Evening Star Newspaper, May 24, 1931, Page 31

FRENCH DEFEAT BRIAND , AS WARNING TO EUROPE Anschluss Plan Ruins Protagonist of + Reconciliation, Best Friend i Germany Ever Had. BY FRANK H. SIMONDS. N 8. 8. VULCANIA.—Rarely in recent times has history re- peated itself more exactly or more dramatically than in the case of Aristide Briand. The defeat which came to him in the presi- dential election almost to the last de- tail re-enacted the circumstances of the ultimate political disaster of Georges Clemenceau more than a decade ago. Moreover, a_ further ironical note was added by the fact that Briand had himself contributed to the Tiger's over- throw. Clemenceau was beaten because, not- | Wwithstanding the fact that he had been hailed as “Father Victory” and his share | his eloquent appeals on behalf of inter- League of Nations, both by personal | prestige and by the aid of the allies of France, his situation at home was that of the indispensable man. But once Germany gave clear proof of the purpose to change the territorial status quo at the expense of the inde- pendence of Czechoslovakia, the unity of Poland, and thus of the security of | France, Briand was doomed. All his| insistence that there was a new Ger- many and another German spirit, all national understanding fell dead. Briand in defense of his foreign policy found himself condemned to undergo the experience of Clemenceau when the Tiger sought to justify his peace treaties. in the winning of the war by the allies Foreign Policy Change Due. was universally recognized to be pre- eminent, his fellow countrymen were aiready dissatisfied, as they were later to become still more censorious over his conduct of the peace negotiations. Al- ready Clemenceau had become the man who “won the war and lost the peace.” Briand’s situation is analogous. For six years—in fact, ever since the days of the Locarno negotiations—the vel eran statesman has been beyond debate the most considerable and the most in- flusntial public man in Europe. Thanks to him, French prestige in Europe and French leadership at the League have been unmistakable. ‘Thanks to him, too, France has escaped from the uncom- fortable situation in which she was left by Poincare’s adventure in the Ruhr. ‘To him is due the fact that today the world accepts the idea of a peaceful France instead of the once familiar notion of militaristic and chauvinistic nation. Victim of Anschluss Plan. Before I left Parls, a month ago. | there was a double conviction that | Briand would go shortly and that there would be a Tardieu cabinet before the year was out. On the other hand, with a general election to come mext' year, Tardieu may well prefer to remain in the background for the moment. But whether the Lawal cabinet lasts or is remade into a Tardieu government, it is clear that the foreign policy of France for the next months will be directed by | a different spirit from that of the recent past. |~ Until Prench disquiet and distrust are removed, no real progress can be made either in economic adjustment or mili- | tary or naval disarmament. As to the former, the French are not seriously concerned, since they are not & trading nation. As to the latter, considering | that Europe is actually on fire, they are | not likely to spill the water supply on the ground. And if the present Anglo- American push for a disarmament con- | 1f he has clearly brought about a re- | ference continues, there is every present versal of the worid estimate of French | spirit, Briand, for utterly different Tea- | sons, has ended by suffering a defeat | as bitter and as complete as that of | his anclent rival, largely because of the stupldity-of his political friends at home | and even more considerably because of | the course of those who should have | been his allies abroad. In a word, as Clemenceau was the victim of Wilson and Lloyd Oet;‘r‘u!h ;ho x=i.’naiatt‘l up;ln peace terms which the French people regarded as inadequate and even dan- ;em- for France, Briand now | allen because of the maneuvers of Ger- ; man statesmanship, although he is him- self the great French protagonist of reconciliation between the two tradi-| tional enemies. prospect that London and Washington will presently be confronted by new developments in Paris not more pro- pitious, As to Briand himself, there is the patent possibility that after the elec- tion next year he may, if the test re- sults in a victory for the radicals and Socialists. have a chance to resume his old policies and reappear in Geneva as the spokesman for his Pan-Europa, but even this is doubfful. A victory of the left in France would have to be predi- cated upon a complete change in the French mind of the moment, and that change, again, could follow only the allaving of present French doubts. But the moment nothing in Europe sug- gests such a change. THE SUNDAY STAR., WASHINGTON, D. C, MAY 24, 1931—PART: TWO. Argentina Goes on Trial Her 121st Anniversary Finds a New Order in Control. BY GASTON NERVAL, OMORROW will be Argentina’s national day. On May 25 the largest Spanish American repub- lic will celebrate the anniver- sary of its liberation from the Spanish yoke. One hundred and twenty-one years ago on that date the Argentine patriots, impressed by the political idcas of the French pniloso- phers of the revolution and by the in- dependence of the English colonies of America, solemnly expressed for the first time their