Evening Star Newspaper, January 12, 1930, Page 31

UNCLE SAM GETS READY TO COUNT BIG FAMILY Household Increases 1,400,000 a Year. | Census Bureau Faces Gigantic Task. Work Start BY REMSEN CRAWFORD. RE you ready for the census taker? “Not yet,” you may say, “for he won't be around before April Fool's day, and many things may )u;men between now and then, even in the best regulated families.” Quite correct. As a matter of fact, Uncle Sam’s household is increasing at the marvelous rate of one every 26 sec- onds, or about 1,400,000 a year. This increase is derived from the excess of births over deaths and from the excess of immigration over migration. So, that by the time the 110,000 enumera- tors get on their stupendous job next April 2, there will be some half mil- lion persons additional to count who hava not as et been born, or landed upon our shorms. Nevertheless, what Congress has cal ed “the census period” is already o 7.aving begun January 1, and already the shabby, rambling old war-time structure in Washington which houses this bureau of the Department of Com- merce is alive with stirring scenes of activity such as it has not seen since the soldiers were hurrying over to France. Because this is the hugest task the Government has tackled since mobilizal days, and because of the determinaf of Congress to make it the most accurate and the most instruc- tive census ever taken of Americ: people. Director William M. Steuart and Assistant Director Dr. Joseph A. Hill, are proceeding with the mapping off of divisions and districts and the appointment of supervisors and other heads of the great army of enumerators long before the fleld work begins. Apart from the many interesting side- i to be thrown about the 1930 there are several outstanding or main results that will be accom- plished by this count! of nm by Uncle Sam. The first of these be the certain reapportionment of mem- bers of the House of Representatives according to the terms of the Constitu- tion—a thing which has been post- poned or neglected several times, so that the present representation in Con- gress is sadly out of joint with popu- lation. The census law by the 1 ngress makes it definite that apportionment shall be made right ter the forthcoming enumeration and regularly every 10 years thereafter fol- lowing ewel succeeding census. Counting the Mexican Born. Next in importance will be the count- ing. of our Mexican population as a separate race, or people, which has just been scheduled by the heads of the Census Bureau for the first time. The import of this movement has a direct bearing upon this country's new policy of restricting immigration with a view to preserving the racial mixture of national population upon a ratio that will perpetuate the groups who found- ed and made the American Republic. In recent years Mexicans have been flocking across the border by hundreds of thousands, there being no int quota limitations upon the countrics of North America, Central America and South America as there are upon Euro- pean countries. | Thirty days is the time limit for| counting the members of Uncle Sam's household—about 120,000,000 all told by now—but the city folk must be enu- merated in two weeks. t is to say, the month of April will tell the story. | Problem in Farm Census. The reason for allowing a whole | month for taking the census in the rural districts and only two weeks in the cities lies in the fact that the coun- try enumerators must fill out the agri- | cultural schedules, traveling long dis- tances to ascertain how many farms are | owned, how many are rented, how many | are mortgaged, how many are free of | debt; how many horses, mules, cows, hogs, chickens, etc., are on those farms, i while the city enumerators will each have but a few blocks to cover, count- ing only the people by age, sex, married or unmarried, and whether native or | foreign born, and whether of native or forelgn born or of mixed parentage. ‘The two-week time limit applies to all cities of 2,500 population or more by the last census. 1t will take $40,000,000—this counting or taking stock—and Congress has al- ready appropriated the money. The | enumerators will be paid on a per cap- ita basis, their total compensation de- | pending upon the population and the‘ number of farms in their respective districts. It is estimated that the pay checks to enumerators will range from $75 to $125. With $40,000,000 thus dis- . tributed throughout the country in the dull months of Summer, it is easy to se ethat some relief will be felt where lean times may be lurking. Soldiers who fought in the last war, and particularly those who were dis- abled in service, their wives, or their widows have a preference in the ap- pointment of the enumerators. All such selections and appointments will be made by the divisional supe: rs, based uoon civil service regulations. There | will be 570 of these supervisors. What It Will Reveal. So much about the working force. | ‘What the general public asks about the | census is this: “What will it tell us that | we don't already know?” | ‘Well, pretty soon now we shall know not only exactly how many people there are in the United States, but how many