Evening Star Newspaper, January 12, 1930, Page 33

(Continued From Third Page.) city—for Ting Hsien was once a rival of the greatest cities of China. Its walls are about as high as those of Peiping and inclose an area large enough to house hundreds of thousands of persons. Only the gates, however, were of stone. The rest of the walls were of dried mud and one wonders how they have kept their form through all these centuries. The bastions, however, are still there, and with a little restoration could almost be brought back to their original condition. Inside the gate we found ourselves not in a city, but with open fields around us for something like # mile and a half, across which our jin- rickshas made rapid time. ‘Then, in the very center of the great inclosure, we found ourselves within £ me other and more modern walls, and passed through sandy streets where dogs | and beggars were lying sleeping here and there on the stone steps of door- ways. Everything was shut tight, but it was possible even then to see the pre- vailing poverty of the town. Up A side street and through a nar- row alleyway and we were at the head- auarters of the Mass Education Move- ment. The gentry of Ting Hsien last Winter made a present to the Mass Education Movement of the deserted ruins at the tinde, could be easily re- stored and now are bv far the finest where the candidates of the hsien used to be examined in the ancient classics | once a year, the successful few being | then passed on to higher competition; | and from each grade of candidates the officials of the empire were chosen. The £ystem was magnificent, but the learn- ing was all about ancient philcsophy and the students were judged largely by | the perfection of their memory and the beauty of their handwriting. This system lasted until 19 1t was destroyed by a single blow of an imperial edict. From that time on the examination halls of all the major cities of China have either fallen into | ruins or have been taken in for other and more modern purposes. Peiping. | for instance, has the glorious old Tem- ple of Confucius its»lf, which is now almost unvisited. The buildings in | Ting Hsien have been permitted a hap- pier fate, for the Mass Education Move- ment has installed the examinations of modern learning in the halls and houses its students in the dormotories; and the rooms where the judges sat are now filled with the desks of those working At the social surver. A whole wing is made over to the new department of public health, Saved from Building Expense. The gift of these buildings to the | Mass Education Movement by the local magistrates has both saved them from the expense of building on their own account and given them the most dig- | nified setting for their work in the whole countryside. They have been in possession of these quarters for less | than a year now, but already they are entirely remade. While keeping the spirit of the old buildings and restor- ing as much of the architecture as could be fitted fn with modern needs, they have made for themselves a set- tlement center of great charm and | beauty. There are flower gardens in the courtyard and the flat mud floor of the archery ground was simply turned into a tennis court. The anclent kitchen was modernized but not West- ernized. as the food is all as closely approximated to the native diet as pos- sible. In a word, the headquarters of the Mass Education Movement is sym- bolic of the movement as & whole in that it has retained everything that it was possible to keep of the local atmos- | phere and yet made it adequate and suitable for -carrying on modern edu- cation. The chief thing in this movement, however. is not an apparatus, but the remarkable group of men who are car- | rying it on. I have seen a good many | experiments in social betterment. but have never seen any that had a finer or | more adequate personnel. They are | drawn from all parts of China and | from every grade of society. Some of | them are the sons of peasants. others | are the children of local school teach- ers or literati—as is the case of Mr. Yen himself—and one or two come from aristocratic homes, but all of them now are as anxious to become part and parcel of the peasant life of China as it is possible to be. ‘The college graduate who is in charge of farm economics, for' instance, has | lived among his farmers now for threc | years, Winter and Summer, shared 11 , lived in rters all their quaj that had almost no protection from the cold, while all the time he was busy introducing better seeds for grain crops, better vegetables and better live stock, studying what would survive the rigors of the Winter and what crops ‘would mature in time, etc. In addition to that, he lived through the civil wars, for there was heavy fighting in all the countryside and much plundering. Regarded Insignificant. But this man spoke of these hard- ships as being entirely insignificant. The thing that was most in his mind was the fact that he was able to show me the improved grains, corn and cot- ton, all of em obtained from local seeds gradual selection breeding. ‘The corn was three times the size of the local cormn; the cotton twice as strong and of a richer fiber; rust was eliminated from millet and kaoliang | chickens were producing three times the number of eggs of the ol}nl:. e | when i and more than doubled the out- it of honey, and, above all, goats were ntroduced for the first time in this part of China. Strangely enough, milk has never been an article of Chinese diet in the way it has been used in Western eivili- zation. Cattle are used only like horses, to drag the cumbersome carts or primi- tive plo It would have been impos- sible economically to have introduced the milch cow because of the cost