disobedience to the crown of Spain. |city of Argentina and of the For two years, ever since the death of Gum:’e atruemn;n, }hen g been s velopment within Tmany of -guexmuu Stresemann policy of reconciliation, based umn had resulted in the ruin of ‘The evidence of this and later actual appre- ‘Was Dominant Figure. In all this comment, too, it is tm- possible not to touch on the personal | note. For at least a decade Briand has been one of the most picturesque figures in all world politics. He has been ab- sent from few great international con ferences; he has dominated and di- The Argentines did not succeed in | attaining complete freedom until July | 9, 1816, when the republic was officially | proclaimed, but May 25 marks the be- | ginning of their war for independence. and they observe it yearly as their glori- ous “Fourth of July. | This year her national day will find Argentina in one of the paramount | stages of heér political history. Events | was able to carry his policy the two crucial stages marked substitution of the Young plan plan and the evacuation Ruhr five years in advance of ity date. But these things, be- by the French to represent enor- concessions, required, to the compensating concessions an side. When the Ger- Tesponse was the Hitler election of Fall, Prench opinion was profoundly stirred. When to this was added the recent Austro-German Anschluss an- nouncement nothing was more inevitable than that there should be a general French explosion and that Briand's - political Situation should be compro- ; ggi?*&‘s B ‘Was Germany’s Best Friend. As a result of the Hitler election and Anschluss maneuver the great mass of the French people are, for the mo- | satisfied ment at M@( a ocover smooth phrases and con- ciliatory the German people to what France conceives 15 be the pre-war mentality, to the pur- sult of pre-war objectives by the old- fashioned methods. And they are con- vinced that Briand in his sentimental pursuit of world peace has impaired MM security and risked French in- ‘Thus in that underneath Jiant coup in foreign affairs, the coup being the Anschluss plan. While their project has a'ready been demcnstrated to be impossible of realization at the present time, it has completely wrecked the situation of Briand, who has been and remains the best friend Germany has had in post-war Europe. A few weeks before the election Tar- dieu in talking with me said: “Before the Austro-German affair, had you asked me if Briand could be President, I should have answered that h Now frankly I don't know. But I can say this—that he seems o me to be in danger of following the bad example of Clemenceau, who delayed announcing his candidacy until it was too late and then yielded to the entreaties of his md‘ when the game was already V. 8. Hastened His Ruin. By denying Briand the presidency Prance has clearly served notice upon Germany and the rest of Europe—upon England and Italy as emphatically as upon the old enemy—that she will not permit the realization of the Austro- German plan; that she will not listen to any 'ment to promote disarma- ment that includes the detail of dis- turbing the relative strength of France and Italy in the Mediterranean; in a word, that Prance for the time being 1s out of the game of concessions. Thus the phase in European history which began at Locarno has ended at Versailles. It is true that Briand may “"fl' as forelgn minister, perhaps even indefinitely. Even in their present ex- #speration the French are not unaware of his value. But henceforth, for a time at least, he must appear as the ex- ponent of Prench opinions, not as the representative of a country which fol- Jows him, shares his aspirations and supports his program. Moreover, there is something verging on the absurd in the eager attempts of the British, led by Henderson, to re- store the domestic prestige of Briand. British Labor, along with the American administration, has contributed much to the ruin of Briand by hastening the ~aval Conference of London without Mying the smallest attention to the French political situation, and later, Briand's gfnz has been made | rected many. He has been prime min- ister and foreign minister until even the almanacs have lost count. During all this time he has been the first orator of the world, and since the death of Clemenceau and the permanent retire- ment of Poincare, the single conspicu- ous statesman bridging the gap between pre-war and post-war France. More than any other plblic man of our own time, too, Briand has sessed the rare gift of inviting affec- tion. Not only has he been the prime hvm'lg ;te‘(lkneu, but in every world | capital, inning with Germany, he | has enlisted a following. “We Germans | have confidence in the France of Briand,” Stresemann once said from | the tribune of the Reichstag. A score of times Briand found a solution for crises which threatened European tran- quillity. More than once when imme- diate solution was impossible he kept delay from engendering bitterness. In some fashion he was the musical direc- tor of the concert of Europe as it per- formed at Geneva, but, temporarily at Jeast, the vast explosion of discords has | destroyed his spell, if not ended his | services. (Copyright, 1931.) | Japanese Low Stature | Said Due to Squatting HONOLULU, Hawail.