there are in each occupation or profes- zion; that is to say, how many doctors, how many lawyers, how many preachers, | teachers, merchants, engineers, ma- chinists, farmers, motormen, etc. We shall know how many of our people were born in England, Prance, Germany, Ireland, Italy and every other foreign country. We shall know how many children there are and how many of them are attending school and how many are not. Business to Be Checked. Further, distribution of business—how many factories and what they are making and where they are sending what they make, and how many stores, wholesale and 1, and what they are selling and to whom. And knowing these things will be knowing a whole lot about ourselves that we don‘t know now. Remember, it is going to be the most accurate and far-reaching census ever taken. S0 be nice to the enumerator when he comes around. You will have to, anyhow, for the sheriff’s goin’ to & you if you don't watch out. Listew. 10 these clauses in the new census law: All persons over A% vnst answer questions Adout themseives or their families or be “ned $100 or go to jail for 60 days— maybe both. For willfully giving an- swers that are false, $500, or jail for ‘ne year, maybe both. 1t ‘will' be unlawful to make sugges- tions to an enumerator with intent or purpose of causing an inaccurate count, the crime being a misdemeanor with a | $1,000 fine or one year in jail, or both. Any hotel proprietor or apartment house keeper who falls to give ingress and egress to the enumerator will be fined $500. Any corporation which gives false information about itself, or its workers, may be fined $10,000. there! Looking Backward. Now, if you have a turn of mind for things historical, you will want to compare this immense task of taking the fifteenth census with the job when ,Uncle Sam and Brother Jonathan were { wearing rompers. Let us go back to ‘the very first census—the one taken by { the United States marshals and their ! deputies in 1790. What a time those s, 0d cock-hatted, long-coated boys must have had as they went from house to house, mostly on horseback, counting we shall know about the | So | chauffeurs pledged s in April sprinkled thinly throughout this fair and happy land. Yes, there were only about 3,500,000 of us then. Philadelphia was the largest city, with just 42444 popula- tion. New York was second, witl 33,131; Boston third, with 18,038— smaller than Attleboro, Mass., of today: 8. C, was fourth, with er than Spartanburg, 8. C., d Baltimore ranked fifth, ,503, which would put it almost h,;nthe village class of this day and e. Took Name of Head of House. ‘Those marshals were only required to take down the name of the head of the house and then add, “wife and three children.” or, in case of a widow- er, “three children,” or “four children,” etc. The enumerator of today has to take down each name with the age, sex, etc. To envisage the difference in the jobs, the family of John Hancock, for example, was reported in 1790 as comprising “two white males over. 16 years of age, three white females and seven other free persons not white,” the latter, presumably, Negro servants. John Hancock, by the way, was one of the richest men in the country. There was but one millionaire, John Jacob Astor of New York, who had grown rich selling furs. Consider that in those days this Nation was still in the woods, so to speak, and hunting and trapping and planting & few patches of Indian corn were about all the American people had found to do, except down in Virginia, where they had already begun to lay the founda- tions for the great fortunes now repre- sented by the tobacco industry. By that first census the racial classi- fication of Uncle Sam’s household was made by judging nationality by the names of the heads of families. Thus Schneider would be counted as a Ger- man, Hancock as an Englishman, Mac- Pherson as a Scotsman, O'Brien as an Irishman, etc. Clearly, this was not & very true and accurate way to com- pute our racial groups and that was where objection was lately raised to our national origins plan of restricting immigration. Nevertheless, it is inter- esting here to note that by this calcu- lation there were 2,345,844 persons of English and Welsh blood by that first census, 188,589 Scotch, 44,273 Irish, 56,623 Dutch, 156457 German, 13,384 French, 1,243 Hebrew and 3,835 of all other stocks. A Task for Machinery. Director William M. Steuart, the big boss of the census, points out that the numerous classifications and correla- tions required in a modern census would be simply out of the question without the use of tabulation machinery. In fact, the differences in the meth- ods of handling the tabulation of a census that have come with introduc- tion and development of machine proc- esses, he thinks, are as great as in any of our factory industries. The first thing they do now is to transfer the information reported by the enumerator to a punched card on which the - tion of the holes in each section of the card indicates the characteristics re- ported. There will be a card for every person in the United States. When the cards have been punched they are taken to the electric sorting machines and sorted