of fodder, but the goats presented no such problem, and their milk is now avail- able in most of the hamlets of Ting Halen. This agricultural reform is similar in methods to work being carried on at some of the agricultural colleges and by the more practical minded and efficient leaders or the missionary movement. But the mass education movement re- gards the increased output of the Chi- nese farm as of less importance in the long run than the fact that the farmers themselves are being educated to take on the responsibility for it. is is the thing which marks out the mass education movement as some- thing distinct from all the other move- ments for reform in China. It is an effort to secure a real democracy in dealing with common things of daily life. Instead of looking them to tell them what to do the farm- ers of Ting Hsien are, if the mass edu- cation movement succeeds, to work out their problems for themselves. There are many in China who do not think it possible to achieve this end, for the Jower classes in the Orient have always accepted leadership from above. But ‘Mr. Yen and his colleagues cherish the belief in a capacity for democracy in rurgh"hins and if they succeed in dem- onstrating the truth of their conviction it cannot help but have an effect throughout the whole country, for the | Chinese farmers constitute 85 per cent of the ,000,000 people there, and their condiitons of life are sufficiently similar to make a single experiment na- tionwide. If the first thing taken up was an improvement in the method of making & livelihood from the sandy fields which have been exhausted by centuries of primitive farming, the sec- ond step was naturally that of improv- ing conditions of public health. It there ever was a need of a health survey and of an experiment in public health, it is in these Chinese rural communities, The death rate of chil- dren under 5 at present is something like 70 per cent. In many of these cases the mothers lose their lives Educating China’s Masses moved even yet. | to _some one above | THE SUNDAY tire absence of even sanitary measures and the frank cruelty of the methods as described to me are details which I not set down here. Then, of course, there is no sense of hygiene for those who survive. A sur- vey showed that the great majority of the wells were within 20 feet of the utmost scurces of pollution. Smallpox has been_ endemic, although not, per- haps, as bad here as in other parts of China, The most visible sign of physi- cal neglect was the almost universal prevalence of trachoma. The richest man in the whole Hsien is an eye doc- tor who has made a huge fortune out of | guack remedy for trachoma made |from cinshed peanuts combined with | some hocu: pocus that helps to cure. | 'Reform in these matters in Ting Hsien has at least some hope of success because the ccnfidence of the inhabi- tants has already been won in other fields. This was not easy, for the Chinese farmers have every reason to be suspicious of any effort to better | their lot. At first they thought the | social workers must be in some way connected with the government and | that their real purpose was to g2t more | taxes out of the countryside. | It is doubtful if any other single thing has held back the civilization of Asia more than the historic fact to whl(‘hI examination halls which, although in | this bears witness, namely, that when-| ‘| Ten Years of Prohibition bulldings in the whole hsien. This was | collector or the representative of some | | ever a villager began to show any sign |of wealth or added comfort the tax | official would be at hand to take it from /him. The incentive to improvement was almost killed through long cen-| turies of spoliation. | In course of time this suspicion was| overcome. But still the villagers were | puzzled. Why should any educated per- son come among them to share their | hardships and try to improve their con- dition? The mass education movement | 1t took two, years or more before these suspicions' of some ulterior purpose were removed ! and the inhabitants began to feel a real | community of interest with the leaders the movement for reform. It is doubtful if all these obstacles are re- | Advantage in China. ‘There is at least one advantage, how- ever, which this kind of work has in China over India. For example, there are almost no religious taboos here such as Ghandi has had to struggle with. The Chinese peasant is singularly free from the inhibitions of superstition. And s0 medical reform can follow at once in the wake of improvements in agriculture. The work in this fleld, { however, has only just begun, and there are no achievements as yet to record. ‘Ting Hsien is already becoming known throughout the length and breadth of China. War lords have tried to appro- priate it or somc of i‘s personnel. Both the late Marshal Chang Tso-lin and his young son, who has succeeded him. have offered ready cash: politicians and national universities have sent in at- tractive offers to the men in charge. refused so as to avoid giving any polit- ical complication to the movement and to_maintain its independence. It must have taken a great deal of courage to turn down these tempting proposals at a time when the pioneers of the mass education movement were working under conditions of absolute poverty and hardship, living on starva- tion diet in the mud huts of peasants. But the soundness of their decision to refuse the offered help and to maintain their independence is now entirely proved. While Ting Hsien remains in- dependent, however, their work is al- parts of China, and its influence is growing on all sides. The day that I was in Ting Hsien the general in command of all the troops of that section came on a visit | of inspection. He