Evening Star Newspaper, June 2, 1931, Page 8

A8 2 ) 2 2 THE EVENING STAR With Sunday Morning Edition. WASHINGTON, D. C. TUESDAY..........June 2, 1831 THEODORE W. NOYES. ...Editor The Evening Star Newspaper Company 1161 8t "Ad Fenisivania, Ave U R L R Rate by Carrler Within the City. ening 8 43¢ per month | 60c per month | 65¢ per month | e erid of ‘each month: i end o : s by Be semt in by mall of telephone NAtional 5000. Rate by Mail—Payable in Advance. Maryland and Virginia. e 40c .+ $10.00: 1 mo.. Daily and Sunda; 175 310.00: 1 mo. Bindeyony . 4.00; 1 mo.. All Other States and Canada. Bully saf, sunter. 4y i e nday” only *: 1y, $5.00: 1mo. Member of the Associated Press. The Associated Press is exclusively entitled to the use for republication of all news atches credited to it or not otherwise cre Fed 10 fhis paver and also the local news published herein. All rights of publication of Epecial dispatches herein are also reserved. 1. w2 50¢ A Truce at Rome. Something resembling a truce has been arrived at between Mussolini and the Pope. It would be highly prema- ture to deduce from trat circumstance that the feud between Fascism and the Holy See is at an end. Indeed, the conditions under which the violence of the past few days, verbal and physical, has been terminated have the appear- ance of that calm which precedes a storm. Late dispatches make it plain that nothing less is now at stake than the fate of the Lateran accord, which only two years ago this week became effective through exchange of ratifica- tions between the Rome government and the newly created Papal state. Mussolini and Pius XI have jointly ordered their respective press organs to stack arms. That puts an end, for the time being at least, to a series of counter-recriminations which were fir- ing both Fascists and Catholics to words of excess. The Italian author- itles have decreed the dissolution of all organizations of Catholic youths and proceeded to carry the order into effect throughout the country. The Fascist embargo applies only to organi- zations of “juveniles.” Catholic men's and women's societies are not molested. Already come hints that Pope Pius XI, who was in protracted counsel with his cardinals yesterday, will break off diplo- matic relations with the Italian govern- ment by withdrawal of the papal nuncio to Rome. In the ordinary inter- course between states, withdrawal of an envoy has often been the curtain-raiser of war. It goes without saying that nothing remotely savoring of hostilities lurks at the back of Pope Pius’ mind. But if the apostolic delegate asks Mus- solini for his credentials, the Asso- clated Press’ seasoned correspondent at Rome, Signor Cortesl, suggests that the whole question of the Roman church- state settlement might arise. The Pope regards the concordat with the Fascist government as violated by recent events. He holds the concorddt and the Lateran azcord, establishing the sovereignty of ‘Vatican City, to be inseparable. If the peace of 1929 is denounced as the re- sult of the papal protest against alleged Fascist infringements of the Holy See’s rights, the Pope of Rome may once again revert to his role as the volun- tary ‘“prisoner of the Vatican.” Incidentally, a threatened possibility of American official embroilment in the Fascist-Vatican controversy has been voided by Mussolini’s relinquishment of the ban on the Rome playgrounds established and financed by the Knights of Columbus. The American organiza- tien's Rome representative had just filed a protest with the United States Ambassador when the Italian govern- ment announced that it would permit the reopening of the grounds. The an- nouncement was accompanied by the statement that it would not now be nec- essary for Ambassador Garrett to pre- sent the protest. . The transformation of ‘*Two-Gun" Crowley to “Two-Cent” Crowley con- sumed no great amount of time. ——ee The Canadian Tariff. Canada has revised its tariff duties upward. Premier R. B. Bennett in his anpuel budget message announced the changes in the duties which become im- mediately effective and which will be effective particularly in connection with | the imports from the United States, largely because of the amount of trade between this country and Canada. The increases in the duties made by the Canadian government have apparently two purposes: first, to give protec- tion to Canadian industries and second to help raise sufficlent revenue to meet the deficit which the Canadian govern- ment is now facing, due in tte opinion of the premier to depression of busi- ness. The United States, which has been wedded to the theory cf the protactive tariff for many years, can scarcely quar- rel with its near neighbor because she seeks to protect her own industries by added tariff duties. Nor can the United States well object to the effort of Canada to balance her budget again through added taxation of various kinds, including customs duties. The cus- toms duties fell off in the amount of $48,000,000 in Oanada last year. Critics of the Smoot-Hawley tariff act, the present tariff law of the United States, put through by the last Con- gress, will immediately refer to the Ca- nadian tariff increases as “retaliation” on the part of Canada because of the increases in rates carried in the Smaot- Hawley act. But a reading of the bud-/ get message of the Canadian premier indicates that there is considerably more than a matter of retaliation tied up in the increased tariff duties now adopted by the Canadian government. ‘The tariff is not new so far as Canada is concerned. The present revision is, indeed, a revision upward, but Cana- dian tariffs, some of them high, have been fmposed on imported goods for years. In addition to increasing the tariff duties on many comm:diiies the Ca~ nadian government has undertaken to meet its $75,000,000 deficit by other forms of taxation, among them an in- crease from 8 to 10 per cent in the’ income tax paid by corporations, an in- per cent, and an increase in postage on letters from 2 to 3 cents, and & special excise tax of 1 per cent on im- ported goods. Premier Bennett, in his message, sald that changes in tariff duties were im- posed so as to ald in relieving unem- ployment. In other words, they are designed to ald in upbuilding the in- dustries of Canada and in the fuller employment of Canadian labor. The Canadian government, through sub- sidies cf one kind or another, is foster- ing