Evening Star Newspaper, March 9, 1930, Page 37

¥_ PREHISTORIC PEOPLES TRACED BY ARCHEOLOGY Improved Methods Employed in Com- paring Early Achievements With Modern Developments. BY NEIL M. JUDD, Curator of American _Archeologs. States National Museum. RCHEOLOGY, the sclence which has to do with the achievements of prehistoric peoples, becomes very modern in its methods. A Douglass 02-H observation plane. equipped with the all-seeing eye of a Fairchild camera, replaces the plodding burro as a means of transportation across desert wastes, where aboriginal tribes built their earth- walled towns and tended their com- munal gardens. The ‘“mule-skinner,” proverbially profane but efficient, gives way to such highly trained airmen as Lieut. Edwin Bobzien and Sergt. R. A.| Stockwell of the United States Army as companions of the field archeologist. United at each successive shot, I entertain periment has proved successful and that, once the assembled photographs are available, it will be possible from them to chart nearly every mile of canal that served the prehistoric popu- Valleys. | two Army men have flown together eight vears; together they have worked on official assignments from the Great Lakes to the Philippines. But “shoot- ing" ancient frrigation ditches was a ne;e itnb. ore our first test flights I in- | quired of Lieut. Bobzien whether it would be Each with 12 years' service, these| THE SUNDAY STAR, WASHINGTON, -D. C., MARCH -9. 1930—PART . TWO, Goal of the U. S. on the Sea Importance of Adequate Merchant Marine in Development of Trade Is Emphasized pointing through the floor of the plane | and picturing more than a square mile | no reasonable doubt but that our ex-, lation of the Gila and the Salt River | Out of the valleys of Central Arizona, where cotton fields, orange groves and | date palms stretch away mile after mile, tinguish 'n the old canals and gfllblz. on the prints, to dis- | twee | those modern ones long since aban- | doned and overgrown. And he replied: rehistoric farmers once irrigated hun- | 4 g s i Stockwell has never yet failed to get dreds of arid acres through systems of | * r canals that have aroused the admiration What we went after. of modern engineers. Nowhere else in| When I asked the sergeant the same the world, unless it be in Egypt and | question, he answered: “If the crate Mesopotamia, did primitive man com- | ¢an fly, the leutenant will fly 'e plete irrigation projects of comparable Fairchild does the rest and she magnitude; nowhere else in the world | What she sees. Difficulties of the Task. did he so successfully bring the rivers | under his control and use them to de- | velop a civilization based wholly upon | Mapping the prehistoric canals of the agriculture, | Rio Salado was no simple task. Smoke Displaced by Modern Industry. blanketed the valley each morning; the But all this is rapidly being destroyed | 8Tound haze rarely lifted before 11! by modern industry. Prosperous cities [ o'clock. Then, somewhere around 2, and the farms that feed them are|they came back again—ground haze | spreading out to engulf whatever re-|foilowed by smoke. Flying time was mains from the past. That some per- | reduced to two, or at most three, hours manent record of this ancient civiliza- at midday. At the higher altitudes tion and the frrigation canals which wool-lined leather suits and sheepskin made it possible might be preserved for | moccasins were just _comfortable posterity the War Department and the | enough, while Phoenix smiled under a | Smithsonian Institution, at the instance = Midwinter temperature of 82 degrees. of United States Senator Carl Hayden | ~Clouds bothered, too, as though come | have recently joined hands in an aerial in answer to prayers for rain that Cen- survey of Arizona’s Salt and Gila River | tral Arizona’s seven-year drought might Valleys, where approximately 400 miles | be broken. And here canals have re-| of prehistoric main-line canals and | placed canals since the ancient farmers | laterals were visible but a few years ago. | first conceived their necessity to local | g A% Tepresentative oxgmf Smithsonian | agriculture. } 3 ution, e With the big blue Douglas riding | » Jrashinglon from Uiscthe’ Siat ‘woul | 1asily! on ' alr w’fves at, n;‘ 2,000 feet. | archeological survey from the air ever | oo downs t e Eirio” Gaande.| ' undertaken in the Americas. Lieut. | Giiiated on the very outskists of Phoe: | Bobzien and his photographer, SeTgt.|nix Massive mound that it i, Pueblo | Stockwell, have returned to their base | Grande stands as the finest surviving | at Crissy Field, San PFrancisco, to d"'exnmple of those major structures that | velop some 600 photographs and arrange fouaib T O} V0%, BAOF Sttietures that them in mosaic maps of the two valleys.| gian communities once dotting the val- From these mape the prehistoric irriga- | ley for miles in each direction. Hap- ystems will be traced on topo-| pily, ‘the ruin is now owned and pre- graphic sheets. served by the city. v Airplanes in Mesopotamia. Phoenix may justly boast itself the Of course, airplanes have been used | DLV city in the United States that has in archaeological exploration before. | SOUBDt to save as an educational asset logi Xpl o The British, for example, have long em- | A prehistoric ruin. Phoenix may ployed them in Mesoptamia and eel justly proud that, under direction where and with remarkable success. | Of its arch commission, Pueblo he gets | | \ | ( | MERCHANT MARINE INSURES A MARKET FOR THE PRODUCTS OF OUR FARMS AND FACTORIES. (Drawn for The Sunday Star by J. W. Golinkin.) i BY WALLACE H. WHITE, Chairman of the Merchant Marine Com- mittee of the