had previously sent | in a local class of some 25 officers to | be instructed in the regular class rocm | work. As a result of his day’s contact | with the villagers. he said it was the first time in his life he had ever come so closely in contact with the villagers themselves—he stated in my presence that he was going to propose to the military authorities that the officers and men in the army about to be de- mobilized should be given a short-term instruction in the principles of the mass education movement so that when they go back to civil life they may have something to offer their communities instead of simply forming a discon- tented and dangerous section ready to be enlisted in future disorders. Incidents Commonplace. Incidents like this, which I myself witnessed, are happening all the time. The staff is overwhelmed with demands upon it—demands which it is as yet unable to meet. It has refused, how- ever, to be drawn aside from its experi- ment by any superficial activities, for the fundamental idea of the mass edu- cation movement is that the people themselves must take it on and be re- sponsible for it, so that it will have a permanent basis in the life of the na- | tion instead of being dependent upon the enthusiasm of a few educational reformers. | The return to Peiping from Ting | Hsien was made in a third-class carri- | age filled to overflowing, like all the | omnibus trains in China. Even the | roofs of the cars were crowded with | men and baggage. And so in the hot afternoon of a late September day we | lumbered slowly back to the station by the Great Wall of Peiping, and, drawn | by the silent ricksha men, we were scon within the great gate of this old | imperial city where the street cars clang | along the roadway that once brought | tribute from Asia the ce | gates that lie but a block beyond. | A short turn to the right and we are in the Legation Quarter, where an | American sentry stands guard at the embassy gate. Row after row, the great | legations stretch out on either =side. | marking the first chapter of Chinese | political contact with the outside world. | The organized West is here expressed in the language that no one cafy mistake | —but down in the little village® that lie | beside the Tartar walls of T.ag Hsien there is a force making for moderniza- coming years, has more capacity for | change than even these symbols of poli- tical power. | Chinese Continue ! To Honor Confucius | Though he must now play second fid- | dle to Sun Yat-sen, Confucius still com- mands the respect of Chinese nation- alists, who have come to realize that his teachings, interpreted in the light | | of modern conditions, contain many | | useful pointers. The birthday of the | | great sage was officially celebrated in Peiping recently, though without the colorful ceremonies which marked the occasion in pre-nationalist days, For- merly the sacrifices to Confucius were always carried out with solemn rites | and were attended by heads of the gov- | "Inmmem and all members of the cab- et. | "The exercises usually were heid at | dawn and many days in advance of the occasion careful preparations were made by the ministry of the interior. Musi- clans wearing old Ming costumes played ancient Chinese tunes at the service, from which the general public was ex- | cluded, though privileged visitors might | sitend the rehearsals held the day be- | ore. |, This year all that was changed. Even | the date was altered. In former years the occasion has been observed on the 27th day of the eighth moon, which, in 1929, falls on September 29. ' But Nan- king has banned the old-style calendar, 50 the Peiping authorities decided to corisider August 27 the corresponding date in the solar calendar, as the sage's birthday. On the morning of that day they paid a brief visit to the Confuctan temple and bowed three times before his tablet. Addresses explaining the significance of the occasion and enjoin- ing respect for the saggls great philo- sophical and ethical achings were the birth of the children as well. Mi wilery B incyedibl! ly barbaric. The en- given later in some of the schools. But so far all of these offers have been | ready being copled more or less in other | tion that, if properly guided through the | bel STAR, WASHINGTON |American Stewat;dship of Haiti H (Continued From Third Page.) assembled n Haitl. Not a single un- | toward incident marred the occasion. The garde has police and fire func- tions throughout the island. In the rural areas small detachments of guardsmen are stationed to deal with all_violations of the lay. Most of the violations are of a minor nature. In the larger cities the garde has charge of the firefighting agencies. Several of the cities now have modern fire depart- ments with up-to-date equipment. The great increase in motor vehicles jhas placed upon the garde a real | traffic problem. The organization holds road censuses to determine what im- provements in bridges and roads are needed to handle the growing traffic requirements. The Ecole Militaire was re-established at the Caserne Dartiguenave on Novem- |ber 1, 1928. “This is the “West Point” of Haiti. Cadets are recruited from some of the best families of Haiti and | | those who graduate are given commis- !sions in the garde. | The course. covering a year, embraces To Be Studied by Commission boards, field engineering, field service regulations, first aid, signals, interior guard duty, rifie marksmanship, garde regulations and orders and circulars. Cadets receive the pay and allowance of a sergeant and a ration allowanc® of 20 cents a day. The instruction staff includes three Haitian officers of out- standing ability. The organization has charge of a small coast guard of 4 officers and 38 