Certain political considerations are inevitably associated when there is an economic interdependence. All coun- tries in the throes of industrial expan- sion have known this—England, Japan «nd Germany. It is not a question nec- aesarily of imperialism, but between ex- pansion and imperialism the margin at limes seems very tenuous. The United States has not escaped these considera- tions. Let us study the change which fmanifests itself in her attitude as re- gards her policy toward raw materials, toward world markets and world routes, and finally her policy as regards inter- wvention. It is no longer possible for America to be unconcerned about the interna- tional sources of raw materials; she needs these raw materials for her in- dustries, therefore they must not be claimed or monopolized by other buyers. It is important that no discrimination should arise in any international parti- tion that would be calculated to wrong the American buyer! At this point intervention in interna- #icxsi wilairs cannot be avolded; the Henefit of isolation is lost. Even today the erican state exercises a gigilance @ver e whole planet as soon [ there Many really | for America is a question of & product of interna- tional interest. If it is oil or rubber, for example, we see them guarding the discovery of wells or the development of plantations and studying foreign legislation in a suspicious fashion in order to solicit or demand ‘‘conces- sions.” ‘The nature of this form of intervention is not necessarily political: it is often simply a question of financial pressure. But diplomatic action is latent, and therefore it is there. We remember on the eve of the great war certain interventions by Germans, in which the German state did not ap- pear. All one saw were financiers and industrialists. Nevertheless, no one was deceived. The ultimate character of the action taken was political. Certain actions of America in the Caribbcan zone are not basically different in na- ture. It could be asked specifically whether the initlutive which animates and moti- vates such actions comes from the State Department or from Wall Street. Per- haps this question remains of secondary importance if one only remembers that at this point of her economic develop- ment America must be interested in raw materials wherever they are to be found. The consideration of foreign outlets is relatively new in the United States, even though we can find certain traces of it toward the end of the nine- seenth century. Blames Export Growth. As long as America’s main_exports consisted of raw materials she paid little attention to the conquest of inter- national markets. When she began to | export manufactured articles her atti- tude changed. During the decade of 1880-0 Secretary of State Blaine fore- saw the problem of finding morkets for American_products in the future. Tt was largely due to his influence that the reciprocity clause was introduced into the McKinley tariff. He. and Mc- Kinley with him, foresaw that the sale of manufactured goods outside of the | United States would increase. 1t was necessary to be assured that excessive reprisals in response to the protection- ism of the United States should not hit a whole category of products. It is curlous that this policy of eco- nomic expansion, which has brought | about a whole series of tariffs (McKin- ley. Dingley and Payne-Aldrich), re- mained in a certain way quiescent for more than a generation. Here and there an industrial exporter appeared with foresight, but the organized forces re- mained entirely subject to the tradi- tional thesis of the necessity of d fending the home markets. It is only ince the war that the Department of ommerce, under the energetic impulse | of Mr. Hoover, has taken definite ac- | tion to prepare the way for the opening | | of foreign markets to American indus- | try. This policy involves a_systematic | study of the foreign customer, the sup- | port of American commerce through | diplomatic_channels, the attentive and | almost jealous surveillance of all tarift | barriers—and, notably, keen watchful- | ness for any discriminatory action of any kind. The European policies to- ward tariffs are the object of virtually & permanent inquiry by the Government | at Washington. America had her own | delegates at the International Economic | Conference in Geneva in 1927. Ameri- | can commerce takes an active part in | the deliberations of the International | Chamber of Commerce. Finally, as a parallel manifestation of | this policy of expansion, must be noted | |the ‘current investments in foreign | | countries, which became so extensive | after the war and continued up to 1929. | From a debtor country, which she was | | in 1914, America has become the great | creditor country of today—her capital | has been spread over all the earth. | England understood very well during |!he nineteenth century that the invest- ment of capital abroad created cus- tomers. Stressed as Main Factor. This phenomenon. which can be veri- fied notably in South America, must be considered one of the main factors back of economic expansion. For who does not easily understand that wherever an American has invested his money the United States one day or another is likely to intervene? ‘The change in America’s policy as re- gards world routes is even more strik- ing. Sooner or later those countries which have important international commerce feel the need of possessing the equipment for world communica- tions, a merchant marine, a navy to secure the safety of the seas, intern: tional canals (at least across the isth- muses where their commerce passes), naval bases for oil and coal on the lines served by their fleets, cable lines and wireless stations, airways with air- ports for their planes. With the ex- ception of the strictly modern things in this program, it can be truly said that all the powers which have raised them- selves to world influence have desired this same program. | . England felt such needs in the nine- | teenth century. Germany at the begin- ning of the twentieth attempted to | secure the same facilities, and perhaps would have succeeded had