Evening Star Newspaper, February 16, 1930, Page 32

4 "HUGHES TO ENTER OFFICE - FACING GREAT QUESTIONS New Chief Justice to Have Share in Settling Many Important Issues Expected Before Court. —_(Continued Prom Third Page) given proper consideration to present The Interstate rce Commission is checking up {ts figures on valuations of the railroads costs of reproduction. Comme; ‘with this decision in mind. Consolidation of Railroads Up. ‘The railroads are pressing for recog- mition of the doctrine that valuation must be on the basis of cost of repro- duction. Besides, Congress will be con- fronted with a serious movement to enact new law on valuation of railroads. Not improbably, this will succeed in the next Congress, if not in this one. A great drive is to be made in the mext year or so to enact new legisla- affecting consolidations. And the Interstate Commerce Commission has put out a comprehensive plan for con- solidation of the roads, to which there is much opposition, partly from some of the roads. Under such circumstances it need scarcely be said that litigation of the most far-reaching charatcer is going to find its way to the Supreme Court with relation to these and other angles of the railroad situation. Valuation of the railroads and their consolidation may be expected to be leading issues 10 years from now, just as they are today, and it is probable that they will con- stitute foremost subjects of contention in the courts for another generation at least. Future of Radio at Stake. Unitl recently the Supreme Court, which has long complained of being overworked, felt it had enough to do in dealing with contentions arising on land and sea. But now the air has to be reckoned with. Development of radio has opened up new and trouble- some propositions for the Federal courts, which means that the Supreme Court ultimately must deal with them. This is illustrated by the recent rul- ing of the court in the WGY case. ‘With powerful and related interests to gain vested rights in the Congress, or a majority of it, fig! the idea, and in view of the fact that radio is but yet in its infancy, one may well ponder what issues it will force on the attention of the national pressing air and Moreover, Congress is expected at no distant date to enact a law for & com- ‘wireless, telegraph and telephone com- munication. Out of such legislation will spring new legal questions which will cause some anxious days to Mr. Hughes and his associates. Prohibition Issue Likely. ‘Then there is prohibition and its pos- sibilities. No man can foresee with certainty what perplexities will come out of enforcement of the dry laws and the eighteenth amendment. The dis- of the Supreme Court in the m‘:udg of prohibition has been to | will g0 to great lengths in uphol .ing the :(F‘e:dment and the laws in pursuance Indeed, the court is sometimes criti- ¢ized for overdoing this and for allow- ing constitutional rights as to search and seizure to be broken down and for mem. some parts of the Constitu- on to be crowded out to make room for n:e‘;':m.eld act lndmw‘?:e of the drastic proceedings which have oc- Curred under it. Sometimes it is said that the record of the Supreme Court from the time it was founded shows that it has not been swayed by polifical influence or | ©OD by popular opinion. 1In respect of pro- hibition its critics maintain it h:l geeon influenced by what it believed to be the great weight of dry sentiment in the country. Commissioners’ Court Suggested. Be that as it may, the issues arising from prohibition which the Supreme Court must settle are by no means ex- hausted. And this is the more true because of the fact new legislation on prohibition seems near at hand. the changes in court procedure forcement. (Jomm.(gllo“d ke n are car- ried into effect by Congress and trial by jury is practically abolished in a certain class of cases, with trials be- fore commissioners rather than before courts, there will follow a controversy over constitutional interpretation of such importance that the Supreme Court will be called on to pass its Judgment upon it. Power of the Federal Government to | tice regulate primary elections is a dis- puted proposition. The ruling of the Court in the Newberry case by no meml.;u stilled the controversy Burdens Grow Heavier. In the field of controversy between capital and labor there is much yet to be cleared up by the courts. It is especially true with relation to curb- ing the power of the Federal courts :n v;ln':‘ issue of injunctions in labor powerful movement is on in Con- gfl:, pressed bf labor, to enact anti- junction 1 lation. If this is en- acted it will go so straight to the heart of Federal court authority that the ::ni?me Court cannot escape passing One might easily enumeriate other subjects of a major order, involving s;‘mmunaflnmurntrnliw.twhmh the F“’fl" urt must, wi ut an; at delay, take recognition of. shir ith the growing complexities of modern civilization and modern busi- | ness and industry, it cannot be other- than that "the highest lourt of the land should find an ever-present Il:murd.!nn of litigation bearing heavily Court's Methods Democratic. ‘Though the Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial tribunal of this country and is ranked by many as the foremost in the world, its workings are comparatively simple. It is democratic in spite of the maj- esty of its power. It consists of the Chiet Justice and eight te jus- }Jm and a relatively small clerical For many years it has been doing its work_in in the t | of the members of the court from the east of the Capitol and north of the Library of Congress. This new structure, it may be added, is largely (Continued From First Page.) ers, Russian and foreigners, have—as the Russians say—“sat” 1In 1921, after the Bolsheviks fell back from Warsaw and had to give up their ides of pulling a disorganized Germany into the Bolshevik lines, Mr. Filipowicz | i, “w. ‘wen', to Moscow as the chief of the first Polish diplomatic mission there. In the year following he was the second rank- member of the Polish delegation to Nations ing the Assembly of the League of in Geneva, and in the Autumn of 1922 five years, then went in 1927 as Polish T to Brussels. He stayed in Belgium until his recent cppointment as Minister to the United States. He came to this country last lor Autumn, actually asspecial . representing Poland at the due to the persistent efforts of Chief Justice Taft. Chier Justine Hughes will have great prestige and power as head of the court, but when it comes to Eullnl on questions before the court he will have only one of its nine votes, in that respect no more than any of the associate justices. Much of the power of the Chief Justice rests, after all on his personlntK and the weight of his influence on his colleagues. Power Rests on Personality. In the case of Mr. Taft, that influ- ence was gre It was great in the case of the