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CHILD LABOR UNEMPLOYME AGGRAVATES] NT SITUATION Educators Find Total of Working Chil- dren Exceeds Number of Jobless Adults in Normal Times. NEMPLOYMENT in the United States is serfously aggravated by existing child labor con- ditions. i Unemployment, the social menace which now challenges the at- tention of the entire world, is no new problem. Although the present crucial conditions more seriously imperil the prosperity of the Nation than at any recent time, the United States suffers from unemployment not only as an epi- demic but also as a chronic complaint. The Committee on Recent Economic Changes of the President’s Committee on Unemployment in non-agricultural pursuits in 1927 was 2,055,000. Even in years noted for their general prosperity and business activity, such as 1920, 1923 and 1926, this committee of expert economists found “a persistent and large volume of unemployment.” Children Suffer Doubly. ‘This situation offers an interesting paradox, for while many persons who should be at work cannot find jobs, about an equal number who might well be in school are employed in gain- ful occupations. Children suffer doubly ‘when unemployment strikes the family. On the one hand, enforced idleness for the father may send children into in- dustry when they should be in school. (At the same time, the destroyed or de- pleted family income may lead to mal- nutrition, poor housing, lack of medical care, and bad social conditions which may handicap the child for all his future life. | ‘The best estimate that can be made of the extent of child labor in the United States at the present time in- dicates that if children of school age were relieved from wage earning and n the educational opportunities en- by their more favored compan- , some 200,000 jobs would be opened up to relieve the present situation. In short, setting aside the present crisis, there are normally more children at work than there are unemployed adults ‘who are seeking work. 27,700,000 in School. Tt is desirahle to indicate briefly the basis on which the foregoing statement is made. No statistics for gainfully em- ployed persons of a nation-wide char- acter are available for a more recent year than 1920, when the fourteenth census returns were collected. Pending the complete returns of the 1930 census, it is necessary to make estimates in round numbers which will furnish a working basis for determining the num- ber of employed children in this country. ‘There were in the United States in 19328, the last year for which reliable estimates are available, 31,000,000 chil- dren. This includes all those who have their fifth birthday and who ive not yet reached their eighteenth birthday. Of these 31,000,000 children, 25,000,000 are enrolled in public ele- mentary and secondary schools. In ad- dition to the public school enrollment, r.rodxhl and private schools enroll ,500,000 more. Special schools, such as sch industrial schools for delinquents and State schools for the deaf, blind and subnormal, claim an ad- ditional 200,000. Of our 31,000,000 children, therefore, some 27,700,000 are enrolled in school, although many of these are consistent ‘wage earners and are in regular attend- ance for only a fraction of the full term. ‘This means that some 3,300,000 are not enrolled in elementary or secondary schools. How many of this number are en; in gainful employment and how many are out of school for other rea- sons it is impossible to say with a high degree of accuracy. Nevertheless, it is desirable to attempt an approximation. Reasons for Non-attendance. ‘These are the four chief reasons why children may not be enrolled in public or parochial schools of less than college grade: 1. Younger children may not be en- lled ble schools are not rrenu do not care to send them, and because they have not yet reached the age of com- attendance. 2. A small number of delinquent and defective children are not in the public schools. Some of these are in special institutions; others are at home. 3. n?hdchml graduates under 18 years of age may be either in college or at work. In this article boys and girls who are high-school graduates are not included in the group of gainfully em- ployed children. 4. Many children are out of school be- cause they are gainfully employed or because they are seeking gainful em- Pployment. . In the absence of comprehensive sta- tistics we mus} attempt to determine the size of the f group by subtracting from the total number of children out of school those comprised in the first Entrance Age Lowered. spite of the fact that kindergar- are growing in popularity and that general trend is to lower the com- pulsory age for entering school, there still a goodly number of young chil- n who are not yet entered in schools. 