Evening Star Newspaper, August 10, 1930, Page 23

" issue " divides - and constitutes Part 2—8 Pages EUROPEAN PEACE HOPE - SEEMS RESTING ON UNITY Two Great Factions, One Wishing to| Maintain Versailles Boundaries and Other to Change Them. BY FRANK H. SIMONDS. HE past week, filled as it has been with the anniversaries of the several declarations of war whls’h the 16 years ago ushered in great oconflict, has inevitably mduced many comparisons between Europe of 1914 and 1930 and given new impetus to the discussion of the Eflpech for peace and war in the ture. ‘When one undertakes to compare or ‘eontrast contemporary Europe with that of half a generation ago, it is clear at once that there is a single difference at once striking and all important. The of the pre-war days was divided into twe armed camps. Six great pow- ers, three on either side, had been in collision for a decade and several pre- vious crises had narrowly missed pre- cipitating the catastrophe of 1914. ‘To the great powers were attached sevoral of the small. Serbia depended upon Russia, Bulgaria upon Austria, Greece was divided with a pro-German King and a pro-Anglo-French Prime ter. Rumania was nominally an liy of the Triple Alllance while actu- ally tending toward new_assoclation with the Triple Entente. Turkey had become a dependent of Germany. Examined more closely, it was clear that no common cause explained the existence of either group. Britain, fearful of the German naval challenge, had no quarrel with Austria, nor had France, whose policy and purpose were dominated by the memories of Alsace- Lorraiae. Russia had no real griev- ance with Germany, but was engaged in & bitter struggle with Austria for power in toe Balkans. Challenge to France. Yet while it was the fate of Russia’s ege, Serbia, actually to precipitate deluge, the German challenge to France in Morocco at the moment of both the Tangler incident and the episode almost produced the general conflict. For 10 years, from the Kaiser’s landing at Tangier to the archduke's assassination at Serajevo, peace had been balanced on the edge of a knife, and the conflict between the two armed camps daily became more probable. In the Europe of today it is manifest that no such balance between powers exists, no Triple Alliance faces a Triple Entente. Russia temporarily has disap- peared from the picture. Great Britain and Germany have made peace over the vanished German fleet. France and Germany, through Locarno, have ac- cepted the frontiers of 1919 as between themselves. Austria has dissolved into nts, Only between France and exists any such tension as marked Anglo-German, Franco-German and ‘Rllllbhufiflln rrlations before August , 1914. Nevertheless, if one looks beneath the surface, it is clear that there does exist at least one great system of t is even more rtant, one great to two camj one of which heavily armed, - other in the main forcibly disarmed by virtue of defeat in the last war and terms of the peace ‘The contemporary system of alliances s, of course, that which centers about Prance and indudes the states of the Little Entente, Rumania, Jugoslavia and Cezechoslovakia, together with Poland and Belgium. This alliance keeps on foot ,standing armies numbering well a million. In fact, it owns all the considerable conscript armies on the Continent save the Italian, which i formidable, and the Russian, which &t the moment is not. Backbone of Coalition. ‘While the European army of Prance has been cut in half since the pre-war days, it is still the most considerable, the backbone of the coalition, as it is in addition the chief mainstay of the system of frontiers created at the Paris Peace Conference. ‘The issue which divides Europe today is patently that of frontiers. France and her allies stand squarely for the maintenance of the status quo, because French security and the very existence of several of the smaller states in the coalition would be menaced by any re- vision of the treaties; for any revision ‘would necessarily increase tthe area and population of Germany at the expense of Poland and Czechoslovakia, and in the same fashion diminish all three of the little entente states to the profit of Hungary, and Rumania and Jugo- slavia to the advantage of Bulgaria. Germany, Hungary and Bulgaria, the beaten powers of the war, steadfastly refuse to accept as permanent the present frontiers, which have deprived Germany of Danzig, the Polish Corridor and Upper Silesia, Hungary of two- thirds of her former area and popula- tion, and Bulgaria of Macedonia. ant for revision, too, is Lithuania, which claims Vilna. Since revision could only come following war, and be- cause Germany, Hungary and Bulgaria a:- today disarmed and powerless to carry on a new struggle, the issue does not at the moment directly threaten are themselves unable to make head against the French coalition, it is nev- ertheless patent that these states in alliance either with Italy or with Rus- sia might constitute an effective coun- terbalance to the French combination. Moreover, it is