Evening Star Newspaper, February 16, 1930, Page 30

2 THE EVENING !STAR ___ With Sunday Morning Editien. . WASHINGTON, D. C. SUNDAY......February 16, 1930 - FBEODOIE W. NOYES. .. .Editor The Evening Star Newspaper Company ce. Business Offce. Yook gae‘{'fx Bier 4200 8 hicago Office: Lake Mich %&l%nl. i o e e Rate by Carrier Within the City. i+ m’f:i.fifi'idnau s Cwhien & ) 5 v e Evening on "Busidiy sia; %0 Bor month ndavs) 652 per month The Sunday 8t L T8 per copy AGts thay Be et by Taal o Tl anG 3 o Quders 5 mail of telephone Rate hfi Mail—Payable in Advance. aryland and Virginia, Daily and Sunday. 0. mt Dails onlv .. unday only All Other States and Canada. Dally and Sunday..1yr.3i2.00: 1mo. 8100 ily only .. 1yrl $800-1mo. i8¢ unday only 1yrl, $5.00: 1 mo. 80 Member of the Associated Pr 6 Associated Press is .‘El\‘llV!)l rubll tion of all n ':-m?' tnd alss ';kh- incal Siew Herein. - All fights of publicat A1 ‘Gispatchés hereih are also seserved. entitied ews dise ‘What Is “Just Compensation”? The decision of the United States in the minds of the public, as well as Senator Borah, as to where, as the conductor might say, “we street car riders are going to get off at.” In the absence of any fixed rule of measure- ment or agreement as to what consti- tutes confiscation it would appear that here in Washington Congress might attempt to clarify the matter in a manner that would guarantee to the public the protection of those rights which, according to the criticlsm so generously voiced in the Senate, is now deniéd in the courts. Henry Ford’s Philanthropy. It has been often noted ot Henry Ford, reputed to be the richest man’ in the world, that he has not devoted any part of his great wealth to any form of philanthropy. He was until a few years ago too much occupied to pay any attention to public welfare de- mands. Latterly he has been amusing himself with the collection of Ameri- cana, relics of early ploneer days and colonial times, literary souvenirs, his- torical structures and the like. Many have thought that perhaps this would represent the concluding activity of his life. But now Mr. Ford confounds his critics by announcing that he proposes to devote the rest of his days to the founding of schools, for which pur- Supreme Court in the Baltimore street rallway fare case has become symbolic of two distinct points of view on l.hel rights of property, and the fight in the Senate over the confirmation of Mr. Hughes was more of a flare-up over the prineiples embodied in that decision { than an attack on the fitness or qual- ifications of the new Chief Justice. ‘The parts of the court’s decision most vigorously condemned during the Sen- ate debate were the findings that a return of 6.26 per cent to the railway was “clearly inadequate”; that “in the light of recent decisions of this court it 18 not certain that rates securing a return of 7l or even 8 per cent on the value of the property would not be necessary to avoid confiscation,” and that certain franchises enjoyed by the rallway corporation as grants from the people were included in computing the rate base. It is impractical here to set down fully the court's reasoning in reaching these conclusions, beyond mentioning the points that “just compensation” does not mean merely current interest on investment, but must mclude such factors as the condition of the money market, maintenance of credit, confi- derice of irivestors and a profit that in addition to paying expenses permits accrual of a suitable depreciation fund, payment of interest, “reasonable divi- dends” and something left over for sur- plus. As far as the inclusion in the rate base of the franchises is concerned, the court mentioned a previous Mary- 1and decision holding that these ease- ments constituted an interest in real estate and should be included, but held that objections to that principle were made 66 1até by counsel for the people and therefore could not be considered— .evén if the objections “ever possessed - substance.” Justice Brandeis’ able dissent was +in computing the rate base, and t if ‘rules he deemed applicable ere followed the return would have . a0d that.a “net return of upon the present value property of a street railway en- & monopoly in one of the oldest, and richest cities of the Atlantic Beaboard would seem to be compensas tory.” He held that the franchises Wwere included in the rate bases in error of Federal Iaw and as the question was one involving’ violation of the Consti- tution thé Supreme Court should have eonsidered them. He argued, more- over, that the lower court was nhot ¢lear as to the nature or function of the depreciation charge and if the rail- WAy consistently followed the Court of Appeals method of fixing these charges a recasting of the company’s accounts for the five years previous to adoption of that method would show that it earned no profits, misrepresented its financial condition and paid dividends llegally. This present inadequate summary of the pros and cons of the case is cited in connection with Senator Borah's statement of fact that “the decision illustrates the wide division of views With reference to one of the most im- _portant questions from a legal and economié standpoint confronting the peoplé of the United States today.” But how is it going to be answered? Certainly there were no very profound suggestions or remedies offered during ‘the Benate debate, beyond the inference of the minority that conditions might be improved by inaugurating a process of hand-picking the judges according to their economic philosophy. An opportunity for sound and im- mediate approach to this question, how- éver, is presented to the Senate through its forthcoming consideration of the Capper bill, designed, the author says, to give Washington a “real Public Utili- ties Commission and nat a set of rub- ber stamps” and to “put teeth in its decisions”—in other words, to limit the powers of the courts in review of ap- peAls from the orders of the commis- sion. This measure attempts to pro- hibit the courts from passing on ques- tions of fact, as differentiated from ques- tions of law, and restricts appeals from orders of the commission to those in- volving the constitutional questions of contract and lack of due process or confiscation. ‘The courts could not write new rates to supertede those drafted by the Public Utilities Commis- &ion nor enter their own theorles of valuation in preference to the commis- sion’s theory. But if they found that evidence was lacking to support the commission's orders, or that orders were invalid under the Constitution, the commission would be ordered to re- “vise them. n considering this legislation the @enate might try its hand at drafting @ legislative definition of “just compen- eation” for a street raflway doing busi- ness in