both the coal industry and the agricultural industry. But such policies on the part of Canada are not new, | nor can they be sald to have been brought about by the enactment in this country of the Smoot-Hawley tariff law.. Canada has seen the ad- vantage to American labor wrought by the protective tariff system and adcpted such a system herself long ago. In the matter of more direct subsidies to industries, Canada has gone further than the United States in some instances. Freedom of the Press. ‘That “liberal minority” of the United States Supreme Court has become & five-to-four majority to uphold the freedcm of the press in a decision that takes rank with the most important of those ever delivered. Something of its consequence is noted in the minor- ity opinion which declares that “the decision of the court in this case de- clares Minnesota and every other State powerless to restrain by injuncticn the business of circulating among the people malicious, scandalous and de- famatory periodicals that in due course of judicial procedure have been ad- judged to be a public nuisance. It gives to freedom of the press a mean- ing and a scope not heretcfore recog- nized, and construes ‘liberty’ in the due process clause of the fourteenth amendment to put upon the States a Federal restriction that is without precedent.” Which is true, and which permits the majority which decided otherwise to be advisedly classified as “liberal.” For there is concerned in this opinion a point ¢f view which, in other some- what similar cases, has divided the conservative from the liberal element of the court. And this time the liberal opinion happens to be the opinion of the majority. That point of view, as stated by Chief Justice Hughes, is that “charges of rep- rehensible conduct, and in particular of official malfeasance, unquestionably create a public scandal, but the theory of the constitutional guaranty is that even a more serious public evil would be caused by authority to prevent pub- lcation.” In other words, suppression of free speech, or of assembly, or of the free- dom of the press is a far more danger- ous thing in itself than the relatively trivial harm that may result from what many good men may decide is the abuse of these rights. It is more important that the fundamental rights be pre- served, even at great cost, than that they be surrendered for the purpose of dealing with a passing emergency. The minority of the court advanced the same opinion in the case of Whit- ney vs. California—“Fear of serious injury cannot alone justify suppression of free speech and assembly. Men feared witches and burnt women. * * * Those who won our independence by revolution were not cowards. They did not fear political change. They did not exalt order at the cost of liberty.” And it is significant of a change in the make-up of the Supreme Court, which hds already become the subject of wide comment, that this conception of freedom guaranteed by the Consti- tution as held by a former minority of the court could appropriately be writ- ten into this present opinion by what is now the majority. ‘The Minnesota law evoked Nation- wide interest at the time of its appli- cation to enjoln from publication a weekly magazine that printed a series of articles on graft and crime in the State, seeking to link public officials, and especially police officers, with the underworld. The iaw permitted the abatement as a public- nuisance of & “malicious, scandalous and defzmatory newspaper or other periodical” and left to a court the decision as to whether such terms were applicable, for the law did not define “malicious, scandalous” or “defamatory.” The offending news- paper was suppressed and the State Su- preme Court upheld the validity of the law and its application. The United States Supreme Court did nct consider the question of the truth or falsity of the charges made by the newspaper as of any great significance. The question involved the far more im- portant right of a State to curb the freedom of the press and to impose s Judicial censorship. Cutting through “mere details of procedure,” as Chief Justice Hughes sald, the law enabled public authorities to bring the owner or publisher of a newspaper before a judge, and unless the owner or publisher could persuade the judge that his charges were true and publithed with good mo- tives, the publication could be sup- pressed end further publication would be punishable as contempt. The possibilities for tyranny under such s law are too obvious to require elaboration. “Public officers, whose character and conduct remain open to debate and free discussion in the press, find their remedies for false accusa- tions in action under lbel laws, provid- ing for redress and punishment,” said the court, “and not in proceedings to restrain the publication of newspapers and periodicals.” —boms To the ten or twelve solid printed lines of the various titles of H. R. H. the Prince of Wales, now add B. D.B.E. —Business Doctor of the British Empire. ‘What the Air Show Proved. Observers of the air maneuvers over Washington on Saturday were perhaps disappointed at the spectacle. They may have expected the appearance of all of the six hundred or more planes in a single solid formation. They may have locked to see that great air armada soaring back and forth over th2 city, sweepling in close ranks above the Capital structures which, in case of war and an enemy invasion, would be subject to complete destruction at the hands of such a giant force. They did see fifty or sixty planes engaged in mimic combat, in attack and counter attack, and in various movements {llus- THE EVENING STAR, WASHINGTON, D. C., TUESDAY, squadron action. Then they saw great stream of planes sweep down river, from Leesburg, not in solid ranks but in detachments, following the val- ley and passing on southward to thelr various resting grounds. As s “show” it was somewhat less than many had been led to expect. As a demonstration of airplane management, however, it was a thrilling success. Perhaps few of those who watched the spectacle realized the skill required in the planning and direction of these movements of hundreds of planes, and the skill needed in the cockpits of the ships to follow the courses laid down by thoss in charge. There was, for example, a performance by a squadron of eighteen planes that included a serles of nose dives from a considerable height, followed