—On the theory that the habit of squatting by the Japa- | nese people tends to stunt their size, ‘| arguments are being published here {among the Japanese that squatting {shoula be avoided and efforts made to | produce a taller race. | The arguments, which have been | | heard desultorily for years past, gained | force recently when Dr. Fusao Ishihara | of the medical department of Tokio Im- perial University announced that hi | studies here indicated that Japanese low | stature was due to the squatting habit. | He reached the conclusion that there is | nothing inherent in the Japanese race to cause low stature, and that the ac- quired habit of squatting on knees and | calves shortens the leg and lower part of the body. Commenting on this. & Japanese newspaper here says: “There is possi- | bility for the Japanese to attain the high stature of European and American | pecples. This is indeed comforting news | to the Japanese. The Japanese never | admitted their mental inferfority, but most grieviously they had to admit their physical inferiority to the peoples of the | West. But now even that admission is | possible of removal at some future date. | We are especially proud to learn that the opportunity to demonstrate the pos- sibility of introducing a new species of the Japanese race is left to us ligng in | Americ: Chinese Women Using New Divoree Privilege SHANGHAI.—The Chinese divorce mill has started grinding slowly, but with a gradually increasing momentum. | For 1930 there were 852 divorces, which was 208 more than in 1929. Of the 852, husbands sued in 208 instances, the remainder being wives. Of the total, 626 charged incompatibllity. Do- | mestic quarrels brought 73 per cent of | the cases into court. Eighteen charged cruelty, seven families were split over | financial difficulties, and 124 for infi- delity. The fact ‘that more women | sued for divorce than men fllustrates that wives are taking their newly found | freedom seriously. In ancient China a man did not take the trouble to divorce his wife. If he grew tired of her he after the conference, by pressing for merely added a concubine or two to his the pending Franco-Italian naval com- | household and called it quits. The wife promise which Briand endeavored to | resigned herself to the new status and carry through to his own immediate | let it go at that. i ruin. Even more cruel was the blow incident to the disclosure at the mo- ment of the Anschluss episode. that Henderson end Ramsay MacDonald had invited the German chancellor and for- eign to Checquers. French Anxlely Grows. ‘Today the French people are in a state mind of hard realism. ‘They Jook with apprehension upon Russian Cevelopments. They have seen the trend of German | affairs with great anxiety. ‘The explosion in Spain has added to their uneasiness. seems to them to be crumbling on all sides. And in this situation they have no intention to fer themselves to be weakened on the military or the financial Prench policy is comprehended in the conviction that the security of France el ted nd coul . Navy Will Construct Largest Arms Depot HONOLULU, Hawali—One of the world’s largest ammunition depots will | | shortly be under construction on the | island of Oahu. This is the Navy De- | partment’s depot at Lualualel, a few | miles from Pear! Harbor, bids for which will be opened in Washington June 17. The estimate for the iniilal con- struction work required is $3,800,000, | | but this is only part of the project, which ultimately will run into much | | higher figures. The Navy Department | | has two similar depots in its plans, one at Hawthorne, Nev. already commis- sioned, and one In the Philippines, not yet In. ‘The establishment of this depot, with other naval work outlined for rl means an expenditure of large his policy Prance followed him. Pre- | sums and employment of additional ¢izely as long as his domination of the ' labor, which may have an im?omnl bearing on her social and political structure have bcen taking place in her internal life since the revolutionary movement of last September overthrew force of arms the regime of old President Iri-| goyen. People Still Restless. Contrary to what happened in other | Latin American republics where changes of government by revolution also oc- curred last year, in Argentina the process did not amount only to a change of persons in power. After the uprising was completed, a general rest- lessness in the people and & spirit of friction in the political parties persisted. This is because kfi Argentina, a country far mere politically developed than the rest of the southern republics, demo- cratic institutions are more firmly es- tablished and the people are more zealous in the preservation of their | political liberties. ‘The revolutionary government of Gen. Uriburu, which succeeded that of the deposed President Irigoyen, has been charged with execessive power and a tendency to rather autocratic methods. This has provoked consider- able opposition, particularly among the radical elements, the working peopie and the student classes, which, in Latin lands, have much to say in do- mestic politics. The outcome of this political unrest is difficult to forecast. At a distance it is rather hard to ascertain how much OF BOSTON IN | true and how much is the result of ex- | aggregated reports of those who have | seen their political privileges cut loose | by his government. On thing, however, is certain—the Argentine are at present on trial. Le: us hope | that the Argentine people will at the end