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 year olds in the United States number some 13,000,000, of whom approximately 12,100,000 are enrolled in private or public schools. means that about 900,000 young children are out of school because they have not reached the age at which | school sttendance is compulsory. The | number of children older than 9 years | ‘who are out of school for this reason is negligible, Most States fix 6 or 7 Mm as the latest time for entering ‘The process used to determine how many young children have not yet en- tered school will not be described in detail. It is based upon statistics of enrollment by grades, the distribution of children of various ages among this enrollment and the age distribution of | children not enrolled in schools. | number of juvenile delinquents | n special institutions in 1923 was re- by the United States Census Bu- reau at 27.000. The White House Con- ference on Child Health and Protection reports about 8,000 totally blind chil- dren out of school. Estimates on simi- lar groups of deaf, seriously crippled and feeble-minded children would bring the total to perhaps 100,000 children who are 8o seriously handicapped or delinquent that they are neither em- E:yded nor enrolled in schools of any Summary of Enroliments. ‘The high schools of the country are graduating nearly 500,000 boys and girls every year. Studies of individual States and cities indicate that somewhat more than one-third of these are under 18 of age. We may fairly assume it not many more ¢han 180,000 high u:hoolnlgnculm are less than 18 years old. We may summarize the preceding analysis in this brief table: hildren 6 to 17 years of sse..... 31,000,000 rolled in public ele- mentary and hish Total gut ot school, bui nol em- I number ‘of empioye dren, 5-17 years of sse. table is frankly an |the sl S e SO heless, the possible presence of rela~ tively small errors should not the significant social facts that it por- trays. When every allowance is made for possible errors of fact and interpre- tation, the stubborn truth still emerges. Even under normal conditions there are more gainfully employed children in the United States than there are job- less men. ‘Would Open More Jobs. ‘What would happen if these 2,120,000 young Americans were taken out of machine shops and glass factories, tak- en out of canneries and cotton mills, taken off delivery trucks and out of hotel elevators, taken from behind store counters and out of coal mines and placed in school? Perhaps one of the most_important, and certainly one of the wmost immediate, results would be to vacate jobs for about an equal num- ber of men and women who are now seeking them. If this great shift could be accomplished it would create as many jobs as the normal average un- employment as determined by the Presi- dent’s committee. Nor would the opening up of new jobs stop with merely replacing these boys and girls. To instruct this new army in the schools would require at least 80,000 additional teachers and 20,000 new school employes of other types. Hundreds of new 'school build- ings would be required, and this would in turn stimulate the building indus- try and give jobs to tens of thousapda more. Social Factors Great Nothing has been said here of the advantages to the boys ard girls them- selves in enriched lives, broader con- tacts, better health and more produc- tive vocational training. Nothgm has been said of the advantages to the Nation and to the taxpayers in cutting down juvenile crime due to too early employment and in cutting down old- age dependency due to lack of a skilled trade. Nothing has been said of the advantage to political life of a better trained citizenry. All of these things are of fundamental importance, but we are concerned just now only with the relationship between child labor and unemployment. The suggestion that children should be zlaeed in school and leave gainful work for adults is made with full rec- ognition of the difficulties involved in carrying it out. It is agreed that many child laborers are at work because they themselves or their families need the money; but of what advantage is it for a child to work if by doing so he displaces a perfectly able-bodied father? Furthermore, a very considerable pro- portion of child labor is not done be- cause of poverty but for other reasons. In any case it is no part of a child’s responsibility to support his parents at a time when he should be laying the foundation for his own life. The relief of poverty is a function which should not be imposed to deprive a single child of a complete educational opportunity because of the poverty of his parents. Schools Could Adapt Selves. To quote one of the reports of the recent White House Conference on Child Health and Protection, “Child d | Situation in 1931. Great Evils of the