by a veritable melee of complicated interweaving and then a great ‘merry-go-round” on a circle fully two miles in diameter. Perfect guldance was required during every second of this exhibition. A “dog fight” or single combat between two planes gave an illustration of the skill of pllots. Group attacks by pursuit planes upon bombers dramatically demon- strated defensive tactics. Some of the several hundred thousand people who watched the maneuvers doubtless reflected that this “show” was the conclusion of ‘a series of air demon- strations lasting nearly a fortnight and covering in all some three million plane miles. And it may have been realized by them that with the conclusion of the day's program an extraordinary record had been made—in all this flying there was not a single casualty. Not one of the planes had “crashed.” A few minor mis- haps had occurred in take-offs and in landings, trifling disablements of planes costing a very small sum in the aggre- gate in repairs. As far as the public was concerned, the millions of people who watched the ships in their maneu- vers in Chicago, in New York and in Boston and in other cities and in open country were as safe as if they had been observing & circus parade. Nor did the demonstration cause any warlike spirit to arise. Those who saw the “show,” here and Rlsewhere, re- | garded 1t as an exhibition of the defen- sive power of the country, as a demon- stration that America is not wholly helpless in the matter of aviation, and incidentally, by illustration, as a display of how air combat is conducted, to show the need of preparedness against such possible danger. —_———— In the trials for the national lip- reading ®.urnament held recently in New York all the contestants finally missed one word, “oysters.” If one is familiar with the usual pronunclation given this bivalve by the Manhattanite —"‘erstiss” describes it fairly accurately —and if one such gave out the word, all is explained. A traveler returned from Europe pre- scribes a monocle for those enthusiasts of the game who lack the traditional “poker face.” Too late: Yankee in- genuity has already long been on the spot with the old excuse about the hurtful light and the low-drawn green eyeshade or the pulled-down hat. With Einstein, Mussolini and other outstanding figures who fiddle in their spare time, the violin as an avocation acts as a needed “balance,” according to scientific suthorities. Chancellor Snowden and Andrew W. Mellon appear to be trying to obtain theirs through Juggling heavy figures. The bird-bath fountain in the White Lot erected to Maj. “Archie” Butt and artistically secluded in a verdant ncok from an architectural standpoint prob- ably meets with the approbation of the birds. They might appreciate it more, however, if they could get a drink from it. ———— It seems that ancient Rome, with its many public and private baths, also had plumbers. However, if all said of patriclan patronage is true, the gods must need help any careless ones who had to go back after forgotten tools. S SHOOTING STARS. BY PHILANDER JOHNSON. Changing the Subject. How'd you like to pick your way Down a tumbling stream? How'd you like to spend the day Looking for the gleam Of a flashing finny prize ‘Tossed into the air? How'd you like to shut your eyes On the world of care? Give three cheers and then three more ‘While ‘the votes are cast. Hold your post amid the roar, Faithful to the last. Stay by what you have to do, Check the wandering wish, Though it may be tough on you, It's lucky for the fish. An Undesirable Impression. “So you see no future for socialism?” “None whatever,” replied Senator Sorghum; “at least not in my part of the country. As soon as you talk to those people about a general distribu- tion of wealth, they take it for granted that you haven't any worth noticing and shake you.” Jud Tunkins says the only way some men could be happy would be to keep moving to whatever town is standing at the top of the base ball list. The Superior Assumption, The Uplift surely makes a hit. Oh, seek the light, my brothers! Although I have no need of it, I'm sure it’s good for others. Moving Pictures. “Putting the portraits of great men on our paper currency is & proper and deserved tribute.” “Yes,” replied the impecunious per- son, “but who gets to hold on to & plece of paper money long enough to look at the pictures?” The dark horse frequently gets a large prize, simply because he refused to attract attention by kicking. Vocalisation. | Unto the prima donna when she sings , The generous pnlzlle oft a fortune flings. 1 But orators, alas, we oft forget, Because their words are not to music set. “Some men,” said Uncle Eben, “is talked about some men seems great because mmmmmmxbcnfinapwumumpwmd'r - bécause dey’s great. An’''EM THIS AND THAT ‘BY CHARLES E. TRACEWELL. to rise and fall, while millions of individual entities, known as householders, do nothing more startling than get out the old hose and turn it on the yard. ‘Well, there is a great deal of satis- faction in this, after all. Statecraft is for the few. Art most humans may ad- mire, but hardly achieve. ‘What all may do, in due season, is sprinkle the lawn. Here is a durable satisfaction . for which the og;: season now ar- rived. Just long it will continue depends upon the weather and the municipal authorities. * ok k¥ 8o far the rains have been more or less normal, so that no ban has been placed upon the use of the hose for purpose of maintaining the home grounds in a state of beauty. The wise houesholder, emulating the famous early bird, has made enough use of the hose already to give his plants, grass and shrubs a good start. He does not know how long his good fortune will last. s ot Erowing Things et anead of ve put gro ings far ahea this date last year, so that hose water is the extra measure of perfe L It may be that hose water should be written hosewater, and take the place of the rosewater of the old herbalists. Modern garden roses do not smell as sweet as the old-fashioned things of grandmother's garden. Something of the bouquet, as it were, is gone from our beautiful hybrids, as if to tell us that in Nature one cannot have everything. * ok k% Those who take up the garden hose can spare themselves a great deal of trouble if they will remember that neither rose nor evergreen foliage needs sprinkling. Rose bushes, as a matter of fact, need no water at all. Never was there