it not been for the World War, which completely broke up the immense plans she had entertained. The ideals of the United States at this moment do not differ very greatly. As a result of the war the United States has been able to reconstruct her mer- chant marine, which had fallen into complete decadence. She is construct- ing a powerful Navy, for which she claims at least a parity with the British | fleet. The function of this Navy will b2 to defend the freedom of the seas, which probably means that another blockade would not be tolerated. As to the international canals, the status of the Panama Canal is known. It is not international, and is militarily controlled by the armed forces of the United States. Soon perhaps this canal may be duplicated by one (less vulner- | able, let us hope) at Nicaragua. When it comes to naval bases, the Govern- ment at Washington has assured itself of the possession of those it really needs, not only in the Caribbean Sea but in the Pacific. Its network of cables grows every day, as well as its wireless sta- tions. And the plans for airways or- ganized and controlled by the United States between North and Central and South America are already magnifi- | cently realized. Thus there exists a | definite policy of world communications. Believes Times Right. ‘The London Times was not far wrong when, at the time of the Washington conference in 1921, it said: “For the first time in history the United States feels the necessity of & world policy—in the plain meaning of this term. With virtually no period of transition, she has passed from the position of a sim- ple commercial power to a dominating one which controls the finances of the world. And now suddenly she realizes to what extent this change must react on her relationships with the rest of the world. America is very badly pre- pared politically to make the most of the opportunity created by these cir- cumstances. For the first time America sees the real substance contained in the | expression ‘world communications’ and understands the meaning of a merchant fleet, a navy, safe trade routes and the necessity of coal bases and undersea cables, and all these in harmony with her national interests.” ‘The outcome of these developments is a general policy of intervention—peace- ful intervention, no doubt, but one which is susceptible of having recourse to force. On the American continent this attitude is flagrantly novel. The old conception of the Monroe Doctrine has replaced by an entirely new view of the situation, which puts the foreground the intrusion of the United States and not the exclusion of Europe, justified by arguments that Latin Amer- ica refuses to admit. If henceforth the | Government at Washington accepts and applies this method of action, the ulti- | mate effect will be the establishment of | a general, though latent, American pro- | tectorate. The large states of South America will escape without doubt, but | the nearer states and the less powerful ones are directly menaced in their in- | dependence by this “dollar diplomacy.” ‘This policy, whether latent in certain countries, as in Cuba, or openly prac- ticed by military means, as in Nica- ragua, corresponds to the expansion that President McKinley described 30 years ago as being “manifest destiny.” ‘What does American public opinion think of all this? 1In this connection we must distinguish among those who are conscious of this expansion and those who are ignorant of it and those who condemn it. Among the first must be cited those industries which rave gained tremendously during the last 40 years by -exporting, and thus have helped to develop the world interests of America. The accession of Wall street into this policy of expansion is more recent, but must be considered certain today. American finance has interests in all quarters of the globe, and it would be astonishing if this fact should ve ignored. Cites Mission Spirit. To the influences back of expansion must be added the missionary spirit which animates nearly all Americans. Whether it is a question of religion, business or teaching, they have a mania for evangelization. ‘They love to meddle in the affairs of others, not only when they can extract some material advan- tage but simply with the idea of doing good. Many of America's interventions in the Far East, as well as in Europe, owe their origin to this singular state of mind. As to the Government, for many years it has understood the evolution that is taking place. All of its activities since the Spanish War have shown this change of attitude. With remarkable decision, the American Government knew just what position to take in Cuba so that American expansion might best be served. About the same time it installed itself politically in Panama, and thus assured the building of the interocean canal. And it also chose and secured the naval bases that were needed in the Pacific. Even before the war, the particularly since the armi- stice, the Government has taken the execution of this “dollar diplomacy” in hand, with the backing of Wall street. There can be no doubt, therefore, that Washington-accepts expansion as a fact that has been imposed and does not hesitate to apply it as a policy. Nevertheless, if we stopped for analy- sis here, it would be false; for expan- sion has many adversaries, probably a majority of adversaries. To be more exact, it does not have a majority of partisans. First can be numbered those industries which sell only to home mar- kets; foreign affairs interest them not at all. Then there is public opinion considered in the mass, especially in the West. It fears expansion because of its tradition in a national life used to being thrown on its own resources: also on account of its innate love of independence and its fear of scorn of the rest of the world. ‘The American people on the whole, at least those who are the most repre- sentative, prefer to live their own lives, on their own continent, protected as much as possible from contact with the rest of the world. If intervention comes about under these conditions, it does so without the consent of the people being formally sought