House of Representatives. THR!E hundred and twenty-three ugnn the sea in the days of the clipper | ship. In 1845 America was building sailing ships which were creating new records of 90-day voyages to China. In 1930 we are planning, and probably will be constructing, ocean liners costing $30,- N \ years ago there was launched upon the Kennebec—a river of my own State, Maine—the Vir- Even in England cameras of the Royal Air Service have disclosed the presence of previously unknown Roman ruins be- neath fields on which harvests have been gathered annually for perhaps a full thousand years. Last Summer Col. Charles A. Lind- bergh flew back and forth across the | rugged mesas of New Mexico and North- castern Arizona photographing the dust- covered walls of cliff dwellings and other old Pueblo villages. And later in the season, accompanied by archeolo- gists of the Carnegie Institution ‘Washington, the intrepid colonel of the air searched Yucatan jungles for traces of Maya temples previously unvisited by white explorers. gl Do, St it expe which a plane has been employed in preparing an actual map of a consider- able area Where American Indians left the remains of a once flourishing pre- historic civilization—an agricultural flv&unt!on wholly dependent upon irri- gation. . Sait River Valley an Example. ‘Within the past 60 years Arizona's Salt River Valley has recovered some- thing of its anclent prestige as the leading agricultural district between the Pecos and the Pacific. And this enviable reputation, now as formerly, is literally handmade. For successful agriculture in Central Arizona is pos- sible only where water is available for irrigation, and irrigation ditches must be dug. Flying high above the Rio Salado one sees a vari-colored patchwork of fields and orchards and a succession of modern canals that reach out in wide-spreading curves, to water more than 400,000 acres of fertile desert land. One_ sees, too, occasional remnants of prehistoric canals that watered these same acres centuries before Columbus ‘was born—canals that had long been sbandoned, perhaps even forgotten by the native population when Coronado | &nd his fellow adventurers trooped hopefully out of Mexico in 1540 to seek Sabled stores of gold and precious stones Irom the ceven cities of Cibola. These cuirassed scions of Spain’s nobility soon returned empty-handed and disap- pointed, but they began the conquest of our arid Southwest—a conquest that has continued these 400 years. Driving Back the Desert. But this marked change has lately come about: In Central Arizona today the struggle is not so much man against man as man against a still inhospitable environment. It is the desert that must | be conquered and driven back, and water is the chief weapon in the of- fensive. Life has always been brutal through- out the wastelands. Only the fittest survived. We cushion dwellers of the present are too prone to sneer at the crudities of our predecessors, to laugh at their simple requirements, to discount or ignore the sacrifices they endured for home and family. Where vast acres of alfalfa, lettuce and cantaloupes are harvested today, mesquite, catclaw and cactus bloomed a generation ago. Where cotton fields and citrus groves now nestle under dis- tant blue mountains, Apache warriors drew bloody trails within memory of men still living. And long before the Apache became 2 menace to pioneer communities, long before the desert crept slowly back to claim its own, primitive agriculturists tilled these very acres and watered them by means of huge canals whose open mouths drank greedily from the Rio Salado. It was these ancient canals that took me to Arizona in mid-January. As a student of prehistory I was sent to guide the Army aviators in mapping those irrigation’ systems utilized in Salt River Valley, and the Gila River Valley as well, beforeswritten history began in the Southwest with the military con- quests of Coronado and the more per- suasive methods pursued by Fray Eu- + seblo Kino, Preparing for the Work. But consider for a moment the na- ture of our task! Within the past 60 years more than 400,000 ing the Salt River alone have been | ! cleared, smoothed and othewise pre- , bared for frrigation. During progress of these operations hundreds of ancient Tuins and miles of contemporaneous of | bottom of a prehistoric canal and was | conquest possible. Grande is being expl 3 £y g explored by Odd S. Close by, in the city’s Park of the Four Waters, are three short sections of canals that watered fields of maize, beans and squashes cultivated by the builders of Pueblo Grande. Here, also, is the nearly obliterated remanent of Salt River Valley's first modern canal, begun by Jack Swilling and colleagues back in 1867. Rather, it is the second modern canal for the first “Swilling Ditch” was merely a trench along the abandoned even before its completion. Swilling's cra: scheme promised such success that’ other pioneers set- tled near by; they called a town meet- ing on October 20, 1870, and heeded the plea of “Lord Dupper” that the new settlement be called Phoenix, since it so obviously was “risen upon the re- mains of an older city, and ancient civilization.” Incident of Sixty Years Ago. Few there are in Phoenix today who recall that only 60 years ago mail was carried on horseback from Wickenburg to the main route station at Maricopa Well. Few there are who remember that corner lots sold in 1874 for $11, and an apology. Or that over on the south side, at Tempe Butte, Pioneer Charles T. Hayden, encouraged by the success of his ferry, erected the first local store in 1871—a building whose walls were of mud-plastered