Dole Politics and Fraud Have Gripped Unemployment Scheme in England. BY C. PATRICK THOMPSON. \WENTY years ago unemployment insurance was adopted in Eng- land. It was going to iron out the unemployment situation caused by the advance of a ma- chine civilization. Statesmen and econ- omists hailed is as a reform destined to invigorate and nourish the industrialized state. Now, under its first real test, it is behaving like an abscess under the national tooth, seeping poison intq the national blood stream, sapping T, vitality and morale. The remedy is obvious. Have the tooth out. But there is a difficulty. It is a difficulty not iar to England, but of interest to all democratic pegples who themselves have industrial civiliza- tions nx;ld 'ihe employment problems arising therefrom. Thlsmlcll.ns lrl‘lnd the patient be- ing politicians, not scientists, cannot agree either on diagnosis or treatment. | Says one, “Poor fellow, the shock would be too much for his nervous system.” Says another, “We must be careful or complications may set in.” Saysa third, voicing & common apprehension, “He's & powerful, violent fellow. Suggest the dentist and he may start up and break our political necks.” Meantime, the patient groans, curses and complains, and the poison goes on working. How far the damage to the general organism has gone is one of the chief topics of debate among the patient’s friends. The patient also is conducting an intensive self-examination. The dam- age to his pocket is less obscure. Sol- vent on this disease account until a year or two ago, he has abruptly plunged into debt to the tune of $350,000,000. His expenditure on this account exceeds his income by $3,500,000 a week. He averts his mind from a contemplation of the ‘The only ocertainty he or any one else can perceive is that unles she gets that abscess attended to labor must wait on child welfare. * * * No economic need in prosperous Amer- ica can be urged as justification for rob- bing a child of his.childhood.” It will also be said that the schools are not prepared to accept and to min- ister to the needs of these 2,000,000 chiid workers. In a limited sense this is true. Our present educational sys- tem is not perfectly adjusted to the needs of many of this group. But the schools have already shown their ability to adapt their program to a rapidly increasing and cl enrollment. Everything points to making further adaptations as the means and the opportunities for in- e their service are made avail- Let it be understood that in suggest- ing that the child workers return to the schools there is no thought that all will be marched through a narrow and traditional curriculum. Many of them should be given a manual or voca- tional training which in itself would be a tyg’-nor work, but it should be work in which the major purpose is to develop the individual and not chiefly to in- crease production and profits. Tax Fears Scouted. But it will cost too much! We shall be ruined by the taxes! Lo, a fable: An old gentleman had amassed a comfortable fortune of some $350,000,- 000,000. His income, steadily increas- ing, touched ninety billions a year. He had nearly thirty billions in the savings banks. Over twelve billions a year he spent for his automobiles and about six billions went for such luxuries as candy, theater tickets, cosmetics, and soft drinks. He spent a little over two billion a year for tobacco and slightly more than that amount for the educa- tion of his numerous children. Some of these children were fortu- nate and the old chap gave them a magnificent educational opportunity, an opportunity which he never failed to mention when comparing himself with his neighbors. The old gentleman also asserted roundly that each one of his children was equally dear and precious to him. He tolerated no distinction be- tween them, although it was a notorious fact that many of them were getting an inferior education or no education at all. When his attention was called to this latter group, he always said that he couldn’t possibly afford to spend any more money on them than he was al- ready spending. These undereducated children caused Uncle Sam a great deal of trouble. They frequently grew up to be poor BY HENRY W. BUNN. HE following is a brief summary of the most important news of the world for the seven days ended Deo‘emser‘fl‘. 1930: THE BRITISH COMMONWEALTH OF NATIONS.