and without their knowing anything about it. When pub- lic opinion realizes that military ex- peditions are being inaugurated, its spontaneous reaction is generally hos- tile. It feels that it is a question of financial manipulation for private in- terests which are usurping Government influence. Sufficient to read the records of the House of Representatives and the Senate to understand that the American Government must never lose sight of this attitude when it contemplates any military action. America’s policy, therefore, is very contradictory in character. In fact, in nearly every country in the world there exists a policy of vigilance and fre- quently one of intervention. But this is seldlom acknowledged. On the con- . the fiction of non-interference is maintained. Contradiction Seen. Intervention cannot be mentioned in Washington, for Washington would de- clare there was no such thing. Exam- ples of this attitude are present in the memories of all of us. Dawes plan, prepared by an American, and the Young plan, prepared and per- fected by an American. But official representatives of the United States have never admitted that the Dawes plan or the Young plan committed their country in any way whatsoever. When America settled directly with Germany the payments that were due her it was arranged that these payments would not be made through the international bank created to carry out the Young plan. It seems like an equivocation, but ci b2 explained if we recall that American public opinion would show tremendous hostility to anything that looked like an avowed policy of intervention or of solidarity. ~America thus remains iso- lated politically and morally at the very hour when her citizens are overrunning the world by the tens of thousands and are seen everywhere. To tell the truth. one of the reasons for the lack of solidarity between the | United States and other peoples is that Americans are on another level of mate- rial comfort. To maintain this level all the barriers that an ingenious policy could invent have been elevated—cus- toms barriers and barriers against im- migration. It is a question of prevent- ing the standard of living of the most privileged country in the world from being debased by competition, or even by contact, with poorer and smaller nations. And right here, I belleve, is the principal source of misunderstand- ing which manifests itself so painfully between the old and the new continents. In our private lives does not experience teach us that rich and poor, even the rich and those in modest circumstances, do not actually understand each other? This is the kind of barrier which con- stitutes the gravest moral obstacle be- tween the American people and the rest of the world. Elevated by circumstances to a de- gree of unheard-of riches (in spite of temporary depressions), America more or less lost her sense of interna- tional reciprocity. Hails New Age. American influence cannot be ques- tioned. It is manifest everywhere. But what is the range of its influence? At first sight it looks as if America in her international relations 1is simply de- fending her own interests, like all other people. But in looking closer 1t is seen that she brings with her a new concep- tion of life. In a word, an American civilization is rising and threatens to substitute itself for ours. I am almost tempted to say that there is now an “American age,” following a European age, just as jmportant in the history of humanity as the Stone Age or the Bronze Age. This is the age of the machine, of standardization and of the mass. To tell the truth, it was Europe which first conceived and applied these principles in the nineteenth century. But today—do not let us mistake it— the world is becoming Westernized on the American plan. When Americans arrive in a country what do they bring with them? First, a more perfected material equij nt and a more efficacious system of pro- duction, thanks to machinery and t3 Taylorism, as well as to a collective co-operation in which the individual still counts. They bring as well g higher level of living, larger salaries, better sanitary conditions, often pro- hibition (at least for others). Finally, it is not an exaggeration to say that they increase very materially the dig- nity of the worker, 1 have not cheapened my praise, but a serious reservation obtrudes itself, and that is the absence of any spiritual factor in this widespread American in- fluence. In spite of America’s social idealism, which we must all admire, she is on the whole materialistic in spirit. The idea of gainful work predominates. We do not forget that Americans as individuals are frequently idealists, but we cannot lose sight of the fact that in America idealism is often measured simply by material progress. Venom More Subtle. I do not mean by this a base love of the dollar, as is so often said. The venom is more subtle. It is the con- ception which values material efficiency above individual spiritual perfection taken by itself. Here is the source of the great fear feit by well 50 y Euro- peans, as nmkflufl—fiw For instance, the | SUNDAY STAR, WASHINGTON, D. C, JULY 12, Keeping Doctors Up to Date (Continued From Third Page.) SRR - city is baffled by a case of tuberculosis of the spinal column in a girl of 16. He keeps wishing “If I could only find some way to stiffen these vertebrae!” Unexpectedly he hears of a surgeon who has devised a new method for inserting an inlay of living bone, taken from the patient’s own leg, into the vertebrae. ‘The patlent is brought to the metrop- olis, put under the surgeon’s care, and within & year is well on the road health. Hcre, once more, is & man of 50, with indigestion, abdominal soreness and restless nerves. Several physicians have examined him and discovered that his stomach locks the hydrochloric acid which is so indispensable to digestion. One thing after another is tried, bu without avail. Finally a master physi- clan, familiar with the latest methods of treatment in disorders of the stom- ach and intestines, puts him on that newest of preparations, originally pre- pared at the research laboratories of the