Evening Star Newspaper, July 5, 1931, Page 19

TRADE GAINS TO DECIDE PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION Debt Proposal Restores Hoover Prestige and Turns Tables Campaign Business Will Rule in °32. BY MARK SULLIVAN. HE last two weeks have included some remarkable tides in na- tional politics. What the net of them demonstrates is what has been true all along, nnmPl_\'.rlh:l e party politics of today and of the Smxgi Dresidential election is the poli- tics of business depression or of recovery from it evervthing oolitical flows. As are incidental and collateral proof of thix how much has anvbody heard feoentiy asut prohibition as the deter- mining fatlor of next years election? Who has seen anything about prohibi- tion recently in the publicity and propa- ganda that flow in a continuous, turgid stream from the headquarters of both parties? How many of the speeches by major and minor politicians on both sides have dealt with prohibition? The fact is prohibition and everything #lse are eclipsed by the state of business. And when the dominant phase of busi- Ress became for the time being the for- eign debts. at that moment the foreign debts became the principal phase of American politics, considerably to Presi- dent Hoover's advantage, for the time being at least Debt Plan Turns Tables. As late as 5 o'clock on the afternoon ®f Saturday, June 20, practically every Democratic leader in the United States believed pretty completely that Presi- dent Hoover was “sunk.” and that con- viction was an index of and rested upon their observation (as they interpret things) that the depressed business con- dition caused the people to be ready to supplant President Hoover with a Demo- &rat, Then, 48 hours later, every Demo- eratic leader (at least all those in Wash- ington with whom the writer talked) believed it was themselves and their hopes that were “sunk”; that President Hoover had recovered most of his fcal popularity, and that he wou teturned to the presidency without dif- ficulty. That conclusion was arrived at by Democratic leaders counseling among themselves, and some plans they had made to accentuate their fight against the President were abandoned. A speech which had been prepared by an outstanding Democratic orator (planned s a reply and offset to the President's own speech at Indianapolis a few davs before). designed to review and excori- ate all Mr. Hoover's alleged sins of omission or commission, was abandoned. In short. Democratic judgment inter- preted the political mood of the country as having reversed itself on Mr. Hoover Wwithin less than 48 hours. Only one possible cause for such a reversal, only one concrete thing, had happened. President Hoover at 6 o'clock in the afternoon of June 20 had issued to the world a proposal that there be a year's postponement of all intergovern- ment debts and reparations payments. Foes Ald Hoover. The Democrats fairly promptly recov- ered, in part at least, from the dismay Into which they werre sunk for the three or four days following Mr. Hoover's an- | nouncement. They concluded that sup- port of his proposal was sound patriot- -1sm as well as good politics, and this support they gave generously. There was not any Democratic leader of major importance who made the President's course difficult. Leader after leader, of such rank as Senator Pat Harrison of Mississippi. generously gave the Presi- dent a public support that was most useful to him in showing the world that Be was backed by a united country. But the Democrats realized, as every @ene must. that the informal party truce | dictated by an emergency need not last for the 15 months remaining before the | residential election—indeed, could not ast so0 long. They realized that the fundamental factor in the situation was and remains the state of business. And even if business should improve, even if it should turn out that President Hoover's gallant action was the one thing that broke the jam of clogged business, nevertheless, in the best of circumstances, recovery, even if it should turn out to be permanent, must | experience halts and obstacles and tem- porary backslidings There will be many periods providing for the Democrats’ opportunity and just | Fram the state of business | | on Democrats, but occasion for criticism. In the Congress that sits next December will be contro- versial issues; taxation, for example. Politics in due course will be as bellig- | erant as is at all times its normal state, | whether the Republicans b2 in power | with the Democrats attacking or the Democrats in power with the Republic- ans attacking. as during the late years | of Woodrow Wilson's administration. No matter what happens, even in the event that Mr. Hoover's step about for- | elgn debts should fail to be the solution | of business depression. even in the im- | probable event that the state of busi ness should slip back to what it was | before Mr. Hoover acted—even o, Pr ident Hoover will retain for himaelf. | good times or bad times, some of the asset he acquired by his forthright act | of leadership. It was really the courage of Mr [ Hoover's step that counted. both for | bimself and for the state of the world. | It was the inherent quality of gallant | leadership that caused the reversal of | sentiment which dismayed the Demo- | crates for a week | It can hardly be argued that the pay- ment or non-payment of certain sums | of money by some governments to other | governments is of direct personal con- | cern to a majority of Americans or to | enough of them to have changed the | opinion of the country. It can hardly | be “argued that so great a number of | Americans hold deep-seated personal | | convictions or prejudices about these debts. Business Still Issue. Indeed, so far as there is much feel- ing about those debts or much political | dynamite in them. it is in the direction | |of holding our debtors rigorously to | their obligations rather than being easy | with them. At any rate, during the past | several years any American politician | laying out his course solely with an eve | to_popularity would as a rule take the | “make-them-pay" course. | The taking of a course opposite to the one presumed to be popular, together with the spirit of benevolence inherent in the act, was responsible for much of the quick rallying of sentiment to Mr. Hoover. Much of this Mr. Hoover will retain | for all time. But it still remains true | that the determining factor in the presi- | dentfal election next year will be the | state of business. This the Democrats | realize. So do the Republicans. For | both parties the barometer of political | hope s the index of business prosperity. | | The Democrats, of course, will not | continue the political