—The electoral reform bill. to be introduced after the Christ- mas recess, besides its main feature of an alternative vote, will propose aboli- tion of the university seats, almost al- ways held by Conservatives, with now and then a Liberal interloper. The great Albert Einstein has accept- ed the invitation of Oxford University and the Rhodes trustees to be the Rhodes Memorial lecturer at Oxford hext year. December 5 was the 100th anniver- sary of the birth of Christina Rossetti; certainly the greatest since Sappho, and, though not in the first class of British bards, eminent in the second. Miss Rossetti had a sense of physical beauty and the pied and opulent aspects of nature that might seem a oW~ back to some ancestress of the Italian renaissance, but opposed by a religious conscience of almost unexampled rigid- ity. It is the clash of these opposites that produces her unique charm. Con- ;f:un;:numm.e oo Lorsts. wammimelss e urge mmels; result, the sensuous display in startling relief and the pathos and poignancy terribly intensified by contrast. The crowning mmplean,i’ this kind is the young Christina a vein of puckishness which found al- in the lyric ballad “Joblin Market,” one of the few successful glamour stories in verse, sui generis, delightful. Conscience blocked further outlet for that vein. ‘The merit of Christina Rossetti as a sonneteer has not sufficiently been recognized. Here again she may be thought to have harked back to Italian forbears. Her sonnets have, with concinnity and nice articulation a very rare quality of naturalness. Success with the sonnet presupposes extraordi- nary capacity of mental concentration along with several other of Miss Rossetti's sonnets deserve rubrication. workmen and many of them ran afoul of the law, thus involving their guardian in great expense. They were frequently out of work and constantly threatened the domestic peace of the family. Still, Uncle Sam, who prided himself on his shrewd business acumen, insisted that he could do no more for them than he was already doing. Would Increase Cost 10 Per Cent. ‘The people of the United States spend about $2,500,000,000, or 2.4 per cent of all their income, for the public element- ary and secondary education of 25,000, 000 children. The 2,000,000 child labor- ers would, for the most part, require education at the secondary level, and this is somewhat more expensive than the average. But the addition of the cost of educating these children to the present school costs would certainly not swell the total by more than 10 per cent, or $250,000,000. This would make the total cost of public schools amount to about $2,750,- 000,000, or 3.1 per cent, instead of 2.4 one is to shut one’s eyes to the case. As far as cost is concerned, America can easily afford to provide a complete and varied elementary and sec- ondary educational opportunity for all its children. Pinally, it will be urged that industry and agriculture cannot be conducted without the labor of youths and chil- dren. This is a familiar cry. It is the echo of what was said when the lea age was set at 14, and again when it is being lifted to 16, but more stringent child labor laws have been passed and business has flourished under m. As & matter of fact, business, industry ulture would be better off in - But, of course, it is by the best of her lyrics that Christina Rossetti may most hopefully defy all-eating time. Of the Victorians who but Tennyson and Swinburne may take the pas of her? Notice the great variety of measures, the delicacy yet sureness of touch, the ichness of intellectual content, the spontaneity. She has something to say and is emotionally impelled to say it. For chiming, echoing cadences she rivals Poe and Tennyson. In mono- rhyme she stands alone. Swinburne was beholden to her for some of his most exquisite turns and fashions. The coplousness of effects is extraordinary. She is very little imitative, but as you read, “Blake might have written that,” you say. “Why, here are some versicles of St. Prancis.” “This elegiac strain, ’tis Collins, I'll be bound” and “this translucence, Chinese, Tao Chien him- self, one looks right through to Tao.” ‘To be sure, I have run on uncon- I felt driven to say & | word for an outrageously neglected genius. This transcendent glory of her me. | Sex has not received her mead of cen- OTS. 1d not be fair to let the year go by without noting that it is the 300th year since the birth of Charles Cotton, author of a “Second Part” (on fly fishing) to Walton's “Complete Angler” and of some pleasant poems, and notable translator of Montaigne'’s essays, Viscount Willingdon, about to as governor general of Ci ted to succeed Lord Irwin of India upon the latter’s retirement in the March. the peerage promoted viscount in 1 * Xk ¥ % mm.mu FREE ETAE.