willows. The new Hayden’s mill, powered by the same old canal that turned its pred- ecessor, served as one of our chief landmarks in the aerial survey just completed. In , as one motors com- fortably about Salt River Valley and basks in the warmth of its Midwinter sunshine, one finds it almost impossible to realize that the desert has been so completely conquered in the short space of half a century. Irrigation, of course, has made this ‘The Mormons, who settled Mesa in 1878, cleared out and utilized a section of prehistoric canal and thus saved an estimated $20,000 in labor alone. Part of that recon- structed ditch is still in use, but the greater part has been replaced by the later and larger consolidated canal. Elsewhere in the valley the work of ancient Indian farmers was made to serve the pressing needs of American pioneers. ‘These early settlers testified amply to | the engineering skill of the ancient folk | when they took over, in whole or in part, the irrigation ditches of the lat- ter. Modern canals frequently parallel the older ones, using the same gradient or rate of fall. One requires no further proof that our prehistoric farmers, with- | out instruments of precision, were mighty clever engineers. ‘Traces of Old Canals. From the air, no matter what the | altitude, one looks down not only upon history in the making, but upon pre- | history as well. Traces of old aboriginal | canals may still be seen from Granite Reef to the White Tank Mounts; from | Squaw Peak, on the north, to Bell Buttes and beyond. But what most im- presses the fyer is the network of) | modern canals and laterals—thin blue ribbons that stretch gracefully away | from the river finally to lose themselves in neatly squared fields, bordered by | | wide, straight roads. Like grandmothers’ quilts, these fields are dark brown where freshly plowed, | | reddish in hue when still covered by | dead cotton stalks, green with young | alfalfa, pale yellow when sand predom- | inates. Orange and grapefruit groves seem nurseries of miniature potted | plants—tiny dark green balls, all laid | | out neatly. row upon row. Young date | palms, bundled in golden straw. Silvered | cotton woods with just a suggestion of | coming Spring. | |~ But through this patchwork of farm- lands, through vineyards and plowed fields—I cannot but think, from the queer patterns they trace, that farmers | | often play at their work—through all, these the anclent Indian canals plainly | show Not always, but usually. I cannot yet understand why an old ditch so | completely erased that it cannot be seen from the ground is nevertheless 3,000 feet. Nor ct such a filled ca visible in one field. | is not traceable at all in that adjoining Perhaps the camera will register what | my goggled eyes failed to find. ginia, “a faire pinnace of thirty tonns.” i “She crossed the Atlantic in safety.” That terse statement in “The Heritage of Tyre” is the beginning of the record of glorious American achievement upon the high seas—and of inglorious Ameri- can failure also. We began the building of a new world merchant marine in 1607. We on the rebuilding of an American mer- chant marine! Before me, as this is written, is the recent announcement of the plans of an American shipping company to build two new ships. Not ships of 30 tons each, but ships of more than 50,000 tons each! Building Plans Submitted. The plans have been submitted to the United States Shipping Board. Later they must be referred to the Navy | Department—for the Government will have the right, if it helps to finance their construction, to use the ships as naval auxiliary craft in case of neces- sity. They represent a rebirth of that spirit which gave America supremacy BY HENRY W. BUNN. HE following is a brief summaryl of the most important news of | the world for the seven days | ended March 8: * * i THE OF NATIONS.—Was ever a piece of legislation more happily conceived than the rural amenities bill now before the . BRITISH COMMONWEALTH House of Commons? It provides for ! dealing by national or county bodies with outrages against the beauties— natural, artificial and memorial—of the countryside, the petty authorities hav- ing tragically failed to act. It forbids exportation to the United States of old English houses—like “Samphire, dread- ful trade,” as a member put it. As the bill was being debated, word arrived in the House that the Tithe barns of Kent had been saved for England by a patri- otic Englishwoman, who outbid an American millionaire. Shade of Wil- liam Morris, what a horror averted! The bill would extend operation of | the principles of town-planning ordi- nances to county areas. Order is to} be taken against Jerry-built bungalows. | There's to be an end to “ribbon de- | velopment” along the highways—em- parking to be substituted. Billboards are declared anathema, trees are to be | preserved. This warms the cockles. At their factory, in Cricklewood, a London suburb, Handley-Page, Ltd., are constructing for Imperial Airways eight 40-passenger, 2-cabin planes. Randolph Churchill, aged 18, son of Winston Churchill, made his debut on the floor of the Oxford Union the other day. He is said to have a very striking | Churchillian impression. | The Legislature of the Union of South | Africa has passed by an overwhelming | majority a bill limiting to 50 per year | the number of immigrants to be admit- ted to the Union from any country ex- cept member countries -of the British Commonwealth of Nations, 12 “Nordic” | countries of the European continent and the United States of America. * ok k % FRANCE.