late Chief Justice Edward D. White. It was the personality of John Marshall, at once lovable and compelling, that made him so profound an influence with the court and that enabled him to leave such a mighty impress on the affairs of his country. The visitor to Washington, looking in upon the Supreme Court and seeing nine robed figures sitting on the bench, is likely to think of the court as it appears when in session. Actually the great work of the court is done in its conferences, usually on a Saturday. when the justices meet behind closed doors in the conference room to go over the business before the court. ‘Then it is that the petitions for certiorari are taken up or questions of Jjurisdiction discussed in cases appealed from lower courts. Motions and cases which are to be decided per curiam or from the bench are considered. In short, it may be said that the whole business of the court is weighed and considered in these conferences. Decision Reached in Conference. Monday is opinion day, and on such days, in addition to the opinions which are handed down by each member of orders, rulings on motions, per curiam decisions, findings on _petitions for certiorari and the like. But in making such announcements he is speaking for the court which has previously taken all these matters into account. Sometimes it is said the Chief Justice has great power because he can assi cases to particular members of the court. This, however, does not take cognizance of the fact that the real decisions of the court on cases which have been argued before it are reached in_conference. Let us suppose a case has been argued. Probably on the next confer- ence day the judges will take up the case. Each justice, beginning with the associate justice last appointed, and ending with the Chief Justice, will .x- gereu his opinion as to how it should decided. The matter will be thrashed over. Dissenters Prepare Own Opinions. If it is not clear how the majority stand it will go over to another con- ference and be further discussed. When it is clear that a majority has reached a8 meeting of minds the Chief Justice some one to write opinion, or some member of the court in the majority m¥ ask to prepare the opinion and be allowed to do so be- cause of his familiary with the case. After the opinion is it s brought up in conference and may have to be revised again and again be- fore it satisfies the majority. If one |or more justices dissent it rests with the dissenters to pre| an opinion, or opinions, differing from that of the majority. When opinion day comes the justice who has prepared the opinion reads it. but long before he reads it the h'l’l!lmle court knows fully what it 5. Court Now Conservative. So, it is plain, the Chief Justice does not shape the course of the court in the sense that he can sway it by any process of administrative authority. But he can be a vast influence througi m' personality and his grasp of ‘gne The trend of the Supreme Court now is conservative. Chief Justice Taft was @ conservative and so is a majority of the court. Mr. Hughes is a conserva- tive, and it may be expected that the court for some time at least will veer little from the road it has followed in recent years. Much is being written about the possibilities that the court 1 be “made over” by President Hoover in his present term of office. This, how- ever, is speculative. There are three members of the court eligible for retirement. They are Justice Oliver | Wendell Holmes, who will soon be 89; Justice William Van Devanter and Jus- Louis Dembitz Brandeis. Justice George Sutherland, though not eligible for retirement, has not been in the best of health for the last year or so. Justice Holmes Still on Job. But such men as are on the Supreme Court bench are not given to quitting active life. So it is'a sheer guess to discuss their retirement. Every year for more than 15 vears there has been & crop of stories that Justice Holmes would retire. This remarkable man is not only still on the bench, but he is as hard-working as ever, is rous physically, keen _intellectually, and known as one of the most progressive jurists of America. erica, Justice Holmes and Justice Bran- deis are the most frequent dissenters of the court, tho\l’h Justice Harlan F. Stone, lately mentioned for Chief Jus- |tice, often finds he cannot go along | with the majority. Justice Jamcs Clark McReynolds. Justice Pierce But- ler and Justice Edward T. Sanford, none of them eligible for retirement, are generally found aligned with the conservative majority. | Court Year Begins in October. |, The Supreme Court begins |for court purposes with the -opening of the October term. The year may be said to end with the recess in June. In addition to the recess from June to | October, the court recesses several times each term for a period of two or three the court, the Chief Justice announces |, the | picture of radio transmission. THE SUNDAY STAR ! How Inve (Continued From Third Page) I found I h; 5 stagionc, T had a perfect radio receiving Lyrical outbursts entitled “trees talk” x m:crou press of the country. oaTisvere written about it. But Squier He' woe Practical value of his discovery. mental invention, "o U * 1Und” And the patent maze for him began o dmfl;lar hl; as “multiplex telegra- sl :§ b;\ywt;a means of electric reasoned that any form of conduct- ing wire directly connecting two an- fl“ A5 & part of each would be reall tion between the two stations, and sub- stituting for a heterogeneous surface of land and water a particular kind of earth material (copper) which, experi- :’I!E:!“P‘Ilpd mvea. had wonderful proper- e ;l} klnmd&” Ing electric disturbances “I looked upon the wire as a piece of speclalized earth’ that had beex? found years before to be very suitable for fa- cllitating the propagation of electrical effects. I therefore was perfectly cer- tain in the original conception that con- ?re:':‘mtln the ':;«: 'ucuuonls with & wire nsm| receiver would pro- | duce a nighiy direetive wircless. system :fley gl:tx.ien;:hl diseussion, possessed r or actual e!nenmems}'w e Squier, having a gift for snappy speech, called is simply “wired wireless.” Gave Invention to Public. There were many months of hard work in between that first thought and its fina] conception into a machine— months of erecting apparatus at the Bu- reau of Standards and months of sur- mounting thousands of experimental ob- stacles too technical for mere outsiders to_describe. In this picture one observes the uni- versal experience of the great inventor— the first flash of sheer vision, followed by the long, hard discipline of experi~ ment, of rejection, of retrial. And one observes next what happens the Government employe who is also an inventor. Under the law as it then was such an invention was “dedicated to the public use.” Squier, under the beliet that it was impossible for him to retain private rights in his brain-child, made