plain that for several years Mussolini has been deliberately striving to bring off some form of Italo- German combination, along with a Bal- kan system which should counterbal- ance the little entente. To the Fascist mind the most promising development would be an anti-French coalition be- tween Italy and Germany, with Italy, today the stronger military state, the dominating factor. Refusals by Germany. So far, however, the Germans have refused all gestures made in Rome. The reason has been twofold. In the first place, until German territory had been evacuated Germany was in no position to provoke French reprisal. In the second, the Germans still recall with bitterness the course of Italy in 1914-15, and have no present intention to enter upon & new contract with an old part- ner who, to the German mind, betrayed her ally in 1914, And just as long as Germany holds to this policy no really effective anti- FPrench combination is possible. On the other hand, one must recognize the ever-present temptation of the Ger- mans, determined as they are to achieve a revision of their eastern frontiers, to give ear to the voice which from the Roman hills daily urges an alliance based upon the principle of treaty re- vision. ‘Thus the great question which faces the world is whether Europe will pres- ently drift back into pre-war condition on which two armed camps will repro- duce the situation of 1914 or will find some peaceful means of adjusting the great issue, which is the preservation or amendment of the peace treaties. ‘When one contrasts the Europe of today with that of 16 years ago it is obvious that one great cl e is dis- closed in the existence of® the League of Nations. It must be recognized, however, that considerable as has been the achievement of the League, it has in the nature of things been unable to do anything to abolish these issues, this supreme issue, which divides European powers, Revision of the peace treaties can come only by war or by voluntary renunciation- by one set of states of territory actually possessed. It is obviously possible, therefore, that in the next few years we may see Europe again resolve itself into rival groups of powers; that Italy and Ger- many, perhaps with the support of Rus- sia, may presently ¢hallenge France, the little entente and Poland on the issue of revision against the status quo. All the material out of which wars are made is ready to hand. No War Settiement. On the other hand, it is clear that no war could conceivably permanently settle the questions involved. The ter- ritories which are involved have been the prize of victory and the price of defeat before. A new set of powers would infallibly undertake to challenge any new set of frontiers created after another struggle. And Europe might easily be ruined once and for all as a resuit of-the general war which would certainly attend any effort at revision today or tomorrow. Percelving this, European statesman have filled this post-war period with proposals for co-operation, culminating for the moment in the project of M. Briand for a United States of Europe. It is easy to be cynical over this or any other concrete proposal, yet it is clear that the very existence and multiplica- tion of such proposals, all based upon the notion of co-operation, indicates that lu.m&el.n minds are wrestling with the terrible problem. On this sixteenth anniversary the great division in Europe is becoming| clear. The possibilities for war and | peace are assuming a material rather| than a moral aspect. If one may say| it, the problem is taking on the aspect more of a disease than a| crime, more of an unfortunate inheri-| tance than a deliberate choice. Today | the situation is still in flux. If pres- | ently the new Europe shall take form rigidly divided between powers who would keep what they posesse and those | who would recover what they once held, | the return to the status of 1914 will be fairly rapid and the consequence in- evitably a new general war. The nl-‘ ternative, so far as any has been dis-| covered, is the United States of Europe, | today unthinkable and inescapable And the sharpest contrast between 1914 and 1930, and not impossibly the best hope for future peace, is the extent to which Europe is discussing that unity which no European can quite believe even remotely possible. Pinally, there is a growing apprecia- tion of the fact that common tariff walls were even more potent than Bis- marck in creating German unity, and that today the economic reasons for| unity and peace at least make respec-| table showing against the ethnic con-| siderations which impose division and tranquillity, but by contrast is consti- tutes as effective a barrier to European | consolidation as did Alsace-Lorraine | and the Trentino before 1914. | If Germany, Hungary and Bulgc:ia! United we eat, This in a nutshell is the basic argu- ment for peace in Europe—an argument unknown before 1914. (Copyright. 1930.) War. divided we starve. Canadian Wilds to Be Combed by Party Seeking Fauna and Meteorlogical Data MONTREAL.