by sex, color and nativity. Then they are run through the tabulating machines, which count numerous other items, such as age, place of birth, illiteracy, occupation, ete. These machines will count 60 items or combinations at the same time and | print the results on large sheets, from which they are taken and rearranged for publication in the census reports. ! Everything will be prompt and on| time this year. Americans hdve no dread or prejudice in this matter of being counted as they did in the first| census. Those pioneers, or some of | them, had read about the census which King David took of the Children of Israel, and they had learned that a great deal of sickness had followed after it. So they were shy of the census takers, and some of the States were several years in reporting. Not so now. ! We know the benefits of a census. We are proud of the record and progress of our country and welcome to the enu- merator hangs on every door. Czechoslovak Currency To Have Gold Basis ‘That long-contemplated establish- ment of Czechoslovak currency on a gold basis will probably become a fact when the new Parliament is soon con- vened. A bill has already been draft- ed fixing the Czech crown at 44.58 mfll’{nms of gold. Hrivny, Crecho- slovak pounds, to be coined, to contain 4.458 grams of_fine gold. The total weight of the hrivny will be 4.9533 grams, the difference being made up of copper—that is, 90 per cent gold and 10 per cent copper. The bill provides that the national bank shall maintain a banknote coverage of gold at 25 per cent by the end of 1929, 30 per cent by the end of 1930, and by 1935 at least 35 per cent. Hitherto Czechoslovak currency has been pegged on the dollar, and the capital of the national bank, $12,000,000, been in dollars. Now the capital will be converted into 405,000,000 crowns, at the rate of 33.75 crowns for $1. Each of the 120,000 shares, now nominal $100, will have a nominal of 3375 crowns, when the bill becomes & law. Czechoslovak currency has been sta- bilized for six years, so no difficulty is exrgected in maintaining the gold stand- ard. Four Shots Get Four Lions in 2 Minutes Four shots, four lions—and all in | two minutes! " This little record in big- | game hunting has been set up by F. | A “Welthagen of Louis Trichardt, | Transvaal. A few days ago Welthagen | was passing through the Brak River | route to Bridgewater. Just after dawn { he stopped by the river and sat on the | bank of a water hole hoping for guinea fowl. To his surprise seven lions ap- neared instead. They took their morn- g refreshment 30 yards from where | Welthagen sat. The first he brought | down as it was drinking. The second lion literally got it in the eye, The | five remaining lions ran toward Welt- hagen, who shot and killed a third. | They then turned tail, and as they dis- | appeared over the opposite bank the | marksman bagged a fourth. e {London to Experiment With “No Tip” Taxies London is experimenting with a new taxicab. A fleet of fifty is shortly to be placed on the streets with uniformed not to accept tips. to this effect will be placed cab, and chauffeurs accepting tips will be subject to dismissal. Pur- ther, there will be instruction in cour- tesy similar to that of the London | omnibus conductor, and one thing the cabbies will be taught is not to hide | their change in trousers pockets. They will be employed by a company which will pay an adequate wage, obviating any need for tips. The first chassis of the no-tip taxicabs have been sent to Scotland Yard for the jsual “fitness” examination. An intefésting feature of the new taxicabs is their air-cooled THE SUNDAY I STAR, WASHINGTON, D. C, JANUARY 12, 1930—PART TWO. Educating China’s Masses Age-0ld Prejudices Are Being Overcome—New Reforms May Promote Modern Civilization. BY DR. JAMES T. SHOTWELL. Authority on International Policy. URING my recent visit to the East I went out from Peiping on a three-day trip to some villages in the heart of rural China which are likely to fig- ure largely in the history of modern civilization. They are the communities where the Mass Education Movement is working out its great experiment of try- ing to find what should be taught the 400,000,000 people of China as the na- tion emerges from its Asiatic past. If that experiment succeeds it goes with- out saying that it will affect the world more deeply than the establishment of a Chinese republic or any other incident of current politics. Ting Hsien, the district in which this quiet but important effort js taking place, lies a little more than 130 miles southwest of Peiping on the Peiping- Hankow Railway. The Chinzse, how- ever, do not measure distance by miles, but by the time it takes to travel—and properly so, for the best that the fast- est train could do to cover the ground between Peiping and Ting Hsien was something Jike eight hours; and even at leed that the train is not losing time. So if we measure it according to American railway time tables the distance would be very much greater. But, judged by other and equally valid standards, Ting Hslen is not eight hours from Peiping, but some- thing more than eight or nine centuries, for apart from the work of the