such a good rose year as last, and rosarians attribute a share of the credit for that state of affairs to the super- dry Summer. There was & remarkable freedom from black spot, leaf spot, mildew and other fungus growths which destroy some of our best roses, solely 2s the result of a lack of water upon leaf and branch, which by this lack gave no propagating medium for the fungi. It will be well to keep this fact in mind this season. Every drop of water is precious, in the face of last year's drought and this year's possible drought: if gardeners can save water by refraining from placing it where it does little if any good, surely it will be but common sense, to say nothing of being the path of wisdom and ease. We have called roses the camels of the horticultural world, and surely they are; and so they will need little, if any. artificiaily applied water, and never any on their foliage, unless the gardener imagines they are dusty. In that case he may spray them lightly, preferably in the early morn- ing, now and then, s often, say, as the idea of dust on the leaves worries him. Let him be sure that the dust will not bother the roses in the least. Gardeners of the amateur variety often delight in creating imaginary troubles to correct, as they fancy. This “dust on the leaves” is one of their most precious. Dust is a part of Na- ture, and never hurt any leaves, which have ways of their own of getting rid of it, if they find it desirable. * ok k% Roses do not even need water for their roots, as far as we can see, but evergreens of all kinds demand it. ‘Water is best kept off evergreen foliage, such as it. -sense restric- tions the home sprinkling artist can turn on the hose full force, and sprinkle as long as his energy and enthusiasm hold Men, for all their bluster, e best at this game. It es 8 woman's patience to wrestle with the kinks of a hose, to !‘eet the affair hitched up, and properly ld in gear with ers, and shut off again. It takes such patience, we say, after the fresh enthusiasm of the new season has worn off, which it does with many in remarkably quick order, unfor- tunately. Even children, who delight in water- ing concrete pavements, will wield the mhn:‘e k‘m.h (‘ulsw for the first inklings of Springtime. It takes & ve:gr:n ‘m.luw it up. ‘There will always be a sharp di- vision of opinion, we su| , between the advocates of spr and the adherents of the nozzle. The nozzle has the advantage, some think, of being susceptible of various and divers twists and turns, thus giving the wielder the benefit of variety, whereas the automatic sprinkler, once laced on the lawn, can do nothing t go ahead, usually putting too much water where it is not wanted, and too little where it is. The rapid change feature of the nozzle gives every gardener s chance to display his acumen. And as all the average gardener wants is the chance to flaunt his acumen, even more than his plants, it can be realized that the hose nozzle has several big advantages, ‘What would the average home owner do, for instance, if he could not feel that in changing the force of the water, now and then, he were directly benefit- ing certain flowers, and saving their fragile petals X:on‘x "ntiry destruction? few ‘Thus we get at the true secret charm in sprinkling the lawn—it keeps the gardener busy at & pleasant task, saving him from doing the unpleasant tasks, such as weeding, which he knows he ought to do. Often one will catch on the face of the confirmed garden sprinkler the same self-satisfled smirk which so cften adorns the lineaments of the automo- bilists. Hand busy on the wheel, eyes busy watching the rosd, mind busy co-ordi- nating these two, even feet on instru- ments, the motorist represents that em- bodiment cf human felicity, the man fully at work. " ‘When this work is of such a ‘nature that it requires no particular physical exertion, then man has reached the peak of his felicity, which is complete occupation with something or other. Sometimes it dces not seem to make much difference with human beings what they are doing, just so they are doing something. One reads, one plays tennis, another spins. another motors, another goes into the air, and all are happy, because each is active. In this list of activities that cf the garden sprinkler must be included. Trivial, in the face of statecraft, per- haps, it is vital to the flowers and grass, completely pleasing to the man at the nozzie. We have never seen & person over the age of discretion at the nozzle of a garden hose withcut his face wear- ing that appearance of complete occu- pation which marks him no less than the man at the wheel. Let each man sprinkle, then, who can; but, with all our sprinkling, let us remember that Nature's children can be overfed with woter as well as with food and that the highest pitch of the sprinkling art comes in knowing when not to sprinkle. Highlights on the Wide World Excerpts From Newspapers of Other Lands HE Central European Observer, Prague—The problem of unem- ployment in Czechoslovakia, though not so acute as in many other countries, occuples in very large measure the attention of the government and also that of the local authorities. The figures for February show that in that month more persons were out of work than ever previously recorded in Czechoslovakia. With the usual Spring resumption of farm work and building operations, the figure will now doubtless gradually de- cline, but in view of the general world economic crisis, it is realized that con- tinuance of a fairly high level of unem- plcyment is inevitzble for some time to come. This realization is at the root of the vigorous @fforts that are being made in Czechoslovakia to check unem- ployment by some more permanent rem- edy than the mere paliative of a dole. It was asserted by M. Udrzal that few countries could boast of having such an extensive program of productive in- vestment in the sphere of road con- struction, water conservancy, and other public works as Czechoslovakia. In the fight against the economic crisis, and resultant unemployment, the state is laying out hundreds of million crowns. The sums are not being handed out as unemployment pay, but represent on the one hand the cost of enterprises that will later bring in an adequate re- turn, and on the other hand, the wages of workers who would otherwise have to be supcrted in their idleness. The choice of work on road con- struction and improvement is all the more_satisfactory since it means the remedying of another defect, that of in- adequate roads for the growing motor- ization of highway traffic. motor vehicles in Czechoslovakia have doubled in number within three years, and now total 120,000, this is still only one vehicle to 112 population, and of reasons given why the increase is not more rapid, one is that the roads have not yet reached a stage encouraging to this form of transportation. * kK ¥ Environment Cited In Racial Characteristics. The Japan Advertiser, Tckio.