—Three separate expe- ditions and & party of 12 Royal Cana- dian Mounted Police will embark for the northern interior of Canada to col- lect specimens of wild life and meteor- ological data. An exploration party for the museum of the Academy of Natural Science, of Philadelphia, headed by Wharton A. Huber, who is now at Jasper Park Lodge, in the Rockies, making final ar- rangements for the exploration, will seek to collect specimens of every form of life in the Queen Charlotte Islands. A second group, headed by R. Wat- kins of London, will leave England shortly to examine the possibilities of a direct air route from London to Winni- peg over the Greenland icecap, near the Arctic Circle. The party will pass two Summers and a Winter in the iso- lated region and will be under the direc- tion of the Royal Geographic Society of London. ‘Will Patrol Arctic Islands. ‘The third expedition will be the reg- ular Summer patrol of Canada’s Arctic isiands by the Department of Interior's ship Beothic. The vessel will pass 65 days in the Arctic and cover consider- ably more territory than ever before has been covered by the patrol. Sailing is scheduled from North Sydney, Nova Scotia, on July 30. During the voyage the ic will make 11 cal ind under nadian Mounted Police relief also will | sail on the Beothic. British Seek Air Route. | Capt. Watkins' expedition, which will | survey flying conditions between Lon- |don and Winnipeg, will seek a route | between the two cities within two and a half days by air. The expedition, which is backed by a number of wealthy London business men, will explore the interior of Greenland to ascertain whether the great ice-covered moun- tains there will present an obstacle to fiying or not, and if weather conditions will prove difficult for regular opera- tion of aircraft. Twelve men will be in the party. The Department of Interior’s steamer Beothic will make a complete_circuit of the Canadian Northeast. Leaving North Sydney, the ship will sail direct to Godhavn, Greenland, where confer- authorities on matters of mutual in- terest to the two governments. From Godhavn the party will head for the farthest northeast post, Bache Penin- sula, on Ellesmere Island. The expedi- tion, in addition to making observa- tions, will deliver supplies at all of the 11 outposts. He Just Sat Tight. ences will be held with the Danish | EDITORIAL SECTION he Sundoy Star, WASHINGTON, D. C, SUNDAY MORNING, AUGUST 10, 1930. BY C. PATRICK THOMPSON. E SITS in a strange, low build- ing in the heart of London’s busiest district, secluded in a big, quiet, paneled room look- ing on a garden court shaded by a pair of carefully tended trees through whose leaves the sun filters onto a white statue below—a slim, tall, distinguished looking man, with a soft voice, the eyes of a dreamer, a Van Dyck beard and an artistically care- less tie. And you would say at first glance that he was a scholar with a taste for art. And in a sense he is—but his field of study is that of gold and world ex- change, and the art with which he is concerned is that of finance. He is Mr. Montagu Collet Norman, governor of the Bank of England (commonly known as the Old Lady of Thread- needle Street), and he is worth sev- eral glances just at present. For one thing, he is quite the most picturesque and unexpected personal- ity in view in world finance. For an- other thing, he is the dominating figure in the finance of the British complex of nations at a time of strain” and stress unprecedented in the modern era. For a third reason, he is playing in -British industry a somewhat simi- lar role to that which old Pierpont Morgan in his heyday played in Amer- ican industry at a somewhat similar time—at a time, namely, of tremendous transition, when small individual units competing with each other were being merged into those giant combines which today give America the indus- trial leadership of the planet. Norman as Financier, ' But there the resemblance to Mor- gan stops. Norman, as a financier, is a bundle of paradoxes. He is a money-making king who bears no re- semblance at all to any millionaire who ever ltved. He also is a steel baron against his will. Further, he may soon find himself a coal duke and a cotton prince without in the least desiring such positions. Finally, al- though he could be a peer he proudly remains a commoner, and although he controls mighty sums and is in a posi- Montagu Norman, Governor tion to make millions, he cares noth- Threadneedle Street Boss of Bank of England, Prefers Gardens to Gold and Books to Bonds UPPER: WHERE MONTAGU NORMAN RULES—THE BANK OF ENG- LAND, (LEFT) AND THE ROYAL EXCHANGE IN LON DON. LOWER: MONTAGU NORMAN—HE WORKS FOR CO.OPERATION IN FINANCE. ing for money, lives modestly in a small suburban house, has no country place, prefers gardening to gold, never attends any except official functions, is never seen in the theater or at din- ner table, cultivates poetry, music and | the arts,” never takes a holiday and | never “visits the smart playgrounds at | home and