choose the right road. of the unpopularity of Uriburu's rule is! Of all the countries of Latin America | RUSSIAN TRADE TREATIES |SCIENCE HOPES TO FIND SECRETS OF BEHAVIOR Experts Splm i‘actors Which Cause SEEN AS HOPE FOR PEACE France Likely to Follow Italy :m(]“ Germany in Adopting Soviet Trade Pact. ARIS —Recent investigations and international conversations indi- cate that as a result of the so- ed Russian dumping and the partial success of the famous “five-year plan” an entirely new rela- tionship may gradually be devel between Communist Russia and the capitalist world which, contrary to all previous beliefs, vould permit both to live more or less amicably side by side. Pioneers in this new relationship are Germany and Italy. Both of these countries have recently mede definite | trade contracts with the Soviet Unlon, whereby each takes a given quantity of the other's goods of a kind and at & price definitely specific. ‘There are sis that France is now drifting toward a similar arrangement with the Soviet government. If France makes a Soviet trade contract other countries are likely to follow, and the system in time may become generalized. Theories Changed. The importance of this evolution is best grasped by a brief retrospect. Communist Russia started out with the theory that it was fmpossible for Gom- munist and capitalist regimes to sub- sist side by side. Hostility was inev- itable and implacable. One or the other must succumb. The Communist lead- therefore, devoted a large part of their energies toward bringing about & world revolution and lost no opportunity for telling the Russian people that they were about to be attacked by a coalition of capitalist states. Dictator Josef Stalin changed all this. The world revolution would be long, he said, and it must wait. capitalistic states are all conspiring .to attack Russia, but meanwhile the main thing for Russia is to concentrate on her own interior development. It must build up industry and industrialize agriculture in order to insure the coun- {try the necessary supplies when the inevitable war comes; increase the size and strength of the working class, on which Communism is founded; com- munize the peasants, develop exports to pay for necessary purchases abroad, and, finally, help the world revolution by the example of a happy, prosperous Rus<ia underselling all the rest of the world. Moreover, all this must be sccom- plished quickly before the capitalist states get around to their long premedi- tated attack on the Soviet Union. A result of these ideas is the five-year plan, which is being at least pn‘lly arried out with the help of foreign 'capitalist credits, machinery and ex- rts. PWhy, then, 1t may be asked, Tave "K!lm countries lent Russia this ald? eir theory also has been that cap- | talist and Communist societies cannot | subsist side by side, but, except for | occasional brief flurries of fear, their | conviction has been that Russia sooner |or later would “evolve.” They have, therefore, tried to help Russia from time to time in various ways in order | to hasten this hoped-for evolution. Also, | they have all been willing to do busi- ness one way or another with the So- | viet government on the grounds that if they did not get this business some |one else would, so they might better a | have it. The Russian dictum that Com- | munism can always rely on the cupldity and rivalry of the capitalist states seems ",hu.! to be somewhat justified. For a long time general opinion abroad was | that the Russian people would revolt | against the Communist dictatorship and | that & more liberal form of government would be substituted. The five-year | plan, which demanded tremendous eco- nomic sacrifices from the Russian peo- ple, would fall, it was predicted, be- cause Russia lacks trained engineer | and mechanics, and because the Rus- | sian temperament is unfitted for the delicate work and management involved in_great industrial enterprises. ‘These last criticisms seem to have | been borne out to some extent. Yet, it is now deemed certain that the five. year plan, while it will probably be far from a complete success, will also be far from a complete failure. - Russia | is building and running factories on a | large scale and is producing not only | rawstuffs, but also a certain amount | of manufactured goods for export. Exports Increase. | THE GOVERNMENT PALACE (UPPFR) AND THE AMERICAN BANK institutions | BUENOS AIRES. ,the one which most resembles the Uniled States, geographically as-well as economically, 'is Argentina. Its exten- sion from north to south takes in prac- tically all climatic zones, from the sb- tropical of the mnorth to the gold- | temperate of the south. Its printipal port, Buenos Aires, is situated on the coast, and, like New York in the United States, is the most important gateway to the interior of the country. Buenos Alres has still other charac- teristics which make it resemble in many ways its gigantic neighbor of the north. It is not only the principal port, but also the largest and most important ‘whole South American continent. It is the commercial and financial center of the entire River Plate region, and its cos- mopolitan ‘character—a laboratory for the fusion of many races—makes it comparable only to that other melting | pot of nations, the skyscraper city of |the United States. On the one side the architecture of Buenos Alres, its wide avenues, its