University of Michigen, which provides what is known as an anti-anemic sub- stance. We all still recall the dramatic story of the airplane express which carried from Princeton, N. J., to the Mayo Clinic, in Rochester, Minn., a prepara- tion of the adrenal gland for & man who was almost dead with Addison’s disease and whose life had been de- spaired of by the physiclans in his home town. A few doses of the new preparation quickly restored him. Illustrations could be multiplied to show how situations constantly arise in the practice of medicine that are likely to baffle the ordinary practitioner. A hundred and fifty thousand men and women are practicing medicine in the United States to the best of their ability, but the developments of medical science are so rapid that unless these Lracti- tioners are willing to reach out con- stantly to grasp the newer knowledge they will fail to hold the confidence of their communities. There is too great a lag between the discoveries made by the leaders in hospital laboratories and the ability of the rank and file physi- cians to use these advances for the benefit of their patients. Diagnosis Methods Advance. Not only in the matter of treatment but in the matter of diagnosis also modern methods are advancing so idly that the practitioner who remains unaware of the newer tests may fail to | recognize the nature of many an obscure | malady. Here is & man whose body is covered with a distressing scabby condition of the skin. The experience of & number | of excellent physiclans has failed to| classify this case in any of the known | categories. Fortunately for the patient, | he falls into the hands of an expert teacher in the field of skin diseases, | who discovers that the patient has long been taking small doses of a medicine | containing iodine, with the resu his entire body has become hopelessly stored with this potent chemical sub- stance. Had the condition been r!cnp‘ nized sooner the patient’s life could easily have been saved. A woman of 40 has suffered for more than 30 years with a chronic cough | that made night dismal and the dly‘ full of distress. All the known sub-| stances in the materia medica have | failed to arrest the cough. Falling 1nwl the hands of an expert in the field of bronchoscopy, an X-Ray plate of the| chest reveals a little screw lodged at | the lower end of one of the bronchial | tubes. The patient mow recalls that, when eight years old, she was playing | with a saucer full of screws and put| one in her mouth, swallowing it uncon- | sciously. The screw had slipped down | into_the wrong tube and had lodged in the lungs these many years, causing a lifetime of bronchial symptoms. With the modern bronchoscope the screw is soon removed and the patient restored to_health. Here is a physician in a large Ohio city, preparing to sign a certificate stat- ing that his patient's death has been due to acute uremia. A relative, also a physician, arrives from the matropolis and insists that a post-mortem exam- ination be made before he can consent to the diagnosis which it is proposed to put on the death certificate. The pa- tient is found to have died of acute| pneumonia, the presence of which had not even been suspected. In the suburbs of a metropolis still | farther West a young man, scarcely more than 40, is found by the village practitioner to have acute pneumonia. No studles are made of the type of | organism that has caused the infection, | with the result that death occurs with- out recourse to modern pneumoni serums. Medicine Affects Us All 1In all these cases the physicians hav lived up to the limits of their know edge, but have proved themselves in. adequate in the matter of thoroug! diagnosis. We who make up the social order are coming to realize that medi: | q cine is something that affects us all in- | timately. It is not merely a science that inquires into the nature of disease; | rather, it is a social force, concerned with the conservation of our health. Many complaints have appeared in recent magazine _articles, directed against the mechanical and impersonal attitude of the physician toward his patient, or criticizing his greed for per- sonal gain or fame. These criticisms deal with secondary issues. Our prime concern should be to inquire whether the well individuals in our communities are kept from getting sick and whether the sick individuals are receiving the | best of modern medical care, with thor- oughness of diagnostic method and with the use of all known therapeutic facili- ties. Up to a few years ago it was thought that the university had discharged its teaching function in medical education by training young men and women to become doctors. Once the degree of doctor of medicine was granted, it was | assumed that the teacher was through and that the future development of each graduate lay in his own hands. The care of the individual patient and of the community have scarcely been thought of as & matter for continued university responsibility. It is true that the research function of the university is already well established, so'that every medical center is expected to laboratories where rats and guinea pigs may be observed for more light on the | body’s need for metals or for vitamins. or where other experimental inquiry may be made. Similarly, in animal husbandry, in agriculture and in a score of other flelds the university has been provided with adequate funds for research. The new demand upon the university is that it assume responsibility for the continued education of every practi- instinctively dread the peril which they believe the individual runs by accepting this view of life, the peril it he will be considered less as an end in himself than as an efficient agent for produc- ing. Formerly and up to quite recently America signified liberty. But today the label of social efficiency would be more to the point. ‘The ggposluon which manifests itself today in many countries against Ameri- can expansion is due in large part, we believe, to this resistance by older civil- ilzations, which dread to. lose their in- dividuality by coming in contact with this newcomer. Europe