Mass Education Movement, there s hardly a sign of modern times in either the City of Ting Hsien or in all the outlying vil- lages we inspected, The name “Ting Hsien” is now uscd as a name for both the central city of a county and a county itself. “Hsien” means county—at least that is as near an analogy to the political division as we have in the West. There are about 400,000 persons living in the whole geo- graphical area of Ting Hsien. The pro- vincial City of Ting Hslen, however, has only about 15,000. The vast preponderance of the popu- lation here, as elsewhere all over China, lives in little farming hamlets, cultivat- ing farms that are divided up into little plots like market gardens and connected with each other by rambling roadways, generally just wide enough for a single | ox-cart and often going down 5 or 6| feet through the sandy soll, so that in wet weather they are impassable or be- come beds of streams. The short cuts BY HENRY W. BUNN. ‘The following is a brief summary of the most important news of the world for the week ended January 11. THE BRITISH EMPIRE.—On Janu- ary 9 the total of unemployed among registered workers of Great Britain was about a million and a half, there having been an increase by over 200,000 within a fortnight and by over 400,000 since the Laborites achleved the power early in June. National Gallery, presented to the Brit- ish nation by Sir Joseph Duveen and planned under his expert personal supervision, was formally accepted on behalf of the country by Prince George. The system of lighting is a novel one, devised by Sir Joseph. Politically, 1920 was a momentous year for Great Britain, a year marked by installation of the first Labor gov- ernment_resulting from victory at the polls. To be sure, the popular vote slightly favored the Conservatives, and though achieving & handsome plurality, the Labor party lacks a majority in the Commons, so that at any moment the Conservatives and Liberals could by combining overturn the government; on the other hand, meither the Con- servatives nor the Liberals wish to go to the country except on an issue ob- the government seems to be maneuver- ing skillfully at once to avoid such an issue and with a view, all in good time, to court defeat under circumstances fa- vorable to itself. We should have an eye alert for interesting developments in connection with any of the follow- ing matters—the Indian question, the naval conference, the Egyptian ques- tion, the Iraqui question and the new budget. One may not be too sure, but, with full data to hand, we shall probably find that the economy as a whole (the 50 important invisible items of the in- ternational traffic included) somewhat more than held its own over the year just passed. Assuming this to be 8o, it is perhaps somewhat remarkable in view of the thwart factors, including the un- certainty of business preceding the elec- tions, its post-election uncertainty as to labor's intentions and the overseas clutch of aurivorous Wall Street. I cannot but think that uncertainty as to labor's intentions importantly persists as a damping influence (not lessened | by recent dole legislation), but Wall Street_has ceased from troubling. ties of the Labor government in the for- gn and imperial ficlds have been a truistically aimed at acceleration of t| millennium, and not with the primai object of whipping up prestige th might prove serviceable toward achieve- ment, of those domestic objects which Recently a beautiful addition to the | viously embarrassing to Labor, while | No doubt the somewhat hectic activi- | » | balbus. Spanish National Assembly is to re- | for donkeys or foot passengers lead right through and across the fields. In the whole hsien there is not a single trace of modern road making and soll with no local stone or any_other base for metaling the road. S i problem of roadmaking in Ting Hslen is a sample of what has to be faced all over the country, the initiation of motor traffic through rural China will involve the problem when undertaken will be a | 88 hard and costly & problem as any | difficult one because of the light sandy | Other thing in modernizing the Eest. I arrived In Ting Hslen by a train If the | that left Peiping at 8 o'clock in the eve- BASKET MAKERS IN THE STREETS OF TING HSI | ning and reached the railway station of | Ting Chow, two miles from the city, | shortly after 2 in the morning. e were met by rickshas at.the railway station and were soon moving silently through the sleeping countryside toward | the western gate of the ancient Mongol | (Continued on Fifth Page.) tion; but, as it happens, while the mil- | nand and Isabella!)