bou- levards, its sidewalk cafes, its art ex- hibits remind one of Paris; on the other, the industrial and commercial activities that one feels in its atmos- phere, its modernity, its cosmopolitan- ism remind one of New York. And this process of amalgamation of two,differ- ent civilizations which one notes in Buenos Aires is distinctive of the gen- eral development of the country. The Latin culture, inherited from Europe, is being transformed by the vital en- ergy and progressive attitude of its people, made necessary by the newness of the country and the vastness of its undeveloped natural resources, Rosario Second City. Just as in Buenos Aires Argentina has her New York, in Rosario, the sec~ ond largest city, she has her Chicago, the center of the wheat and corn trade. And in Cordoba “the learned,” dedi- cated for centuries to letters and art and tradition, with a university older than Harvard, she has her Boston. The likeness goes even further. A great plain, like that of the Middle West of the United States, forms the central region of Argentina. A con- siderable part of this plain is well watered and is devoted, with great suc- cess, to agriculture, which constitutes the principal source of production and wealth. In this sense Argentin: country essentially agricultural and pas- toral, resembles the United States of two generations ago, when agriculture still predominated over industry and the construction of roads and raliways was | the most serious and pressing problem. Apart from this economic aspect, the general conditions of life in the well settled regions of Argentina are the same as those of today in the United States. _ Electric _light, _telephones (Continued on Fourth Page.) BY THOMAS R. HENRY. T takes all sorts of persons to make a world. This is just another way of say- ing that nobody is an exact dupli- cate of anybody else. Everybody is “different.” Some of the differences are obvious. There are tall men and short men, thin | men and fat men, handsome men and homely men, strong men and weak | Were it not for these physical | wives from other men’s wives. | But the differences are mcre than skin deep—Iike beauty. They are | deeper than the anatomical variations that determine the shape and appear- | ance of the body. There are differ~ ences which extend to the most funda- | mental of the physlological processes which keep us alive—such as the body's rate of heat production or the nature of the central nervous system's centrol over breathing and the beat- ing of the heart. And there are differ- ences—perhaps the most important of all—which go deeper still, These are differences of mind, emotion and character. | Behavior Intangible. 1 | Now the physical—especially ~the ~differences can be meas- anatomical ured as nicely as one pleases, depend- ing upon the delicacy of the instru- ments used. ‘They are tangible. Tables can be constructed showing just | where any man or w:man belongs. | But_for those deeper differences—and at the same time the most funda- Certainly the | As for the first time in history a mental—which have no material form government. has full control of the en | tire economic life of & vast couni | it 1s possible for the Soviets to con- | tinue o export at prices systematically | lower than the world prices, for Rus- outside of Russia, corr nds to no known economic values and the cost of Russian production cannot even be estimated. Soviet exports have already reached a volume equal to one-half those of pre-war Russia and there is every indication that they will increase. This situation has given rise to a world-wide outcry against “Russian dumping.” In a prosperous period probably Russia's relatively limited ex- ports would have been absorbed without a shock, but in a time of world de- pression with commodity markets de- pressed and unduly sensitive, very little Russian dumping occurring here and there at well chosen points has been sufficient to break world prices and throw dealers into a sort of panic. Business men who want to sell mi “(Continued on Fourth Page.) sian money, having no exchange value | | that can be measured, quite different. Presumably, for example, some men | are more honest than other men. But | how is honesty to be measured? It has no weight which can be determined on a set of scales. It has mo length or breadth which can be found with a tape measure, It has no heat which will effect the mercury in & thermome- ter. It has no chemical composition which can be split up in test tube: It is known only as an element of behavior. | For some kinds of behavicr mensu- | rable physical characters are the im- portant factors. Take, for example, horse racing. Nobody who tipped the scales at 200 would be considered for & second for a position as jcckey. Such a person wouldn't even apply for such a job. His flesh is a tangible thing. It has weight and dimensions. It can be_measured with extreme accuracy. But it doesn't make the slightest the case is difference whether a bank cashier is thin or fat, tall or short. It doesn't Action Characteristics—Job Guid- ance by Machine Hinted. make any difference whether he has big feet or tiny feet, crcssed eyes or straight eyes. But it does make a great deal of difference how honest he is. And his honesty can’t be put on the scales and weighed. If it can be weighed at all—assuming that it has any real existence, which s ques- tionable—the measurement can