—Last week I reported how M. Chautemps’ government was reject- ed by the Chamber, how M. Tardieu was invited to form a government, how! 000,000 each, exceeding in length and | should be confusion and lack of under- standing under all the circumstances. A year or less after war had been declared in Europe, in 1914, our people generally awoke to the fact that there really was a merchant marine problem for America. They had been told of the problem for many years—decade speed anything now afloat! The plans | after decade. But the telling accom- | | for the great ships to be used in the | plished little; nothing, in fact. The New York to London-Southampton | general feeling was: “Well, other na- | | service contemplate vessels 962 feet | tions have enough ships to carry our long, with a speed of 28.5 knots and a | goods. We are simply paying for a passenger capacity of 2,600 each. They | necessary service that would have to can be built, and they will be built if | be paid for even if we had our own | ported and exported in overseas trade are in this year of 1930 well started | those in charge of the Nation's shipping policy give approval to the plans pro- | posed. And there will be scores of smaller ships built for other trade routes and uses within the years just ahead. Our merchant marine problem, however, consists in something more, much more, than that of building ships. It is, very largely, a problem of how to keep our ships profitably in operation ' on the seas after they are constructed. | These are matters that concern prac- | tically every American citizen, not re- motely or theoretically, but directly and practically—in what might be cailed & “bread and butter way.” Yet the nui ber of our citizens who have any real understanding of the American mer- chant marine situation is small. I do not say “surprisingly small,” because, after all, it is not surprising that there Merchant marine—Louis Rollin, Re- publican Socialist. Air—Laurent Eynac, Radical Left. Public _instruction—Plerre Marraud, Democratic Left. Public _works—Georges Pernot, Re- publican-Democratie Union. Commerce—Plerre Etienne Flandin, Left. Republican. Agriculture—Fernand David. Colonies—Francois Pietri, Left Re- publican. Posts _and telegraphs—Andre Mel- | larme, Republican Socialist. Labor—Pierre Laval (no group). Pensions—Champetier de Ribes, Pop- ular Democrat. The above combination causes some | surprise, as only nine (namely, Briand, | Pietri, Martin, Eynac, Marraud, Magi- not, Flandin, Pernot and Rollin) were members of the previous Tardieu cab- inet. The choice of M. Reynaud of the Right Center for the finance post was sufficiently bold, but perhaps the most striking of the changes is the sub- stitution for M. Leygues as minister of | marine of M. Dumesnil, a Radical So- clalist, dissident from his party’s stand. M. Dumesnil was minister of marine in Herriot's 1924 cabinet, has been rap-| parteur- for the naval budget in the | Chamber, is a real authority on naval | matters and is in full sympathy with Tardieu’s naval policy. Louis Loucheur, minister of labor in the previous Tar- dieu government and framer of the national assurance bill, is dropped, per- haps because he accepted office under M. Chautemps. The bitter enmity to Tardieu of the Radical Soclalists as a body is shown by the swift expulsion from their party of M. Dumesnil and also of M. Falcoz, who accepted an| undersecretaryship. | The ministerial declaration was read | to the Chamber on March 5, and the new government was accepted by the astonishing majority of 53—316 to 263 —with nearly 30 abstentions, seeming to indicate not a few Radical Socialists unhappy in their party’s stand. The program of the ministerial declaration differs little from that pro- posed by M. Chautemps, Tardieu's old | program (of which the chief feature was productive expenditure for the be- hoof of agriculture and industry and he proposed to form a government as- similated to that government of Re- publican union over which_Poincare presided from July, 1926, to November, 1928, and how his overtures to the Radical Socialists, whose paticipation would be necessary for such a govern- | ment were rebuffed. ment he was resolved to form in the teeth of Radical Socialist intransigeance, and it was generally thought that he acres border- | uite evident from a_ height of 2,000 O | yoyld bring back his former govern- | nounced advocacy of a political amnesty | I comprehend WhY | ment with practically no change except | bill on broader lines than he had pre- | that, of course, some one must be sub- stituted for M. Cheron as finance min- ister. Further efforts to conciliate the Radical Socialists proved vain, and on But a govern- | for social amelioration), with additional tax reductions responsively to Left de- mands and the apparent sense of the | country. The opposition was scarcely left with a leg to stand on, and was confined to hinting danger of a re- actionary policy in respect of the church and the schools. Tardleu reasserted nis intention of drastic reform of the whole fiscal system; he urged passage | of the national assurance bill; he an-| viously approved. ‘The new delegation to I | ference consists of Briand (chief), | Dumesnil and Pietri, Ambassado: he Naval Con- | MM. r de ships. Why worry?” canals have been utterly obliterated. One may walk over their former sites GI8 unuls 8 Lungs Bion. and see no visible trace of them today, | _Others have ventured that here, in From the air, however, lighter patches the Salt River Valley alone, approxi- show where houses once stood; mean- | mately 250 miles of prehistoric canals dering lines across cultivated flelds Were evident 40 years ago. These com- mark the positions of filled canals. |~ Only by