—Be- cause they live in a large country, Am¢ cans have a tendency to be fat. Japan- ese, who live in a scrawny, nerrow country, have a tendency to be nervous and excitable. This statement was made by Dr. Yoshihisa Sato in an article which appeared in a recent number of the Hochi Shinbun. “Environment has a great deal to do with racial characteristics,” said Dr. Sato, “and racial tendencies may be di- vided into three general categories. There are the fat, bony and nervous types. “The Americans are generous. When they invent something they tell the werld so that they may help humanity. But the Japanese by nature are not so generous. In by-gone days they main- tained a policy of seclusion which seems to have made radical changes in the character of the race. It is therefore, necessary for the Japanese to adopt not | :3, only the best material things but the best racial traits of other nations.” * Kk k% Spain Ready to Take Place Among Dominant Countries. El Sol, Madrid.—With absolute order, but frantic enthusiasm, the republic proclaimed in Spain. The King was i yielded fully to the expression of the nationel will and left for Cartagena to embark on the cruiser Principe Alfonso. ‘Thus passed & grelt historical cycle enduring from 1521 until 1931. “In April, 1521, the Austrian and Spanith monarchies were united in the mn of Charles I as head of the Holy an 3 pril, 1931, the people Republican system and prepared the way for the setting up of the republic. This final evolution has now been consummated by a revolutionary wave, which has swept away, but happily in no ensanguined flood, the last vestige of the monarchistic regime. The pro- visional government of the republic has peaceably taken over the mandate of the republic. and Don Alfonso has gone the way of Wilhelm of Germany, Ferdi- nand of Bulgaria, Manoel of Portugal and George of Greece. Spain, long- suffering, but by no means prostrate, has given the world a splendid vision and admirable example of her tradi- tional dignity and virile energy. In the space of a few days she struggled free from the burden of centuries under offi- cial ineptitude. Now she is ready to take her proper place with power and graciousness among the dominant countries of the world. ~Now, show herself worthy of & membership in the LeaTue of Nations. In a singular way this bloodless revulsion against the doctrines of outworn courts and political creeds definitely _incorporated Spain with Europe and Catalonia with Spain and made possible a fraternal under- standing with Portugal as well as re- storing her finally to fellowship with all her Spanish family in America, who a century ago threw off the yoke of re?l sovereignty. t is our hope that the youngest of all republics, the Spanish, republic, may long sustain the beauty and perfection augured at her'hlgps;. bl:v.h. Merchant Marine Is Sought for Colombif. ... ve0 ove oo Diaro del Comercio, Barranquilla.— A resolution has been introduced into the Senate of the republic providing for government assistance in the establish- ment of ldcolll:l;nblll’:‘ m&rchlnt mlfl;le‘ Dr. Libardo Lopez e sponsor for the bill, which seeks to have all the country’s foreign trade, both import and export, transported in its own bottoms instead of submitting to the high freight rates of foreign lines. With an ade- quate merchant marine Colombia could compete on better terms in every mar- of the propos: - will lugscor?ge 20 per cent of the funds necessary to establish a line of Colom- blan merchant vessels and also guar- antee a minimum of 10 per cent profit on the owners' investments. Other South American countries, particularly Brazil and Argentina, are profiting from the operation of their own steamers for international trade, and the operation Dorte ol undouiiedly open up new would undoubtedly open channels of employment as well as add to our profits in overseas trade. Bans Planting Wheat. From the Raleigh News and Observer. ‘The Al ican delegates to the wheat confersnce in Europ: and the delegates from Russia refused to co-operate with the other European nations. Russia de- manded its pre-war and the United States demanded larger foreign markets. So the plan of co-operation to end the distress of wheat growers ell through. indeed, does Spain |I NATIONAL DEFENCE. Kirby Page. Farrar and Rinehart. War time. ‘Trench life— and death. ' The trench, a ditch backed with brick rubble, faced with piled sandbags. Rain, with no hour of let-up for weeks. Country roundabout bogs of slime. Trenches half filled with water, stinking from scraps of floating human bodies and clots of green blood. Here ‘Tommy and Poilu and Doughboy writhe under torture blankets of lice on the feed, like locust swarms upon a stricken land. PFor a shred more of safety shovels ply farther back, into a paste of human flesh, turning out here a booted leg, there a blackened hand or an eyeless head. “Trench feet"—ice cold, standing long in ditch water, then fire hot, then numb, then dead. The fleld doctor hastily cuts away boots and putties, tearing off sock and skin together from the putrid flesh beneath. “Shell shock”—raving lunatics, claw- ing eyes and mouth, gibbering in palsies of terror over sights and memories too terrible to serve any end save that of idiocy or epileptic escape from con- sclousness. Thousands went this way. Many mil- lions went by the instant, and blessed, efficiency of Gernman guns. And these were boys, these pleces of men. All boys at the beginning. The god of war is a jealous god, exacting youth and health and the joy of life for gun-fodder, actually = requiring soldlers to pass examinations in fitness to be killed. Only the elders, and the eldtflnf. and the favored are immune. Oh, it was a great war! The war to end war. A war to make the world safe for democracy. * % ok May 30, 1931. A wide fleld smiling in the sun. An orderly field, lined with row upon