be taken ouly by indirect ways. There are literally hundreds of just such factors which enter into human or woman would do in certain circum- stances. It might be possible to tell, for example, how much temptation would be required to overbalance the honesty of a prospective bank cashier, Many measurements of many “quali- tles” have been proposed, much experi- mental work has been done by psycho- logists and the result at present is rather chaotic. The division of anthropology v and psychology of the National Researc h | Council has just issued a series of re- ports prepared by some of the country's foremost psychologists on the present status of these measurements of indi- vidual differences. For one such qual- ity, these reports inslicate, measurement is on reasonably stable ground. That is intelligence. The degree of intelligence possessed by an individual can be de- termined with some accuracy by various tests. A great deal of work remains to be done and many knotty problems to be investigated—but the psychologists have gone far enough. to make the meausurement of this factor in behavior of practical “significance in education, industry and psychiatry, New Measurements Claimed. For the others there is little agree- ment, it is shown in an exhaustive survey of the measurement of per- sonality traits prepared by Dr. F. L. Wells of the Boston Psychopathic Hospital, one of the ccuntry’s foremost experts on psychometrics. Here are some of the things for the measure- ment of which, Dr. Wells reports, tests have been worked out in American and European psychological laboratories: Decepticn, —ascendance - submission, emotional stability, fear, proneness to accident, imagination, moral judgment, social intelligence, mechanical intelli- gence, athletic ability, character, sug- gestibility, honesty, introversion and extroversion, will, perseveration, jeal- ousy, developmental age, proneness to disccuragement, soclability, agressive- ness, deceitfulness, plexes, moral ethical delinquent _tendencies. i (Ocntlnid on Tourth Page) 3 POLITICS HINDER POLICE BY DESTROYING MORALE Former Commissioner in Gotham Tells Difficulties Encountered by Force and Alliance BY ARTHUR WOODS, Former Police Cnmll:'\{'.l.(lonrr of New York ity T is not an easy. job to police & big | city. | In the first place, the sheer num- | bers are formidable. New York has a population of nearly 7,000,000, and the police force numbers some 18,000. | Secondly, crooks are skillful. They | don’t want to get caught, and the odds are very much in their favor. Nowadays, | particularly, they have the advantage of all modcrn Improvements. ‘They can | get the swiftest motors with the quick- | jest pick-ups; they can acquire any kind | of weapon that they need. So far it is | With Crime. unless the risk of letting the criminas in question or the property in question go_unapprehended is too great. The police become past masters in apprais- ing the danger of a “holler.” If it is from a “squealer” who doesn't show signs of being able to stir up a storm, they will just ride out the squall. If it is made by important people or people who are likely to keep up agitstion and direct too many eyes to the joint part- nership methods of politician-police- crook, then the partnership will have to yield. Police magistrates are a nec- essary element in these partnerships. Matters began to improve when Theodcre Roosevelt became a member of the Bipartisan Police Board. The undoubtedly safe to say that American | difficulties of ruining any organization mechanical progress has worked more | With a bipartisan board are all too ap- to the advantage of the enemies of | soclety than to its defenders. In a way the crooks got the jump on the police. | Under the best conditions the police- | man’'s job has tense and terribly diffi- | cult moments. It may be d:sperate | physical combat that breaks loose on a policeman without warning — unequal combat where he is pitted against a bigger man, a desperate man, or against several men—he knows they will not hesitate to take his life if necessary. Or he may be up against a situation which he has to decide on the spot, yet | which a learned judge imigit easily| study for days before reaching a| Judgment. Politics Adds to Difficulties. | He may come across two arguing | men, one heated and indignant, the other calm and collected. The indig- | nant one sces the policeman. | “Officer, arrest that man. I demand | it. He sold me & lot of worthless stock. | I paid him $10,000 and today it isn't worth a nickel. Arrest him. If you don't I will have you up on charges and sue him in court.” The calm and collected one rejoins: | “Officer, lay a finger on me at your | peril. I'll sue you for false arrest and | have you up on charges in the depart- ment.” 1 sold him the certificates all right, and he paid me $10,000. I be- lieved the certificates were good; they | still may be, though the company isn't looking very well now, but I didn’t mis- represent one existing fact. It was simply a case of judgment.” | What is the officer to do? The normal job is truly difficult enough. But the difficulties are over- whelmingly increased if the poison of politics enters in also. | Higher Powers Inteffere. A few years ago a friend of mine | was writing & book on police systems in | America. I was then in office in New | York. I gave him letters to police | heads in various cities. On presenting