in particular feels the menace which might result from the superior technique of the United States. She would like to acquire Americ: equip- ment and methods; she prefers at the same time to preserve her soul. It was just such a problem that Japan faced 60 years ago as regards Western Europe. Will Europe succeed in mod- >rnizing herself without becoming Amer- icanized? ‘This is the way this important ques- tlon presents itself to those of us in Europe. In their relations with the United States the Far East and Latin America must be asking themselves this some question, And this is why the question of American expansion overflows the do- main of atrict politics. g to | whether in the small country hospital t | of the specialist. | protection for itself, and must insist | spreading over us in the form of a |about things, and the Sunday papers | keep firritating us with their informa- tioner. ‘The community ought to re- quire this service of the university. Not long ago the present Secretary of the' Interior was heard to challenge an offi- cer who had outlined the program of a new metropolitan medical college to describe what plans, if any, had been made by that college for the continued training of the practitioner. No one has been more active than Dr. Ray Lyman Wilbur in urging that the vast clinical material of the United States, or in the great metropolitan medical center, be made fully available for the modern process of aduit education as applied to the practitioner. In still another fleld the university must carry larger burdens. It must outline plans for the adequate training ‘The American Medi- cal Association has been trying for years to define the standards for spe- cialistic practice, and only a short time ago its council on medical education was asked “to investigate the entire subject and to make recommendations looking to the establishment of proper qualifications for physicians who shall sngage in special practice.” Formulating Standards. We already have an American Board of Oto-Laryngology and an American Board of Gynecology and Obstetrics, whose standards for certification are in, force. Other national groups are i process of formulating their standards. When these standards have been gen- erally adopted the community Wflf be able to know that a given man has been approved by an authorized body to un- dertake specialistic work in internal medicine, in surgery, in urology, in gynecology or in other fields. The community must demand this upon the authoritative designation of | specialists. The medical profession must | protect itself from disrepute by setting up standards by which specialists shal be tested. The university must provide for the education of those desiring to practice a specialty. Denmark is well ahead of the United States in this matter. There no phy- siclan may practice a specialty or as- | sume a title indicating proficiency in any medical fleld unless he has com- plied with all the requirements laid down by the state. These recent developments make it apparent that university medical educa- tion is becoming a more compléx and a more continuous process than in the past. The student who starts to study medicine will be told from the first that he is launching upon a career that will require lifelong study. His medical education will never be completed. He will advance in proportion as he seeks instruction 5o as to keep abreast of the | developments of modern medicine. What provision are the universities | of America actually making for the con- | | tinued education of the practitioner? |edge concerning the nature of disease A few teachers here and there in the 1t that | URited States have long been convinced | of the potent agencies now so widely of the need for post-graduate medical | education. For example, as early as| 1875 & group of seven teachers in the New York University Medical School | set themselves to the task of re-educat- | ing the practitfoner. For seven years | they were known as the post-graduate | teaching group within that school. | In 1882, convinced that such teaching | could not be carried on concurrently | with the teaching of undergraduates, | these seven ploneers resigned from the | undergraduate medical school and laid | the foundations of the New York Post- | Graduate Medical School and Hospital, | which is designed to give instruction ' | conduct institutes in the community 1931—PART TWO. - T to those possessing the degree of doctor | of medicine. In the period of nearly 50 years that has elapsed since that beginning 27,000 physicians have enrolled at the Post- Graduate Medical School for instruc- tion. Today, with a hospital of 483 beds and a teaching staff of some 400 physicians giving instruction in 20 de- partments of medicine, the Post-Grad- uate is already a leader in the contin- ued education of the physician. Its instructional facilities are open to all practitioners of "fi’uod standing for a | week of observation, for a month of intensive study in continuation courses or for a year of specialistic training in some one of the clinical branches, On January 31 of the present year President Nicholas Murray Butler an- nounced that Columbia University had arranged to include the New York Post- Graduate Medical School in its educa- tional system. This arrangement, which became operative on July 1, is the first in New York State by which a univer- sity provides two schools of medical education, one for undergraduates and one for physicians who are being trained for general practice or for specialism. ‘The trustees of Columbia University have created a special administrative board on post-graduate studies, under whose direction will fall all forms of in- struction for physicians, whether in the Post-Graduate School itself or in some of the hospital centers, where its exten- sion division has for years past %r.o- vided briefer courses in one or another clinical field. Simflarly, in Philadelphia the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania has two centers of instruction—the Undergraduate and the Graduate School of Medicine. Tu- lane University, in New Orleans; the University of Minnesota and the Uni- versity of Chicago are other university centers where long courses are given for the training of men in the clinical specialties on a university basis. Nearly 40 other post-graduate medical centers are already offering courses for the con- tinued education of the doctor. 