men, who have supervision over all aids to navigation in Haitlan waters. There is a small navy yard, with some facilities for repair work. The coast guard maintains a number of motor launches. Under article 10 of the 1915 treaty Haitians eventually are to take over control of the garde. In line with this, two military districts are now com- manded entirely by Haitian officers. Both are close to the Dominican border. The police rurals, a force auxiliary to the garde, has a strength of about 550 men, with a chief of section in practi- cally every part of the island. This auxiliary force helps in patroling, in arresting offenders and in reducing |infantry driil regulations, ceremonies, | bayonet training, physical training, | {rural and penal codes, courts and! | (Continued From First Page.) where it had been stored. Here we first I think they were all known then under the inclusive title of bootlegger, but now we would classify such a wholesale op- | must be connected with either the Com- | erator as a racketeer. He soon learned ‘munists or the missionaries. how to forge Government permits. He made his first ventures into the perilous field of bribery. He was theatrical, too, and he devised the “fake robbery’ method for transferring the contents of a warehouse to a_more convenient dis- tributing point. Owners of these liquor stocks submitted to these robberies with equanimity, secure in the knowledge that eventually some of the profits would find their way back. i Conspiracy Develops. | It was extremely difficult for the Gov- ernment to put an end to all this at {once. Conspiracy is notoriously hard to | anticipate and even more difficult to prove later. I remember that some of |our agents in Pennsylvania received a secret tip that a warehouse was being raided. They hastened to the spot and | found ‘the legal guardian sunning him- i self at the front door, immersed in the | daily paper. At the rear entrance half i a dozen vans were slowly filling up with | the contents of this warehouse. Our friend at the front door was consider- ably disturbed that these Federal agents | had interrupted the serenity of his ex- | istence. He fully intended to discover { the loss later, but not until he knew :fu trucks had reached their destina- | tion. It took time to do it, but eventually we stopped this diversion. We took the permits away from the wholesale liquor dealers and lodged them in the hands of wholesale druggists. I have no de- sire to draw invidious comparisons be- tween two classes of citizens, but it is fair to say that the druggists under- stood the problem better. Even before prohibition they had had some ex- perience with a regulatory system and naturally had a finer appreciation of the law than men who were resentful because their means of livellhood had been taken from them. Forgeries Are Stopped. Our next step was to take all neces- sary précautions against counterfeit per- mits, and we did this by the use of bonded paper, which even the most in- genious found difficult to imitate. Also | ‘we reduced the number of legal store- houses from 300 to 30, concentrating these near large centers of population, where they could be well guarded and | under constant observation of the su- perior officers. We stopped the fake robberies; we stopped the forged and counterfeit permits, and we made bribery more hazardous. Thus pre-wa hisk b r whisky away es & major problem. “Rum Row” was our next concern. That was the day of the 3-mile limit, when the liquor vessels from foreign ports could come almost within hailing distance of our shore and ply their trade. Our Coast Guard at the time was woefully inadequate to combat law- breaking on such a huge scale and ‘Rum Row” prospered. But not for long. Again the ingenuity of the Fed- eral Government met the challenge. We found ways to strengthen our Coast Guard through more liberal appropria- tions, through the conversion of the thousands of small vessels the Navy on its hands at the close of the war, Meanwhile our diplomatic representa- tives were negotiating with foreign go ernments, and while other nations dia not view our prohibition experiment | with sympathetic eyes, they were en- tirely unwilling to sanction a wholesale assault on the laws of a friendly nation. So there followed in due time what are commonly known as the “twelve-mile treaties,” giving our Coast Guard vessels the right to stop any suspicious vessel within an hour’s sailing from shore and to embark on “hot pursuit” beyond that imaginary line under certain condi- tions, Prosperity Departs. ‘When all this took place prosperity departed from “Rum How. p!:vpget’ biggest operators could not risk the loss of $500,000 every fortnight or so if heavily loaded schooners ran afoul of our alert Coast Guard, and the rum runners in the important harbors soon were reduced to poverty when they lost their expensive launches. Coastal smuggling is today a negligible factor in the supply of illicit liquor. coast, where the Bahamas offer a con- venient base of very small lots, and the ficod is nowhere near so great as Winter visitors to | Florida’s playgrounds wou!d have us lieve. Next? The years seem to merge, but, I believe the succeeding battle centered about the bootleggers’ drive on our do- mestic supplies of pure alcohol. Here we had an extremely delicate and im- H Eorunl problem, for industrial alcohol ad become one of the great basic raw materials of thousands of manufactur- ing enterprises. As recently as 1906 the entire consumption of industrial alcohol was only 1,000,000 gallons. Now | the annual consumption is between 90.