several speeches in which he said that it belonged “to the public.” T on, when the great financia value of his patent became apparent, at torneys told ‘him that “the public use meant “‘the Government use.” Long and complicated litigation followed, in which he attempted to secure his private rights —rights which meant a fortune. ‘The judge’s decision went against him, based on the various statements he had de and interpreting “public use” as eaning fellow citizens of any kind and not merely “Government use.” But Squier in that decision. became the auto da fe of the inventive genius who also is in the Federal pay. Con- gress revised the law so as to protect the rights of Uncle Sam's own em- ployes in the future—and the bill was signed exactly 118 days too late to benefit him. But his mind, being typically in- ventive, went clicking on. It created for him another simple and pn}{o;nfi n gave him another catchy title for that new process—the recently announced “monophone.” ‘That thought, too, lay in his sub- conscious mind for years; lay there until he suddenly leaped up from a profound sleep at 3 one morning and made the notations from which his latest invention developed. Uses Cables for Antenna. So far as I understand it, it is this: ‘Thousands of telephone wires, bun- dled into cables, run in their leaden sheaths underground in twins, in an out of each station. Squier simply un- furls one of these. tiniest wires and leaves it open at the end to form an antenna, and transmits radios to it at the distance of the thickness of a sheet of tissue paper. And, ) one may have his radio at his bedside as he has his telephone, and in every room in the house. In procuring the necessary Paunr.s on his first invention, Gen. Squier had the benefit of his official Government ition. Useful for war, his applica- n was rushed through the Patent Office in record time. For ordinary claimants the process would not have been so rapid. Let us go down to the great classical build- ing in Washington—twin of the Treas- ury _in its architecture—and observe at first hand a little of this usually ted process of extracting a United States Gov- ernment. What is here? At first, a disap- intment. No fascinal museum umorous with freak models or hal- {tognt ot Singuiar mincs, - onty, in t o ar minds. A a !:gllhu cases in the corridor, the jetsam of a recent sale which sent thousands of freaks to the junk-heap— anti-snoring devices, hot-water heated Jackets, silver hooks to fish the human stomach, a self-tipping hat—hundreds of fantastic dreams made real. Some things were withheld from the sale and placed in the National Museum—the cherished models of Whitney's cotton gin, of Berliner's microphone, of Edi- son’s graphophone, of Morse's tele- graph, of Bell's telephone and scores of others historically interesting. Instead this office proves to be a shell in which experts sit in clumps and rows like white intellectual kernels in one trmendous nut, each concentrated on his own problem and all surrounded with endless tissues of filing cases full of wide, flat drawers methodically filled with drawings and descriptions of every patent ever granted for anything any- ‘where in the world and all the applica- tions and drawings and descriptions and claims of all the patents any one is ask- ing from the Government of these United States. Models Are No Longer Used. Not a model anywhere on any desk; they no longer look at models. They look only at drawings, descriptions and “claims.” This fact in itself means two things. It means that the men who ex- amine applications for patents must be com) P patent from the weeks. | This might convey the idea that the court takes life easily. As a matter of fact, the justices are busy through the recess in their offices at the Capitol or in their homes working on cases and giving thought to decisions. ‘The Chief Justice takes his share of | the work of preparing decisions. Some find them- | selves busy not only six days a wes {but also on Sunday. The court's re- cesses may be frequent, but the Chief Justice and his associates find few fur- loughs from duty. brations. President Hoover, when he received him, then expressed the hope that Mr. Filipowicz's ambassadorial rank might be made permanent. Since then Ambassadors have been exchanged between the British and Polish govern- | ments, and a similar exchange between Poland and the United States is now but a matter of days or weeks. e have credentials as Polish Minister to Ithough ormally accred- ited to Cuba he will include Cuba within visited Havana just before making his trip to Mexico. . Pulmonary Proportion. From the Omaha World-Herald. 1f the Prince of Wales rates an eight- f::l“xlnn head ;nh a d‘"fl“ ffl:" Just agine what; he coul with poeu- his sphere of diplomatic interests. He ing expertly trained in the fundamentals of engineering and patent law and special- ists in the specific line to which they are detailed. It also means that more than ever the would-be g-unm must from the take-off run with the aid of the best patent lawyer he is able to secure. Their conversation upon the subject of their work is practically unintelligible to a layman, it is so full of technical words and curious special phrases. ‘There they are, I say, these “exam- iners,” fitted between desks and filing cases. Pull out one of the surrounding files and look at an application for a patent—and guess at once why the first step in getting a patent is to find a com- petent patent lawyer. Several foolscap sheets hold first the “petition”; next the specifications, describing the machine or process, with little marginal numbers referring to the drawings, which must go along with the description; then the | “claims” or statement of what you think original in what your patent will do—all fastened by an oath and sealed by a fee of $10. That sounds simple enough. But look urther. ‘The description must be both scien- tifically accurate and legally water-tight. 1f you mention some irrelevant detail as & part of your invention you are just as much out of luck as you are if you leave out some important detail. For instance, some one invented a kind of bobbin for use in textile weav- 1d described it as having rounded ends. His particular bobbin did have rounded ends. But it could have done its work just as effectively with any kind of shape at the ends. Some one else came along and invented a bobbin which did the same work with pointed rnfl‘!