1t is because the university is in such large measure the custodian of this newer knowledge that practicing physi- cians are drawn to it, Summer and Winter, for longer or shorter periods of study. Rural Hospital an Outpost. Outside of the immediate university | center, the rural hospital is fast becom- ing a university outpost. Whether in Farmville, Va., or in Farmington, Me., physiclans who bring their patients to the community hospital are beginning to find their experience enriched and their judgment sharpened by contact with practitioners from whom distance or competition had formerly almost completely isolated them. Even in these rural districts eminent clinicians are now invited once or twice a year to hospital, to which all the practitioners of the vicinity may bring their cases for demonstration or consultation. Such post-graduate instruction, whether at the university center or at some well developed medical outpost, serves to bring to the practitioner fuller knowl- and the dangers, as well as the uses, known. By undertaking these great responsi- bilities in post-graduate medical educa- tion the university says to the com- munity: “We recognize that you have the right to demand of us an increasing social consciousness. We stand ready to train men who shall go out into the land as general practitioners and who purpose to continue their education through life. We are also ready to train men to meet the highest possible standards for speclalistic practice. Be assured that we shall work with you for 'fihet 1r:on.servlng of health throughout the ation.” Culture Held Chiefly Good Taste, And Quite Apart From Education (Continued From Third Page.) ment can come in time, have it. We are likewise in the intellectual | condition of the Sophists in the days of Protagoras. We have not settled ' down in definite thinking, but are fadding and fancying our way along toward wisdom. Our form of sophistry | is that of popular sophistication or be- ing “in the know.” The Athenians if we wfll‘ | were first “in the know"—then they | got knowledge. Information is spreading with the | velocity of light. Boy and Girl Scouts | are familiar with the stars of first magnitude, and know something about the ecliptic. Your tailor may ask you what you think about relativity, since he is interested in Einstein, and some delicious yousg woman, who is sup- posed to be devoted to the fashions, may make some critical comments in uantum physics or Cezanne's concep- tion of perspective. It is not safe for gnorance to walk abroad even in the aylight. Culture Spreads Like Rash. ‘The fact of the matter is we, the people of the United States, are now threatened with culture which is light rash. We are itching to know tion. We have long had our public schools, we boast & thousand colleges with a million students and have all sorts of school and university exten- sions. There are the free libraries, the‘ rug store book counters, newspaper | ‘columns” with great names Bl!ached} to them, so that there seems to be no | escape from culture of a certain sort. ‘The bliss of ignorance is rapidly being supplanted by the joy of sophistication. dio is & source of national culture whose depths are still to be sounded. | Of course, the thing is supported by | advertising, but so are the newspapers and the magazines. The loud speaker | can put forth stuff that splits the ears | of the groundlings, but makes the judi- clous grieve. But the judicious should bide their time and tune in_ when Beethoven and Wagner are on the air. Symphony and opera will then redeem the time when days are evil. Radio is making people familiar with good music. They may even become fond of it if they are not careful. A decade ago the average person would not have understood if you made the casual remark that certain stars ang areas from “Aida,” “Rigoletto” or Lakme.” They might have taken these to be the names of new tooth pastes. Still less would the young choir singers in small towns the land over have been heard competing for J)rim running up Into the thousands and shooting at them with selections usually associated with the names and voices of the prima donna and primo tenore robusto. Such musical culture is now taken for anted. Fculmre itself 15i something ':lexeper than the ular science one gets from a mllazhpl“e)por the popular entertain- ment receivable from radio, but reading matter with ideas and music with tech- nique to it is preparing the way for good taste. Safe thinking and sane feeling pave the way for good judgment and taste. They get us out of the pooh- pooh habit and make the “low brows” stop talking, for a mcment at least. about the “high brows.” The time will come, we may believe, when those who wear the “brown derby” will cease talk- ing about the “high hat.” They may even change their own style of brows and hats. Meaning of Word Misunderstood. Now, if we are to be opponents or proponents of culture, we must take some pains to find out what it is. To do this we must avold certain culture confusions peculiar to society and col- lege. We are in the bad habit of think- ing makes one either polite or learned, or both, when as & matter of fact the cultured man is neither a gentleman nor a scholar. He gets along without either spats or aheepsklfla. % In rural regions the “cultured” per- son is one with fine clothes and just as fine manners. Sometimes such a per- son is spoken of as being “clever” in the sense of being:kind and courteous. | The most cultured people have the | fewest scholastic degrees, if any. Mere | does not bestow culture either. | cultures have been based on some form | spirit in their attitude toward others. They should be “deliciously aware that others are present,” as Henry James expressed it. But culture is not the delicious awareness of people as of books. pictures and the like. Culture does