- 000,000 and 100,000,000 gallons. Many industries are so dependent on a con. stant supply that the Government could not and would not make regulations too restrictive. We could not regard every application with suspicion. We could not take the chance of sending a legiti- mate industry into bankruptcy by an arbitrary refusal to let it withdraw lcohol. Fake Industries Set Up. While we gave cur attention to this delicate problem the bootleggers plied | their trade. They found methods of circumventing the permit system. They established fake industries. ‘They evaded the regulations concerning de- naturing. They did manage to divert 2 great many gallons of pure alcohol from factories to cellars and innocent- appearing farmhouses, whence it later emerged as pre-war or imported gin, But I think I can boast that we have stopped that, and I bestow the credit not particularly on the Federal agencies charged with the problem, but on | American industry, which patriotically and whole-heartedly co-operated with the Government in putting an end to law wiolation. Our problem was to find denaturants which would make pure al cohol unfit for baverage purposes, wit out at the same time injuring its in- dustrial value. Scientists and tech- nologists employed by the industries have co-operated fully with the Gov- ernment’s own experts, and we have made what I regard as marvelous con- tributions to scientific knowledge. * We have even discovered denaturants which There | is much of it still along the Florida | operations, but it is in | smuggling operations in territory where it is impracticable for the garde to operate efficiently and regularl; |add to the utility of industrial alcohol. | As science advances, I am confident that in time every gallon of industrial | met the ingenuity of the illicit vendor. | alcohol can be made unfit for beverage purposes from the moment it is made. of “poisoning” liquor and the extrem- | ists among the wets have pictured Uncle | Sam as a murderer. Men who make | such absurd statements have no scien- | tific knowledge of our problem. The | denaturants we use are not “poisons” and even when denatured alcohol is re- cooked to provide an illicit beverage, | that is not “poison liquor.” | that kills is not the alcohol over which | the Federal Government has had super- | vision. Wood alcohol, which is poison, is not sold or distributed under the pur- view of the Federal Government. State poison and pharmacy laws take care of that, and the blame should not justly rest on & conscientious State official, but on the unspeakable wretch who ob- tains such stuff and sells it to a fellow human being, knowing that he is com- mitting murder just as surely as if he fired & bullet into the brain, Limiting to Needs, Volumes could be written about our experience with denaturants. Perhaps I, as a chemist, am more fascinated with these discoveries than the ordinary individual would be. Our aim now is to limit the production of industrial alco- hol to the exact needs of industry. We have made a start in that direction, with results which are very beneficial. There are no longer large surplus sup- plies, acting as a constant temptation to those who would divert it to beverage uses. And we have taken pains that this policy of limiting production shall not impose a burden on the consumer in increased prices for the products in ;!rl‘!c}n alcohol is an important raw ma- al. Our maximum problem with indus- trial alcohol came in 1926. Since then this subject has been well in hand. In- dustry after industry, which originally thought it must have its alcohol pure or not at all, has now found that it can get along with a certain type of de- naturant. The cosmetics industry, one of the largest users of alcohol, is now entirely reorganized on such a basis and T would like to pay trénite to the leaders in that industry, who came to the as- sistance of the Government in a time of sore need. There used to be a vau- deville joke that enough alcohol was withdrawn for hair tonic in a single year to bathe all the bald heads since the dawn of history. The joke may still be good, but the facts on which it may have been based no longer exist. Coming Down to Date. ‘We are now down to the present. For | the last two years the biggest problem of the Federal Government has been in the improvement of its personnel. Two years ago Congress decided that our agents should be placed under civil service tions. At the time some good people doubted the wisdom of that change, but after giving my own per- sonal attention to it for two years I am convinced that it has resulted in a tre- mendous improvement. We have had a 60 per cent turnover in our force, and while T have no desire to criticize any of the men who fought with us during those trying first years, I have no hesi- tancy in saying that our present force is of the finest type. They may be de- nounced from time to time as brutes and murderers and crooks by sensa- tionalists, or by those extreme wets who | like to believe that to be true, but I am confident that the American people, as a whole, will never join in such despic- able attacks on men who are doing }lhelr duty. The vast majority of these men are veterans of the World War, and they approach their daily duties in ithe same spirit with which they faced the bullets of the enemy in France, Of course, there has been dishonesty in the Federal service. Human nature being what it is, I doubt if there will | ever be any large force of men, subject |to temptation at all times, who will assay 100 per cent pure. But we have improved our methods so greatly during the last few years that if a crook does | happen to find his way Into our outfit I | am confident he will not last long. Any | man who is inclined to go wmng now | knows that there is a mobile and highly | efficient, foree which 1s operating to pro- |tect our agents from succumbing to | temptations. Crooks With Badges. ‘The “Feds,” as they are known to our bootlegging enemies, have had to stand the blame for the operations of some of the most ingenious fakers in the criminal history of our country. The speakeasy proprietor who pays over a | 850 bill to a man with an important | locking badge and thinks he has thereby | evaded prosecution has only spent his | money on one of these fakers. When the speakeasy is raided shortly there- | after by legitimate officers of the Gov- ernment the proprietor may think he is justified in denouncing the “Feds” as crooks, but the fact of the matter is that one law violator has run afoul of another. THere may be honor among thieves, But there is no spirit of com- radeship among these individuals who | have been scratching & precarious liv- ing for ten years by violating th~ prohi- | bition law in one form or ano er, Just the other day I heard of a fellow picked up by the Department of Justice out in Chicago who was an artist in his line. He not only had the fake badge, but he had impressive looking credentials with his picture on, and he had a full set of search warrant forms | with seals and scrolls, and Pvtr{:hmg necessary to impress the bootlegger. How much he collected before the De- partment of Justice agents gct him I have no means of telling, but he un- doubtedly contributed to the general belief in the underworld that every Federal man has his price. Duty Imposed on States. I might end this recital with a little prophecy, but that's not in my line either. I can say, however, what I have constantly emphasized since I have had anything to do with this work, that the American people cannot expect the Fed- eral Government to do everything it- self. I am one of those who believe the eighteenth amendment has im- posed on the States not the privilege but the duty of aiding in its enforce- ment. | The great majority of the States have cheerfully accepted that duty. A few have held back, and in such States the problem is necessarily greater. Perhaps that is our next great task to be per- formed—to create within all the States, in every community large and small, that inherent respect for the law on which real enforcentent must be based. When the polics force of a great city, I realize that we have been accused | The stuff | ANUARY 12, D, (Continued From Pirst Page,) eral thousand sheep were killed in a raid near Big Piney, Wyo.. and three sheep wagons were burned, with the bedding and other effects of the herders. On Trapper Creek, east of Basin, 15 masked men ralded a sheep camp. The herders were tied to trees. Sticks of dynamite were placed at several points about the camp. The sheep were driven to a central place, the fuses were lighted and 400 of them were blown to pieces. A tragedy that stirred Wyoming took place in the Nowood district of Big { Horn County. Joe Alleman, a promi- nent cattleman, had sold out and gone into the sheep business. He was in one of his sheep camps with Joe Lazier and Joe Emge; it was Alleman’s first night on the range in his new calling. The camp was raided by masked men, who fired into the sheep wagons where the men were asleep. Lazier and Emge were killed as they slept. Alleman ran and was shot dead. The wagons and bodies of the men were burned and the sheep were killed. Two herders. who | had _escaped, gave evidence which led | {to the summoning of a cattleman as a | | witness. Before he could testify he was | assassinated. Others were arrested, | and eventually five were convicted. Men and Sheep Killed. A raid in the Tensleep district re- sulted in the killing of two sheepmen and the slaughter of many sheep. In killing the herders, the raiders fired volley after volley into the sheep wagon. Later, when the fleld was gone over, it | was found that some one among the raiders had “weakened” and had eject- ed loaded cartridges from his rifl. This |man was found and questioned. He eventually broke down and gave infor- mation which resulted in convictions. Not only Wyoming experienced these sheep and cattle wars. Every grazing State in the West had its record of | aids and battles, and the sheepmen were by no means supine during these troubles. They were not the sort to be bluffed out by warnings. For instance, here was a nervy sheepman, “Tobe” Barnes of Utah,” who brought thou- sands of sheep every year to the Sum- | mef range in the Colorado Rockies. He | was warned not to bring any more sheep into the cow country. But “Tobe” | had nearly 200,000 sheep for which | Summer range must be found. He | | started his flocks for Colorado and | hired gunmen to act as guards. The guards rode ahead and on both | flanks, ready for the raid which had been threatened. ‘When camp was made at night sentries were posted in military fashion. Two hundred cattle- men gathered in Western Colorado, and for a while it looked as if the greatest battle in range history was about to take place. But the determined front put up by the sheepmen settled the situation. No rald was attempted and the sheep were brought to their usual Summer range, where they remained under guard until it was time to take them back to the Winter range in Utah. Nor did Government control of the public range quite end all these bitter and deep-seated feuds.of the grazing country. Only a few months ago the writer of this article had pointed out to him in the “strip” country of Arizona, between the Grand Canyon and the Utah line, a dam which had been dy- PUBLIC LIBRARY Recent accessions to the Public Li- brary and lists of recommended reading will appear in this column every Sun- | day. Political Portraits. Aston, Sir G. G. The Biography of the Late Marshal Foch. E-F683as. Benson, A. L. Daniel Webster. E-W30be. Mad Anthony Wayne. E-W369b. Chapple, J. M. Jim: A Biography of James John vis. E-D2918c. | Clemenceau, G. B. In the Evening of My Thought. Two volumes. BE39- 9.E. 50.E. Coolidge. Calvin, President of the United | States. Autoblography. E-C778a. | Perrara, Orestes. The Private Corre- spondence of Nicolo Machiavelll, E-M 1841. | Taylor, G. R. 8. English Political Por- | traits of the Nineteenth Century.