serial photography, I am|Cently constructed, if one may judge convinced, would it have been possible | from the dozen or more sections 1 have here to recover what no longer exists, | Photographed. In skilled hands a suitable camera will | The largest is 66 feet from crown to ! see from the air and faithfully portray | Crown and still 8 feet deep. Modern what human eyes cannot detect. canals, and there are more than 1,200 . So, with Lieut, Bobzien piloting his|miles of them, measure from 18 to 90 ! ship on & fixed course at 10,000 feet | feet wide at the top a erage_be- elevation, with Sergt. Stockwell pine (Continued on Fourth Pgge.) ok | | pared favorably ‘in size with those re- | March 2 he presented the following | Fleuriau and Senator de Kerguezec, list to President Doumergue: | president ot the naval commission in Premier and minister of the in-|the Senate and a Radical Socialist. | | terior—Andre Tardieu, Left Republican. | Rendered wise by experience, Tardieu | “Poreign_affairs—Aristide Briand, Re- | will miss no sittings of ‘the Chamber, | publican Soclalist. spending only week ends in London, Justice—Raoul Peret, Democratic and | Alain Gerbault is building himself | Radical Union. another small boat wherein he proposes | " Pinance—Paul Reynaud, Social and | to sail to the South ‘Seas, select his isle, Democratic Action. and bid farewell to the “world’s dust.” The budget—Germain Martin, Rad- | He regards favorably one of the New ical Left. Hebrides (British possession), where the ‘War—Andre Maginot, Soclal and |ancient modes persist almost without Democratic Action. Western taint. Who shall say that ‘When bills were proposed in Congress | before the war to aid in bullding up an American merchant marine they were shouted down as “subsidies to enrich the shipbuilders.” Particularly in the West and in the great inland territory between the Alleghanies and Rocky Mountains there was opposition to what was regarded as an attempt to enrich a small group of “Down Easters” who wanted cheap transportation across the seas for the products of their factories. ‘Those opron&l ship legislation spoke of our “fortunate isolation” from the remainder of the world: our lack of dependence on other nations; our self- sufficiency in an economic way. We were not an empire like Great Britain; we needed no vast fleet of me) chant ships to cover the seven seas. The Story the Week Has Told of Etienne de la Boetie, immortally | lamented by Montaigne. * K ok | CHINA.—Really, China is not at all | behind the times. Among the most famous of Chinese irregular chieftains are two women; one, leader of a pirate gang on the southern coast, the other | chief of a bandit group in Honan. The | latter is known as the Widow Chang, | and is beyond doubt a most redoubtable person. She is of the Robin Hood kid- | ney. When she plunders a settlement she plasters it with posters ieading | “Rob the rich and save the poor.” She has a pretty sense of humor. Both ladies claim invulnerability to bullats. Exports from Shanghal to the United States in 1929 totaled $54,538,850 gold in value, as against only $41,754,930 for 1928. The improvement was mostly in respect of silk textiles. * kX * ‘THE PHARAOH'S CURSE.—It is no longer possible to question the effec- tiveness of Tut-ankh-Amen's curse, the nature of which is sufficiently indi- cated by the ancient Egyptian saying: “Death shall come on swift wings to him who toucheth the tomb of a Pharaoh.” The curse claimed its twelfth victim the other day when Lord Westbury, a peer 78 years old, committed suicide. He had been brooding over the tragic mystery of his son, who was Howard Carter's secretary during the excava- tion of the Pharaohs tomb in the Valley of Kings, and who was found dead in the Mayfair Club last year. The other 10 victims were the Earl of Carnarvon, who _financed the Tut-ankh-amen en- terprise and strangely died a few weeks after the opening of the tombs; Sir Archibald Reld, who X-rayed the| mummy; Col. Aubrey Herbert, half- brother of the Earl of Carnarvon, who witnessed the opening of the tomb; Jay Gould, who died of pneumonia after in- specting the tomb; Mrs. Evelyn Greely, an American, who committed suicide | in Chicago shortly after visiting the | tomb; Prof. Laffleur of McGill Univer- | sity, who died after examining the sar- cop! : H. G. Evelyn-White, who, | after visiting the tomb, killed himself | because he knew a curse was on him: an Egyptian prince, who was myste- | riously shot after such a visit; Dr. Jona- than W. Carver, who was killed in an automobile crash (don’t say “accident™) after assisting Mr. Carter in opening | the tomb, and one other. Whoever | would deny this cumulative evidence is a hopeless, graceless skeptic. | STATES. — Ferry Farm. | e UNITED verry which includes the smaller estate which | was the home of George Washington | from 1739 to 1747—that is, between | the ages of 7 and 15—has been pur-| chased the George Washington Foundation and is to be maintained by | that foundation as a resort “for young people between the ages of 7 and 15.” | It was in 1739 that Augustine Wash- ington purchased a tract of a hundred | acres about two miles below the falls| of the Rappahannock on the river side | nearly opposite Fredericksburg, Va. | The purchase included (see an ad- vertisement in the Virginia Gazette of ‘Williamsburg, Va., dated April 14, 1738) “a handsome dwelling house, three | storehouses, several other convenient | outhouses, and a ferry, a very beautiful situation and very commodious for ‘Marine—Jacques Louis Dumesnil, | Gerbault is not the wisest of men? Radical Socl \ This is the 400th year n‘ace the death trade.” Here Augustine Washington lived with his family until his death in | cause of enmity between Greece and i | i Such were the answers, and the effec- tive ones, of those who resisted every effort to restore the American flag to the seas. The advocacy of that restora- tion was denominated “mere flag waving for mercenary purposes.” Foreign Vessels Used. And so when the nations of Europe locked in deadly embrace in 1914, less than one-tenth of the goods we im- was shipped in American vessels. 