row of narrow beds, marble headboard and footboard for each. Blan- kets, the tender green of new grass. Em- broidered, for this high day, with gar- lands of flowers, with nosegays of bright beauty. Over all, great trees lean in benison and care. A regimented field, orderly as a military camp. That is what it is. A camp of dead soldiers. Dead boys, the most of them, by far the most of them. The morning, all roundabout, moves forward to marching and to music, to eloquence and elegy. Oratory trumpets the air, even as the bugles do. “Supreme i sacrifice,” “love of the home land,” “deathless heroes,” “defense of the hearthfires”—and the rest of that fa- miliar repetitious sonance. But the boys in_the narrow beds do not stir to the golden sounds above them. They only snuggle closer under their lovely blan- kets of grass and flower. Youth is ever | sleepy o' mornings. We forget that these are all, practically all, just lads. Mars, like Eros, is avid of youth. And our dead soldiery, from Revolution on through the six wars waged by this | peaceful country in its century and a quarter of existence, are young men. | That handful of veterans, marching in diminished numbers each succeeding Memorial day, beloved and venerated as | they are, have no comradeship with the lmflllans of soldier lads lying under- lg‘reund. Literally, there are no veterans under the sod-covering of the soldier. Just _boys, instead, who at the front ! caught the enemy's first onset. The great Memorial day wears on over | thousands of fields throughout the coun- | try. Perhaps in Washington, our Capi- | tal, the ceremony is markedly impres- | sive. Military musie, soldiers on parade, partaking civic bodies numerous and | earnest, eloquence plentiful and at hand. | Eloquence more fervid, more practiced, | than in places remote from this Govern- ! ment center, where it is 5o much in de- | mand, or seems to be. A great Memo- rial day! And rightly such. For the war to end war has been fought. The future for our country stretches out toward paths of— In the afternoon of that day a miracle takes possession of the air above Wash- ingion. Deploying in the practiced pre- cision of military maneuver, 600 planes, through some wild necromancy, have turned the upper ether into water for the passage of a battle fleet. Only a spectacle! Only a demonstration of sclence applied to flight, lesson laid out by the birds for ages. Only an aca- demic gesture by the modern man- marvel!!l * x % An event achieved. a thing concluded, offers the best time for a general survey of that event. of that thing. Therefore, with wars behind civilization, an over- looking of war in its essentials becomes the interest of intellizent men and wom- en who have turned definitively away from such relic of savage and barbarous chance for such final investigaticn of an utterly bad phase of man's develop- ment, toward—well, something finer than slaughter and the bestiality of nations seeking to annihi- late one another. The present and fulure provide the | fleld of investigation set for us by Kirby | Page. The past serves only for illumi- ‘on of high points, for probabilities of certain situations in their further opening. So, in effect, this book is not a history, though it is deeply rooted in the past. Rather is it a looking around, and across, and then ahead. In a pure- Iy partaking sense are we urged here to look out upon the World War. Its causes, its results, the present menace to peace, certain ways to achieve na- tional security. That's ell. All—save a definite program for every individual to follow, to seek to follow, if he does abhor war, if he Is in any sense of the measure of a patriot. From the first, here is reading that is both vivid and vital. Easily within the seizure of every average man and woman. Stripped of any single posture of pretense here the causes of the World War are set out for the common intel- ligence to gather. The point, through- out_the study, is that most of it is al- ready known, but that we, as individ- uals, bar from ourselves, by our own prejudices and narrowness, many things that, at bottom, we know ta_ be the truth. Here is a frank man and a fear- less one. He opens up our provincialism, our nationalism even, for the admission of a truth that is wider than either of these. In this spirit he sums the causes of the World War. Familiar, all of them. And from this he passes to some of its most dangerous results—economic, political, moral and spiritual conse- quences. Kirby Page cites present perils growing out of war settlements, as the dangers of rivalry in nationalism, in trade, in economic ambitions in dis- putes over territories and racial hatreds. The war debts come in as a distinct peril, along with the hostility existing between communism and capitalism. According to this outspoken publicist there are constructive and definitely in- tional security, toward world security. Let each country work toward an hon- est flvm up of the imperial'stic ambi- tion. it transform its doctrine of nationalism away from the borderland of encrcachment upon neighboring peo- Let it in justice and civic right- eousness work its own garden to a fair flowering of national industry and en- The only hope seems to be for|D. ./ Americans drastically to reduce acreage. A man who tried growing flax for seed in North Carolina, and is one of the wheat growers in the world, has decided not to plant a single in of wheat on his 95,000-acre farm year. He suggests that farmers raise flax instead of wheat, pointing out that |Teally while more wheat is produced in this country than can be consumed, there is not enough flax to meet requirements. Where weather conditions made the raising of flax impractical, he suggested the planting of beans. eeping ina to entire commonwealf and contentment and peace. ptwn.mA o cass people. yes, 1of sach a o] individual—to follow toward the end of warfare discarded in the interest of a lly civilized mode of life for man with millions of years of experience back of hm. A note of certain tension, of ardent opposition indeed, is struck with “Tear Down the War System.” And then, perhaps in justification of so radical a call, he mflu to ean the realities of war in the past and of still more tful realities that will carry forward wars of the future. And at this point in the , we recall, uneasily, that armada of air, those 600 planes salling over Washington in times. Here is a good and an opportune | certainly toward | dividual ways of helping toward na- sary. ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS BY FREDERIC J. HASKIN. TF"you. have mever” used the you have never e service, begin now. It «is maintained for your benefit. Be sure to send your name and address with your question and inclose 2 cents in coin or stamps for return postage. Address The Eve- ning Star Information Bureau, Frederic J. Haskin, director, Washington, D. C. Q. How many newsboys are there in the United States?—M. M. | A. Joe M. Bunting, circulation man- ager of the Bloomington (Ill.) Panta- graph, in a recent speech, said that in 1929 there were 278,744 boys under 18 years of age engaged in distribu- tion and sale of newspapers in the United States. Their yearly earnings aggregated almost $51,000,000. Q. I noticed an answer in your col- umn concerning the number of poker hands there are which contain sets of fours. I am an old poker player and have never been able to figure out more than 13. How can there be 624?—R. H. A. With each of the 13 sets of four the hand will contain one other card. { This card can be any one of the 48 | cards “remaining in the pack. It is true that the card held as a kicker can- not affect the value of the hand, since there are no sets of four which are of equal value, Q. How long have florists given tele- graph service to customers?—R. E. A. Florist telegraph service was be- gun in 1912 by the Florists’ Telegraph Delivery Association, Inc. A clearing house was established in Detroit to handle the orders and guarantee credits. In 1912 the association had 67 mem- bers. The number is now 4,500, By 1930, the Florists’ Telegraph Delivery was adding over $7,000,000 worth of new business annually to the trade. Q. Have there been Negro policemen | Europeans on the Richmond, Va. within the last 25 years' A. There have not. Q. Please give an Indian equivalent of the expression “Old friend.”—B. E. 8. A. The Algonquian term is “Nekam.” Q. Why is the Cheshire Cheese in London famous?—A. R. T. A. It was a popular coffee house in the days of Joshua Reynolds, Samuel Johnson, Oliver Goldsmith and the great Londoners of that period. It was one of Johnson's favorite {'ltherlng places. In fact, his memory closely associated with this coffee house. One of Johnson's R!pe! is still exhibited to tourists who find their way down the narrow, alleylike approach Cheshire Cheese. Q. How long are the tallest telephone poles used in this country?—F. W. A. They are approximately 100 feet. Q. What is the Mohammedan call to prayer>—M. M. A. In the evening it is, “God is most great (four times), I bear witness that there is but one God (twice), I bear witness Mohammed is the apostle of | God (twice), Come to prayer (twice), | Come to Salvation (twice), God is most great (twice), There is no God but God (twice).” In the morning are added | the words, “Come to Salvation, prayer is better than sleep” (twice). police force '—R. D. D. the s . There are eight musicians in the Connecticut Yankees. Q. How long have there been fu-ltmlA Prlotju'fl‘l?’—jl. J. A b::o- lessional jesters appear ve existed at all times and in as fool or jester wi etpecl:llm a8 popular during the middle ages. 4 Q. Can automobiles get through Fall River Pass in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colo.?—M. R. A. It will be traversable when the Summer season starts, June 15. The drifts of snow and ice are now being cleared away. Q. Please give some information con- cerning an organization called Gamma Mu.—H. D. A. Baird's Manual says the Pi Gamma Mu is a national social e young men and women in the sclentific study of all social problems, and to pro- mote co-operation .between the several branches of social science.” It is & general honor society taking in mem- bers from the fields of economics, business administration, commerce, law, o Ppolitical science, history, Clology, philosophy, ethice: ro cation, P‘Ytholo(y. hases of biology. About a year ago it had 95 chapters and publishes a quarterly magazine known as Social Science. It has a custom of electing honorary members in all parts of the country, Q. When was the name of Constanti- nople changed to Istanbul?—G. W. 8. A. The Turkish name for Constan- tinople has always been Istanbul. The name Constantinople has been used by since the city was so named by Constantine the Great. When the Turkish Republic was established in eeling an was the official name of the city. - Q. What naval officer was the first to be thanked by ?—R. N. A. John Paul Jones was the first to receive the thanks of Congress and a gold medal. Q. How many people in the Unif States play golf?—B. A. B. ni th:' e'xlx"tile fleglggan Golfer lnsyl that at . a3 near! could be checked, there were g B ly 2,500,000 golfers in the United States. Q. What is the purpose of the g‘“’,;‘“g Sunday School Union?— A It is an to_prom religious educlmnzd cnnm:f-'::‘ dent interests, to establish and main. tain 1sumlh': schools, and to publish nd circulate moral ligious pub- lications. i Q. How many people are employed by the American Red Cross?—D. C. D. * A. Both in the United States and ;E;:o‘:s the organization employs 990 Q. {Which State has the most -mr@ its borders?oW. & Do Iakes A®Minnesota. It is estimaf there are more than 10,000. . Announced desire of Eastern rail- roads for increased rates, as a means of improving their credit position, is considered sympathetically by the coun- try, which voices belief that the pros- perity of these lines is indispensable to the well-be! of other forms of activity. The chief questions raised are as to the effect of higher rates on business, industry and agriculture, and as to playing into the hands of other forms of transportation. “Their motion for higher rates” in the opinion of the New Orleans Times- Picayune, “will be in their ‘line of duty,’ and should pass some part of the responsibility that now burdens them over to the Interstate Commerce | Commission.” The Cincinnati Times- Star thinks “the railroads have a stronger argument for increasing costs than any other American industry,” and adds that “since their earnings are restricted by Government regula- tion, they cannot lay up reserves in fat years to tide them over the lean.” The Chattanocga Times recognizes that “as the situation is shaping up, it would seem that many of the r , in order to continue their existence, must have either