moratorium any | longer than is imperative, decidedly not | 50 long as the term of the financial moratorium that figured in President Hoover's proposal and in recent events. No existing standard of political ethics demands that they should. The recent Democratic demonstration of support to | the President was about a question in the fleld of foreign relations, and in | foreign relations it is a tradition that a | palitical truce between the two parties can be invoked to enable the head of the Government to show solidarity be- fore the world. Both Want Good Times. This particular question about foreign | relations will last for some time. Ac- tions about the foreign debts will be necessary from occasion to occasion for a considerable period to come. The one- | year term of the debt postponement fig- uring in Mr. Hoover's proposal would | come to an end July 1 next year. Upon that very day the Democrats will be in | convention assembled to nominate a | candidate for the presidency, to write | platform, and in all respects for the primary purpose of taking the presi- dency and the administration away from Mr. Hoover and the Republicans. One can visualize the occasion as put- ting a severe strain on political amity. Has enough political concord come into the world to justify an anticipation that the Democrats on this question of for- eign debts would write into their plat- form a plank supporting the President's course? The answer is that if prosperity is fully back with us a year from this week, or obviously on its way back, much of the credit for it will be given to Mr. Hoover's course about foreign debts, and the Democrats will not be likely to indict any policy that is be- lieved to be responsible for good times. Nations Race to Lay Atlantic Islands for Future Fuel Base BY ROBERT D. POTTER. ©One can picture Christopher Colum- bus, Magellan and the host of other explorers’ who have passed on sitting tonight in that Valhalla of intrepid men, watching with a mild sort’ of amusement as large warships of two different nations st-am frantically to- ward two tiny specks in the South Atlantic Ocean. Claim to New-Found In this same part of the globe are the lost Dougherty Islands. first seen by | Capt. Dougherty in 1841, and de- scribed as a rocky ridge seven miles | long and 300 feet high. Twenty years | 1ater another reputable sea captain gave | substantially the same description. | | Yet, when the famous ship Discovery |of Capt. Scott sounded the indicated | position years later, the lead read three | | Lewis, These small specks are islands, which | Miles of water over the nearest bottom. | Way shortly become two minute dots Somewhere under that spot Is & mice | on our latest wall map, and are nature’s | bit of land for some country to claim mnewest contribution to the geograph; of the world i y; Situated near the famed rocks of St. | Peter and St. Paul, off the coast of Brazil, these new islands, which are undoubtedly of volcanic origin, may be- come key positions in the transatlantic airway which is already being formed between Africa and South America, Take down that dusty world atlas| end pick out the Equator as it crosses South America. Start moving a pencil until you are crossing the Atlantic Ocean.” There, as you pass the ffty- gecond west meridian, are the two dots | ®e know as the Rocks of Peter and Paul. Somewhere in the immediate vicinity of those dots are the new Aslands. Eccentricity of Nature. These islands are but the latest ec- eentricity of nature to give employ- | ment to numerous map makers and | hydrographers scattered over the many nations of the earth. At other times | and other places new lands have risen | from the sea. Volcanic areas abound | in them. The Aleutian, Japanese and | Malay Archipelago seem to be spots | epecially favored | Other places are not unmarked. | ‘There are, for instance, the famous mud | islands off the island of Trinidad. One morning in 1911 the inhabitants of | Trinidad awoke to find a new island | had been born during the night and | laid. as it were. on their very doorsteps. | The more adventuresome of the curi- | ous took the short sail to this new- | formed land and claimed it for Great | Britain. Since the land consisted prin- | cipally of volcanic mud, and inciden- tally fairly hot mud, the embryo ex- plorers returned home and, after noti- 1ying the British home office of the new acquisition, went to bed. Imagine their amazement to arise the next morning and find their new possession again at the bottom of the sea. And conceive their further incredulity when the island #gain appeared in 1929. Then consider the case of Falcon | Island, in the South Pacific, which was | first reported by the British cruiser | Falcon in 1865 as a low-lying reef. Twenty years later it was again re-| rted, but by this time had a mature | eight for a full-grown volcanic island of 150 feet. Several years later, before the ink was dry on the newly drawn maps, it disappeared, and surprised the irritated | fmapmakers by appearing again three years later with a piping hot volcano on its back. By 1900 wind and rain had eroded this freak to a maximum height of six feet above high water. From that time on it seemed to obtaj # further lease of life, for in 1927 A 'kam was materially increased. | sels | stimulus to speed the race, |even though the land may be but a if nature sees fit to cause another as- cension. Land of voleanic origin sometimes has the unfortunate habit of dropping and staying down, often carrying its in- habitants with it. In the early days of the history of the island of Jamaica the thriving town of Port Royal sank to 30 fathoms overnight. This act of God was seen by the re- ligious folk to be a visitation from the Almighty to repay the town for its no- torfous habit of serving as headquarters for a host of pirates who paralyzed the Caribbean Sea. True the pirates died in the disaster, but many reputable in- habitants of the town did likewise. Bridged to Mainland. ‘The most famous legend of lost lands is that of the disappearance of an en- tire continent lying somewhere between Europe and North America. Everyone is familiar with the story of the lost Atlantis and one finds several com- mendable books on the subject. Suffice it to say that soundings of the Atlantic in the vicinity of the Canary Islands show an enormous plateau of subterranean land, of which the Canaries might have been the most lofty mountain tops. Scientists give serious thought to this question and can explain certain plants and animals present on these islands only by the assumption that they at one time were connected by the mainland of Europe. A similar bridge is believed to have once existed between North America and Asia. Today