1830, less than a century before, 90 per cent of our foreign trade had been car- ried in American ships. In 1860, just prior to the Civil War, nearly 70 per cent of American foreign trade came | th and went in our own ships. But in the years just after the war our shipping business suffered an_ enormous decfinz. By 1870 American ships were carrying a little more than one-third of our for- eign trade. Forty years later, in 1910, the American fla was a rare sight upon the seas, and less than 9 per cent of our exports and imports were shipped in American bottoms. Such statistics had been cited to our citizens time and time again. They made little or no impression. They were just “figures”: they meant nothing to the great mass of our citizens. But in 1914 those figures became hard and stern and insufferable realities. The (Continued on Fourth Page.) 1743, when he devised the estate to George, who enlarged it by successive purchases to about 2,500 acres. George's mother continued to reside there until her death in 1771. The tract purchased by the George Washington Foundation is of 460 acres, includes the original purchase by Au- gustine Washi and was embraced within the enlarged estate. My under- standing is that all the original build- ings are gone. It is proposed to restore; them as completely and as faithfully as existing data will permit. A delightful undertaking. With its realization we shall have all three of the George Washington homesteads—namely, Wake- | fleld, Ferry Farm and Mount Vernon— | restored. It was at Ferry Farm that young George chopped down the cherry tree and broke in and, breaking, killed the colt he had been forbidden to ride. Arthur Twining Hadley, president emeritus of Yale, is dead at 74. * ok ok K | NOTES.—What with rigid cllppfin‘i down of the censorship, restraint of free | assemblage, etc., etc, they are Saying in Spain that the dictatorship is back again. There is even talk of martial law. Admiral von Tirpitz of U-boat fame | is dead at 81. The Italian government is to build a motor highway, at the cost of ap- proximately a million dollars, from Assab, a Red Sea port of the Italian colony of Eritrea, 400 miles into Abys- sinia. It is hoped that the cost will soon be recouped through the develop- ment of trade. The general line of an ancient caravan route will be followed, and some use will be made of the cara- | van road. Ultimately the highway may | be_extended to Adis Abeba. Bulgaria and Jugoslavia sign an agreement aimed at ending their border squabbles; Venizelos announces that no | Turkey now exists, and a treaty expres- | sive of that sentiment is in prospect; | the Hungarian and Rumanian govern-| ments announce that they are about to| negotiate toward a treaty of amity: Prague and Budapest exchange friendly glances suggesting a similar outcome, and (can you believe it?) the talk grows serious of Hungary's joining the little entente. The Balkans are to be; de-Balkanized, maybe. © ° Poland’s merchant fleet grows. Thirty- | four ships now fly the Polish flag. At Gdynia, the new port, is the one naval station of the Polish navy, which con- sists of five small torpedo boats and several small vessels, totaling about 5,000 tons. Two destroyers and three large submarines have been ordered from France. The annual session was recently held of the Congress of the Russian League for Aviation and Chemical Research. ‘The league has 5,000,000 members and is a powerful ally of the Red army, to which it has presented “hundreds of planes and scores of tanks.” This is the one-hundredth year since the death of Simon Bolivar, the most brilliant figure South America has produced and certainly of distinguished note among the world's great captains. He died at 47, the work of liberation completed, and perhaps it was as well for South American that his cafeer was thus early cut short, for the com- bination seen in him of military genius § with great civil ambition, unsupported | try thal by talent for affairs of state, is dan- gerous. ' SOVIET LOSES FOOTHOLD BY BREAK WITH MEXICANS Recall of Envoy From Moscow Ends Suspected Base of Communist Operations in New World. BY JACK STARR-HUNT. EXICO CITY.—The severance of diplomatic relations between | Mexico and Russia, or rather | Mexico's break with the So- viets, has created much inter- est abroad and here, judging from the reaction among members of the diplo- mal orps here and students of inter- national affairs. Of interest to the United States it the disappearance of a center of bol- shevik activities which, neighboring a- it was to the United States, could not but arouse the attention and interest o! Washington. The Russian bear growled his indig- natfon at Mexico’s unceremonious treat- ment of Dr. Alexander Makar, the So- viet Minister, as a “flagrant violation of | customed and which the. commercial attache at the Russian legation here was seeking to replace with’wood from the Siberian forests. All nationalities but Russians &t- tended Minister Makar’s receptions. But the deduction could logically be made that they were preachers of Com- munism in their respective localities. with the Russian government's head- quarters here their base of operation. Every language but Russian was spoken in the Russian legation, except among the staff. “Vhen diplomatic relations between Mexico and Russla were resumed in June, 1924, the question was asked. “Is Mexico being uscd as a base of Sov propaganda in the United States?’ elimination of this base, or imag- inary, cannot but reflect favorably on the rules of international conduct.” | Mexico in the United States, a country Objection was raised in a formal note. | that in face of world-wide inclination first, at the method Mexico adopted in | to accept Soviet Russia as an institu. ‘secure the person of the Ambassador | | Great Britain, ordered the arrest of that In | Ministers at the court of England ex- | 1 Its value as a severing relations and, secondly, at the temporary detention and seizure of Dr. Makar’'s baggage at Vera Cruz, as well as that of Mme. Makar, as they were about to embark for Europe. Mexico Cites Precedents. But Mexico merely pointed to Philli- more’s second volume on international | law, which shows that there are several precedents on record where a diplomat has received far harsher treatment, and from such a conventional power as Great Britain. This authority says in volume 2, chap- ter 7, article 158: “It is the duty and the right of the injured state b the event of secret machinations to and remove him from her borders.” | It is pointed out that Makar was a Minister and not an Ambassador, the latter enjoying considerably more im- | munity and consideration than does a Minister. Phillimore cites, in paragraphs 160 to 169, ten cases where Ambassadors have | received far harsher treatment on the part of the countries to which they were accredited, in spite of their extraterri- torial rights, than the Russian Minis- ister to Mexico received. One of these | cases, the most outstanding, is reported by Phillimore as follows: i “On January 29, 1717, the govern- | ment of England, having certain infor- mation of a col to invade the country and dethrone the King, con- trived by Gyllenburg, the Ambassador | of Sweden, at that time at peace with Minister, which was accordingly effected. Cabinet Forcibly Opened. “Gen. Wade and Col. Blakeney, to whom the charge was intrusted, found him making up dispatches, which they told him they had orders to seize, and they even insisted upon searching his cabinet, which, upon the refusal of his| wife to deliver keys, they actually broke open. | “Gyllenburg complained of these pro- ceedings as a direct breach of the Iaw | of nations and some of the foreign | pressed themselves to the same effect, | upon which the secretaries of state, Methuen and Stanhope, wrote circular letters to them, to assign reasons for e arrest, which satisfied them all ex. cept Montelone, the Spanish Ambassa- dor, who, in his answer, observed that found open for preserving. the peace of ound open for preserving the peace o the kingdom than that of the arrest of a public Minister and the seizure of his pers, which are the re] is , sibly to wound the law of nations. “This was, however. clear- a measurc of T ly justifiable as defense.” Private Papers Returned. ‘The Mexican foreign office in an- nouncing its recall of the Mexican le- | gation staff at Moscow, gave as its chief | reason anti - Mexican demonstrations | s in various countries, holding the Soviet government responsible lotedthwe to In the ordinary procedure when two nations sever diplomatic relations the one to take the initiative recalls, as Mexico did, its diplomatic it ac- credited to the other and at the same tl'g‘n hands t.heh glppumhmnh: agent of the other country 3 However, in this case Mexico simply recalled its Minister in Moscow and entire legation staff, and by this act considered «all intercourse with Soviet Russia at an end. Russia was not even consulted. The Soviets shrugged their shoulders at the rebuff and held on to the position gained by the establishment of relations with Mexico. This advantage Moscow was not wont to relinquish without putting up a fight. base of operations in a country neighboring the United States, ‘whose recognition Russia has been seek- ing for many years, was a prize well worth keeping. Estrada Received Envoy. Dr. Makar called at the Mexican for- eign office a few days after the recall of the Mexican Minister in Moscow. Diplomats here were much interested in what stand would be taken by Genero Estrada, the Mexican secretary of for- eign affairs. Would he receive Dr. Makar, whose credentials had not been canceled, and whose departure from the country had not been requested by Mexico? It was at first thought that Senor Estrada would find it convenient to be “in conference” or otherwise regretfully unable to_receive the Soviet envoy. However, Dr. Makar was ushered into the presence of Senor Estrada without delay. Senor Estrada, who is inclined to_take matters calmly, confirmed ver- bally Mexico’s formal announcement with which it had not been deemed necessary to first familiarize the Mos- cow foreign office. foreign office somewh: the course he should tal Makar's Status Explained. | A few days later Senor Estrada was| asked by newspaper men just what standing. it any, the bolshevik diplomat | had before the Mexican government. He bad none, Estrada explained, not with- out a twinkle. ht remain in M he wished; he could have a passport he requested it, but he would not be molested if he went without it. He was nothing to Mexico but an_‘“ancienne Ministre”—an ex-Minister. Dr. Makar, stripped of all diplomatic privileges, be- came merely an alien residens: at a loss as to Two weeks later, however, Dr. Makar | In: | admitted defeat and decided to