—'I?QMS‘):HIBM ver ~electric talla - mmm Aflm& end of the first year of operation on the in 1910, bei 924, e he is going to get worse before he gets better, and he may be permanently weakened because of it. ‘We now may say good-by to the met- aphor and note that a list of unsatis- factory points disclosed by the dole system under its first big test would fill l‘l’&mh columns, Glance at the high its: It tempts employers to work short time and throw the cost of maintaining their workpeople on the fund. It tends to make unscrupulous employers and employes try to extract as much as they can from the fund. It tends to demor- alize youth by making him a dole drawer {from the age of 16) before he has time to become a wage earner. It keeps at home a younger generation who ought (in an overcrowded island) to be think- ing of migrating. It gives seasonal workers pocket money when they ought to be rousting about for other jobs. It saps the workers’ independence, sense of thrift and self-reliance. It maintains married women who ought to be kept by their husbands. It tempts the weak and foolish into petty fraud. It encour- ages labor immobility at a time which loudly demands labor mobility, and makes it increasingly difficult for em- ployers getting under way with new en- eighty-million pounds of capital invest- ed seems fairly assured, a very satis- factory showing indeed. The adminis- tration is by a board appointed by the Irish Free State Parllament; which board is given a free hand. In the teeth of much adverse criticism, it appears to doing its 'Ut'kl ‘with _disinter- be towns by elec- tricity generated in the Limerick power house, and 30 will son be added. It is e)'llgemd that by the year’s end, two of e three turbines will be fully loaded. The public is immensely inter- ested. In some villages practically all houses are lighted by electricity and the demand for electric heaters and other such appliances grows leapingly. About 55 per cent of the consumption is for industrial motive power. In- crease of sueh demand waits upon the time when Ireland shall have become i:lxduan:.:gy minded, ;hlch #fl not uzet; herefore some repine, wi thank God. = AREE ‘The popular provision of electric light is having an extraordinary effect by way of encouragement of reading, and the lighting of the streets at night, in place of former frebus, effects a This unemployment insurance sys- tem, the so-called dole, which England operates in an attempt to insulate her people from the shocks of recurrent slumps in the trade cycle, represents the latest stage in an organic growth which began with the rise of machine indus- trialism last century. Back in last century we find the trade unions and friendly societies pioneering t unemployment. It big discoveries that the early organizers made. They found they —Drawn for The Sunday Btar by Stockton Mulford. terprises to get the skilled labor that they need, and encolirages labor spe- cialization in an age which more an more demands the adaptable all-around man. Burden Put en Energetic. It docks the wages of the fully em- ployed and the energetic and the ver- satile worl and pays the money into an insolvent fund, whence a good proportion of it is doled out to unem- ployables, scamps, who have been unemployed for many months and have properly fallen out of the insur- ance scheme altogether, thriftless work- men who have earned good wages and not saved, a large body of permanent unemployed who will get jobs again in their special but refuse to uproot, boys and girls of 16 and 17 who are offered (to their surprise) something for nothing by the State and take it. This appears to be & formidable in- dictment, but we_ are concerned with liabilities which have been ex- posed. On the asset side one may say generally that the smooth working of genuine relief can too easily be u-lr&w.'n into shadow by the strong light it beats upon the abuse of the dole. It never flelds soclal transformation. The fairies, be- like, are banished, but so too are less deglnble . the present economic cont Free State is happier than Great Britain, happler than that Northern Ireland. In periods of dustrial slump the advantages of pre- dominantly agricultural economy are apparent. Northern Ireland is terribly hit by the slump in shipbuilding and linen manufacture, while the saturnian South plods on much as usual. The only large-scale manufacturing indus- try in the South is the Ford plant in Cork. Since June that plant has been in the doldrums, but bright days soon ahead are expected. Dairying and stock raising, despite adverse conditions, seem to be holding up very well. * x x x FRANCE. —The French Chamber numbers 575. The new government's precarious majority includes about 120 radical Socialists and 100 unified So- clalists, the rest being Left Centrists of this or that smaller group. There was little definite accomplish- ment in the late session of the French Parliament. Discussion of the coming budget was started, so also of the na- VICTORY BY BRUCE BARTON HEN I was working at my first job in Chicago, I had the good fortune to meet the general manager of one of the biggest businesses. He was kind to me. In Summer, when his family was away, I spent many evenings with him on his front porch. He taught me things useful to