- is taking steps to | of the same genus, or of a different lennium has not been seen to budge, the | pretige so gained has done yeoman do- mestic service. I lack the temerity to make any pre- | diction, political or economic, as to the coming year for Britain. The new executive committee of the Indian National Congress (Nationalists) has designated January 26 as the date | for a nation-wide demonstration for the congress’ creed of “Puran Swaraj,” or | complete independence. Mahatma Gandhi has drawn in his horns. Writing in his newspaper, Young | India, he confesses that he “does not | see an atmosphere favorable to a cam- | paign of civil disobedience throughout India today.” He is prayerfully seek- ing “an effective and innocent for- mula”"—whatever he means by that. He asks the “impatient patriots” to “assist in promoting a non-violent atmosphere and in pushing forward a constructive rogram”—whatever, again, he means y that. His mind is opening to the idea of a conference with the British authorities, but the opening requires enlargement, since he seems to contem- plate a conference of British repre- | facilitate the immigration into Spain of harassed Jews of Eastern Europe. * kK X GERMANY.—For Germany the late year registered some economic improve- ment. Though the figures for December are not yet available, it seems fairly safe to say that the year's visible bal- ance of foreign trade (reparations de- liveries in kind included), was slightly favorable, as against large unfavorable balances for 1928 and 1927, continuance of which trend would insure smooth operation of the Young plan. Of course such improvement of the foreign trade | need not imply improvement of the economy as a whole; it might be more than offset by decline of home trade. But, if there was decline of home trade, it was far less than the improvement of the foreign trade. Moreover, no doubt the balance of invisible items on international account continued favor- ably to mount, an aspect of the econo- my too apt to be overlodked. That there should be improvement on the whole to record is remarkable in view of the | adverse factors: Such as the long spell | sentatives with delegates of the Indian | of aimost unprecedentedly severe Winter National Congress as completely and exclusively representative of India, such conference to have the simple mandate for India. good (if true) that the Mahatma has abandoned, at least for the present, the idea of a campaign of civil disobedi- ence and that he is humbly seeking a new light. * ok K K SPAIN.—The Spanish peseta is de- scending rapidly. On January 18 it was quoted at about the equivalent of 1215 cents on exchange, as against over 16 ‘cents a year previous and par of 19 3-10 cents. Dictator Primo de Rivera attributes its condition partly to the adverseness of the foreign trade balance, partly to “speculation, bank- ing maneuvers.” He is an economist in the large sense, but no financier, as he himself admits, and he seems to lack competent advice in financial matters. He proposes likely measures for im- provrnx the foreign trade balance, but seems helpless in face of exchange ?eeuhunn. He is probably capable of ealing with other challenges, but this one is too subtle for him. The peseta's behavior is desperately prejudicing the dictatorship. 1 have often referred to the marques as a Caesarian dictator, combining strength with amenity, but he lacks a A balbus to the rescue! The convene January 27. Here is a_sufficiently fantastic de- velopment. We are informed that the mnrammant (promembas T | | weather, the nervous uncertainty of big | business regarding the outcome of the reparations discussions, and the prac- | to frame an independent government tical suspension of loans from abroad, Yes, indeed, the opening re- | by reason of the monstrous rates in quires enlargement, but it is all to the | wall Street. | Politically it was a year of marking time. Compromises were struck or con- tinued on sundry domestic issues pend- ing definite institution of the Young plan. But when that hour strikes, there will be something doing in the Reichstag. On the whole, however, the domestic political outlook is promising. Germany seems at last awakened to | the necessity of drastic fiscal reforms. The year should see their institution. | The Reichstag should subordinate all | other issues thereto. The ignominious | defeat of the “Liberty bill” is of the world shared in the German mourning for the death of Stresemann, whose contributiory toward European pacifica- tion was probably greater than that of any other statesman; but doubt as to perpetuation of his policies has proved groundless. | pelin’s first ~ circumvolation of | planet, may plausibly challenge the | panetary supremacy in deeds of der- | ring-do of 1929; but of course, the very | utmost we'll concede is a “couplement | of proud compare.” | * ok K ok CHINA.—We are agog for full in- formation about sinanthropus pekinesis, | or the man or man-like being of the | Chou Outlen Caves. Was he of our o oF § Aemint gnamfen | most reassuring significance; the repub- | | lic seems unshakably rooted. The whole | Germany, by reason of the Graf Zep- | our genus? Come, Come: Give us his brain capacity. Then, by comparing it with those of Pithecanthropus erectus of | Java. of the Piitdown fellow, of Homo | Heidelbergensis, and the rest of ’em, | we can approximate a conclusion. May- | be he only dates k seven or eight | thousand "years—a mere modern, an | uninteresting fello The Chinese silver dollar is rapidly declining in value, with the usual ef- fects on the general economy. It is now worth 38 cents in American money, | as against 49 cents 12 months ago. ‘The project of a Barga Soviet Re- | public seems to have collapsed. * k% x Y UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.