Washington. For without it the courts will be left where they now are—holding the bag. ‘The rallway companies now contend, for instance, that not only are current feturns of 3.4 and 4.2 per cent confis- catory, but that anticipated returns of 5 per cent under a ten-cent fare is also confiscatory. In the Bal- timore case 6.28 per cent was con- “sidered, with admissions that 8 per ~cent might fall in the same class. ‘This, of course, stimulates the thought a pose he is to set aside $100,000,000 of his fortune. A statement to this effect sent on Priday from Fort Myers, Fla., marks the beginning of what may be the most important public benefaction ever known in America. Henry Ford appears to have some clearly defined ideas on the subject of education, the kind that the country needs, as he conceives it. The key- note of his project of education is to be vocational training, the preparation of young people for active work in adult life. He indicates that in the schools which heé plans to endow— which are to be self-supporting— academic subjects will be taught in the lower grades and vooational subjects will be made available as students are prepared for them. Courses in the arts and commercial subjects will be offered as well 48 mechanical training. ‘This is & picture that is quite differ- ent from any that has heretofore been painted by educational philanthropists, Whose bounties have gone chiefly for the promotion of academic and pro- fessional schools. With a few excep- tions, of small institutions, the endowed schools, colleges and universities of the country have been of the eonvention« ally educative type. Mr. Ford pro- poses to spend a hundred million dol« lars for the establishment of a series of vocational universities. Henry Ford's success as & manufac- turer is not due altogether or in large part to the fact that he was a pioneer in low-priced individual transporta- tion. He has imagination and vision, courage and persistence, patience and #kill. He was not content with a be- ginning that would grow of its own mo- mentum. He carried through with his own energies and personal application until hé had built the biggest single business enterprise in the world. Those qualities that have made him almost incalculably wealthy he now proposes to turn to the development of his project of Nation-wide votational edu- cation. “Book learning” was not one of Henry Ford's adolescent acoomplishments. He made his big success without intel- lectual cultivation. But he does not wish to confine the youth of the coun- try who are to profit from his now an- nounced benefaction to technieal and vocational training alone. He wants them to have what he was denied, the lack of which he has no doubt often bewailed in the privacy of his own com- munion. ————— History does not repeat itself in the case of Charles E. Mughes. Senators who hoped for & last-minute reversal in his Supreme Court prospects were dis- appointed to find his cAreer now click- ing with accurate smoothness. — sl ‘While willing to give heed to dis- tinguished example, Chairman Butler when considering & senatorial campaign is not inclined to say he does not choose. oot More War in China. Evidence appears in dispatches from China that another crisis for the Na- tionalist government is Approaching. For two or three months Chiang Kai- Shek, President of the Nanking admin- | istration, has been comparatively free from rebellious attacks after having placated some of the most conspicuous and menacing of his several opponents at & heavy expenditure. But this period of relative placidity appears to have been only & truce, and a decidedly armed truce at that. Marshal Yen Hsi-Bhan, the so-called model Governor of Shansi, friend and host of Peng Yu- Hysiang, the “Christian general,” has sent a telegram to Chiang Kail-S8hek calling on him to resign and retire from politics. President Chiang replied with an emphatic refusal, declaring that it was impossible for him to resign when the stability of the government was not yet assured. Soon after sending this jponse he gave an interview inti- ting that he was ready to fight out the issue, and that instead of resigning he would make a greater effort than ever to suppress reactionary elements. It does not follow that hostilities on a large scale will soon develop. In the first place, the weather must be propi- tious, and this is no time of year to start & war in China. A revolutionary army living on the country would have a hard time subsisting off the food sup- plies of the people at this season. Then, again, the “arrangements” that precede conflict must be made, and these take time, consisting chiefly in reassembling fighting forces from the ranks of the THE SUNDAY STAR, WASHINGTOR, D. C, FEBRUARY 16, 1930—PART TWD. Capital Sidelights | —_— finesse, but more often by contest in the fleld. But he is a shrewd cam- paigner and usually chooses his own time and place of action. Whatever the outcome of the threat- ened conflict, the prospect for China is a sad one. Resumption of factional warfare will mean the expenditure of an immense sum of money which should 80 into public works and betterments for the sake of the people. The con- structive policles of the Nanking gov- ernment must be compromised to meet the exigencies of defense. There is much to be done in the way of curing evil conditions and providing facilities for the development of the national life, for transportation, for education, for sanitation, Every one of these civil wars, the end of which is not in sight, sets China back desperately. ———— A Private of the Forty-Second. The almost limitless unforeseen con- sequences of occurrences considered at peasantry to which they returned at the time cf the recent armistice. ‘The chalienge from Marshal Yen is a grave menace to the Nanking gov- ernment. He has high prestige through- out China. He has the support of Feng, who in turn has a large and de- votedly loyal following, even in his retirement. It is quite possible that Marshal Yen could unite under his banner in case of an anti-Nationalist campaign the present and potential forces of several of the war lords who have for some time been conducting sporadic and intermittent wars against Chiang Kai-Shek, Chiang Kai-8hek’s refusal to resign is altogether in character. He has never been & weakling or a quitter. Some- times he has et difficult situations with . the time of relative unimportance are brought afresh to mind by a ceremony held in Baltimore a night or two ago. This consisted of the tender by the Princeton Alumni Association of Mary- land of a posthumously painted portrait of John P. Poe, jr., a native Baltimo- rean, killed in action in 1915, while fighting under the British flag, and its acceptance. orf behalf of the University, to be hung in the great commons hall at