Great Britain, Brazil and gfl«- sibly France are racing to claim these two new islands in the Atlantic. To- morrow we may find them holding an empty bag. A bag with its contents two miles below the level of the ocean. Visions of a fueling base for naval ves- and aircraft provide sufficient however, speck or two of volcanic ash. . Weeping Gangsters. From the Macon Telegraph. A big shot among the New York hoodlums broke down and cried after he was arrested and pleaded with the police physician to give him something THE SUNDAY STAR, WASHINGTOXN, D._C, JULY 3§ 1931—PART TWO Only Doom Is Doomed! Great British Writer Takes Exceptions to Those Who Are Always Predicting Dire Curses. BY G. K. CHESTERTON. HE pleasure of reading Wyndham Lewis’ brilliant and stimulating articles on “The Doom of Youth™ was somewhat mixed for me, be- cause I had been asked to an- swer him, and I found out that toa very large extent I agreed with him. I think he will understand that I mean no dis- respect if I even go so far as to say that he agrees with me. held in certain obscure dens of reac- tion and superstition some of the very things that he has since discovered far along the high road of innovation and skeptical inquiry. I entirely agree that feminism and things like the commercial appeal to youth are mere modes of exploitation, and I have often said so. Feminism.is 50 called because it forbids females to be feminine as long as it is useful to the wealthier males that they should be masculine. I have often sald that “the economic independence of women’ is about as much of a declaration of independence as Chinese cheap labor And my friend “Agag” (a member of my own little gang, whom I in my par- tiality think one of the best satirists now alive) was moved, very much in the manner of Wyndham Lewis, to an- nounce solemnly that he was about to issue “An appeal to youth to make more and more appeals to youth.” Wydnham of course, has never seen the funny little rags in which we poor old reactionaries write our opinions, but he would be surprised to find how similar in some ways they have always been to his own opinions. Scorns “Big Business.” As for big business, I have always thought it & very small business -small- headed, small-hearted, small in the sense of being essentially local and pro- vineial in its conceptions and probably in the long run small even in its place in history, for it is extremely recent and it s already breaking down in | bankruptey and bewildering despair. BY | the gtorm and which the shipwreck and | uses 1t to illustrate the old Marxian | the way, touching its pathetic “Appeal to Youth,” I am glad that Wyndham Lewis knows how to parody the news- papers by the usual travesty of Gra: He is right to say “Youth at the Helm," for the words are always quoted journalistically and, therefore, gen- erally quoted wrong. It is a very in- nocent quotation, with a very ironical echo. For the original line, “Youth at the prow and Pleasure at the helm,” does not describe a hopeful, but | a very hopeless situation. The poet in- stantly goes on to say that behind them “Fell Thirst and Famine scowl.” And anybody who has really seen the sort of youth thus commercially appealed to, amusing itself, can well believe that famine may not be far off. The thirst is already obvious. In short, Wyndham Lewis is perfectly right on all the points which will be generally condemned as wrong, and especially on the point that much that masquerades as regard for youth is really a very dirty disrespect for age. | People used to talk of the decadence of women painting their faces; it is much more of a sign of decadence when mid- dle-aged clerks dye their hair. But while fully apprecfating the intelligence and importance of his suggestions in these matters, there are two or three basic differences which I find extraordi- narily interesting to observe, There are about three big blunders or errors into which, as it seems to me, all men fall when they are outside a certain philos- ophy or religion which I believe to the central truth of civilization: even the most genuinely emancipated, the most widely well informed or the most dexterous and delicate in distinguishing ideas fall into these erroneous ideas, and even Wyndham Lewis has fallen. The first fallacy is that this sort of philosopher is perhaps the first of all philosophers to doubt even his own ob- Ject, for the Nihilist at least knew that his object was nothing. 1 defy any- DR. WU RETUR OPPOSING NANKING RULE Objects to Policies for Munitions Here, Says Resigning Minister to U. S., in Radio Interview. BY FREDERIC WILLIAM WILE. N a valedictory statement to the American people. given through the medium of a radio interview conducted by this writer, Dr. Chao- Chu Wu outlined the reasons for his [ sudden resignation as Chinese Minis- ter to the United States. Dr. Wu, ac- companied by his wife and two cail- dren, salled for Furope on July 3 bound for England. He expects to spend the ensuing seven or eight weeks in visiting European countries and to reach China around about S~ptember 1. ‘The accomplished son of Wu Ting Fang, who surrendered China's blue ribbon diplomatic post as a protest against the Nationalist government's warfare against his own Cantonese countrymen, declares he is now a pri- vate citizen. While he denles any im- medlate purpose of assuming an active political role at Canton, the guess may safely be risked that it will not be long before the name of Chao-Chu Wu wiil be added to those of Eugene Chen, Sen-Fu, Tang Shao-yi, Wang Ching- wel and other South Chinese leaders who are in revolt against the “autoc- racy” of Chiang Kal-Shek and the Nanking regime. Wants Civilian Regime. Dr. Wu returns to his native land, embattled and embittered as it admif tedly is, & bull, rather than a bear, on China’s outlook. He names two con- ditions precedent for starting the coun- try on the road to stability and pros- perity: (1) The supplanting of civilian rule at Nanking for the military regime now enthroned there, and (2) the building_of railroads all over China. Given these modern institutions, Dr. Wu believes that the ideals of Sun Ya Sen and the other founders of the re- public will have a chance for realiza- tion, though he doesn't expect China | to emerge into a full-fledged realm with an assured future without the “growing pains” incidental to the e tablishment of an entirely new civili- zation. “Why, specifically.” Dr. asked, “did you resign ministership to the United States?” Opposes Policies. “Two reasons prompted my action,” Dr. Wu replied. “First, for some time I have been out of sympathy with the policies, domestic and external, of the authorities at Nanking. so that I do not feel that I can any longer conscien- tiously