— Among the most striking developments ‘Today over 12 air services are deliver- ing express directly to over 80 cities. The possibilities boggle the imagination. Already “aircraft are rushing hats, dresses and lingerie of the latest Paris styles to Midwest and Far West cities.” Even greater blessings to humani through such transport are thinkable. Among the most interesting items in a report for the year 1929 by C. G. Abbot, head of the Smithsonian Insti- tution, is the announcement of com- pletion, at the National Zoological Park, of a bird house belleved to be the best |in the world, and beginning of con- struction of & reptile house designed to be of like superiority. The Census Bureau estimates that this year’s census will show a national population of about 122,000,000, as against about 105,000,000 shown by the 1920 census. One hundred and twenty- two million is about nine times the fig- ure 100 years ago. * Kk ok ‘TUBERCULOSIS.—Recently I noted as among the important advances made by chemistry in the year just ended the isolation by Treat B. Johnson and R. T. Anderson of Yale University of a toxic sugar produced by the tubercle bacillus. The other day Dr. Willlam Charles White of the Federal Public Health Service and chairman of the standing committee of the National Tuberculosis Association discoursed of this develop- ment to the American Association for the Advancement of Science, in session at Des Moines. This sugar seems to act as co-ordinating agent between the tubercular bacillus and the human cell, diate cause of tuberculosis. There is, therefore, high hope that its isolation may point the way to a sovereign cure for tuberculosis. Dr. Wiite stated that there are prob- | ably more than 160,000 deaths annually | of the past year was that of air express. | and so may be regarded as the imme- | Under Term Y YHEN the special commission soon to be appointed by President Hoover leaves for Haiti one of the first things it will do is to ask the treaty officials and the Marine Corps to render an account of their stewardship. Ap- pointment of the commission waits upon formal approval by Congress of the recommendations of the President, but such approval is taken for granted, as | the House already has taken the neces- sary action. While the commission is to examine iinto the broader phases of our policy toward Haiti, naturally its main inter- est at the outset will be to survey pres- ent conditions, and this leads naturally to an examination of the work done by the Marine Corps and the treaty offi- clals in carrying out the terms of the treaty. John H. Russell, a Marine brigadier| of the line, is the American high com- missioner to Haiti, Few public officials have a wider range of duties. In the first place he is the diplomatic repre- sentative of the United States Govern- ment, through whom the instructions of this Government are transmitted. In the second place, he is the head of the “treaty officials,” who are charged with supervising the administration of Haiti affairs, and who. under the treaty, have wide powers, with responsibilities corre- spondingly heavy. Commands Americans and Natives. And, thirdly, Gen. Russell is the “ranking officer present,” the comman- der of both the American and native forces. His duties, in a word, are diplo- matic, administrative and military, three kinds of duties seldom found in combination in one individual post. Gen. Russell is a graduate of the Naval Academy in the class of '92 and a veteran of the Spanish-American and World Wars. In addition, he has par- ticipated in & number of Marine Corps expeditionary campaigns. _ President Harding appointed him high commis- sioner of Haiti in 1922. Few Americans know Haiti better than Gen. Russell. Familiar with both Spanish and French, the two languages most used on the island, he has built up a wide acquaintance among the leaders of the island. He belongs to that grow- ing group of Army and Navy officers who when the opportunity comes have displayed administrative and diplomatic skill of a high order. Marines Constitute Reserve. The United States forces in Haiti consist of a skeleton brigade of Marines, numbering approximately 800 men, and a mine sweeper of 950 tons displace- ment, The Marines are concentrated at Port au Prince and Cape Haitien. The real work of maintaining domestic order is in the hands of the Garde d'Haiti, whose higher officers are from the Marine Corps. The skeleton “leath- erneck” brigade constitutes a reserve in case of serious trouble. Treaty officials, under the direction of Gen. Russell, head the principal de- partments of the government. Some are marine or naval officers and some civilians. As a group they are respon- sible for the civil administration of the island, and it is their work that has wmflb‘lufdfi:o m“‘a}l mflnmmuol'&lg of the c since n! m{m 1‘:?::.1 in 1915 to take control of & situation where the func- nt had totally broken down. Naval officers head the public health service. No feature of the American administration stands out brighter than this. During 1928.the 139 rural clinics established by the