Princeton. Pive surviving brothers, all former Princeton varsity foot ball players, were proudly present at the occasion. Many Princeton graduates and un- dergraduates fought in the World War. Many laid down their lives, some in spectacular fashion and some in the enjoyment of high rank. Several pos- sessed athletic reputations superior to that enjoyed by Poe. But for some reason the death of none was so widely heralded, possibly because it happened At the psychological moment. In the minds of many, who possibly could not offhand name any other alumnus save Woodrow Wilson, the alliterative terms Princeton, Poe and patriotism became firmly linked. This man, well past his youth, by inclination & soldier of fortune, held the opinion that his country should, and eventually wculd, align itself with the cause of the allies. Delay was to him distasteful, 0, as a private in the “Black Watch,” he became one of many hundred members of that famed corps to lose his life in Flanders. He was leading no forlorn hope or otherwise distinguishing himself; with a ocom- panion he was lugging ammunition boxes when & German shell found him. At a time when the tardiness of the United States to realize the right and to act upon it was being deplored loudly, both at home and abroad, a distin- guished American stationed inh London wrote home, “Johnny Poe's énlistment and death have done more to rehabili- tate us over here than anything that could have ®ccurred.” Every Prince- tonian was proud of him; almost in- stantly every American was proud of him. His “legend” grew until now his stocky, kilted figure and hawk-face shall look thrice daily down'upon and inspire Princeton generations yet un- born. He typifies something that is as undefinable as it is praiseworthy. In his casual, routine death, while gen- eral officers are forgotten save by the few or by the historian, he achieved a | po, sort of immortality that will forever be & benefit to his city, his alms mater and to the land of his birth. ——or—s As a good fisherman, President Hoover | will appreciate the fact that there .are finny prises worth striving for in nearby waters. His return from Florida does not necessarily mean that the fishing party is permanently disbanded. —————————— As a winner of the $10,000 Bok prize for eivic achlevement, Connie Mack is & means of disposing of many jealousies likely to arise from an award to literary or forensic attainment. Everybody likes | of s good outdoor sportsman. et A slight disproportion suggests itself on noting that February is a month of many holidays with no base ball games to utilise them. e Candidates desiring to figure on a political slate must expect a certain amount of investigation of the wine card. o SHOOTING STARS. BY PHILANDER JOHNSON. Propheey. Cheer up, folks! Though clouds are gTay, Smilin’ skies are on their way! ‘That old friend is sayin' so— |of $ir. The Christian Citizen BY THE RIGHT REV. JAMES E. FREEMAN, D. D, LL, D, Bishop of Washington. Text: Romans, ziii.7. therefore to all their dues.” ‘There is nothing in the teaching of the great Master that contravenes the recognition of our obligation to the world in which we live. On one occa- sion, when presented with the tribute money, He declared, as He noted the image and superscription upon it, “Ren- der therefore unto Caesar the things which are Caesar's, and unto God the things that are God's.” Lofty as was His teaching, He readily recognized that | there were duties imposed upon men in this world that they were compelled | to recognize and observe. He, Him- self, was most punctilious_in obeying the laws of His people. He affirmed that He came, not to destroy, but to fulfill. Repeatedly in the course of the church’s history there have been tendencies that run counter to His zgrunfl views and teachings. Even lay we witness now and again cer- tain movements, that bear the im- primatur of the church, that place the ‘whole emphasis upon the Christian’s obligation to that which 1s beyond sight and sense. To strive to attain future bliss and satisfaction, in the minds of many, means to ignore or to neglect consistent obligations to the world in which we live. To such, de- tachment from the world is the sole hope of eternal salvation. This is utter- ly out of consonance with the teach- ings of Christ. Even in the case of His disciples he said, “Not that thou shouldest take them out of the world, but that thou shouldest keep them from the eviL” He would have His followers and exponents bring to their age and generation a finer vision of life and its meaning; He would have them éxemplars of & life that was bal- anced and consistent; he would have them by precept and example effect better and more wholesome and more satisfactory ways of living; in a word, He would "have them demonstrate the utter wisdom of His philosophy of life. ‘There is an expression of Christian bellet and tice that concerns itself solely with self-interests and the at- tainment of personal salvation. It is an unworthy expression of the great “Render Christian_ideal. To the mind of Prof. Royce, the Christian church, ideally concelved, was “a blessed community.” To_ his mind Christianity meant com- radeship, social responsibility, a habit of selfless living, where one looked more on the things of others than on the interests that concern one's self. Some- times we think we have largely departed from this conception. Too frequently we find there is little of communal life among professing Christians, too little of social responsibility. In this respect we may learn much from some of the great social and fraternal bodies that are about us. It was largely reserved for our generation to discover the social implications of the Gospel and to real- ize that the teachings of the Master bear directly upon those vital things that concern human relationships. More and more today we are realizing that individual salvation is conditioned by a service that is selfless and generous. The men and women who exercise the largest influence upon their time and who effect the most beneficent results are the ones who render to' all their dues, That Christian faith affects our duties as citizens of the State, as mem- bers of ml;t!y, a8 workers in the great work room of industry is conspicuously true. ‘There are to0 many so-called Christian citizens who are’ indifferent to their clvic responsibilities, too many who in their social relationships give no evidence to the depth of their religious convictions, too many in the work room who have no sense of responsibility for their less fortunate fellows, too many in the church th-‘ accept the benefits of the Christian religion as a matter of self-consumption. t is striking word in the Old Testament, “There is that scattereth and yet . increaseth; there is that withholdeth more