‘ and got a perfectly legal patent on it. Then observe on these application blanks.the scorings of red Mm gre. ameéndments o the orl clains; superior form of earth connec- | “This simple basic reasoning, without | brought in and inserted from time to time after the original application has been filed. They keep trying, as they say down here in their technical way, “to get away from reference"—that is, to keep away from infringing on pre- vious patents. You have to ‘“claim” everything in the universe and yet dodge every one else in doing 1t, or again your are out of luck. It seems that you are protected in your rights, in so far as you can prove “priority”—that is, that you thought it up first—in many ways beside the ac- tual issuance of the patent. You may have shown a_description and drawing to some one who can wit- ness the fact under oath. You may ave published it somewhere. Or you may have applied for a patent. You are protected from the time your applica- tion is filed. It sometimes happens that some one invents something which is a little ahead of the times. It will not ?ly to manufacture it today, but it will pay well to manufacture it tomorrow. 1t is right at the beginning, from the first wording of the description and the claim, that the patent attorney steps in with all his usefulness. His usual fee (in his opinton) you have any chance is about $25. If you are clever and Jucky, you may come away with a per- fectly good patent—perhaps a pretty valuable one—for as little as $150 in lawyers' fees. ‘This to a first-class firm. Now, with your lawyer's best descrip- tion and claim and neat drawings made for you through his office, your paper has ‘entered this patent maze. ‘The men who n the work of de- ciding whether you get your patent or not are called “examiners.” It is a per- fect name for them. The first corps of examiners look to see what sort of thing this is you want to make. They may do nothing nll} day but decide what kind of device it is. ‘There are 63 divisions and subdivi- sions of all made things to cover every human use, and the first proposition is for a preliminary search to see whether | Sy, . WASHINGTON, D. C. FEBRUARY 16, 1930—PART TWO. ntors Are Helped to Success to shunt your device into the right technical experts for judging that par- ticular sort of thing—that is, to classify it, For instance: You have a machine for sepal g the seed from cotton. Shall it go to the examiners of cotton- seed machinery or to the examiners of textile machinery? In other words, is it the seed or the cotton that counts? ‘Then the primary examiners take it in hand, spread it on their desks, study each detail, compare it with the details of every other similar device ever pat- ented anywhere in the world and give their best judgment upon it. You can expect about six months’ delay while this is happening, for the office is about that much behind on its calendar. For- | itsel give them when you remember that last year alone nearly 50,000 patents were issued, not to mention similar things these men handle, such as trade marks, designs, labels and prints. If you ruu these first examiners, plus & chief examiner, you are then sald to be “sent to issue”—that is, you have six months in which to pay the final fee of $20, plus $1 for each ‘“claim.” And about four weeks later your patent will be sent to the Printing Office. But suppose you're not so fortunate. ippose some examiners think they have discovered an “interference.” Then you can appeal from their decision for a spec} earing. In the new bullding of the Depart- ment of Commerce now rapidly rising in Washin, seven rooms will be set aside in which to hold these hearings, and they will all be busy all day long. ‘You may appear for these special ‘hearings on engineering questions con- cerning your device or you may appear before the law examiner on “motions to dissolve the interference.” And if you are still discontented you may then go on to the board of appeals of the Patent Office. This is a sort of little court itself. It sits in a room exactly resembling a court room, with a high mahogany dai for the judges beside a stand of great silk flags. Here you can bring all the (Continued From First Page.) that prevailed in all European coun- ries as an aftermath of the war. | Therefore one had to find some way | out of this situation. And the way was found. Gen. Wrangel adopted the old method of co-operation, of unity in or- ganization, so that the weak elements could rely on the strong and the strong find protection in need from the or- ganization as a whole. The motto, “Unity creates force,” that has been the national rally of Belgium for a century, proved here its value. If the Russian emigrees are dismem- bered politically and still present a va- riety of political parties and groups, the assoclation of former officers and men of the army and navy presents a solid., unified organization, the aims of which are not vain political discussions, but mutual aid in all domains. It is only due to the work of this association that about 30,000 soldiers and non-com- missioned officers have work and a roof above their heads. It is only due to the spirit of unity in this association that S0 many weaklings have been saved from being drowned in the whirlpool of economic struggle and have regained | their strength. One of the examples of the work of this association is the so- called Russian city on the outskirts of Paris, on the land belonging to the French Northern Railway. There some hundred officers and men who work on the railway have built a number of barracks, in which they live the life they were accustomed to during the d | years of their service in the army. ‘They have their officers’ quarters and mess, the quarters of the non-eom- missioned officers and the lodgings of men. They have their recreation hall, fitted with & small stage and decorated with the emblems of national Russia. In their daily work on the railway offi- cers and men work together in full equality, but in their free time they conserve former military distinction. On festive days they dress in their uni- forms and attend service in church and & general meeting following it. As a result they feel less homesick and they maintain their national spirit in a for- elgn country, with the never-fading hope of returning some day to Russia. Communism Is Barred. free to have any political ideas except those of Communism. The association as a whole has no political program for the future, but is ready to help any na- tlonal government that may take the place of the Soviets. For this purpose & very careful and up-to-date registra- tion of all members is kept in the head- quarters, so as to know at any time not only the number of former military men, but also their specialty, not with the intention, as the Soviets like to present it, of preparing another inter- vention in Russia, but for the purpose of calling to the colors all nationally- minded men in order to support a na- tional government when and if such a government will appear in Russia, Statements Are Contradictory. It is clear, therefore, that the terms “ancient regime” or “Tzarist,” as ap- plied to the leaders and to the members of the Association of Russian Officers and Men of the Army and of the Navy, are not corresponding to the reality of facts. Owing' to this, one may expect more attention for the protests of