Public Health Serv- ice gave a total of more than 866,000 consultations and treatments, an in- totals for the previous year. It maintains 11 hospitals. Special treatments are given for malaria and intestinal parasites, two maladies com- mon among natives. The Public Health Service spent during the year close to $800,000, representing 8.9 per cent of the total expenditure of the state, and & per capita expenditure of 40 cents. Malaria Greatest Scourge. Malaria is perhaps the greatest sin- gle scourge in Haitl. About half the population suffers from it in some de- gree. Two factors are necessary if ma- laria is to be curbed—the widespread use of quinine and the extension of mosquito control measures. Vigorous measures have been pushed forward in | both these directions. Control of mosquitoes depends upon proper cultivation of the gardens and plantations, and proper drainage and irrigation measures. The Public Health Service not long ago established a spe- cial division of quinine administration, similar to those which are in operation in certain areas of the United States, Italy, Greece and Jamaica. No less important as element in the material progress which Haiti has reg- istered under our occupation is the| service technique. Farm Management Taught. | Gen. Russell and President Borno | both believe that with the possible ex- | | ception of the improvement of the phys- | | ical health of the people, there is no | | work of more fundamental value than a | | carefully planned program for the train- ing of Haitians in farm management | and the care of live stock and the im- | provement through crop experimenta- | tion of the quality of native coffee, cot- | | ton and other farm produce. In 1928, the service technique had | about $1,000,000 to spend. The tuberculosis death rate is actually rising in some of our cities. * R k% | NOTES—The financiers at The | Hague are making plans for floating the first Young | total about the equivalent of $200,000; | & loan, that is, to be issued by the Bank of International Settlements (the out- | standing feature of the Young plan machinery) and to be based on the unconditional payments under the Young plan. January 10 was the tenth anniversary | of the birth of the Teague of Nations. { On January 10, 1920, the covenant of the League came into force with deposit of ratification of the Versailles treaty "by Germany. Twenty-four States con- | stituted the original membership, which |increased gradually to 56, but, Brazil |and Costa Rica having withdrawn, the | present total is 54. | Gen. Maxime Weygand has been ap- pointed chief of the general staff of the French army, in succession Gen. Debeney, retired. The other day the Moscow Com- munist party committee adopted a reso- lution to the effect that not only must | the kulak or rich peasant class be “liquidated,” but that must imply basic liqui | part being taken by private capital in commerce and liquidation of the ‘nep- man’ class in the Soviet state.” In other words, “militant communism,” suspended, but only suspended, by that great opportunist Len: to be re- stored to full fun 80, in the Soviet state. It is pro) d to translate all the major Greel with Virgil's “Georgics.” | ‘The storied Orontes in Syria is to be harnessed for electric power; a power station to be erected between Homs and Hama. Part of the power will be used by way of pumping for irrigation pur- poses, so restoring the anciently famed fertility of the valley, similarly as to a stream in the Lebanap, whose waters | will be conveved through tunnels to crease of more than 200,000 over the the education of the people in the |, the | heads of the organization, but plan loan—probably to | P& ction, or practically of AMERICAN STEWARDSHIP OF HAITI TO BE STUDIED Hoover’s Commission Also Would Ex- ! amine Broader Phases of U. S. Policy s of Treaty. employes, 377 in numiber, only 10 per cent were foreign, the percentage of Haitians showing a slow but steady in- crease. The Ecole Centrale is the prin- cipal agency for the training of agricul- tural and industrial school pupils. Its students can choose from more than 100 courses, covering the fields of agri- culture, industry and civil engineering. The service technique was organized in 1923. One of its principal objectives was the promotion of industrial educa- tion. At ‘that time only two teachers in Haitian schools had had technical instruction in agriculture in an educa~< tional institution of any standing. The first job of the Ecole Centrale, therefore, was the training of teache) for agricultural and industrial schoo:". Graduates of the school already have played a notable part in helping the Haitlan farmer to a more intelligent utilization of the natural resources .v the island. lliteracy Is General. Rural education in Haiti has problems all its own. Even today, 95 per cent of the adult peasants are illiterate. They do not even speak the official language of the country. Poverty goes hand in hand with a low standard of living. In addition to the physical handicaps certain other factors add difficulties to the problem. The lure of ti. sitw = strong. The peasant desire to be . <gentleman,” living in luxury, such as he