abroad beloved of most cap- tains of finance and industry. To understand the role he is playing today it is necessary to appreciate that England is in the midsi of her second industrial revolution. She is busy re- organizing, rationalizing, merging, amalgamating, trying to make big units out of a web of small, inefficient plants doing business now on the primitive principle of cutting one another’s throats instead of lining up to oppose a formidable competitive fighting front to the foreign producers who are grab- bing the markets. Britain Faces Problem. In the old days private financiers would have got behind this movement and financed it. They would have had the resources, the courage and the power. The Rothschilds, for instance, would have been in the van, as they were in the van of railroad finance and early British industrial development. But the thing has outgrown the Roths- childs, who anyway were long ago over- topped by virile newcomers in world finance. Lacking a Morgan, England has to drop the biggest tasks of the in- dustrial transition onto Norman of the bank. No other man and no other flnnl;cll] house is big enough to swing jol One financler did try to collect the scattered units of the staggering steel industry and merge them into a co- herent whole. This man was the cele- brated Clarence Hatry, whose collapse, trial and 14-year sentence was the big- gest financial sensation of last year and incidentally the greatest shock British finance has sustained in this century. When Hatry went under, weighted down by a mass of steel shares he could not carry (despite a series of tre~ mendous frauds which he hoped would see him through, and which might have seen him through if the bull market had held), he owed a hundred million dollars—most of it to banks. The banks had loved him in his full career. In one year more than a hun- dred million dollars passed though his account at Lloyd's Bank, and the profits thereon must have been very pleasant indeed for that institution. Moreover, the banks welcomed the efforts of the bold financier to take off their hands, by way of a mighty merger operation and consequent resale to the public, a dead weight of iron and steel ‘pi er which depreciated every month it lay (Continued on Fourth Page.) BY DAVIS ON ANILA.—Dwight F. Davis, who is already known as the ex- ploring Governor General of the Philippines, has not only out-traveled any other Amer- ican executive in the islands during his short stay here, but has established a | system of provincial visitation on the part of the executive branch which will doubtless be adopted by succeeding ad- ministrations. At a discussion of executive affairs with representatives of American news- papers Gov. Davis said that his ex- tensive travels, which have already in- cluded 42 out of the 49 provinces—a record not approached by any previous governor general—have been part of & plan to bring the executive branch of the government into direct touch with local conditions throughout the islands. In this way Gov. Davis hopes to be able to remedy conditions which are usually lost in the maze of caclque politics before any report on them ever reaches his office. | Parties “Hand Picked.” | For the first time it was revealed that the many “pleasure cruises” of the | gubernatorial yacht Apo are strictly business. “I may as well confess,” said the Governor General, “that the personnel ot our parties on each of these little trips has been hand-picked. In eac! case we have taken with us a repre- | sentative of the health service, a repre- sentative of the judicial department and some person vitally interested in the progress of public works. “This is the way we proceed. We pull the Apo in to some remote harbor, where, perhaps, there has never been an ‘official’ visitation. We send no no- tice in advance of our arrival and take | pains to emphasize that our call is | strictly informal. Then we get busy. | The doctor in the party makes a quick survey of sanitary conditions. The lawyer makes discreet inquiry into the condition of the courts’ dockets. The engineer takes a look at bridges, cul- verts and public buildings. We adopt no pose as ‘investigators' or mentors. We are simply busy looking around and having an agreeable time. FILIPINO TOWNS REFORMED QUIET VISITS Experts Taken on “Pleasure Trips” for Hasty Surveys Which Result in Changes for Public Good. remedying, we write an informal note to the local officials, thanking them for their hospitality and suggesting certain things that might make their partic- ular municipality even more attractive. “That is all for the time being. They probably forget all about us and per- haps they follow the suggestions, and perhaps they don't, but about two or three months later some member of the party drops back into that neigh- borhood for a return visit. He may be the engineer, looking up a new bridge. But before he goes he gets a carbon copy of our notations in regard to that particular district. And he will casu- ally ask if our suggestion about the sanitary