not mean education. familiarity with the fine things of life 1s the librarian who knows all the books, or an usher who knows all the operas, a cultured person? A person may be seedy in appearance and spotty in edu- cation and still be cultured. He can be as unkempt as a poet, as careless as a painter and as crude as a booklover and yet be terribly refined within. Chiefly Matter of Taste. If we are to have culture on any- thing like a national scale, like base ball or foot ball, for instance, we must have “fans.” They must learn the game and stop saying, “Well, I know what I think,” and “Anyhow, I know what I liki Not one in 10,000 knows ‘what he thinks or likes. We must have schools to teach one his own thoughts and art galleries and concert halls to make one feel what he likes. Culture is a whole state of affairs, but is principally a matter of taste. The moment we utter that word “taste,” we get into still other con- fusions. People think taste means something gastromic, as though one had as much right to prefer jazz to classical music as coffee tea. Our national sense of liberty has done us esthetic harm in that it has made us feel we have a right to poor taste. If we prefer the picture of Andy Gump to a Whistler painting we think we have a right to our taste. But that is one point where the Con- stitution does not touch us. It leaves us alone and lets us go to our own artistic destruction. Machinery to Hasten Solution. In a democracy, we have to have national culture without any Federal aid or relief. Congress doesn't pay any attention to our national culture, and has done nothing but refusc a charter to the American Academy. We can appeal to the various bureaus in Washington and get literature on any number of things—wheat, cotton, mos- quitoes, boll-weevil, codfish—but not culture, +Culture in a democracy is a difficult problem inssmuch as most national of slave or servant civilization. In a} democracy there is work to be done and it must be done by all alike, at least in theory. But machinery should solve this problem. Let the robots do the work and most of the population will have considerable leisure. They have it now and will have more to- morrow so that we must devise some means better than the “movies” for their entertainment and education. ‘The leisure that is on the way indi- cates the need of & great cultural movement to supply a national de- mand. 142,154 Canadians Pay Tax on Incomes OTTAWA —The number of Canadians who paid income tax last year was 142,- 154. Of these 62,709 had incomes of between $2,000 and $4,000 and conse- quently are in no way affected by the increase in the Bennett budget. position, if anything, is improved. Of the balance who paid the tax the di- vision of income was as follows: Belween $5,000 and $6,000, 10,980; between $9,000 and $10,000, 2,607; be- tween $10,000 and $15,000, 6,575; be. tween $20,000 and $25,000, 1,181 tween $30,000 and $50,000, 1,000; $50,000 and over, 603. ! snowy | ’ Bring the Their | apartment were many days of hopeless- | ness while his father, a cartmaker, and | out of work, eked out a livelinood by | lending a hand to servants in nearby | homes. There were many meals scrved | cold becayse his mother’s poor health made it impossible for her to prepare the scanty fare in hot dishes. And | there was rent day when the $3.50 monthly payment to the landlord was | difficult to get. | Yet, despite this environment, defeat never’ entered the crystallizing phil- | osophy of yousg Stauning. As an only child, without playmates he sat through the long Winter evenings in the room where his father and a politically- minded uncle discussed events of the times. They were dissatisfled with their lot. And the discontent of these work- ers was voiced in discussions of radical | doctrines. { As I talked with Thorvald Stauning a | few weeks ago, I asked him which events stood out most dramatically in his childhood. Two incidents, he re- plied, were projected above all others. One was the strike of the cabinetmak- | ers in 1888, the other the strike of the fronworlers in 1883, which they lost.” Had Urge to Use Ideas. Stauning's strenuous boyhood fur- nished the urge to put into deeds the words he had read and heard and the ideas he had formed. A born master of men, in him there was the age-old desire of leaders to make the world | over in their own way. this young Stauning knew more knowledge and training were nec- essary. So he misrepresented his age as 18 and entered one of the workers' night schools. There, after his long day in the cigar factory, he studied German and practical commercial courses. In his office there are none of the | ‘rappings of grandeur. There is no mar- ble nor silk nor gold. It is a lerge, light room, with woodwork frestly painted a white. On each of the milky window sills sits a green potted plant, unflowered. A map of Greenland, in | which Stauning is currently interested, hangs atop several others on one wall, and there are a few modest shelves of books. Behind his chair is stretched a gobe- lin tapestry covering the entire end of the room. In varied browns and ! blues it depicts the ancient harbor oli Copenhagen in the days when that port | was a mistress of medieval trade. Thus framed in this heirloom of a bygone | aristocracy that colorfully recalls the early supremacy of Denmark’s shipping. ‘Thorvald Stauning. prime minister and minister of trade and fisheries, sits at a vast oval table. Papers litter one end | of the limitless board and the cther‘ end is a shiny, empty expanse of rose- wood. It is a desk befitting a giant. | And Stauning belongs to such a table. He is 6 feet 3 inches tall, with his| hulking weight evenly distributed over | his huge frame. H's head and features | are on the same large plane. The Ro- | dinesque nose, the de. bulging eyes, | his great brown bear.. befit only a man | of his Garganturn measure. He looks ' younger than his £5 years. He has the physiczl and moral at- tributes of a chief who could well lead his people to battle, yet Stauning’s first interest is peace. He holds dreams of a Utoplan future without war, and is fostering the sensational