act as representative of that government. You may want to know specifically what are those policles to which I take exception. With your per- mission, I prefer not to discuss this painful subject in detail. “Suffice it to say that I consider that the principles of the Nationalist party as enunciated by Dr. Sun Yat-Sen and to quiet his nerves. And just for that, picture as long as we live. Faint Praice for Drys. Prom the Lynchburg News. The furthest in faint praise is reached declares the dry bureau the best we have yet had. P accepted as the best means to bring about the regeneration of China and | we'll never believe another gangster | promote the welfare of the Chinese people are not being carried out and that there is being developed a govern- ment by personal dictatorship not to the best interests of the Chinese people. “The second reason for my action is that, as Chinese Minister, T have to | by Prohibition Director Woodcock, who apply to the American Government for licenses when munitions are ex- ported to China As munitions have For it is an odd | coincidence that my friends and I have | Wu was | the Chinese | | body to gather from an essay like “The | | Doom of Youth” what the phisosopher | is trying to save and what he s trying |right in a world which continues to be | |to save it from. He is the surgeon who | onventionally and conservatively wrong. | | does not know whether he is cutting the leg off the man or the man off the leg. | Humanity | sort of storm and shipwreck, but never before was it 80 doubtful which was which the ship and which the ship’s crew; and what we are rescuing from what. I allow for paradox in the talk | about dooming youth, or destroying sex. | or despising democracy, or being beyond | progress; but what are we saving from | | the flood?* Or are we content to watch |1t and call it a flux? | “Second. all sages not saved by the true faith become petrified by fate, and | begin to talk about dooms, like super- stitious feudal families in a sensational novel. It sums up the whole modern story that the very first action of free ' thought was to deny free will. So the | essay under consideration is full of sug- | gestions that a movement is going on and men cannot stop it. But since it is only men who are moving, it seems barely possible that men might stop | moving. This worship of fate is doubt- |less one of the oldest religions in the world. Unfortunately, at this moment it is not only old but oid-fashioned. The | scientist had no sooner proved that | | man was under the rule of matter than another sclentist began to prove that matter is not under the rule of causa- | tion. The highly comic position now | is that molecules can have free will even if men cannot Third. in spite of this failure to keep | { up with' the phantasmagoria of phyaics, | it generally happens that what the sage | accepts as fate is simply fashion. He | yudges far too much by the changes in cliques and clubs. For instance, Mr. | Lewis actually says it is no longer an insult to call & man a coward. I know what he means—a reaction toward | pacifism has chilled certain cultured | centers. But if he will walk out of his house and go around the whole world | calling every man a coward and care- fully record the reactions in every case, | from the first Irish navvy to the last Japanese nobleman, he will come back (in the improbable event of his survi- val) realizing his error about the pro- | portion of the change in the funda- | mental ideas of mankind. | | Drawn for The Bunday Star by J. Scott Williams. On many points of history Wyndham Lewis is not only right but refreshingly For Instance, he is right when he savs | “King Charles’ head fell as a result of | -he flat of the London merchant princes, has passed through every | for jnstance: not at all in the romantic | and ‘revolufionary’ way that the his- torian would have you believe.” But he idea of economics at the back of poli- tics. He neglects to notice that, even in his own example, religion was at the back of economics. The merchant princes would never have been able to do it but for the vast spiritual revolu- tion of a generation or two before, by | which it came about that dissent rathe; than divine right was the moral move- ment of the moment. And that spiritual movement did not begin with merchant princes or merchandise, but with all sorts of spiritual stirrings among Lol- lards or Anabaptists, who were the very opposite of merchant princes. Anyhow, Mr. Lewis, while he does not press what we used to call “the mate- | rialist theory of history” so positively as | the Marxians, is at one with them in the general way of talking about the inevitable in history, about how this or that s bound to come or doomed to disappear. He uses a number of phrases like “the traditional European family is ‘doomed’—about that I do not think there is any occasion for us to argue,” or “all thess ancient, fundamental Eu- ropean concepta — ‘youth,’ ‘woman.’ ‘man,’ ‘sex.’ etc.—are being demolished,” or (if T may suggest to him a few more of the same sort) “The nose is obvi- ously destined to disappear from the { human face within the next few years,’ or “All these ancient European con- cepts—food,’” ‘drink.’ ‘sleep, 'night.’ ‘ etc—are being demolished,” or “The traditional habit of grass growing on the ground instead of on the clouds has already fallen into desuetude,” and many other scientific facts of the same sort. I may remark that there is a touch- ing innocence about the way in which Wyndham Lewis advances these mys- terious dogmas. It never occurs to him to advance them except as dogmas There is & queer modern oblivion to the idea of dialectic. These, for instance, are actually his own words: “What is taken for granted in these pages is that the disintegration * * * cannot be arrested, even if we would.” It is just as well that it is taken for granted, for it would be rather difficult to give any reason for it. Or, again, in the phrase I have quoted about the doom of the European family, “about that I do not think there is any occasion for us to argue.” Is it possible that “we” might get the worst of the argument? Says Doom Is Doomed. can tell him what really is doomed. Doom is doomed. All this old nine- in politics s doomed. The one person | for whom there is no future is the fu- turist, especially when the futurist is a fatalist. The notion of things being inevitably doomed has disappeared with the nineteenth century, as the notion of people being inevitably damned dis- appeared with the seventeenth century. In a very short time all this soclological determinism will be entirely dead. It has been going on, in one form or an- other, for nearly a hundred vears. and I grew up in the very middle