one of these letters to | the chi:f of police in a Middle Western | city he was cordially greeted: “Going | to write a book, are you? About police | in American cities? ‘Want to loak over | my force, do you? Well, that's all right, I'm glad to have you. Just as well you | didn't come last month, though, for I have reorganiz-d the force. Got it done Dow and there ain't a damn Republican on i1 How does the interjection of politics poison a police force? o ‘The job of the police is to maintain law and order, preserve life and prop- erty. If they go at this in an intelli- gent, honest and stra'ghtforward way, @ police force can give good service to a city. Political influsnce in the force, however, prevents the police from going about their job in a workmanlike way. If they arrest some one who has strong enough political influcnce, they themselves in trouble st once. But they probably will not arrest him, for they will have heard—even the very new patrolmen will have heard from their colleagues—that they must watch their step and take no chancds on in- terfering with men, or in affairs, which are “in right” with the authorities. Police Held Only Pawns. ‘The efTect of this is to hamstring the force. cy won't get into trouble if they keep out of the way when trouble occurs, for no one would be likely to find out anything about it. If they take part in the rumpus, however, if they make an arrest, they never can tell whose friend they may be interfer- ing with. By far the safest course is not to interfere. Considering the throttling effect poli- tics has on the operation of a police force, the wonder is not that a city where political influence is rife in police affairs 18 se badly policed, but that it is policed as well as it is! A policeman once put it to me, “Com- missioner, if you don't mind my saying s0, the biggest thing you have done in office is to make us cops dare to do our duty.” The policeman isn't much more than a pawn in the game. If he makes a false step he has got superior officers down on him, and he may also have the united force against him of district torneys, police magistrates, district leaders and the mayor himsclf. Who can blame the policeman for shirking difficult duty under such conditions? | It is hardly worth while to try to in- troduce better practices, betier tech- nique, better police methods into a de- partment if the men are nct free from political hobbies, are not free to use im- provements freely and professionally in -order to help them achieve their sworn duty to the public. It makes little difference how good police methods may be if the policemen are not allowed to use them, “Old Days” Falsely Appraised. People talk of the good cld days, and | often we hear the wish expressed that | thev might return so that the town could be well policed again. Reminis- cences are indulged in as to the days when cops were cops, tough-fisted, hard boiled, relentless on the irail. Examples are cited as to desperate criminals who were brought in, much the wogse for wear. One cannot deny that In thes: good old days many a criminal was brought in who was wanted for serious crime and who apparently had been hard to detect. Seemingly insoluble cases were solved. Murderers and other desperate criminals who had fled the city were traced, cne might say, to the remote parts of the earth, and were brought back. Miraculous recoveries were made of stolen property, and although the public knew something and suspected more as to the brutality of police meth- ods, they were rather prone to believe that such methods, thi>d degree, etc., were necessary in deiaog with such de- praved characters, and that the results in running down eriminals and recover- ing stolen property justified the methods. The mistake that was made in ap- praising police work in this way was that the success of the police was at- tributed to the wrong reason. It was not their tough fistedness or their brutal methods or their deductive skill of reasoning that brought such success as they attained. The success of the policemen of the good old days was due to his partner- ship with crime. This partnership with crime was made possible by his other partnership—that with politicians, as represented by the dominant political party of the time and by the other branches of the city government. Old Crime Alliance Changes. No wonder detectives can get results when their partners are the crooks. perships are simple. ide (1) if he sgll".! up thieves of course onest) with hig partners, the police, aljd (3) if hy across and gives pme {of letting them sec parent, yet in spite of all these diffi- culties Roosevelt’s singleness of pur- pose and his smashing attack on crime gave a body bicw to the system. Since that time (here has been substantial improvement, various administrations contributing largely and the ground not being wholly lost between times. As the development goes on, it is difficuit to employ the old methods of partisanship between pclice and erim- inals, for there is no longer mutual advantage, The policeman under the new system can no longer safely pro- tect the criminal, and if this cannot be done, if the criminal cannot, so to speak, be financed to thieve under certain conditions, then there is noth- ing to give the crcok in return for his services as a member of the part- nership of politician, policeman and crook. The bonds that held this liance together have