leave. He allowed it to be known that he was “leaving just as soon as he could get away, on the first ship available from Vera Cruz that does not touch at the United States.” His final shot was a statement that “it will probably be some time before relations are re- sumed.” With him went Soviet Russia’s only diplomatic stronghold in the West- ern Hemisphere. & The Mexican Communist party, which “sympathizes with our views,” to quote one of the Ministers sta- tioned in Mexico since Russian rela tions were renewed, remained as stolid not_even a wi as a protesting sigh from the Communists, | who have paraded the streets singing| the “Internationale.” Russian Industry Hurt. ‘The Russian matchwood industry suffered. This was about the only im- portant effect, from a 1 sundg:lnc. that figured in breach. And here again Mexico had the upper hand, for Russia is not the t ships matchwood, and, besides, 1 | Soviet that Mexico Dr. Makar left the | ! tion that has to be dealt with ha: steadfastly opposed recognition. in spit of recommendations of such power’ leaders as Senator Borah. Kellogg’s Warning Recalled. This follows a few years after Secr: tary of State Prank B. Kellogg charge in an official statement issued in Janu ary, 1927, that “the specter of Mexican- fostered bolshevist hegemony was in- tervening_between the United States and the Panama Canal.” Mexico took vigorous exception to Secretary Kel- logg’s charge and denied that any ves- tige of bolshevistic leaning could be in | traced to Mexico. If by the recognition on the part of the Mexican government and a recip- rocal action on the part of the Soviets. the latter expected to find a valuable and stanch ally in the Mexican a ministration, they have been disap- pointed. Former President Calles gave the Soviets the strongest rebuke ex- cepting the finai actual break the have received. Mexican “Base” Hinted. In the Summer of 1925 the then Rus- sian commissioner of foreign airs was quoted as having said that “Mexico gives us a very convenient base for fur~ ther development of our relations.” Gen Calles countered hotly with “Mexico will not allow any country with which she maintains diplomatic rela- tions Lo |ge this m:n "l strument to carry out pol or to propagate doctrines and principles which Mexico herself does not sustain.” Russian diplomats in Mexico have steadfastly denied that funds have at any time been given to the Mexican Communist party, with which the fe- gation has observed only “ordinary relations.” Of special interest to the United States is the fact that Soviet Russia held a base of operation in Mexico ty. Washington never lost sight of the presence of a Russian diplomatic agency in Mexico City within operating distance of the United States from the date of the arrival of Estanislao Pest- kovski in Mexico shortly after a foreign office statement issued on July 30, 1924, announced that diplomatic relations be- tween the two countries had been as- sumed. The statement at that time read: “The Mexican government, after being consulted by representatives of the So- garding the tha ment, instructed the foreign to declare to the representative of the having nothing -to do with the origin of any government, and trcs:wnlxuuh - Ietel:!.h; tht that ucl: country has of e : governmen most convenient to it, finds no obstacle in res relations whenever sought, and will therefore proceed to appoint & diplomatic repre- sentative.” Only Envoy in Hemisphere. This announcement came as sud- denly as the abrupt action on the part of Mexico did when on January 23 relations that Mexico had welcomed Cit sentative in the Western Hemisphere, for no other country of North, Central mnu;.]h America P:ledexunded - . Uruguay voi a willingness to do 80, but actual establishment of diplo- matic missions has not materialized. Pestkovski, the first Russian Minister. had all the physical and mental attri- response to any question on the subject. He spoke only in the most friendly manner of the United States. “These two great nations, Russia and the United States,” it was plainly obvious in Pestkovski's mind, should enjoy for- mal association. ‘The first fireworks in Mexico-Russian d latter Robert E. Olds becam author of a statement cl shevik sympathies in Mexico, that re- flected deeply on the relations the two countries, and tary of State Frank B. Kellogg made a public announcement that strained the United States relations with Mexico. * Tehitcherin Quoted. ashington dispatches of April 18 to Russian Cos Wi 1935, credited - sioner of Foreign Affairs Tchitcherin a statement in which he was declared tc have said: “In America we mnhh“: a “The Mexican government rests or the moderate trade unions and the pro- gressive petty bourgeoise. The Sovie republic is extremely Dr. Petskovnki, our I.R resentative, met wi iastic receplion in Mexica, and from all quarters he constantly receives ex- pressions of the most friendly nature, even of the most enthusiastic attitude TS e— “The Repul of Mexico g?: us in ca a very wnvenim‘yt for the further development of our relations.” Indication that the subsequent. warn- from Olds and Kel influence and interest of of Russian propagan the United States. No longer are there any evidences of Communistic I’WPIG glndl. but on the contrary very indication that Russia e: to obtain American recognition the lures of commerce. Trade Opportunity Cited. “The Russian information ‘The government will not ‘tolerate that lbuleo of its faith and that it be used as an instrument in the fulfillment of Mexicans really still prefer the wax matches to which they have been ac- combinations or maneuvers of interns- (Continued on Fifth Page.)