local units of this association, as, for in- stance, of that in this country, with its held?:lrmn in New York, which sent telegrams appealing to the human feellng of President Hoover, Gen. Pershing, the American Legion, the President of the French Republic, the League of Nations and the League for the Protection of the Rights of Man. During that time the Soviet authori- ties and Valerian Dovgalevsky, Soviet | ambassador "in Paris, denied having !lnythmg to do with the kidnaping of Gen. Kutiepov and invented one story after another. Thus in the first place they came out with the news that the general simply ran away with a woman and was probably hiding somewhere under an assumed name. Then they explained that they had certain in- formation as to the fact that the dis- appearance of the general was intend- ed to camouflage his secret journey to Russia in order to foment revolt against the Soviet government. As a sequel to this a number of people have been ar- rested in Moscow and Leningrad. Dov- galevsky communicated to the com- munistic Humanite a telegram from | Communists in Amsterdam saying that Kutlepov was seen leaving on a steamer bound for South America. All these contradictory communica- | tions emanating from communistic | sources only show that the Soviet gov- ernment is preparing a story to explain the mysterious kidnaping. It reminds one of the same conditions at the time when the councilor of the Soviet em- | bassy in Paris, Gregory Bessiedovsky, fied from the embassy and placed him- self under the protection of the French police to escape death from the hands of Sovlet secret service men who travel with diplomatic passports and execute undesirables, as it had happened some years ago in the Soviet embassies in Vienna, Berlin and Warsaw. Then, too, contradictory stories have been circulated until the Soviet gov- ernment accused Bessledovsky of em- bezzlement to make him appear not as a political refugee, but as a common law criminal. At present Bessledovsky has published a series of sensational revela- tions in which he states very definitely that the Soviet embassy in Paris con- tains 20 secret service men who are di- rectly responsible to headquarters in Moscow. Dovgalevsky as ambassador has no right to interfere into their work nor even to enter the rooms that they occupy in the embassy. The great question that tm_ub‘leu not, an emigiees, But wlko the in- Habitadte: of the French - capital is:" Every member of the association is/ Disappearance of Anti-Red Leader Puzzles French and Russians Alike Where is Gen. Kutiepov? 1Is he still alive and imprisoned in the Soviet em- bassy? Or is he already dead and buried in_ some remote ‘The French police is working hard on the few clues in its possession, but it is obvious that if the general is held a risoner they will never be able to come the bottom of their investigation. And the general belief is that Kutiepov is in the Soviet embassy. This belief is based on the previous experience of that sort, when many a time Soviet dip- lomatic representatives were coveris by their immunity acts of a criminal nature. On the other hand, the Prench police is reputed to be ome of the best in the world, and if it is unable to locats a man kidnaped in in broad daylight it leads one to conclude that there must be some way to escape its vigilance for so long & time. And this way can only be if there is a place where- to ‘the police has no access. Such a place can only be the Soviet embassy in Paris. A group of patriotic Frenchmen have announced a prize of 100,000 francs ($4,000) to solve the mystery. Russians have lost h of finding Gen. Kutiepov alive, but all of them hope that this in- cident will help the people to realize that when they speak of law and order. of justice and humanity, they should definitely exclude the Communistic ny‘ and the government of Soviet ussia. | PUBLIC LIBRARY I Recent accessions to the Public Library and lists of recommended read- ing will appear in this column every Sunday. Statesmen. Baker, G. P. Hannibal. E-H 195b. Belloc, Hilaire, Richelieu. E-R398b. Hall, J. W. Eminent Asians. E-0H 14. Liddell Hart, B. H. Sherman: Soldier, Realist, American. E-Shs4 1. Mott, T. B. Myron T. Herrick. E-H435m. Scheidemann, Philipp. The Making of New _Germany. Two volumes. E-Sch26.E. Shaw, Albert. Abraham Lincoln. Two volumes. E-L63sha. !Br;r;f Rice, Sir C. A. The Letters and endships. ‘Two volumes. E-Sp86. ‘Whitlock, Brand. Lafayette. Two vol- umes. E-L 13w. Peace. Brooks-Bright Foundation, New York. Brooks-Bright Prize Essays, 1929. JXAR-B19. Cadman, 8. P. Peace. CK-O 115p. Cecil, E. A. R. G.-C. Viscount. Way of Peace. JXAR-C323w. Hughes, C. E. Pan-American Peace Plans. JXAR-H87p. Aviation. Bennett, R.'R. Aviation: Hs Commer- g:;‘ and Financial Aspects. SZ- Day, O. H., and Vincent, Terence. Min- iature Aircraft. SZP-D33. This Aviation Busi- Dichman, E. W. ness. 'SZ-D54t. Hinton, Walter. Opportunities in Avia- tion. Sz-H590. Hodgins, Eric, and Magoun, ¥. A. Sky High. SZ-Hé6s. Manly, G. B. Aviation From the Ground Up. SZ-M316. Pynchon & Co., New York. The Avia- tion Industry. SZ-P99. The . Drawing. Benson, W. A. S. Drawing: Its His- tory and Uses. 1925. fil-fl“l, Hl.rl'irzi;:'k, A. S. Drawing. 1921. WM- Oehler, B. O. Figure Sketching. 1927. ‘WMA-Oe5. Renggli, Bdward. How to Draw the Head in Light and Shade. WMA- Biology. Giesen, John, and Malumphy, T. L. Backgrounds of Blology. MV-G38. Needham, Joseph. Man a Machine. MV-N285. Smallwood, W. M., and others. New General Biology. MV-Sm 16ne. ‘Thomson, D. L. The Life of the Cell. MV-T382. We&:l;. G. P. Economic Biology. MV- ‘Women. Donovan, Mrs. F. R. KWX-D716s. Frost, H. A, and Sears, ‘Women in _ Architecture ane ape Architecture. KWX-F92, Raven, C. E. Women and the Minis- try. CXC-R 19w. Smith, E. M. Toward Equal Rights for Men and Women. KWW-8m54t. ‘Woolf, Mrs. V. 8. Room of One's Own. KW-W8sr. Travel. Bhandarkar, D. R, ed. Indla. G69- B46. A Baraboo, Dells, and Devil's Lake Region. G902-C67. Frisble, R. D. The Book of Puka-puka. G17-F91 J. T. Old Homes and Huwrny Around Fredericksburg. G863. Keyserling, H. A. Graf.von. America Set Free. G83-K52. Kibler, J. L. Sketches of One Hundred and Twenty-five Historic Virginia Landmarks. G863-K53s. Laut, A. C. The Overland Trail. G943- L370. Legendre, A. F. Modern Chinesg Civil- ization. . G66:L524m.E. AR, n:- sdventurous ~ America’ ‘The Baleslady. . R. d ~G640. | the el little working models you like and here you will be sure to bring all the little working patent lawyers you can. The place and the men have all the dignity, too, of an actual court. The director himself is ex-officio, and Wwith him six men appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate sit daily in groups of three. And even if the Government has given you a patent you may still find yourseif involved in arguments which may carry you all the way to the newly created Court of Customs and Paten Appeals, or you may file & bill in equity before any Federal judge and so fight your way right up to the Supreme Court 1f. If this should happen, of course, you will not get off with a mere $150 in fees to_your patent attorney! Is this patent maze too complicated to eneounie the amateur inventor to roceed with his inventing? “Is it true,” wonder, “what one often hears—that today the poor man has not a chance?” I will ask Mr. Robertson, for years the director for our Government, a man of great integrity and incomparable ex- perience. 