of it, or rather toward the end of it, when H. G. Wells was already breaking into those last magnificent books of Apoca- Iypse. which were the end of its divine revelation. The man of the future is going to feel a little more free than that, and he will not be so easily doomed or damned against his will If men would only open their eyes and look at the real things in front of them, they would see that the dooms have already been defied and reversed For instance, all through my youth and early manhood it was predicted and proved over and over again, by all the prophets and all the professors, that all nations would be absorbed by a few great empires; that it was reactionary | to liberate Ireland because its only fu- ture was the British Empire; that it was sentimental to bother about Poland or Hungary or Bohemia because their only future was with the German Em- pire or the Russian Empire. We have seen with our own eyes an | earthquake that has strewn Europe with |smaller independent states: with new | nations that are also the old nations, | The European nation was doomed— | just like the European famfly. It is great fun, being doomed. It seems to give you a new lease on life. Perhaps, of all the relatively small nations, the | most remarkable and arresting is the very smallest. If there was one thing that was quite finally and frrevocably doomed (in the old davs of my youth when people believed in cooms) it was that particular ecclesiastical power that has just recently rearisen upon the | Tiber and bears the name of the Vati- can State. Pokes Fun at Generalities. | The point is perhaps worth mention- ing. because I have noticed that really brilliant philosophers like Wyndham Lewis are often remarkable for the breadth of their generalization and the narrowness of their experience. They imagine that the ethics of the whole modern world are on the exact model of Reno. which is rather like thinking that the economics of the whole world are on the model nf Monte Carlo. There is & good deal of gambling, of course; but there is such a thing as production: there is such a thing as procreation: and there is such a thing as the sane recognition of the facts of sex You cannot abolish the family until you can make it as easy for the oaby to nurse the mother as for the mother to nurse the baby. And there are at least three hundred million people, as | well as millions more, who have not the | smallest intention of ‘allowing the fam- ily to be “doomed.” They admit that it has got into a mess, especially on the borders of civilization; but they are per- fectly convinced and comfortable, thank you, about their own power of perpetu- ating their own creed within their ow culture; and the extreme probability of thetr own culture surviving all the nar- " (Continued on Fourth Page.) NS TO CHINA and Xi_ding Orders been ordered in considerable quantities | | by Nanking, and I have reason to think that. most, if not all of them, des- tined for use against the government recently set up at Canton. I do not wish to do anything to facilitate fratri- | cical war, espectally when it is directed | against my own province.” “Dr. Wu, does the so-called reorgan- | izationist government at Canton ALml at overthrowing the Nanking govern- ment, headed by President Chiang Kai- Shek, and setting up some entireiy new form of government? Or. is it merely a case of dethroning Chiang Kai-Shek | and putting some one else in his| place?” | Trying Merely to Oust Chiang. “You are correct in your second alternative, that the Cantonese want merely to dethrone Chiang Kai-Shek.” sald Wu. “That is the explanation of the apparently paradoxical attitude cf the Cantonese in opposing a govern- | ment which had its birth in their cap- ital The Natlonalist government, | originally established in Canton in 1925. | was pledged to carry out the principles of the Nationalist party, with the aim of working out a progressive and demo- | cratic regime-for China. The imme- | diate curse to China was militarism. | | meaning, by that term, government by | | militarists. ~ Therefore, we had, six | years ago, in Canton a civilian gov- ernment, in which soldiers were sub- ordinated to_civilians, just as is the | case in the Government of the United | | States. | “Unfortunately when the government | moved from Canton to Nanking, as its fortunes improved, the principles for which it stood lost ground. For in- stance in Canton civilian control was 50 well established that the head of the government was a civilian, and even the Military Council. which was the supreme military body, was com- posed of more civilian than military | members.” Now, in Nanking. not only is the head of the central government | & soldier, but even the heads of the provincial governments, who corre- spond to your State Governors, are all, with but two exceptions. military men. The Cantonese, therefore, do not want to establish a new government. They desire only a change in the personnel 50 that the Natlonalist government may faithfully carry out the original principles. Secession Outside Plan. “There is a qualification that should be made in the use of the word Can- tonese in describing the present move- ment in Canton. It js true that at the moment most of the leaders happen to be Cantonese and the center happens to be at Canton. But there are also people of other provinces interested in the movement, which, therefore, is not confined to Canton. The geographical aspect should not be unduly n]re:ed. i “Do the Cantonese contemplate any- thing in the nature of secession and the Psmgllshment of an independent South rnment?” rectly,” Dr. Wu replied, “the Bu‘vdemt; ment at Canton does not ngn’_h‘! establish a separate government. e is not a movement for sccession: (Continued on N'l’fl-h Page.) B 'GERMANY TO LET U. S. DO TALKING ON WAR DEBTS Wary of Making Arrangements Direct With France, Due to Political Situation in America. BY FREDERICK OECHSNER. ERLIN.