know. One night he said there had been a serious rumpus in_his office that afternoon. He had committed the corporation to a transaction which lost a lot of money. It was an error in judgment, and he had, made a full report to the directors. As he finished, one rich old director took a sarcastic fling at him. “You don’t seem to be very worried about this thing,” he said. My friend shot back a de- cisive answer. “You gentle- men pay for my time, my ene and my judgment, which is sometimes good and occasionally bad. You do not pay me any money to worry about your business. I do the very best I can, but when I have done that I go home and sleer. All the worry in_ the world wouldn’t add a nickel to_your profits.” When_Calvin Coolidge be- came. President, a friend went down to talk to him about a certain measure. “It may have a great influence on your renomination,” he said. Coolidge answered: “It is not necessary that I should be renominated. If I live to fill out President Harding’s term I shall have been President nearly three years. That is a great honor for any man. I am not thinking about re- . My job is to do the best I can.” I tell these two storles be- cause they seem to me to represent real success, as con- trasted with the tragic failure of many rich and noted men. Such men fight hard for money or position and, havin, m\llred t, they are baffle depressed to discover that it gives them no pleasure. They say: “I've got all that life can give, and I am not happdy." They do not under- stand that what they have achieved is not victory, but merely some of the trappings that are the occasional, but by no means universal, evi- dence of victory. Socrates, who was poor and was condemned to death by his fellow townsmen, never had any doubt as to the real goal of living: “I, therefore, Callicles, am persuaded by these accounts, and consider how I may ex- hibit my soul before the judge in a healthy condition. ere- fore, disregarding the honors that most men value, and looking to the truth, I shall endeavor in reality to live as virtuously as I can; and when die, to die so. And I invite all other men, to the utmost of my power; and you too I in turn invite to whicl d worth having; life is more comfortable with them in the modern world. But the real fight is not for honors, but for peace inside one’s own soul. He who has achieved that, in any position, has won the victory. (Copyright, 1930.) could get new members and hold trade societies together by helping their mem- bers in seeking employment and by making allowances to them in seasons of slack trade. There were no abuses MAJOR GAINS OF SCIENCE IN 1930 SEEN IN RADIO Contrasts With 1928, When Experimenta: - tion Led, and 1929, Which Showed : Dearth of Real Achievement. BY H. H. SHELDON, Professor of Physics, New York University. T is difficult to look back upon a year, not yet past, and to evaluate, with proper perspective, its scien- tific accomplishments. It seems safe to predict that a reviewer five years from now would agree that 1930 has been notable chiefly in engineering rather than in the pure sclence. And it one were to look farther into the achievements of the year he should probably again agree with the present reviewer in presenting the medal of honor, if there were one, to the com- m‘;nhum ellt.l with bef en one ore each of which is nlledu"l?il but & g::-' line mention of each of the great ac- complishments, one might easily say that this must have been the greatest of all years for sclentific achievement. This may be so, although last year was characterized as showing a dearth of real sclentific achievement. The before, tions in pure science. Rapid Strides Made. Let us see why we have chosen the fleld of communications for first honors, a fitting choice in the tenth year of broadcasting. Broadcasting itself has taken rapid strides; the general use of screen-grid tubes in receivers has im- proved the reproduction of programs to such an extent that there seems no room for further improvément. Yet further improvement is certain to come! Already there has been exhibited the first pentode receivers, which results which even the screen grid can never hope to attain. The introduction of radio in automobiles promises to keep us in touch with the world wherever our devious ways may take us. None of these things mentioned are new; they are difficult achievements which the engineer has been able to perfect with materials already at hand. Another such achievement, more dif- » | ficult than any of these, is the syn- to that. members, who had to work for the dol- lars and cents they contributed. The big saf were a walt- chronization of all stations carrying a chain program. This promises to clear the air for many more programs than now bfil It hnml:een ulzfzonuull¥ possil along a perfection of