1 find a tall, distinguished figure, with & beautiful head crowned with silver hair. I put to him my questions. I do not find him alarmed about the poor invesnwr. 24 — “Successful inventing is not confined to the corfiuuon experts,” he says. “A host of independent inventors have made fortunes and continue to do so. Among those of the last five years are the Bendix drive used for automobiles, the semi-soft collar, rubber heels for shoes, vacuum .cleaners and many hers.” But Gen. Squire goes still further. the indépendent 1nentor Tad o Shiies ventor chance :E:'.’. today,” he says. e “The best inventor is a two-legged man who eats bacon and eggs. Palatial s | 1aboratories with princely endowments can hold no monopoly on discovery and invention. Those laboratories dr:velon processes and expand inventions. They do not create new, fundamental in- ventions. The inventor is born alone, dies alone—and invents alone.” That he so frequently dies rich, that the superb houses which shelter him in death are to be seen in every city in America, is a knowledge so common that every other person mu meet has a hankering that may sud- denly make a fortune out of one of the bright thoughts that float through his mind while he is going down to work in the morning. All the world sometimes seems to me to be made up alternately of those who think they can invent something and those who think they can write a play. With one-sixteenth of the world's population, Americans hold one-half of the world's patents. An average of 1 out of every 150 among us has ap- plied for at least one patent. It cannot be something merely in the air or in the blood which produces so astonishing a fact. Ericsson the Swede, Bell the Britisher, Berliner the Ger- man, Tesla the Croat, Vanderpoele the Dutchman, Steinmetz the German, Pupin the Serb—they made their in- ventions here. Informed opinion says that it is our mnt system itself, together with the quality and standards of its ad- ministration, which most helps to pro- duce this situation. United States System Is Novel. Moreover, our system is entirely dif- ferent from that of any other country. We protect the poor inventor during his days of struggle. An American does not forfeit his patent because he is unable to manufacture it. Elsewhere he does. does not have to pay invention. Elsewhere “In European countries,” Commis- sioner Robertson remarked, “even if an inventor is not making & dollar out of his" patent, he must often g-y taxes which ascend year by year, while, if he fails to manufacture, some rich man may step in and use his patented de- vlul without paying the inventor a cent.” ‘To me, a quite surprising discovery is this—that the very purpose of our laws themselves is not to protect poor inventors into being able to make a fortune. On the contrary, our system was provided for in the very writing of the Constitution itself, “to promote the progress of science and the useful arts,” o'r. in the words of Herbert Hoover, en- gineer: ““The primary function of the Patent Office s to stimulate and protect Amer- ican ingenuity and inventiveness." It is just one of the happy by-prod- ucts of a noble purpose, apparently, that brings millions to so many of the clever beneficiaries of this patent maze. These millions E\, not alone into the ckets of the inventors themselves. ey often spe! the public. It is estimated, for exnmnlu. that the invention of the gas-filled tungsten bulbs saves us a billion a year in electric light bills over the cost of the old-f§shioned carbon bulbs. At the same time, by creating new variations on the uses for old things and creating new things to use, our inventors are the f‘““"‘ of whole industries, spelling employment for millions. “Dreamer” Inventor Is Gone. And in the present personality of such an inventor as Gen. Squler you may WOMEN MAKING FIGHT FOR JURY SERVICE RIGHTS Old Suffrage Issue Is Revived in Struggle for Recognition in Various (Continued From First Page.) were asked to vote on the question in 1922, and the report is that they cast 1,164 votes in favor, as against 579 op- posed. This year the women and the men of Illinois are going to vote on the same question. The Illinois League of Women Voters, which has been arguing the merit and logic of the case for years, both before the courts and with the members of the Legislature, is now confronted with the need of an educational campaign in a large and populous State. Members of the league, of all persons, know that a referendum campaign is an arduous and expensive proposition, and it seems to them a pity to have to divert effort from up- to-date problems of government to fight for an anachronism like this while women in nearby States—Iowa, In- diana, Wisconsin—serve as & matter of course. Say Not Fit for Women. A favorite argument of those fright- ened by the idea of the mixed jury is that court houses and jury rooms are dingy, dirty places—not fit for women. The answer from the women is, “Then clean them up—if they are not fit for women, they are not fit for the admin- istration of justice.” Experience bears them out, for in States where women serve, court houses have gone through & process of renovating not uniike that which cleaned up thousands of polling places when women got the vote. Some States are just in the stage of seeing the handwriting on the wall—like Missouri, where the Senate judiciary committee last year refused to report out the jury bill after it had passed the House, but where, it is said, orders have gone out to the official architects to provide for quarters for woman jurors in designing new court houses. Another story from Missouri tells of an “inquest” held by women after the session of the Legislature adjourned. Before & jury of women the Senate ju- diciary committee was accused of the murder of poor Bill Jury Service, but the defendant, was released v'hen it was determined that it was no corporeal murderer, but & mere “state of mind” which had done the deed, and, further- more, that the victim, poor Bill Jury gt , showed signs of vigorous return e. Unpleasant Facts Are Cited. One of the commonest arguments against women on juries is that they would have ‘to listen to facts that are unpleasant to hear. That is true, and undoubtedly this argument is searching in its implications. Are women to be sheltered from the problems of com- munity life? Or are they to partici- pate