been weakened: and this is one of the reasons why | police work seems not so successful as { it was In the good old days. Informants Paid Now. As the police have been deprived more and more of the services of the crooks in doing their detective work, there have been interesting developments. In the first place, gangs of profes- | slonal thieves, failing to get the pro- tection to which they were accustomed and felt justly entitled, moved to other cities, and more and more the places of the professional old-timers were taken by young offenders, rather new {in the criminal ranks, who worked “on their own.” Also, the police, deprived of their partners, were not able to get the information about renegades from | justice and about stolen' property upon which they had always relied to solve their cases. Why should a criminal give any information to the police if the police did nothing for him? And in- formation from stool pigeons was the method by which the police worked. Without this their work seemed futile, ‘The only answer was either to use informants as well as they could and pay them for their information instead their pay for themselves in their own highly efficient manner, or to resort to new methods— observation, deduction, scientific meth- ods of all kinds. Graft Total Stupendous. ‘The period of transition has been a difficult one. I remember one occasion when a couple of our best pickpockets, men of international reputation, mas- polloe hendquariers. " ieating that ey police uarters. had been taken into custody, I had them brought into my office and spoke to them something like this: “Boys, we have got nothing on you, and we are going to treat you right as long as you will promise to leave town and not m'x%le‘ back 'hue"e ::e on the job. at being so, I want you to tell me honestly how much it would be worth t0 you if you were let loose in this town and weren't bothered.” ‘Their eyes brightened. “If the bulls would let us alone on that corner for a year it would be worth $10,000' to them. We don’t care about the uniformed men; we can take our chance with them. The $10.000 :nuld be for protection from the detec- ves.” If one muitiplies that $10,000 by the number of corners, entrances and other strategic locations for pickpockets to work that exist in New York City, one can readily see something of the finances of the good old days. Still Same Old Story. It is still the same old story. There is no use in blinking the fact or in trying to fool ourselves that make- shifts will succeed. A big city cannot be properly policed unless the policing of it is made a professional affair. By that I mean that the policeman must be just as free and untrammeled to do his work as is a surgeon in a hospital. The conditions must be such that nothing will appeal to a policeman ex- cept doing his job as well as it can be done. The rewards that come to policemen must tome to them because they do their work well and not be- cause they have friends or influence. In New York and many other big cities there is little incentive to do the job well. There is little that a com- missioner can do to reward a man who tried to do his job well. Promotion, and this is a most important considera- tion, comes not to those who have earned it by their work, but to those who are successful at passing a civil service test. The test does not take into account the very qualities which should determine promotion. It does not test honesty, courage, initiative, leadership. It can be passed by the clever shirker who is skillfully tutored by a professional coach far more suc- cessfully than it can by the straight- forward, hard working policeman who is trying to do his duty to the public. Native Population Growing in Hawaii HONOLULU.—There are more per- sons of Hawaiian blood (Hawaiians and part-Hawailans) in_the islands today than there were in 1920, and there are almost as many pure-bloodes Hibaioas as there were 10 years ago, it was re- vealed by a detailed tabulation of the 1930 United States census figures the Territory of Hawali. There e 50,860 Hawailans and part-Hemwilans, of which number 22,636 gre pure-blood- . 'The census in 19« listed 41,750 Hawaiians and part-Bawalians, includ- ing 23,723 pure-blcoded Hawaiians. The population of the country is 368,336, an increase of 43.8 ner cent over 1920. In addition to th: Hawalians and part Hawalians, Hawaii’s population is made up largely of Caucaslan “whites” and Japanese, a majority = <om were born in Hawali and are therefore United States citizens. Other inter- esting facts revealed by this detailed tabulation of the census in Hawaii in- dicate that there are tnree men fv every two women in the islands. &7 the girls and women over 15 years T age, 67 per cent have been married: only 1 2-10 per cent have been divorced. ‘There.are 86,794 unmarried males over 15 years of age. L BT AN Germany Leads World In Suicide Percentage BERLIN.—Germany still leads the world in suicides. Sixteen thousand and thirty - six Germans committed suicide in 1828, according to the latest’ statistics. This means an average of 44 suicides every day, or 39 per 100,000 inhabitants. The ratio is 12 in Great a““mll. 13 in the United States and 16 nce. During the last two years the num- ber of suicides has considerably . t ok or restores stolen p the police tell him that he JWill not tell him that he hi cres to t! in Germany, ibly pid increase of unemploy)