—Unless President Hooves recommends that Chancellor Bruening deal directly with the French in the present negotia- tions over the one-year mora- torium. the watchword in Germany will continue to be “let America do the talking.” It is stated in responsible quarters that the Government does not presently expect this need for direct negotiation to_arise. Realizing at the moment that Ameri- can prestige—or the prestige of Presi- dent Hoover's position as mediator—is | involved, Germany is. on the face of things, standing politely aside. A large mass of opaque silence surrounds offi- cial circles here, both American and German, but nervousness over the deli- cacy of the proceedings is evident. Not a Welcome Idea. Conceding that Bruening might be willing, if America urged it, to take direct part in conversations with France, it would scarcely be a welcome idea. He would be wary, despite the American and German desire to see the holiday proposal realized, of maneuvered into making greater con- cessions than if America handled the | matter alone. Too much enthusiasm in pushing the affair might easily | prejudice the chancellor's general deal- ings with France. Regarding the prospective French hequers,” it is maintained here that Bruening's conversations will not touch | the moratorium, but ordinary Franco- German affairs tending toward a rap- | prochement. Premier Laval set the stage for this meeting in his speech in a manner which called forth criti- cism here. That this might have been largely a sop to render his own position more secure with the Chamber of Deputies, which is hostile to yielding too much to Hoover or Germany, is regarded as a likelihood. In expressing determined opposition to any German move toward revision of treaties, he merely uttered the classic Prench attitude of which Germany already is well aware. Little Resentment Shown. Comparatively little resentment at France's “stubbornness” has been shown by the German press. The word evidently was given forth not to preju- dice negotiations by hot words. The radical press, skeptical or derisive of the moratorium plan from the start, holds that France is only clinging to the traditional intention of keeping the Reich in fetters. Even so, the flery- headed press has been more careful in its attitude than usual. The eventuality that the Hoover pro- posal might be consummated without Prance’s participation draws interest here. In this event, the probability is seen that America will advance Ger- many a loan sufficient to cover the Reich’s indebtedness to France for the holiday year, the loan to be taken from France's annual payment to the United States. The merry circle of passing cash frim treasury to treasury is a makeshift, though it may ease the im- mediate pressure on Germany and pro- tect Prance. France obviously is playing & close being | hand for fear that too liberal discus- don of the reparations question, either | through America or Germany directly, may open the door to & German demand for a general revision of the Young plan. That the Germans have this in mind cannot be doubted, though the | movement has been soft-pedaled tem- porarily in the face of the Hoover plan. No informed spokesman for Germany will grant that the one-year plan will suffice to pull the Reich out of the hole, unless there is a miraculous unforeseen boom in world economic conditions. May Modify Schedule. That the moratorium may serve as nothing so much as an instrument for | general modification of the reparations | schedule. or extending the holiday efter the first vear, is perfectly reasonable | apprehension on France's part. France realizes also that, with presidential elections in America next year, no can- didate will openly espouse cancellation | or reduction of war debts if times are |still hard. The German campaign against reparations will become doubly | complex in that case. In France you | must say “war debts” and “repara- tions” in the same breath, while in | America you may still take two. France on all counts is extremely canny in her bargaining. and noamount of wheedling or coerclon—though di- plomacy may not use those words— can make her desert her established policy of nipping in the bud any threat of German power. The situation todav is such that, when Bruening meets Laval to_discuss a better understanding in Franco- German relations. the chancellor’s cour- teous suggestion that France make con- cessions will be met with exactly a simi- lar hint from the opposite direction. Points to Radical Acts. The French permier has announced he will interrogate Bruening on the demonstrations of radical German Na- tionalists, which are arousing grave dis- trust across the Reich’s borders. and former President Millerand has declared to the French Senate that an East Lo- carno must be demanded of Bruening, with a voluntary renunciation of all German claims to the Polish corridor and former German Upper Silesia. But the clamorings of radical Nationalists, and all other parties as well. will not cease until a solution of these issues satisfactory to Germany is found. And such a solution could fiot then certainly be based on an East Locarno. Nor can Bruening grant concessions to the French principle of disarmament ‘without losing all his followers among the German people outside his own party and the Nationalists. The chan- cellor might find a wedge to a friendly understanding in yielding somewhat on an Austro-German anschluss, or politi- cal union, to which the French regard the proposed customs union as the first step. 1f dangling this tidbit could secure for him a juicier slice of bacon of some other category to bring home to the Wilhelmstrasse, Bruening could afford to be invitatious. All depends, of course, on how the tidbits are and served. Prench perception #1 these things is so exquisite that one must Betosteiul §Copyrisht. 1031) ! LABOR DEPARTMENT AIDS IN CREATING EMPLOYMENT All Branches Contribute Directlx to However, if Wyndham Lewlis likes, I! teenth century notion of the inevitable | HE following is a text of the ad- dress made by Secretary of Labor Radio Forum, arranged by The Star and broadcast over a coast- to-coast network of the Columbia Broad- casting System last night from Station WMAL here: The oungest of the larger branches of the Government, and yet labor shares man's antiquity. Man's appearance world was coincident with the appear- ance of labor. There is an old saying which speaks of the dignity of labor. that of age. use of fire. Fire was produced by labor. just as labor has produced everything which has come to bless us in a world of progress. Labor is the all-in-all to the world. could be no trade, there could be no means of communication between man is the world's lever It is a compliment to the employed of this country, and it is a fact most fitting that cn’ this, the 155th anni- versary of the signing of the Declara- tion of Independence, the head of the United States Department of Labor should be privileged to explain, in an open forum over a Nation-wide broad- cast, the functions and policies of that branch of the Federal Government which is intrusted with the duty of fostering the welfare of the wage-earn- ers of the United States. Created in 1913. ‘This summary of the duties of the United States Department of Labor of the Federal Government: individu- dent's cabinet already have been heard Therefore, it becomes my privilege as the last speaker to thank those whose generosity has made these broadcasts possible, and has given the administra- tion the