synchronization, such as to permit two 1o | or more stations to operate on the same live on his own reserves. That made him save against a rainy day and stopped him from looking on the union unemployment fund as a sort of rich uncle who would pay his debts when he got in a mess. ing the argument behind keep! benefit rate under the family subsistence scale was to increase the urge of the man to find work (some unions made a special traveling allowance to help their men look for work outside their home locality) and prevent him from dropping a wife and an unlimited number of chil- dren onto the union fund, in which all were interested. In brief, the worker had to stand on (Continued on Fifth Page.) A manifesto sald to be signed by thousands has been issued, as Iouow}:, “We the undersigned, taking cognizance of the charges brought against Alcala Zamora, Miguel Maura, Francesco Largo Caballero, Hernando Rice and others, because of the revolutionary manifesto signed, 1c declare that morally and materially in the spirit and letter of said manifesto plotted to ob- tain through a military and civil % the !ulflam and po!lfimlh “g today only possible un republic.” 5 army. * ok ok % JAPAN.—On December 24 the Japanese Diet began its fifty-ninth ses- sion. ~The Minseito party has a sub- stantial majority in the lower house; 267 seats gainst 191 for the other major tpl:ny' th i Premier Hama- Among matters to rallway policy in Manchuria, relations with Russia, (a led by recent Muscovite breaches of politesse), the cause of the recent uprising in Formosa, the budget (especially involving new naval con- struction) and measures to combat economic depression. R LATIN AMERICA.—The provisional government in Brazil is considering grand plans of economic rehabilitation and development; having especially in view reduction of illiteracy, taxation reform, improvement and expansion of communications (railways, roads, graphs, telephones, airways), financial reform, reconstruction of the agricul- tural economy (to include breaking up of great estates and large increase of the number of small land holdings, and to include considerable diversification of crops) and industrial expansion. The importance of reduction of illiter~ acy toward industrial expansion is s ciently obvious and, of course, modernity uires that the feudal system of larid dings should die the death. The fate of the overdevelopment of coffee culture (the coffee 'Ilflfl‘fi:n h:chmo as any moron might have foreseen, a flasco) whoopingly emphasizes the need of diversification of agricultura: pro- duction. ‘The 1920 census Mo:d over 75 ‘The total of railway r mileage is only 16,000. Not much for a | fi country whose area exceeds that of con- tinental United States exclusive of Alaska; and the tion (42,000,000 is small in a like Brasil is ulo, Brazil, the ni ing been increased by 15,000 within the past three years. Most of them are engaged in coffee culture, though some devote themselves to rice and cotton; Dncund‘.l‘:‘ln are dof well. Argenf e 11 shonthe wave length with the same program without the usual squealing, is a truly remarkable achievement. Probably the only strictly new d!;!r;; introduced by S. P. Grace in his lec- ture before the New York Electrical Society this Fall. The talking arc is not strictly new, having been known by the great telephone pioneer, Bell ‘The perfection of it to the point where it can be used as a loud speaker re- quired many new developments, how- ever. ‘This loud speaker holds great prom- ise, especially since it can reproduce all the higher overtones which are forever impossible to the ordinary type loud speaker because of the inertia of the moving parts. The year in radio is crowned by funds which have been given to create a radio center in New York. This pro- will blocks, Bell Telephone Co. Dr. E. F. W. Alexanderson has really new develoj Perhaps the in television comes from California chanical . uron a photo-electric surface, and the electrons, which come off from this, are focused upon an aperture by means of a changing magnetic field. The elec- trons which come from each element of rtal tele- E’ ears. ‘The er development ey 3 le | adopted by conserv surface are proportional in number to the intensity of light falling upon the surface, and each element in turn has its electrons passing through the aper- :uflr!. ‘The scene is thus scanned elec- the year s method of tele- it it v perecod wnd pu it was use on the C National Railways. Telephony from plane to plane and from plane to ground has become quite ‘common. ‘The dial telephone is coming into very ‘wide use and a method has heen devised whereby a dialed number coming into central, may be stored by an operator until she is ready for it, at which time the number is spoken to her the ‘mechanism. Transportation Advances. Next to