in government to find their solu- tion? Chivalry, old-fashioned, asks the first; progress the second. ‘The question of unpleasant testimony is most acute in cases of sex crimes and offenses. In the Territory of Hawali in the last few years there has an alarming increase in the number of such crimes and an almost equally alarming difficuity in securing convic- tions. Women have been aroused at the failure of the courts to deal with the situation. They say that in every such young girl or & woman is involved, and usually as the victim, and they protest that it is unjust to expect such witnesses to tell their stories before juries composed entirely of men. Moreover, public opinion gen- erally seems to agree with them. ‘The Hawalian Legislature, unfor- tunately, is unable to change the situa- tion. This is because the Congress of the United States years ago wrote into the organic act of the island that jurors should be “male citizens.” The Legis- lature has done what it could, however, and has twice memorialized the gress to remove the discriminations for which it is responsible. A bill to do this did pass the House in the last Congress, but got lodged in the Senate committee on Territories and insular affairs, of which Senator Bingham is chairman. The National League of Women Voters 11 enormous savings to |8ervice for women. In 1027 it pro is supporting the measure introduced by Delegate Houston of Hawail in the pres- ent session. District’s Law Is Quoted. ‘This is not the first time that the Congress of the United States has been asked to act on the question of u:z that women in the District of Columbia should be eligible to serve, but that no woman should be compelled to serve against her will. L2 of statute, women hold, is unsatisfactory. Year after year in certain States women lob- bying for jury service bills with con- servative legislators have been offered permissive statutes as a bait and year after year have refused to compromise. In South Dakota the Senate tacked a proviso onto the jury bill to the effect that it should not have any force or ef- fect “as to any female until her name observe how the oldtime picture of a |should have been placed upon the jury long-haired dreamer has faded and dis- appeared out of reality. ike many another famous military figure, he is a little wisp of & man. Like & bundle of those wires which figure in his monophone invention, he, too, is a bundle of energy. He is yety, nerv- ous power, conversationally snapping from a great philosophical truth, suc- cinet in a phrase, to a quip, or an anecdote. As a part of his military duty he once commanded a ship at sea—a ship whose purpose, officially, was to lay cables to outlandish places, but which found that that peaceful purpose could be accomplished only after hand-to- hand contests with savages in southern and eastern seas. Inventor and fellow of learned socfe- ties of the world, he has also been a dip- lomat—with our embassy in_London— so effective a diplomat that I refer my reader to Volume III of Ambassador Page’s memoirs anent his services. Yet he remained sufficiently orthodixically military to serve as chief of the Army Alr Service from 1916 to 1918. And todey. while he officially repre- sents our War Department on the ‘'United States National Committee on International ~Electro-Technical Com- munications,” when he goes about among his friends they forget all that and think he represents just a delightful gentleman. Such is the Personnmy of one live in- ventor as he is. A symbol, if you like, of the remaining fact that difficult and technical as this patent maze remains, out of its ramifications is produced a system which, lying at the core of American industrial prosperity, so pro- tects the individual inventor that he may, as in the case of Gen. Squier, live delightfully and variedly, though he thinks uniquely. Taft’s Personality Seen As an Aid to His Career (Continued From First Page.) not only the right temperament but the one supreme quality. That q_nullllr in Taft was early grasped while ft was at Manila by the racial intuitiveness of the Pilipinos, who would have ir notion of Taft by a single Ameri- can word. Not having the word, an elderly Filipino, driven to symbolize his opinions about many men whose names ‘were mentioned to him, used the device of a 'k with which he drew scratches in the sand. In each case the scratch was crooked or wavering until Taft was mentioned, when the Filipino's face|the Women's Reformatory, an lighted up and he vigorous| 3 !htpmlx l“an( absolutel, straight; i list at her request.” The South Dakota League of Women Voters chose defeat in preference to this, the president of the league remarking: “Can you imag- ine anything worse? I dare say there are few men, other than professi jurors, who would volunteer to on juries.” Yet the State of Louisiana makes just such & requirement of ‘women., Surveys conducted by the league in- dicate that the effect of an optional law is to reduce the proportion of women on the average jury, making |fro) 1t more onerous for women who do feel & sense of obligation to serve. Such a law plays into the hands of defense at- torneys, making it an easy matter to remove by challenge all women from the jury in cases, especially in liquor cases, where they suspect that the presence of women is more likely to lead to convictions. Only last Winter the women of Utah, who had found that their optional law was little better than none at all, worked for and secured an amendment which put jury service on a z(mrnpnlnory basis for women as well as for men. Suggests All Be Women, In Minnesota the first bill suggested by the newly organized League of Wom- en Voters in 1921 was a jury-service measure. It . When the next session of the Legislature came around league members were amazed to learn that House bill No. 1 provided that all women should be excused from servin, in “salacious” cases unless they ‘Should especially ask to serve. The league wrote around to its members to ask if any of them had served on salacious cases. They had. It asked if they be- lieved that women should serve on such cases. They did. One woman even sug- gested that juries in such cases should be composed entirely of women. A hear- ing was held on House bill No. 1. The committee room was packed with wom- en who had served on juries. One after another they arose to say that the cases from which the bill would excuse them were those on which women were most needed—in justice to children and young women. When they concluded, the hearing was over. No proponents appeared and the author of the meas- ure, who had introduced it out of a mistaken conception of chivalry, with- drew it. Minnesota also contributes testimony on the importance of following measure after it is enacted. league’s chairman of the committee on the legal status of women in that drew one ! tion of which the State is smm State is a