reduction-of- armaments bill of which his party is making an outstanding political issue. But in his framing of this plan, the idealism behind the movement does not, with the prime minister, overbalance practical considerations. Stauning told me about this drastic measure that would abolish compulsory military service and do away with a | recruited army, supplanting it with vol- | unteers to be trained for army duty fcr | a period of four months. If carried through, it will put the war forces of | Denmark cn the basis of a State police | force and rank the country as one of | the first to make an independent move toward disarmament. = “The historical background of the | Danish people has always been against militarism,” he said. “Our country is | so small it cannot compete - ith the great powers in armaments. Ly doing away with fortifications and a large standing army we do away with the| possibility of provoking an attack.” “But should this bill pass” I asked, “and Denmark should find herself in a position similar to Belgium's in 1914, might not a well developed defense power turn the tide between two evenly matched larger powers, or hold off an | enemy until help could arrive?” s The premier, though a pacifist, whe is charting his course toward total dis- armament, indicated in his answer that he kept a sharp weather eye out for developments in nationalistic’ Eurcpe. “We have provided adequate means.” he rumbled. “to withstand an attack for a short time. For the measure does make it possible, in event of a crisis, to 1 out all military forces trained vithin the last 12 years.” The cxacting duties of his position do not use all of the limitless energy of the titanic prime minister. He finds time for a wide variety of other activ- ities. He is a brilliant, clear and force- ful orator, a journalist, an author and a dramatist. He has written a drama. a propaganda play called “The Lies of Life,” which ran for two seasons in Copenhagen. He resorted to the stage to bring out an idea he thought could be best presented through that medium. And I understand that he did a fairly presentable piece of work. His most recent accomplishment in the field of letters is a travel book currently popu- lar in Denmark, “My Experience in Greenland.” It is a vivid, terse, jour- ralistic narrative of life in that coun- try, colored by the premier's sharp ob- servation of social and political con- ditions made there last year. ‘Thorvald Strauning’s tremendous urge for self-expression has other out- lets besides the formal ones of litera- ture—the platform and politics. For Stauning is neither the recluse, the aloof, dispassionate, idealistic states- man nor the stern, driving leader. He is a gregarious being and he thoroughly enjoys the companionship of friends and acquaintances, He is personally popular with men who rank as his political enemies. Last Winter a large shipping company owned and controlled by conservatives launched a new vessel. It was chris- tened “Strauning.” and the Socialist minister attended the ceremony, sur- rounded by friends who have no use for_his politics. g He talked to me of trade relations with the United States and about the Danes who emigrated to America. “From the Danish position, trade re- lations with the United States are not satisfactory,” he said. “We in Denmark are an expcrting nation. Our goods are kept out of the States by a high tariff. The United States only delivers goods to us. Our ships must go empty to the States and carry cargo only one way. To make it profitable, we must look to countries that consume our goods in which to make our purchases.” AR R URGES $600,000 FUND FOR C. U. EXPANSION Right Rev. Ryan Announces Plan Seeking to Double “University Day” Contributions. A movement seeking to double th: contribution to a Catholic University, given annually at “university day” col- lections in individual Catholic churches throughout the country, was announced today. This fund, which has amounted to approximately $300,000, thus would be raised to about $600,000. Announcement of the plan followed an address last night in McMahon Hall at the university by Right Rev. Mgr. James H. Ryan, Tector of the university, | in which he outlined a general program for advancement of the institution through enlargement of its curricula. “The Catholic University must go for- ward.” Mgr. Ryan asserted. “It must | supply “advantages in every field of graduate study so that it shall never be necessary for Catholic young men and ycung woren to will to choose other schools. There are at present 430 graduate students at the Catholic Uni- versity, twice the number we find at many of our institutions and more than can be found in a number of our State universities.” The rector, however, regarded this number as “distressingly small” in comparison with the Catholic popula- tion, in view of the demand for Catho- lic representatives in every fleld of edu- cation. Dr. Ryan w-s addressing the students and faculty o. the university's Summer school and his audience included the Most Rev. Pietro Fumasoni-Biondi, apostolic delegate. Have a Fine Photograph Taken . . L UNMOUNTED In Our Portrait Studio Actual Size 11x14 Inches —You will be proud to own one Children in for Vacation | Photographs can self, member of your family. Come in any time . . necessary. of these charming photographs, which you can have taken in t Permanent Studio for $1.00. Yo have a photograph of your- your youngster or any other . no appointment is Mountings at slight additional cost. Extra Prints, $1.00 Each Downstairs Bookstore. ‘Thus no fewer than 22946 income | taxpayers are affected by the change. ‘Those between $6,000 and $100,000 will pay considerably more, while those who get up the scale to $200,000 and more will pay less. A fortunate gentle- man drawing down $500,000 will save about $42,000. The number of $500,000 men is insignificant. The real change and gain will come from the increases on salaries between $25,000 and $100,- Of course, our peopie should have bet- manners and less of the | ter 000. Th last year paid in about $15,000,000 OF the total tak, - Ponn. Ave—Bighth ond ® T