than is meet, but it tendeth to poverty.” There is & winsomeness about that type of be- llever who in his daily habit diffuses happiness and sunshine, whose life is radiant, hopeful and expectant, who believes with Stevenson in an “ultimate decency of things,” who by precept and example tells the story of a Christian faith that is designed to bring joy and satisfaction to the world in which they live. “Render therefore to all their dues; tribute to whom tribute is due: custom to whom custom; fear to whom fear; honor to whom honor.” LONDON OBSERVATIONS' BY FREDERIC WILLIAM WILE. None of the American contingent at| the Naval Conference is exactly home- sick, but the commonest theme of con- versation s the prospective duration of the “show.” When one s of “show” in connection with the parley there is more in the metaphor than meets the eye; for to watch the confer- ence is like trying to take in a five- circus at one glance. Under one Ringling's big tops the vision is correspondingly blurred. So it is at London. As fo how long the confer- ence is going to last, one guess is as good as A v. The French have been quoted cving everything will be over . oI 25. M. Tardleu lnld his colieagues have a complete monopoly of such optimism. The Washington conference in 1921-22 went on for three months. Compared to the complexities | which will perplex London during the next few weeks, Washing ‘was almost child's play. Secretary Stimson’s open- ing statement that the American dele- gation has come to stay till hell freezes | over, or words to that effect, suggests| to most observers a conference continu- | ing until well into the Spring. * ok k% No British functionary so far en-| countered by conference participants arouses more of their interest than the veteran professional toastmaster, Edwin Smith. For a full generation Smith has been the power behind the London ban- quet throne. His sonorous voice and mpous .manner lose none of their charm with the years. At all the gov- ernment dinners for the delegations Smith has held sway with his gorgeous court dress and silver rod of post- randial office in impressive evidence. e proféssional toastmaster runs the dinner. He introduces a “chairman” or presiding officer, but the latter gets all his cues from Mr. Smith. The toast- master stands just behind the presiding officer. One of his important tasks is to watch the pace at which a course is being consumed at the speakers' table and signal when it's time to bring on the next. “Your excellencies, my lords and gentlemen,” booms Smith just be- fore he introduces a speaker, ‘“‘pray silence for the right honorable the noble Marquis of So-and-80.” The noble uis arises. “I give you the toast majesty the King,” says the noble marquis solemnly. Then quoth Smith: “Your excellencies, my lords and gentle- pray charge your glasses for his most excellent majesty the King.” “The King, the Klny" respond the banquet- cers as they raise their “charged” glasses. Half a dozen times in the course of a feast Toastmaster Smith repeats his ritual. The ‘“excellencies” are foreign Ambassadors and British cabinet min- isters, “my lords” are British peers, and “gentlemen” are just the rest of us. 1t is all & very dignified and interesting business. * K K X Universal regret is expressed by the British press and public over the death of Viscountess Mdln’. wife of the Earl of Reading. The former vicereine of India and chatelaine of the British embassy at Washington was far more of a factor in her distinguished hus- band's career than was generally known. Lord Reading himself paid a beautiful tribute to his wife's memory. “She en- couraged me,” he said in a public state- ment, “when the skies were black and cheered me when anxieties were deep. She never failed me when an occasion demanded her presence. She did more to cure racial animosity between Britain and India than any work I did myself.” xox ok % At one of the nunttfion(ermc‘: din- ner parties staged by the Rri gov- ernment the name of “Wmh‘m Shearer” appeared on the guest list attached to the menu. There were shudders of apprehension among the Americans un- til the identity of Mr. Shearer was cleared up. It developed promptly that he was not the recent hero of the Sen- ate naval lobby tragi-comedy, but a prosperous American business man liv- ing in London. * K X% Sir Auckland Geddes, one-time Brit- ish Ambassador to the United States, has just blossomed out as & playwright. His maiden venture, “Through the Veil,” was produced in London on Jan- uary 29. It is a collaboration with & fellow dramatist, Cecil Madden, but Sir Auckland disguises his own identity un- der the nom de plume of X. Y. Stone. A critic describes the play as “a child's guide to spiritualism,” as it purports to be a simplified discussion of the psy+ chic and the supernatural. The cult of which Sir Oliver Lodge and Sir A. Conan Doyle are the most distinguished apostles seems to be flourishing in Eng- land. * Kk ok ‘This broadcaster had occasion to in- vite G. Bernard Shaw to “take the air” over the Columbia Broadcasting Sys- tem’s transatlantic radio circuit. The time available was a Sunday afternoon. “G. B. 8. sent back a characteristic refusal: “I never take on Sunday jobs” was his Coolidgesque reply. Shaw's “The Apple Cart,” a characteristic gibe at British politics, is one of London's box-office successes, despite hostile crit- iclsms at the time of its production. “G. B. 8's" definition of dramatic eritics remains one of his most gorgeous 'ms—"A dramatic critic is a man who leaves no turn unstoned.” x & % H. G. Wells is anything but a bull on the good intent or prospects of the Lon- don Naval Oonference. His latest out- %flns, a treatise called “The Way to ‘orld Peace,” pours cold water on the whole business. At times, Mr. Wells says, this once sinful planet looks like & grove of olive branches, but within | them bayonets still gleam. And he asks: “Did governments that signed the Kellogg pact really mean it when they signed it?” Italy, Wells laments, signed, but has just launched her most efficient warship. France signed, but still im- poses rigid military service. The Brit- ish signed, “but nobody has told the| Washi Royal Air Force.” As for America, Wells proceeds: “I learn that the Pprosj for an intelligent youngster are better in the gas warfare depart- ment than in any achool teaching or medical work—while the Germans have succeeded in perfecting a perfect gem of & battleship.” (Copyright, 1930.) Crocus peekin’ through the snow. Ground hog was & prophet grim. ‘There is no believin’ him. This one tells the truth, I know— Crocus peekin’ through the snow. High Cost of Humer. “Why don't you introduce some | humorous anecdotes in your speeches?” | “Can't afford to,” answered Senator Sorghum. “Magaszines have boosted the | market