lawyer, and also the ):::d of M’:’ty al !y:‘-‘e?u'hwi a&fl“d:fi'fi “Bne | bo States. county commissioners she has checke:l up on the operation of the new jury law. In 1927 it was discovered that 44 out of 85 counties were disregarding the law and not summoning Wwomen. In 1928 the number of counties not in- cluding women was reduced to 19. A letter was addressed to the county at- torneys and commissioners in these counties calling their attention to the situation and reminding them that fail- ure to include women in jury lists laid the entire panel open to challenge. ‘To give point to the reminder, & Su- preme Court decision of the State wa: quoted stating that “in the selection of jurors to pass upon the liberty and Pproperty of women as well as men there must be no discrimination against women.” The letter went on to cite a recent case in a rural county where the Judge in a case in which a woman was the plaintiff had sustained the motion of her attorney to quash the.whole jury panel because of failure to include women. So women are learning an old les- son—that it is not enough to fight to secure rights, but it is necessary to be vigilant to maintain them. Are women in the jury box too much swayed by emotion? In’the recent trial of former Secretary Fall, the defendant, « sick and failing old man, was brought into the court room day after day in a wheel chair, attended by his nurse and ;nemberl of the family. When the de- ense and appeals to sympathy, newspapers made much of the fact that one of the four women on the jury wept. Yet in all the long serles of criminal trials growing directly out of the oil scandals this mixed jury was the only one to | raturn a verdict of guilty. Some Judges Prefer Mixed Juries, A questionnaire sent some years ago to judges and attorneys in States where ‘women serve brought back a very em- phatic response to a query on thss point. It did not acquit women of emotion and prejudice, but it showed that judges find that these weaknesses are common to both sexes and that the administration of justice has not suffered by admitting women to the gury box. Some judges ;how a marked preference for mixed uries. Some comments on definite advan- tages of having women as jurors recur over and over again in the statements of the judges: 1. The presence of women on juries raises the decorum of court proceedings, eliminates jury-room loafing and brings prompter verdicts, 2. Women are better judges than men of the credibility of women witnesses, 3. Many women show a willingness to serve on juries as a matter of public service and a conscientious attitude to their duties, which is a distinct advan- tage in the administration of justice. 4. More women of education and rsonal qualifications are available for jury service than is the case with men, ‘who are more bound by business ties. Some judges, who have had their troubles getting juries of sufficient cali- ber, have long wanted to draw upon the untapped resources which women offer. Recently Judge John R. Dillon of Clark- son, Ga., defied the State statute which uses the words " and “men” in preseribing the selection of jurors and summoned & mixed jury—the first in the State. Four women were called. Three were eliminated by challenge of counsel; one served; but the other three lingered in court to observe the proceedings, Southern Background Is Important. ‘This anecdote gains in interest from its Southern background. The territory in which women do not contribute as Jurors stretches unbroken from Virginia to Arizona—11 States along the South- ern coast, in which are included 8 of the States in which suffrage itself was never won, and where the nineteenth amendment has never yet been ratified. Naturally the securing of statutes spe- cifically providing for jury service of women is more difficult in these States than in others, yet many women are actively working in that region for just such legislation. ‘The increasing number of women lawyers and judges makes the exclusion of women from the jury box all the more marked. Before her elevation to the bench of the Supreme Court of Ohio, Judge Florence Allen presided over a court of general jurisdiction in County, which embraces the city of Cleveland. She is a stout bel‘mmr in jury service for women. “For my part,” says Judge Allen, “I believe that we shall owe much to the woman juror because of her respect for law and her conscientious demand that soclety be protected and the rules of civilized conduct upheld. I believe that the participation of women in the courts alone, not only as attorneys, prosecutors TeksuABIY Thlcd (he!fone of the s e tone of e ad- ministration of justice.” Women Stress Educational Value, From women who have served, the most frequent comment is on the edu- cational value of the experience to them as citizens. Of 37 women serving on juries who answered the first ques- tionnaire sent them by the Minnesota League of Women Voters, 36 stressed this aspect particularly. On the other hand, in States where women are not allowed to serve, women ask, “How can we vote intelligently if we are debarred m ordinary contact with the work- 8 v eaed i ght e for jury serv- ice an old fight—and so it u{ r{t is a fight against old forces, better known to the women who fought the suffrage its weary and brilliant to the present generation. Perhaps it is a good thing that the young women of today should have a taste of that old fight against stub- born, resistant forces, that they should have to test the earnestness of their own acceptance of that citizenship which they have assumed so lightly. Searching Test of Citizenship, Jury service provides a searching test. Only an earnest citizen would work for Jury service as a right. Neither all men nor all women take the citizenship of women in good faith. Kentucky is one of the States where the liability of wom- en to serve as jurors was accepted after the suffrage amendment went into ef- fect. A ‘year ago members of the League of Women Voters were aston- ished to learn that a bill had passed the Btate Senate granting absolute ex- emption to women. They tried to stop ihe govermor o vete e pasTns Bt vel 3 1 became law, e The story was this: “The wife of one of our senators was called for jury service and objected to serving. She, I";I dleeml. wem:&mn:a to her {lufihlnfl , 'vent & recurrence, troduced the bill pros " ex- ‘"'1:"’&'" providing for ex e age of chir & few women €0t what they wanted with ease, In the age of n in which we live it appears that women have to work rather harder for desired goals than men were ever expected to work for them. So it will probably be some years before the point of view repre- mr by' ‘tl{\e bn:mwr‘l lady and the OV statutes debas men fro of the first problems men d are likely to work out m:!r;}m: DLT el.| reform of the jury system. In Sta where women serve on juries they already studying the o) e system, and Mlu' l&ufl’m" call,