| E-9T214. Statistics. Burgess, R. W. Introduction to the Mathematics of Statistics. HB-B9131. Chaddock, R. E. Principles and Meth- ods of Statistics. HB-C34p. Day, E. E. Statistical Analysis. 1927. HB-D33s. ‘Williams, J. H. Elementary Statistics. HB-W67. Young, B. F. Statistics as Applied in Business. HB-Y88. ! Oratory. | Brees, P. R., and Kelley, G. V. Modern | Speaking. XX-B743. | Burton, Richard. Why Do You Talk | Like That? X-B95w. - Clapp, J. M., and Kane, E. A. How to Talk. XY-C543h. Fort, L. M. Oral English and Debate. XX-F77. Peabody, G. E. How to Speak Effec- tively. XY-P312. History. ! Denny, H. N. Dollars for Bullets. | F966-D42. Gann, T. W. F. Maya Citles. FF961- G 14m. Gwynn, E. R. The Irish Free State. P425-G99. Hl?old_ F. C. The Adventure of Man. H21. Huime, E. M. The Middle Ages. FO4. H8T. Malcom, M. V. The Armenians in America. E8399A-M29. Moses, Bernard. Spain Overseas. F96- M852s. M. Under Five Sultans.| A History of Latin Amer- Sw33. Jewelry. Alexander, Richard. Jade. WKF-A12. n, O. C. Famous Diamonds. MD-F244f. New York Metropolitan Museum of Art. Jewelry. WX-N42 Replinger, J. G. The "Jewelry Repairer's ‘Handbook. 1922. 9. WX-R29. | Banking. Northwestern University, Evanston, Ill. School of Commerce, Bureau of Business Research. Banking Stand- ards Under the Federal Reserve Sys- tem. HN-N814. United States Pederal Reserve Board. Digest of Rulings. 1914-27. HN- Un32d. American Bankers’ Association. Eco- nomic Policy Commission. A Study of Group and Chain Banking. H Am35. Willis, H, P, and Bogen, J. I Invest- ment Banking. HR-W671. Hoggson, N. F. hs in American Banking. HN-H67. Psychology. Bousfield, W. R. The Basis of Memory. BIP-B66b. Rupre, J. A. My Best Teachers; Or, Practical Lessons in Psychology and Philosophy. BI-D92m. Low, Barbara. The Unconscious in Ac- tion. 1928. BJ-LO5u. ' Mairet, Philippe. A B C of Adlers Psychology. BJ-M28. Marston, W. M. Emotions of Normal People. BJ-M35. Murphy, Gardner, ed. An Outline of Abnormal Psychology. BJ-M9540. Troland, L. T. The Fundamentals of Human Motivation. BJ-T745. running into the hundreds of thou- sands, will not accept the duty to stamp out lawlessness, a few thousand Federal agents scattered from Maine to Cali- fornia and from the Canadian to the Mexican border cannot hope to accom- plish much. Perhaps that's the job fer the second decade. | favor of a bureau to look after the in- 0—PART TWO 5 il namited, presumably by cattlemen. The dam had been constructed by sheepmen to make a reservoir where they could water their flocks. One day the boss came back from a trip to Casper and said to Pat: “I've bought a few sheep for you. They can be run with mine, and you pay me as you can.” | “How much are they going to cost Whereupon the sheep herder nearly fainted, and began to explain that he never could hope to pay such a sum. “The boss just la d at me,” says Sullivan. “Then he convinced me that if I attended to business I could make the venture pay. He was right. It did pay. And what he did for me taught me a lesson that I never forgot. When I began to hire herders I made it a practice to give them a start if they wanted to get in the business for them- selves. In fact, I won't have a man around me who hasn't ambition and who doesn’t want to strike out for him- self.” A few years ago Pat Sullivan Was sitting in a Washington hotel. People were coming and going, but apparently there wasn't a_soul to whom he could talk. Finally he singled out a rather important looking individual and opened a conversation. Pat asked him what line of business he followed and received a brief answer. Then, merely as a matter of form, the stranger asked Pat what line of business he was in. “I run a few sheep,” was the answer. “Ah, sheep—how interesting,” said the stranger, politely hiding a yawn. “And how many sheeg have you?” “Well, I don't just know,” said Sul- livan meditatively, “but I think it's somewhere around 30,000.” | ‘The stranger gave one look at Pat, as much as to say, “Just another one of those Western romancers,” and walked away. Faith in Wyoming. Pat Sullivan's enthusiasm for his | job, which kept him sticking with the | sheep during the blizzdrds and hot winds that mark the seasonal changes on the Rocky Mountain plateau, was equaled only by his faith in Wyoming's possibilities. Some 20 years ago or more I rode across the Northern Wyoming plains with a cattle rancher who was taking “Uncle Billy,” a famous round-up cook, to provide meals for the men who were | sinking the first oil well in the Salt Creek region. Most, people thought the oil venture was chimerical, and said 80 in less complicated language. Oil derricks simply didn’t belong in a natural grazing country. “Uncle Billy” himself couldn’t quite see why he was being dragged off to cook for a lot of mechanics when there were still plenty of cowboys who regarded him as the prince of grub wranglers. Pat Sullivan was not among those pessimists. Some of the derricks went | up and the wells went down on the barren acres which he had been ac-| quiring for his growing flocks. As a | result Pat Sullivan today has large | royalty oil interests and is a director of | the Western Exploration Co. He is chief stockholder and chairman of the board of directors of the First National Bank of Casper and is a partner in sev- eral large sheep enterprises. His home in Casper is one of the finest in that | city. His outside investments are con- siderable, and, altogether, Wyoming's new Senator is looked upon as one of the wealthiest men in the State. Politically, Sullivan has always been | a Republican. He has been Republican | national committeeman in Wyoming for | years. Some idea of his independence | of thought can be secured from an inci- | dent which occurred when former President Coolidge was in the Black Hills and Yellowstone National Park | and was waited upon by a Wyoming committee, one of whose members was Pat Sullivan. A Wyoming stock raiser approached Pat and suggested that he use his influence with the President in | CENTRAL AMERICA AND THE SPAN- | trated by Charles Livingston Buil. ggflldelphh: The Penn Publishing THE BLACK GALE. By Samuel Shel- (Continued From Fourth labarger. New York: The Century THE PRIVATE LIFE OF LADY HAM- ILTON. By Albert Flament. Trans- lated by Louis Arthur Cunningham. New York: Louis Carrier & Co. WALT WHITMAN; A Brief Biography with Reminiscences. By Harrison S. Morris. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. PAPER BOOKS—DEWER RIDES. By L. A. G. Strong. New York: Charles Boni. UNCLE BY GOSH OF OLD SOUTH COUNTY. By Jennie R. Partelow. author of “Lisely Nancy of Olé South County,” etc. Boston: The Christosher Publishing Co. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY OF INTER. NATIONAL CONDUCT. By George Malcolm Stratton, M. A, Ph.D,, etc. New York: D. Appleton & Co. | HAPPYLAND. By Ola Gates Blagden. Bosion: The Christopher Publish- in;; Houss. ORPHAN OF ETERNITY: Or, 1he Katabasis of the Lord Lucifer Sata=, By Carl Heinrich. New York: Tous srriar & Ca. Compiled and edited by J. Wy Smythe, jr. New York: Frederick A. Stokes Co. ISH MAIN. By Agnes Rothery. Il- lustrated. Boston: Houghton, Mif- flin Company. LINCOLN AND HIS WIFE'S HOME TOWN. By Willlam H. Townsend, author of “Lincoln, the Lit'gant,” etc. Illustrated. Indianapolis: Bobbs- Merrill Co. ‘THOMAS JEFFERSON; The Apostle of Americanism. By Gilbert Chinard. Tilustrated. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. LOOK HOMEWARD, ANGEL; A Story of the Buried Life. By Thomas Wolfe. New York: Charles Scrib- ner’s Sons. DANIEL WEBSTER. By Allan L. Ben- son. New York: Cosmopolitan Book Corporation. SHUDDERS. Des'gned by Cynthia Asquith from the Mystery Tales of Fifteen Authors. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons. IT MIGHT HAVE BEEN LOST! A Chronicle from Alien Sources of the Struggle to Preserve the National Identity of the A. E. F. By Thomas Clement Lonergan, formerly lieu- tenant colonel, general staff, A. E. F. Mlustrated. New York: G. P. Put- DRINK: Coercion or Control* 3y Rheta Childe Dorr, author of “Susan B. Anthony,” etc. New York: Fred« erick A. Stokes Co. Pigeons Lose Homes nam's Sons. i e A HOUSE 1S BUILT. By M. Barnard| For Injuring Building Eldershaw. New York: Harcourt, i Brace & Co. Pigeons living in the Gothic nooks and UNDER FIVE SULTANS. By Mary Mills Patrick, Ph. D, LL. D, Litt. D., president emerita of Constanti- nople Woman's College. Illustrated. New York: The Century Co. THE LIFE OF GEORGE MEREDITH. By Robert Esmonde Sencourt. With frontispiece portrait in color. New York: Charles Scribner’s Son's. | THE HEART OF THE KING-DOG.| By George Marsh. author of “The | Whelps of the Wolf,” ete. Illus-! crannies of the Cologne cathedral have now become homeless, The damage they were doing to the fine masonry had become so great that it was decided to clean all the nests out of the towers, In London, when the same thing was planned to keep the pigeons away from St. Paul's cathedral, the bird lovers of that town sent in a protest and so saved their pets from becoming oute casts. terests of sheep and cattle men. “Good Lord! we've got too many bureaus now,” was Pat’s only rejoinder. CAPITAL Girl Gains Weight Amazingly NATURE controls all the func- digestion and assimilation. Inafew tions of our digesti: di child is well, save one. We mcré mv; and a b‘y" . i My sy lot of trouble it causes. The way children im; s Children suffer when they don’t Cqlitorme e P observerfi:x?wflhnbi%mfih S:tll m igvrup t “;i“e’r::: becomes fef H n o8 1 . dull” A host"of aliments bilioys: Gample: | Mrs. €. H. Fihode; 108 ness, feverishness, appetite « was i i kit follow 1 we negiect this waraing ~porace wes botherd with constipa: thata child’s bowels need help. to give her California Fig Syrup: In such cases, California Fig Sy It made such a difference in her xge:gver ffll;lwhelp :ztt.he pror‘i_xgt that I Il:;t‘l‘ used it since then for ing of intestines. i 3 first spoonful does that; and nligva: digeation; - regulati Ifufw b! the common symptoms of constipa- tion. Successive doses help tone and strengthen weak stomach and keeps her strong and energetis am sure it is one thing that is help- ing her gain weiqht at such a won- prove appetite; encourage derful rate now.” ‘The pure vegetable produ CALIFORNIA mdnmd»ydnm-mgoy-:', always bears the word California, FIG SYRUP THE RICH, FRUITY LAXATIVE AND TONIC FOR CHILDREN As soon as you realize you've taken cold—take some tablets of Bayer Aspirin. Almost before your head can stuff-up, you feel your cold is conquered. Those aches and pains you felt coming on will suddenly subside. The relief is almost instantaneous! Even if cold has gained headway, and your temples throb and your very bones ache, these tablets will bring prompt relief. It is better, of course, to take Bayer Aspirin at the very first sneeze or cough—it will head-off the cold and spare you much discomfort. Get the genuine, with proven directions for colds, headaches; neuralgia, neuritis, sore throat, and many important uses. BAYER ASPIRIN Aspirin is the trade mark of Bayer Manufacture of Monoaceticacidester of Salicylicacid