opportunity to carry to the people & knowledge of the services of the diverse departments of the Govern- ment. The Depaftment of Labor was created under an act of Congress approved March 4, 1913. Its service began on that date. Its first Secretary was Wil- llam B. Wilson of Pennsylvania, whose term of office lasted eight years. He was succeeded by James J. Davis of the same State, Who served for nine years Mr. Davis was succeeded by the present incumbent early in December last The age of the Department of Labor is exactly 18 years and 4 months today. The name of the department expresses the reason for its creation. The work- a-day world is a wide world. The de- sire of this Government branch is to ald the workers in whatever field they may do their tilling. The Department of Labor serves a human purpose. Employment means labor and labor means employvment. Every service con- nected with the Department of Labor contributes to the cause of employ- ment. seemingly at times indirectly, but always, nevertheless, directly. Statistics, | immigration. naturalization. conciliation. the Women's Bureau, the Children's Bureau and the Employment Service, in a way, are all handmaidens in the serv- ice of employment. Conciliation Big Work. ‘The greatest factor for industrial | peace is the conference table. Failure there. the next step is in conciliation pathetic mediators. When these fail, proper arbitration is the next step. Our conciliation service affords practical means for the taking of each of these | steps. It has been the greatest means | of "accommodation in industrial rela- tionship known to the civilized world I am proud of it. and all who know of its splendid work, I feel sure, can be Tess. The organic act creating the Depart- ment of Labor made provision for such a service because it evidently was with- in the knowledge and intention of Con- gress that the Federal Labor Department should be of specific aid to employers and employes in the peaceful tender of its good offices in industrial disputes { whenever slight or great differences be- tween them threatened even a tempo- rary interruption of their understand- ing, mutual respect and good will. It was also seemingly the belief of) Congress that the activity of govern- mental conciliation best could be car- ried on by a complete departmental unit, which would give its whole time and effort to the delicate task of pro- moting peace in industry, through help- ing to remove the causes of strikes and lockouts, and other forms of industrial mistrust and ill will. Except in certain contingencies, the quest of the parties concerned in the trouble, or on the invitation of the interested public. The Government's conciliator is in the detached position of a representative of all the people: he learns the grievances of each side and the aims for which each is contend- ing. He then seeks to smooth their uneven tempers and to bring about a William N. Doak in the National | Department of TLabor is the in the ‘To its other dignities it certainly adds Labor preceded the knowledge and the Without labor there and man and nation and nation. Labor ally, the other members of the Presi- | | through the medium of practical, sym- | justly gratified with its excellent prog- | conciliation service acts only on the re- | Making More Jobs, Doak Says in Radio Forum Speech. |forth. Again, the works of the buréau are manifold. I have said that the various bureaus |of the Department of Labor act as | handmaidens in the gervice of employ- {ment. The Immigration Service is one of these handmaidens. Nearly all im- | migrants are potential wage earners, and we now realize that unlimited im- migration in past vears is in large part responsible for the oversupply of some classes of labor. Immigration, however, is no longer an economic menace, for under an order of President Hoover, supplement- ing legislation, fewer immigrants ass now being admitted than a: any time during the last hundred vears. For ex. lample. only 3.791 immigrants were ad- mitted in May. 1931, as compared to 19.414 in the same month last year. In other words. only one immigrant is admitted now, where five were admitted a year ago. Still more siriking is the comparison with May, 1914, when, under the open-door policy then pre- vailing. nearly 108,000 immigrants wers admitted. or nearly 30 times as many as entered the country in the correspond- ing month this vear. Another contrast. During the fiscal vear ending June 30, 1914, 1218480 immigrants were admi‘ted. During the fiscal year ending June 30 of this year, the number admitted was about 97,000, From the verv beginning, nearly all immigrants have come here for the purpose cf seeking employment. and it is apparent that if they were permitted to come at the present time they would have to seek work that ought to be available to sur own citizens and for- eign-born people alreadv lawfully resi- dent in the United States. More Aliens Leave. | The number of aliens leaving tne country of their own volition now con- siderably exceeds the number coming in. and the exodus is further increased by deportations and departures that are permitted in lieu of deportation The erection of quota and other barriers against immigration has nat- urally resulted in increased efforts to gain illegal entrv. No reasonable esti- mate can be made of the number who enter fllegally, but I am confident that this number has been verv materially checked through the activities of the immigration Border Patrol. a force of picked men. which has done a wonder= ful job in protecting the United States from what otherwise might have been an invasion of aliens who could not ®ain lawful admission Aliens who have entered unlawfully or who have failed to obey our laws may be expelled from tre country, and the enforcement of the law in this re- gard is now one of the principal, as it 15 one of the most difficult, duties of the Department of Labor and its Bureay of Immigration. During the fiscal vear which ended on June 30 more than 18.000 aliens were formally deported, |and many thousand others who might have been expelled were permitted to go voluntarily. ~ Deportations during the past vear have included an increased number of extreme radical classes who are affiliated with organizations the purpose of which is to overthrow the Government of the United States by force and violence. The deportation of | these alien enemies of the country re- quires greater effort than in the case of any other class. Their activities are carried on in such an insidious manner | that the necessary proof is difficult to uncover, and even in cases where guilt is cleerly shown deportation proceedings are hampered by every possible resort t0 the courts and by protests and