so that a few good jokes would be worth a fortune.” Jud Tunkins says he wants farm relief without waitin’ for mortgages to relieve him of the entire farm. Present Discussion. Now neither sex will seek to shirk ‘The problems that may balk. ‘The women bring their fancy work; ‘The men their fancy talk. Lack of Consideration. ““That saxophone player says he is fond of musie.” “Maybe he is," answered Miss Cay- enne. “He told me he was wedded to his art. If so, he reminds me of some men who do not consider it necessary to behave courteously toward their wives.” “Man can control electricity and the rushing stream,” said Hi Ho, the sage of Chinatown. “The one uncontroliable force in nature is human folly.” Poor Company. ‘The words we utter with a will ‘Wil often leave impressions flat. ‘The parrot will converse with skill And prove poor company, at that. “I don’t pretend to understand labor employment problems,” said Uncle Eben, “but I will say dat round where I travels dar is too many ukuleles and not enough snow shovels,” ' | political affiliations with America being International Bank of Settlements May Restore Germany to Leadership BY WILLIAM HARD. BERLIN, February 15.—Germany is in the throes of the adoption of the Young plan, but far-sighted Germans are esrn‘: more interested in the new International Settlements Bank, which the Young plan creates at Basel, Swit- zerland. ‘This bank is hailed by many dis- tinguished German commentators, in- cluding the distinguished editor of the Berliner Tageblatt, as possibly able to do for the economics of Europe what the League of Nations at Geneva is sup- posed to do for the politics of Europe. ‘Twenty-five nations are sald to have agreed to participate in the new bank and the fact that an American, Gales W. McQarrah, has been made its pres- ident 1is a tribute simply to the finan- cial skill and power of Americans, no implied., The purpose of the bank in Buropean eyes is that it is one more step toward some sort of United States of Europe. e 8 ‘The contributions of America to that United States of Europe are really most remarkable. The League of Nations has dealt almost exclusively with Euro- pean problems, yet it was founded prin- cimllaby the initiative of an Amer- ican, Woodrow Wilson. ‘The Permanent Court of International Justice at The !n‘ue has dealt almost exclusively with problems of Europe and nearby parts of Asia and Africa within European in- fluence, but it was founded &nncx ally by the original initiative of Elihu it when Secretary of State under Roose- velt, and subsequently by his skill in removing ancient difficulties whea a member of the committee of jurists appointed by the e of Nations to devise a world court 920. Now the new Bank of International Settlements is destined to promote the financial and economic unity of Europe and is a result principally of the crea- tive ideas and energies of Owen I. Young at the conference of experts at Paris last year. Those three new international in- atitutions, political, judicial and eco- nomic, at Geneva, The Hague and Basel, all flow primarily from America’s persuasive interest in world affairs, but all are dedicated primarily to Euro- pean entity flava]ormem. It can_ accurately be said that the United States of America oon- tributed E;werfully to the erection of a United States of Europe. * ko % ‘The Young plan will be adopted g:nhbly within & fortnight by the ichstag. It is not popular, since it perpetuates the theory that Germany must be the sole payer of reparations because Germany was the sole author of the war. This theery is repudiated in the Reichstag, even by those who will vote for the Young plan. Germany is determined some day to diminish the reparations payments by convincing the world that other nations also were responsible for the Great War. Meanwhile she accepts the Young plan because of the diminution of the repa- rations burden, as compared to the pre- vious Dawes plan and because it in- cludes the removal of foreign soldiers from the occupied territories in the Rhineland and the removal of all for- eign financial control representatives from German soll. The Young plan, to the outside world, is the final settlement of the repara- tions problem, but to Germany it is on'y a long step toward a “just settle- ront” Germany also accepts the oung plan because the new bank glves an opportunity for Germany to participate in the development of a new financial and economic structure for the whole European . _The new bank will deal in_exchanges of the central banks 6f all European curren- cles, will invest in German business en- terprises, will finance industrial and commercial projects in undeveloped countries, will try to open up new fields of supply and demand throughout the world and thus accelerate German ex- port trade, will extend credit to Eu- ropean national banks and will strive to eliminate present costs and risks in ‘l;l;un;aunml shipping and reshipping gold. It is expected that the bank soon will cease to be dominantly concerned with reparations payments and will ex- BY WILL P. KENNEDY, Like many another distinguished Kentuckion, Jouett Shouse, who now conducts the activities of the national Democratic committes in Washington and who has taken heart especially over the recent Democratic landslide in the second congressional district of Massa- chusetts, harks back to historic Virginia ancestry, A remarkable episode in which one of his family figured during the Revolution is described by Representa- tive R. Walton Moore of Virginia, whose district includes Louisa County, where Jack Jouett began his famous horseback ride that will never be forgotten. “In 1781 the military activities of Cornwallis had compelled Gov. Jefferson and the Virginia Legislature to move from Richmond to Charlottesville,” says Representative Moore. “In June of that year Lieut. Col. Tarleton started on a Cavalry expedition to Charlottes- ville with a View to capturing the gov- ernor and jaembers of the Lerisi; He marched as swiftly and a. as possible, and he “would successful but for the warning given by .v-:: Ju]u-t’t‘.mt“ young captain of the Albemarle 8" Jouett, . happening to be at the Cuckoo Tavern in Louisa on the night of June 3, heard of the plan, and at before midnight, mounted his horse, said to have been the best bred and fleetest of fdbt of any nag in seven and began his race for the safety of his countrymen. The distance over the rough byways and trails which he traversed was lpgmxlm.uly 50 miles, and he reached Charlottesville a few minutes in advance of Tarleton, but in time to enable Jefferson to escape from Monticello and all of the members of the Legislature but six to make their escape. He traveled much further than Paul Révere and over & more difficult coun- try, but he has been without the goof® fortune