more business or bet- ter pay for what they do, and there is no place for them to get either except from the public.” “The fact that the railroads must turn to a regulating body to ask for a safe margin of profit.” says the Cleve- land News, “where the dealer in most other commodities merely marks up his goods to meet his costs and over- head, is a reminder that laws adopted in the sunny days of the railroads still restrict their business as probably no other form of industry.” * kX % ‘The Flint Daily Journal points out that truck and bus lines “aside from license and gasoline taxes are practi- cally free from regulation” and com- ments on the present situation: *“Under present arrangements the railroads have their rates fixed by the Interstate Com- merce Commission ‘in the interest of the public’ The wage scale is fixed through union agreements. The rail- roads, in addition, are subject to the usual rty, corporation and income taxes p‘l ¥ by er_business S, Furthermore, the enterprise: Government has just shown a willingness to eliminate the ‘recapture’ of excess earnings, which prevented the railroads from earning more than a stated amount on their in- vestment.” “Rallroad transportation is admit- tedly essential to the public welfare,” avers the San Jose Mercury-Herald, with the query, “Is it in the public in- terest to weaken the ability of the rail- roads to function efficiently and eco- nomically because of failure to permit the roads to continue to compete on a fair basis with the other agencies of transportation that are now unregu- lated?” The Texarkana Gazette gives figures to show that “the automobile and the bus are proving deadly com- petitors,” and the Loulsville Courier- Sont hippees praduce sevense Trcleht Ippers luce revenue freig] or pay higher rates. Business would be glad to luce the freight if it could. Seemingly some adjustment is neces- “The whole Nation,” in the judgment of the Charleston (8. C.) Evening Post, “has a tremendous stake in the ques- tion, not only because of the impor- tance of railroad carriage to the gen- eral business of the country, but also because of the wide distribution of rail- road securities among banks, trust com- panies, life insurance companies and other depositories of the Nation's sav. A hgihest of motives 3 is from beginning to end an argument sgainst war. And, besides, an ad- in study to those who need, sadly need, to know rmore than the majority does know about the most crucially vital conditions of the com- mon life. Yes, no end of argument much that is found here will follow any wide reading of the book. Buhuwnmtoma.ngnl!ehlr pleading can con! against main substance of it. Stirring and throughout, Nation Expresses Interest In Proéperity of Railroads lines and patronize them.” - burg Telegraph believes m‘l‘h‘g mflt’!‘v ;I‘ld husln'e;ts ln’ general could affc to 'y & substantial item for of prosperity u; n‘u roads.” FsRon * * “It is understood that some will have to be excepted,” lflf&hm Wall Street Journal, with the further sontluslom as to the questions involved: ‘The refusal of the Interstate Com- merce Commistion to open its own in- quiry into the plight of the railroads implies this warning to the carriers— that they come into court prepared to show what they can do to restore net earnings by reducing operating ex- penses and that they are ready to do it. If not :um’wmmisalon. then pers’ organizations represented in inevitable hearing will demand that thu:; cut down excessively costly nger competition by pooling and moderate their competitive warfare for fast ™ freight trafiz. It will be most surpris- ing if they are not asked to justify the maintenance of the existing wage scales, or at least questioned concern- ing the aggregate cost to them of wage A regulations which give some train crew employes a day's pay for three or four hours” work.” “It is understood the increase will approximate 10 per cent,” says the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, estimating that “this would mean an increase in revenues of $400.000.000.” That paper, however, takes account of the fact 'fit “one of the principal problems of the big carriers is the constantly increasing diversion of freight shipments to truck transportation” and is convinced that the problem “will require the hest order of constructive statesma: solve it.” The Newark Evening News advises that the extent of public sym- pathy “will depend upon whether their proposals have consideration for effects :hn othebrl indutstrlefn wm likewise face e problem of mainta employm IndI I'lge'}:d&'" i o “In a e of agricultural overproe duction, is it possible to give the rail- roads more for hauling the farmers’ products without making the farmer pay the difference?” asks the Rich- mond News Leader, while the Charlotte News observes “strong opposition de=, veloping among agricultural interests and commereial, and industrial ship~ pers.” The Kansas City Star argues: “Aside from all other considerations’ there is a legitimate question as to the value to the railroads themselves of the higher rates that are being agitated. In view of the general decline in prices and costs and of the fact that much of the railroad loss is attributed to motor carrier competition, it would seem that the policy most likely to drive addi- tional business away would be crease in rates. Many of the raiiroads now are trying out reduced rates in an effort to win back passenger business: On thet assumption would an exactly opposite policy apply to freight rates?™ 4 p to Ludendorff’s Prophecy. From the Roanoke Times. ‘War will break out in Europe in July, predicts Gen. Erich Ludendorff. Ever since the close of the World War Luden- dorff, a really great doldicr, has been thinking, talking, scheming war. As a peace figure he has been an abject fail- ure. He has not the slightest concep~ tion of the tasks of statesmanship and his efforts to gain a foothold on the stage of German politics have been clumsy and ineffe . It _is not sur- prising, therefore, to find him out in print with a prophecy of war. has learned to discount o "xg opinions as lu-lnlormm' .L:‘ ce waged in Germany, Ludendorfl predicts, and will be the result of a decision by to crush Italy and Russia before they are able to build up their armaments 3 further. “Just as the last war rmee% all others in frightfulness, the next exceed the last,” he asserts. JUNE 2, 1931 e »t L) ‘ L 2N