prop- aganda on the part of organizations which are persistent in their defense of radical activities and of individuals who adhere to the theory that even aliens have an inherent right to engage in seditious acts of any sort against our Government. Naturalization Bureau Supports Self, | Tre Naturatization Bureau of the De- partment of Labor. ith its 36 fleld of~ fices. is financially self-supporting. Tt administers the naturalization law, a law which grants the greatest privilege possible to be granted to friendly aliens permanently residing in the United States, The Supreme Court has said that th, grant of citizenship is a grant of favor and that in its administration it mus be construed in favor of the grantor and against the applicant for citizen- ship. This means that each would-be =itizen must come with clean hands into the Court of Equity to merit the high distinction of American citizenship, Ceaseless and untiring efforts to keep our ranks of citizens free from the ac- cessions of undesirables characterize the activities of the Department of Labor. Too many applicants are admitied to citizenship who have only a slight com.. prehension of its wonderful privileges and responsibiities. They lack what might be termed educational qualifica- tions. No more constructive legislative ac- tion could be taken by the Congress than to raise the educational require- ment for admission to citizenship. Un- der the influence of such a law, in- creased educational facilities would be brings to a close a series of reviews of | the activities of the various branches | meeting of minds. In the end. and|afforded the adult foreign population of this point cannot be too strongly | this country to acquire the necessary emphasized, the Government's concilia- | comprehension of our institutions of tor always strives toward the goal of |government and otherwise equip them- inducing the two disputant parties to | selves for the struggle for life upon a settle their differences between them- | higher plane of intelligence. I intend selves. The conciliation service of the 'to make such a recommendation in my Department of Labor has done good work from the beginning and it is doing good work today. ne example I will give: In the month of March of this year, the service's good offices were exercised in connection with 50 disputes affecting a total of 48.253 workers. conciliator is a emaker; he brings ;mrmony in the fleld of industrial war- are. Labor Statistics Provided. ‘We have in the department a Bureau of Labor Statistics. Its work covers a broad field. and to make reports upon the subject of labor and upon the means for pro- moting the welfare of the wage earners of this Nation. The bureau's activities are purely those concerned with the establishment of facts and of giving these facts to the public. This func- tion of the bureau is of high importance to the department and to the public, for the department is charged with the duty of fostering, promoting and develop- ing the welfare of the wage earners, and it is obvious that before the de- rtment intelligently can formulate labor policies, it must have facts upon which to base them. ‘The work of this bureau also is of great value to the American business man. Once on a time, business and social statistics were tolerated by prac- tical men only as of possible academic or historic interest. Now the situation is different. Employers are demanding information which will aid them in estimating and forecasting their cost of operation, such as, for instance, the trend of prices, wages and employment. Likewise. individual workers and labor organizations are following closely the wage, price, cost of living, employment and productivity trends. The Bureau of Statistics collects data showing the number of persons em- ployed. It gives attention to wages and hours and for years has been mak- ing regular studies in many industries. More than 45,000 major industrial establishments report each month to the bureau. It is impossible for me, in the time allotted. to give in full detail the activities of the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The employer, the business man generally and the worker and his family vitally are concerned in the re- curring reports of the statisticians; retail and wholesale prices and com- parative changes are published each month. Twice a year the increase or decrease in the cost of living 15 set The | It is authorized to study | next report to Congress upon the ac- tivities of the Department of Labor. ‘Women's Bureau Aids Workers. The Women's Bureau has the high duty of safeguarding the interests of woman workers. Congress in creating he bureau entitled its duties as follows: ‘To formulate policies and standards which shall promote the welfare of wage-earning women, improve their | working conditions, increase their effi- | clency and advance their opportunities for profitable employment."” The Women's Bureau is an organiza- | tion consisting of women, directed by a | woman and working in the interests of | women. With an estimated 10,000,000 | women' in gainful occupation in the | United States today, the bureau's task of promoting their welfare is a stupen- dous and complicated one. | . The variety of elements composing | this vast number of workingwomen adds greatly to the problems confronting the bureau. In the ranks of the wage earn- ers are found yvoung girls, middle-aged and even elderly women: single, married and widowed women. Negroes and for- | eign-born workers. Each type has its own set of problems requiring attention | and solution. There are thousands of women who must support not only themselves but dependents. Thousands | must enact the double role of home- | maker and wage-earner, and thousands |carry a triple burden with the addi- tion of motherhood. ‘This service keeps its finger steadily | on the pulse of the industrial world to be able to render the needed service to women and employers of women. It makes first-hand diagnosis of the con- ditions under which women work Agents of the bureau inspect work places. gather information about wages, interview employers in their plants and workingwomen in their homes. Though the lion's share of the bu- Teau's program is devoted to women in industry. the bureau also includes in its studies the problems of women in vari- ous other fields. such as domestic serv- ice, clerical work and professional pur- suits. Matters of health and safety of woman workers call for constant study. Important as it is to safeguard men as wage earners, it is of even more vital concern to promote the welfare of woman workers. Women are home- makers as well as bread-winners. They are producers not only of economic (Continued on Sixth Paged. ¥ -