condition in the local jail has been carried out, or if the congestion on the court docket has been relieved. Drastic Measures Unnecessary. “A third visit is usually all that is necessary. If conditions have not al- ready improved, an executive note to the right place gets results. We have not been obliged yet to take any drastic steps, since these communities are natu- y' eager for approval. But if it comes to show-down there is always the possibility of really checking up on the local governments and official action can be taken. “The general effect, however, is good. A few weeks ago the Apo put into Iloilo. h | We had announced no itinerary, but the mayor of the city quietly confessed that they had checked our movements for three weeks and were expecting us. ‘We could only leave Tloilo in one direc~ tion, but we learned that cities to the north, east, south and west had started ‘cleaning up’ on the chance that we might take that direction.” In his recent trips, naturally, Gov. Davis devoted particular attention to the danger of cholera and means which have been taken to forestall an epi- demic. He has gone directly into the infected areas and has observed person- ally what progress is being made. Sees Little Danger of Plague. “The chance that cholera in the Phil- ippines will assume plague proportions is remote,” he said. ‘“There Is cholera in the Visayas, it is true. But there is also an alert public sentiment in regard | EXT Thursday will be observed | by the War Department and | the Army as the thirtieth an- niversary of the rescue by allied forces, including units of | the American Regular Army, of the colony of diplomats, legation guards, missionaries and merchants besieged within the walled City of Peking by Chinese Boxer rebels. Gen. Charles P, Summerall, former chief of staff of the Army, and other high-ranking com- manders who were junior officers, took part in the engagement and received citations for gallantry. ‘The Boxer uprising was directed at first against both the reigning Manchu dynasty and the activities of all for- eigners, but with the landing of troops of the United States, Great Britain, France, Japan and Russia to protect their respective nationals, the Chinese government was committed to actual war against the powers, and it was | over the opposition of both the Boxers and the Chinese imperial forces that Tientsin was captured and Peking re- lieved. The allied forces began operations on June 17 and took Tientsin, 80 miles from Peking, on July 13. After several small encounters Tung Chow was reached on August 12 and Peking lay within the relleving army's grasp. Americans Caught in City. Caught in the maelstrom of the Boxer outbreak, American and Euro- pean nationals—men, women and chil- dren—with large numbers of Chinese Christians, had _held out for two months in the legations within the City of Peking, which had not sub- mitted to an enemy for 400 years. The principal group was in the legation quarter, but far inside, under the shadow of the walls of the Forbidden City, a small band of Prench sailors and Italian marines fought heroically to protect the priests and nuns and Chinese children under their care in the grounds of the Catholic cathedral. Many messengers braved death to carry word of the plight of the two groups, but not a word nad filtered back to the beleaguered until the booming of the allies’ guns on August 14 told them that the long-awaited BOXER REBELLION RESCUES TO BE OBSERVED BY U. S. | Thirtieth Anniversary of Military Part in Relieving of Nationals Recalls Many Citations for Bravery. gate in the massive brick-faced walls and entered the foreign legation quarter. The exploit for which .Gen. Sum- merall, then a lleutenant., was cited for bravery occurred the following day, when it was decided the sacred pre- cincts of the Imperial and Forbidden City must be invaded and seized. The| task involved was that of a frontal| attack on a series of courtyards that lay between the world of every day Peking and the Dragon Throne. rand radio communication Editorial Page N EW ERA THOUGHT BEGUN IN INTERAMERICAN AFFAIRS Enormous Changes in the Commerecial, Political and Social Relations Noted in Last 20 Years. BY THOMAS H. HEALY, PH. D., nt Dean and Professor of Foreign Relations, Georgetown University School of Forelgn Bervice. N September 8, in Washington, under the auspices of the Government of the United States, will open an Inter- american Conference on Ag- riculture, Forestry and Animal Indu: try. In this age of countless interna- tional conferences this event of itself may not excite much public interest. However, this conference is more than & usual international gathering; it is the 100th of pan-American confer- ences. Our commercial and political relations with Latin America have as- sumed such tremendous importance and are being stressed so much now by political and economic leaders of the United States that it is appropriate on the occasion of this centennial confer- ence to take stock of the present situa- tion and future