communications there comes another division of the same thing, transportation. In this field perhaps special mention must go to the mono- rail. There was built near Edinborough, Scotland, & few miles of monorail, pro- peller driven. Much attention has been Sicens. Boroogh, - This proposttion has g} lon been studied by the lll!.gm itles in %flf some time and it now a ity that such a line will be built, construction perhaps to start in the near future. A stream lined propeller-driven car, designed by Dr. Kruckenberg, in Ger- many, has reached a speed of 100 miles an hour. It is unukel{uzhn the Queens Borough line, if it is built, will be pro- gelled in quite so radical a manner, owever. While advance in aeronautics has kept pace with other phases of trans- it has not been as great as ; the success of the airp] , the DO-X; the transatlantic crossing of the R-101 and the sad fate of the R-100, mark the major events. Speed Is Increased. Speed has been raised, as is evident by the accomplishments of Capt. Hawks and others—20 minutes from New York glan! umber hav- | St4dy. marine has been obtained and is being fitted for his purpose. i Dr. Rudolph Engelmann, a Germafn; is planning an undersea boat capable the bottcz for of traveling on ocean’s without coming to the surface much as eight days. All these thingy to give us information con= promf cerning the ocean’s bottom which will be not only interesting, but perhaps commercially profitable as well. Andree Find Thrilling. ¥4 ‘The discovery of the Andree Dll"{. which left in 1897 to over the pole in a balloon, 11 lnthnmnm{mmunm It is unf tunate that the heroism of this. party did not result in ter gain in scien- tific know] . It is one of those sas adventures which profited no one mus If Dr. George W. Crile has succeed: greal the understanding of life from other, directis lons. - Dr. Austin Clark has found that the wings of butterfiles, dead more that’ 25 years, still give off radiations that will affect a_ photographic plate. Surely this should furnish some cla,, as to the nature of life. Drs. E. G’ Wever and C. W. Bray of Princetom' have carried on a telephone convel tlmmm‘lnerveflberulrn the line. This gives us some idea of to look for an explanation éf transmissiol National Institute of Health through & mdtg' ‘15&.300 by ac ‘Governmerft sl nof as another evenk. in the fleld of medicine. o New Planet Found. . Astronomers got the thrill of a cens tury by the discovery of “Planet X" the young astronomer Clyde Tom- baugh. This has resulted in an in¥ WMMI‘Q interest in astronomy every« ‘The Adler Planetarium established this year in Chicago has received #' st stream of visitors. At this in=' of standing upon a prominence gazing up at a clear sky. By operation of a few dials the sky can portrayed as it appeared at any hour of any night, at any tude and lati® By S e ) at any fiture.” The establishment planetarium at Chicago is of great m ment to the study of astronomy in this- country. Perhaps it will be the means. of starting a crop of astronomers their way such as the world has before seen. 4 the introduction in drogenation line. While in fact, ‘This storage deserves its place among* the seven wonders of the age. b We are next promised coal from the. Already The scene is imagedl, g pl io" " posiiity. of sing iumiou. e y o a ¥ rorl t}l,\'e upper stories in order to nduu%. weight. ‘The Florida fruit fly has been abokr ished. A crystal clock has been devised that will keep correct time for 3, years to within a second. Dr. Kovarick" of Yale has made a new estimate of age of the earth through uranium-lead. Maxim i Gronen open open flash lig! vented; it has no noise, the flash it left. Dirac new ideas to our theory Claude has developed power from ocean's water. Mn has 3 and solved some more equations. G. M, Lewis has proposed a theory of two- way time. Prof. Goddard is continuing his study of rockets with the port of the Guggenheim foun o and of the Smithsonian Institution,. Max Vallier, the German rocket was killed in one of his own experid ments. The noise abatement committesi~ of New York is making headway. lady bugs are sold in capsules at a . cent apiece to prey upon the mealy bug, an orchard pest. Thus we advance! " Popular Science Interest. But there is one more thing that needs mention before we close the books on 1930—the tremendous popular in- terest that has been manifested con+~ cerning things sciengific. "y This is evident in the enormous sale . of books by¥such authorities as Eds ton, Jeans, etc. w #3% take any but imself. Perhaps this is cause such authorities as these ha: never before been induced to wril the public; or, ‘haps, their written, and written so welk; cause of the great interest that evident everywhere. The result %% E5 i FEE B nder | Nanking Government .. Plans Defense. Laws.” L seig‘é ] g