of Paul Revere to have his mid- night ride celebrated by a gifted poet. At Cuckoo, which is on the present Jefterson Highway, a few miles south of Lou urt House, and also in Charlottesville, at the end of the ride, are small monuments commemorating Jouett's uglult, except for which the author of the Declaration of Independ- ence and three of the signers who were members of the Legisiature—Richard Henry lee, Thomas Nelson, who suc- ceeded Jefferson governor, and amin Harrison, the ancestor of two idents of the United States—would become prisoners of the British, * kK % Mount Weather, in the Blue Ri Mountains of Virginia, which former President Calvin lidge asked Con. gress properly to outfit as a Summer White House, is now urged by an- sentative R. Walton Moore of Virginia, in whose district, in historic Loudoun County, it is located, should be used for the proposed tuberculosis sanitarium for the National mul. ‘The State of Vis ia maintains sim- llar sanitarium in the Blue R Mountains, and on account of the alti- tude and the climate it has been found that the results are highly satisfactory. Although there do not attach to Mount Weather the historic memories which belong to 50 many places in Vir- ginia, nevertheless it has had a pretty lively history in the last two decades. It is a tract of 1and containing about 83 acres, purchased by the Govern- ment nearly 20 years ago for use by the Weather Bureau, and it was actively used in that way for several years. Then the weather service was discon- tinued, and since then the tolerably expensive and elaborate buildings which were constructed have been in charge of a caretaker. Congress authorized the sale -of Mount Weather, and in the Harding administration & strenuous effort was made to have the land taken over for the establishment of a penal institution for women, but this met such general objection that the plan was abandoned. President Coolidge, attracted by the proximity of Mount Weather to Wash- ington, and by the beauty of its loca- tion, suggested that it be withdrawn from the market and permission given to the President to have it put in con- dition to have it placed at the disposal of the President as a sort of resting place for the Executive. Legislation as requested by Mr. Coolidge was enacted. But President Hoover fixed on another place in Virginia, farther from Wash- Ington, and so Mount Weather faded out of the presidential picture. Now 1t is again to be offered for sale under a provision“of the agricultural appropriation _bill which has the House. The highways connecting Washington with Mount Weather are veing made all that any one can desire, and because of its extraordinary ad- vantages, there are many who believe what this reservation should be put to some such public use as a site for the uew District of Columbia tuberculosis santtanum. ave kX T tnese days of presidential impetus to the road-building program, with the Fede: Government matching the Btates in improvement of a great na- tional highway system, there is deep Interest shown by many members of Congress in an old post-road of the United States, published by a- ham Bradley at Georgetown, D. C., ex- actly one century ago. This Abraham Bradley was at one time Assistant Post- master General of the United States, The map was presented to the library by & descendant, Miss Kate Bradley of In| n. It is interesting to recall that in 1802, when the cartographic outfit of Library of Congress was tiny, a post. road map published in 1798 by the same Bradley was a part of the equipment. pand into the center of European eco- nomic stabllity, co-operation and prog- ress. This is an enormous advantage to Germany, which is the strongest and most vital European country, from the point of view of economic devel- opment. * ok France may retain the chief power in the icies of the League of Nations at Geneva. Germany should readily acquire the chief power in finance and economics in the Bank of International Bettlements at Basel. This will tend to equalize the position of the two Euro- pean countries. Hence, while Germany, with ings and lamentations, mits herself to continuing reparations pnfimenu under the.Young plan, she is able, nevertheless, to see in “the Youn; plan & new avenue to German worl power, with a large increase in German prosperity.” is prospect is wlw“{ different from the old German search for world power through armed force. Germany, on the whole, is no longer interested in that method. When Dr. Alfred Hugenberg, leader of the German Nationalists and an ultra-patriot, rose to dress the Reichstag on Wednesday against the Young plan and in favor of a Germany alone against the world, he was greeted with loud laughter, most of the Reichstag, according to mass opinion here, regarding people like Hugenberg as “worse than America superpatriots id 100 per centers.” Also, the Com- munists are more extreme and Crasy than any politicians in the American Congress. ko x In between, nevertheless, the mass of German politiclans and the mass of the German people are pursuing & mod- erate course toward the restoration of German happiness by peaceful and economic means. The new bank pro- vides unexpected opportunity for the use of those means toward putting Germany at the head of the develop- ment of the entity, the United States of Europe, ‘The judicial equality of Germany with the other powers is also furnished by the Permanent Court of Interna- tional Justice and at least some oppor- tunity for political equality in the League of Nations. The ironic sum of the situation is that Americans furnished the final force successfully to defeat German: in the Great War and now in the tutions at Geneva, The Hague and Basel has primarily created the neces- sary opportunities to restore Germany to Buropean leadership. (Copyright, 1930.) » insti- | and L ; } Loopholes in the Tariff Wall BY FREDERIC J. HASKIN, With their innate love of sport the American people ought to derive con- siderable enjoyment out of the tariff game. A tariff bill now is pending in Congress—indeed, has been pending since last Spring. A good deal of the newspaper publicity in connection with consideration of the measure has had to do with rather dull sectional political aspects, but if one peers closely into the matter much of interest is to be found. The tariff game has many players, each group trying to obtain an ad. vantage. In general, there is the broad Republican policy of protection to do- mestic industries. Then there are the local groups, who have at last definitely proved that the tariff is a local issue by criss-crossing old party lines as local need of protection has arisen in their own communities. Then, behold the foreign manufacturers prying around to find loopholes through which they can compete with domestic