prospects. Twenty years ago our relations with Latin America as a whole were on & comparatively limited scale and the re- lations that we did have were often unsatisfactory and the source of - tation and criticism on both sides. The American people as a whole knew little of Latin America and seemed to care less. There was not a single direct representative of any American press organization in South America and the few Latin American items that ap- pea: our press came usually through European channels. Few North Americans visited Latin America and even fewer Latin Americans visited the United States. American universities as a whole gave practically no atten- tion to Latin American studies. The diplomatic and trade representatives that were sent to Latin America, more often than not, knew little or nothing of the language and the country where they were accredited. Politically, the average perfon in the United States thought of Latin America only as the center of frequent revolutions. On the other hand, Latin Americans seemed to concentrate most of their knowledge about us in the phrase ‘“Yankee im perialism.” Commercially, Great Britain, Germany and France seemed to have cornered most of the choice parts of trade and financial invest- ments. Direct telephone, telegraph with Latin America was unheard of. Direct trans- portation was almost an impossibility; steamship travel between Latin Amer- ica and the United States was usually via Europe. Recent Startling Changes. ‘Truly startling changes have been wrought in all of this within the last few years. Last year our trade with Latin America was approximately $2,- 000,000,000, or approximately three times as great as it was 20 years ago. In both imports and m we had a greater total than our principal competitors—Great Britain, Germany and France—combined. Today we oc- cupy the first place in sales to every one of the Lal American countries without exception. Our financial in- vestments in Latin America today are over $5,500,000,000, or almost five times as great as they were 20 years ago. The capital that we have invested today in Venezuela alone is more than all the capital that we had invested in the entire continent of South America 20 years ago. Our investments in Chile jumped within the last 20 years from $15,000,- 000 to over $750,000,000, or a 4,000- r cent increase. Within the last lew years the industrial and financial interests of the United States have ob- ined very extensive holdings through- out Latin America. Important in the economic life of these countries are such American organizations as the International Telephone & Tele‘l’l&: Co., the Guggenheim interests, Anaconda Copper Co., White & Co., the Standard Oil Co, W. R. Grace & Co., the United Fruit Co., the National City Bank and countless oth- ers. A number of important press organizations and newspapers of the United States now have their own representatives in Latin America, re- porting accurately and completely to the American public events and situa- tions in Latin America; the space now devoted to such purposes in our maga- zines and newspapers is many times greater than it was even 10 years ago. From the telephones in any large city in the United States it is now ible to talk by telephone or radio telephone to a number of the capitals of Latin America and in the space of a few minutes. It was only in April of this year when the first regular radio tele- hone communication was established tween the United States and Latin America by the opening of circuits with Argentina, Ui ay and Chile. The International Telephone & Tele- graph Co., the American organization which established this radio service, has played the leading role in the re- organization of the telephone systems of many - Latin American countries. Radio telephone communication has been perfected so far that in July of this year Capt. Yancey, flying 4,500 feet above Buenos Aires, was able to talk clearly to both New York and San Francisco with practically no delay in obtaining the communications. Communication Test Recalled. As shown by the recent historic tests Restricted by Walls. At the head and foot of each court| were massive gateways, while high walls | on the side made lateral movements impossible. In effect the situation | would be reproduced roughly by placing | a series of foot ball stadiums end to end. The troops had to break into| each stadium, traverse the playing field under rifie fire from the stands, break out the far end and so get into the next stadium. Early in the morning Lieut. Sum- merall brought up a platoon of Battery P, 5th Artillery, before the first gate, which yielded to the Americans’ fire, as did several others. One especially strong gate resisted the attack. Signal- ing his guns to cease fire, Lieut. Sum- merall walked forward under fire until he stood before the gate and examined it. Locating the most vulnerable spot, he circled it with a glaring chalk line, a perfect target. When he had retraced his steps the guns boomed, the gate fell and the infantry rushed through. In storming the outer defenses the day before, a young bugler, Calvin P. Titus, now a lieutenant colonel, per- formed one of the most stirring ex- ploits in American military history, for which he was awarded the Congres- sional Medal of Honor. Action of August 14. On_the morning of August 14 the 14th United States Infantry, command- ed by Col. A. S. Daggett, reached the great walls of the capital, from which Chinese troops and Boxers opened fire on the American regiment, driving them | com away temporarily. E and H com- of the Associated Press, a cablegram sent from New York can be delivered irr most of the Latin American capitals within the space of two or three min- utes. Within the last year 13,000 miles of pan-American airways have been established by American com- panies, over which 2,000,000 plane miles were flown. Mail and other items are now belng transported between the United States and Latin America on an abbreviated time schedule that would have been impossible a few months ago. Splendid rapid transpor- tation is being provided by an creased number of steamship com- panies under American direction. For example, the Grace Line has added within the last two years five new pas- senger ships of the most modern type. The last of these, the Santa Clara, only recently completed, is the fastest and most modern ship ever built in this country for foreign trade. The Oriente, now being completed at New- port News for the Ward Line, is typical in- of the fast modern ships that are|on the rapidly being put into service between | that in the United States and Latin America. ‘The National Foreign Council, com- prising the leading expcrt interests of the United States, in its recent con- vention in Los Angeles devoted much of its attention to the development of trade with Latin America and the pro- motion of better general relations be- tween the United States and those re- gions. It was only a few months ago that this same organization, realizing the necessity and advantages of pro- moting closer trade, social and politi- cal relations with Latin America, es- tablished for these purposes a Com- mittee of Interamerican Relations d of some of the most distin- guished business leaders of the United ¢ nations. tariff makes it essential to concentrate on the Latin America market. It is becoming increasingly difficult to sell our industrial products to industrial countries whose own products are in direct competition with ours. Within the past few weeks a number of these countries have put into effect new tariffs that impose a grave handicap on the sale of American industrial equipment, which is rapidly becoming the most important part of our export trade. It would seem to con- centrate our sales campaigns in non- industrial areas, such as Latin Ameri- can countries, which themselves pro- duce mainly raw materials. In these markets we will not face the same artificial handicaps that have been raised against us by the competing industriadl countries of Europe. In our political relations with Latin America there have been a number of recent interesting developments. Mr. Hoover’s trip to Latin America before assuming the presidential chair con- vinced him of the necessity of revising the previous system of sending to these countries semi-political diplomats, who frequently knew nothing of the language or of the country or the prin- cipal factors of modern international business. He has announced as a gen- eral policy, which has been carried out in a number of recent appointments, that the men who will be sent to repre- sent the United States in Latin America must krow sonfething of the language, the country and international business. ‘The same policy has been adopted in many recent instances by the Depart- ment of Commerce in sending out rep- resentatives to Latin America. Lead- ing Americans of both the North and South seem to be convinced that much can be done to promote more friendly and profitable relations between the Americas through the channel of in- telligent understanding and personal contact. Mr. Hoover's trip to Latin America was followed recently by visits to the United States by the Presidents~ elect of Mexico, Brazil and Colombia. Recent notices state that Mr. Hoover planning a trip to Mexico in September or October of this year. Olaya Election Significant. Another recent interesting political development was the election of Senor Olaya as President of Colombia. Senor Olaya ran on & platform of friendship with the United States and promo- tion of closer economic and political relations between Colombia and the United States. In view of the straine relations that have existed between the United States and Colombia in recent years because of the Panama Canal episode, this is an augury for immediately improved relations in the case of at least one prominent Latin American country. Our relations with Mexico, which have been very strained for & number of years, have through the good offices and keen intelligence of Ambassadors Morrow and Tellez and their governments reached a stage of friendliness almost unequaled in° any of our previous relations with that great country of the South. Our new position in reference to Peru is indi- cated by the fact that this year Peru has made July 4 a national holiday in its endeavor to stress its friendshi toward the United States. July 4 also observed as a national holiday in Uruguay. At the time of Mr. Hoover's visit to Peru President Leguia gave an inter= view to the press which is one of the most striking statements ever made by ‘f Ir.