manufacturers of similar goods in spite of the tariff wall. Next we have the importers, who make their money by buying foreign and selling them in the United tates, They want to beat the tariff in order to increase their volume of business. These groups deal in policies and technicalities and are constantly invoking the law in their behalf, som: times winning their contentions, some times losing. The out-and-out smug- glers are outlaws, of course, but cannot of the Treasury, which to checkmate forelgn ‘manufacturers, importers and smugglers by seeing to it that the letter of Iaw is carried out and the maximum amount of revenue collected. Although it works quietly, this branch of the Government service i8 one of the most active. It is never idle. A constant game of hare and hounds is going on between the customs division and the importers and foreign manufacturers. Asked a High Tax on Tea, Some of the proposals made by mem- bers of 'ss in the interests of their gress, experien do not hesitate to make any use they see fit of the tariff and the er remaind 1dge | of the American people to benefit their constituents. A remarkable and treme case in point i8 furnished by the earnest proposal of the late Senator Till- man of South Caroiina. A small group of people in his State of South - lina had an idea that tea could be raised there. The Department of Ag- riculture had experimented with the idea and found that sume tea could be raised in that State, but at prohibitive cost. Senator Tillman wanted e8s to levy & heavy tarift on tea so it the price would rise high enough to make it practicable for the south Carolinians to raise a Iittle of it. It would not have been possible under the most favorable conditions for South Carolina to meet the entire demand, yet Senator Tillman wanted the American people to ‘R‘Lmfl- lions of dollars additional for their tea, imj d ‘rom China and India and to please his constituents. very Winter a small group of Ceylon, This olive growers from California and the Southwest have urged a tariff on olive oll. Great quantities of this oll are imported and every cent of tariff would mean large sums added to the cost in this country. Yet this small group ‘wanted this done to foster a very minor and localized ma!unry. a h - Congress rarely grants such spec subsiaes, although there are a few in- stances. These instances are more than likely to arisé from cleverness on the part of an interested legisiator. Senator Aldrich of Rhode Island was joint sponsor of the Payne-Aldrich tariff bill. At Providence, R. I, there was a strug- gling cheap and imitation jewelry indus- try. Rates of duty on jewelry—that is, real gems, real gold and silver orna- ments. and the like—were fairly high, but imitations would not come under this protection. Mr. Aldrich had incorpo- rated in the measure a very innocent- looking provision, which called for ap- plication of certain other rates on ar. ticles “similar to jewelry.” The result was that, in following the formula laid down, the Treasury was required to levy an 86 per cent customs duty on imita. tion jewelry, higher in fact than the rates on real gems. It was the making of the now flourishing Rhode Island industry. How Tariffs Can Be Regulated. Large quantities of various kinds of oils are imported into the United States, and importers have found a way to beat the tariff in that classification. Take linseed oil, many cargoes of which are imported. It, like most other pure olls, carries a high protective rate. But the tariff la W _im & much lower rate on mixed oils. Linseed ofl im- porters -discovered this loophole, and now are shipping & mixed oil contain~ ing 98 per cent linseed oil and 5 per cent soy bean oil. The amount of soy bean oil is so small and its composition similar that the Customs Division says the presence of the 5 per cent can- not be detected even by chemical anal- ysis. Yet the mixture comes in under the low mixed ofl rate. The same thing can be done with olive ofl, with which peanut oil, another edible oil, can be mixed. Any two or more high duty oils, if mixed, can come in at tl lower mixed oil rate. There is a provi- sion in the new tariff bill designed to close this loa{hole. ‘The highest duty assessed under the tariff is that on lace—90 cent. This, like other high rates of a good deal of smuggling. this high duty is lumr of being raised. Under the flexible provisions of the tariff act the President by procla- mation may raise or lower a rate of duty on any item 50 per cent. But the President cannot declare in effect a duty on any article which is not al- bjects to a tariff impost, Some legislators and economists re- fl:‘ this as an_anomaly, pointing out that while the President may increase the protection if an industry already enjoys the benefit of a tariff, he is help- less to impose a duty on a commodity which has no protection at all. The Constitution is responsible for this, as it provides that all measures for the raising of revenue must originate in the House of Representatives. As any tariff measure is & revenue as well as a pro. tective measure, it cannot legally origi- nate in the White House. Both Sides Right on the Empl oyment Question BY HARDEN COLFAX. Ideas about unemployment vary to- day, according to whether one has jobs to give or & job to get. Those who are em) loyln{ men naturally take the atti- t that there are plenty of jobs for those who want them. Workers with- out jobs assert that there are two idle persons for every position open. Balancing of reports from all sections of the countty seems to indicate that there is still a considerable amount of unemployment, but that .the situation is improving and more men are being put to work each week. Disagreement as to the trend and extent of unemployment is noticeable even between the Government depart- ments. Executives of the it of Commerce have commented in highly favorable terms on the business situa- tion and the trend of unemployment. The Treasury Department is known to feel that business is now well on its way back to mormal and that employment is taking the same course as business. On the other hand, the Federal Re- serve Board has indicated that no step should be left untaken which will in- duce the resumption of of Business and commercial enterprise and that the main object of easier credit and lower money is to “get the fac- tories on full time again. * ok x ‘The Labor Department in an official statement declares that all its reports indicate an upward swing of employ- ment. It says, however, that there was undoubtedly & great volume of unem- ployment early in January and that there is considerable unemployment even now, although there has been some improvement. The department believes it will take 60 to 90 days to put the country back on a normal em~ ployment