‘hu%mm !tlte:,t.‘ e of the ‘While N h thoroug! has in some parts of Latin America, he stated that the friendship and aid of the United States offered greates for peace and stability for the South American re= Ppublics. Today our relations with Chile are on an excellent basis. American trade and financial investments are wel- comed in every way possible. Chile it so Interested in promoting closer re- lations with the United States that only a year ago it made English the second language of the country and obligatory in all its schools. Our re- lations with Nicaragua, previously the source of grave difficulties, are now on an eminently satisfactory basis, and every encouragement is being given that country to the mmmmm“n zhfl the United States Government recently sent there to make the survey for the proposed Nicaraguan canal. In spite of the fact that our new tariff against sugar has hit Cuba hard and increased the economic crisis in that country, there is no Latin American executive who is more friendly and loyal to the United States than President Machadd of Cuba. The Cuban Ambassador in Washington, Dr. Ferrara, is one of ow stanchest friends, indicated by his recent book on ‘“Pan-Americanism,* which is an impressive defense of ow policles toward Cuba. An indication of the growing confidence and good wil! of Latin America toward the United States is the increasingly frequent ref- erences to the good offices of our coun- try of disputes between Latin American Recent instances are the im-. portant roles played by the United States in the settlement of disputes be- tween Peru and Chile, Bolivia anéd Paraguay. The boundary controversy between Honduras and Guatemala hai Jjust been submitted to an arbitration board over which Chief Justice Charles E. Hughes has been asked to preside. Republics Peace-Minded. It is interesting to note that the American republics are the leaders of the world in the cause of internationa conciliation and arbitration. It was only a year and a half ago that an in. ternational conference of the American lat.l'.es was held in Washington, result-* ing in a convention of conciliation, ¢ treaty on arbitration and a protocol of progressive arbitration. The arbitra- tion treaty is perhaps the broadest in. strument of its kind negotiated by the American republics and serves ay an admirable demonstration of the devo- tion of the nations of the Western Hemisphere to the principles of arbi- tration and conciliation in the settle- ment of international disputes. Whil¢ the convention on conciliation has al- ready been ratified, definite action has not yet been taken by the United State; :hr:lf.rltlon treaty. cause of promoting in tional peace this ;t’renty xf:-y k‘l’g‘; be ratified by the Senate of the Unite¢ States. Washington has been the scene in recent years of many othel interamerican conferences, at whick the United States has discussed, alo; with the other American republics, :’ sorts of matters of common interest Because of the friendly feeling and heipiul co-operation displayed in the conferences, important results have been achieved. . Sf October 5, the fourth Pan-American Commercial Con. ference will open at the Pan-Americay Union, in Washington. A carefully worked out program has been preparec and it is believed that the unusual op- From the Philadelphia Evening Bulletin. Survi of a frog imbedded for two|Apo for an hour's conference. years in a concrete wall in California man reports on his particular s wi btless due to that ect cli- and Wi 1 our impressions. i -ty &% Conditions that are in “That night we get together on the Each ty there need of Beothi the direction of George P. Mackenzie will gather considerable meteorological data. Destined for two years' service in the Bastern Arctic Archipelago, the 12 men comprising the 1930 Royal Ca- portunities there offered to the busi- lneu leaders of the American republicy ! to meet and exchange visws on matter (Continued on Fourth Page.) % panies were detached and under the protective fire of the rest of the regi- ment reached the precarious shelter (Continued on Third Page.) . to the disease, which is the best weapon | help was at hand. It was only a few against it. Twenty or thirty years ago. | hours until a British column, covered with the condition that now exists, It | by fire from- American infantry and (Continued on Fourth Page.) artillery, marched through s water- L4 States. Many of the outstanding foreign traders of the United States believe that the situatiom e~emad by the new ¢