basis. Secretary of Labor James J, Davis declares there are thou- ands of men standing at the factory gates in some sections of the country in search of jobs which cannot be found. He adds, however, that the trend of employment has picked up markedly during the last three weeks. Labor officials in the States take a somewhat gloomy view of the situation. Frances Perkins, State labor comm sioner of New York, believes the situa- tion is & very serious one. She asserts that not only is employment far below the level of a year ago, but that there is acute distress. She adds that the reason this has not been brought more clearly to the attention of the public enerally is that the workers have suf- fered in silence. * xR % ‘There has been no silence so far as the headquarters of the American - eration of Labor is concerned. There it 18 asserted loudly and incessantly that the condition of the workers, so far as jobs are concermed, is worse than it has been for five years. ‘The labor leaders declare that pproximately 3,000,000 wage earners are out of em- ployment. also complain that when they entered into the agrecment in November and December not to press for increases in wages it was on the assurance from the industrial leaders of the country that mézloymem would be maintained. They deny that the em- Elayten' side of the bargain has been ept. g'hc National Industrial Conference Board, on the other hand, takes a bright view of the situation, declaring that employment in the manufacturing industries, ‘while lower than it was in October and November, was higher in December than in December 1928, and that improvement has taken place *x ook Unprejudiced observers, ng all of the conflicting .muru'"'h. statements, come to the conclusion that none is en- tirely right or entirely wrong. They eclare that uestionably there was & drop in industrial activity and em- g.lgymmt in November and December. ey state that conditions then com- menced to improve and that the move is toward levels attained in 1928 and 1929. They conclude that none can say Just when the country will back to a state of normal indust activity and employment, but they do not an- ticipate that this will be delayed yond late April o rly Mure support of , they point out that the key industries, such as iron steel and the automobile factories, re showing a high rate of production d are increasing their rates.' The same I8 true of the coal industry to a lesser degree. There is & decided de- mand for skilled mechanics and ma- 4 Fifty Years Ago I'n The Star Prom time immemorial Washington has known DUOd strange :mt;:“- rs, many of them Washington's claimants against the « »” ernment, persons “Characters.” Wi gtievances, in- ventors, proponents of unique schemes for doing this, that and other things. There was never a time since the Gov- ernment was established in this city when these human oddments have not sojourned here. In The Star of Feb- ruary 14, 1880, is an article telling of some of the eccentrics of that i “Frequent visitors at the Capitol can- not have falled to notice the daily oc~ cupant of the front seat of the left- hand Senate gallery. the ‘prayer flend.’ In rain or shine he is punctually on hand. At two min- utes before 12 he shambles in, takes his seat, and quietly waits until the chaplain begins his prayer. Then he rises, throws his body back to an angle which may some day lose him his bal- ance, poises his head even to a mors extreme backward angle and rocks on toe and heel until the amen is uttered, to which he responds. Then he re- sumes his seat and generally remains until the session closes, particularly if there is a debate. He is quite evidently & conservatist and a strict construction- ist. He is tall and thin, more than 6 feet high. His e is angular, face fair and shrunken. He has little tufts of gray side whiskers. Otherwise his face is cleanly shaven. He dresses in plain black, wears a cloak and carries a cane. If he happens to come in late, no matter who may be in how much difficulty he may ha reach it, he will crowd his way to his rlm and oust any one who may be in . _The name of this odd character is Powell Cuthbert, ‘“‘Another conspicuous character is an old lady named ira Thompson, She has a claim. In fact she has presented & claim to every Congress since the Forty-third and Is daily at attendance both in gallery and committee room to see how it is ‘coming on.’ Her claim is for services alleged to have been ren- dered as a hospital nurse. Almira has a temper of her own and woe be it to the congressional solon who refuses to treat her with consideration! She fre- uently manages to get a seat next to e ‘prayer fiend.’ The latter shuns her because, as he alleges, she is crazy. s amusing to see the old man try to ‘cut’ Almira dead. She will sometimes sit by him and talk at him 15 or 20 minutes without being able to elicit a response. Then Almira will get mad and will take hold of him ‘lfth both hands, turn him around so as to face her, whereat the old man, power- less to resent her muscular foree, will deign to make a reply, resume his posi- tion in which he has been disturbed and feign sleep to dodge her attentions. :AM her ehlmu&' 1'|,h° ]\; mw a few months ago was a daily visitor to the Capitol is Col. Maurice xlnchovn. This man has a grievance. He declares that Col. Tom Scott, the railroad king, years 2go robbed him in a railroad SAC- tion and reduced him to penu He carries with him usually a tin case about, 2 feet long and 6 inches in diameter in which is a drawing of some kind. Originally it might have been a tracing of a plat of ground and the cross sections, but, whatever it was in its gl’lmlblve state, it is unintelligible now )y reason of all manner of additions which have been added by the mis- chievous. One day last Summer, Pinch- over came to the Capitol with a woolen shirt, saturated in blood, which, he de- clared, was the shirt worn by him when he was assaulted by Tom Scott on the plains of Colorado. Pinchover also has & clalm. All that he has ever yet suc- ceeded in explaining is that it is for a mil~ lion dollars and is connected with a mine of some kind. Since the present session began he has m:flput in an appearance, and it is belleved that he ‘s over tha tern Brancn. At times ne is dan- gerous. Journal Clerk Smith on one occasion filled the tin case he carries with mucilage. When Pinchover dis- covered it he became ungovernable and would have done Smith bodily injury fled incontinently out of chinists in the metal working trades. The boot and shoe industry is picking :Jgo 'l":& the uxmml.?d;:ala. while n‘n& many roving its technical tion. It will, npowevar. be some before the highway and ublio work construction planned for he year begina to have a real effect on employment and factory production. . (Copyright, 1930.)