supposes surrounds all city dwellers. In order to get promoted to this class he feels that he must obtain clerical o» commercial work, and if possible to ge¢: into some of the so-called learned pro- et sacvicu’ fo ence serv! e has the problem of providing thhtwghudnn of farmers with an education that will stimulate in them a desire to remain on the farm and develop its resources. Sev- eral score rural farm schools are ix operation. These give instruction :_ garden work, manual training and ag- riculture. There is also a program of agricultural extension. Through fairs and other means many thousand adults are reached and receive some measure of scientific instruction. Experiment Stations Opened. The service technique maintains a number of experiment stations. The general aims are to discover and dem- onstrate means for improvement of agri- culture and to improve the quality of the livestock and seeds and plants used by farmers. Among other achievements these experiment stations have culti- vated several improved strans of cotton, which it is believed, will improve the production of cotton throughout Haiti. Coffee is fundamentally important to Halti and_the service techn! p\?e main- tains a coffee experiment station: Here various problems of coffee production are studied. Most Haitian coffee is sold to Prance, and by improving and stand- ardizing the grade the service technique hopes to be able to increase the market for Haitian coffee in the United States. The service operates vocational train- ing schools for boys and girls and a live stock experiment station, together with veterinary clinics. It covers, in a word, ;ixrltta:lely lhfle;t’;oleblfleld of Haitlan agri- , AN able to help the at almost every turn. & e Public Works Developed. ‘The public works department carries on a work that has bg“en an essential element in the program of materisl Improvement of the American adminis- tration. More than 50 projects have been under way. The department of public works employs about 700 persons, with a ratio of about 250 Hatlan employes to one American. Major projects to which the depart- tural College at Damien, the Palais de Justice and the combined government warehouses at Port au Prince. In these days transportation is the key that unlocks the door to economic develop- ment. Haiti finds, have other coun- :fnhbec . e better by water, pact islang size of mf program falls into three main phases—first, the construction, as fast 8s possible, of a system of vehicular roads conn all the principal towns and cities; second, the improvement of existing roads to reduce maintenance costs and make possible the use of the roads in all seasons and weather condi- tions; th'lrd. the provision of durable The third phase has been reached here and there. m-l“h:‘lwlcphpln‘ Americans, e pul ‘works de 1 - lepartment has system. It carries other activities, all struction, im hauls can be :_uew'.hzm. on a wide range of relating to the'eon. Drovzmletnt l:nd operation al T < operates a The Garde d'Haiti has duties as varied in character perhaps as those of any other similar force in the world. American officers are directing Hait] provide a fair share of the ofllcersh:? lower grade. About 40 per cent of the captains and lieutenants are Haitians, The navy has provided the medical personnel, but Haitians, trained for this work, gradually are replacing the e garde performs all the and military }:Ienctlm of ‘ovzmmpole‘:l: In an area of approximately square miles, with Of the total | age tenance and operation of all na tional aids in Haitian waters; the ‘2:;- .!'rlz:o:(v:l;‘llfl:c nn!g the registration of icles; the care e o everything that he may called upon to do, the guardsman must be a versatile man. The garde has charge of all organized fire depart- ments on the island, and carries out many investigations for other treaty uFbances. the eardeproved e meiil le proved its and its dzpzndlbmty.p meete Airplane Landing Fields Provided. In the isolated parts of the republic communications Dresent & serious problem. There ‘are many sections Wwithout bridges, roads and trails. The garde maintains 293 miles of telephone lines, and it has also laid and main- tains 10 airplane landing flelds. Plane communication has now been assured to p::‘uclll: every important point in One example may be cited to illustrate the marked improvement made in mili- tary communications. The Village of Hinche was formerly the center of ban- dit and Caco operations. Airplanes from Port au Prince and Cape Haitian now deliver official and personal mail three time a week at Hinche station. ‘The garde has a well organized tem of military intelligence. The monthly intelligence reports from all the districts have enabled Gen, Russell ::; ge “pocted on conditions in all parts and Latin classics into | de ‘Turkish. A beginning has been made to They were com- pleted without a single fll’h@ or arrest, for the authorities had their eyes on all Ppotential trouble makers. Garde Supervise Fire Fighting. Col. Charles Lindl th visited Haiti the same year. ’I'Il:"n'rd' helped :hc lice Bowen Field, where arrived before the Mc:l" turbines in Beirut. Apollo is fled, He- one of t{n largest crowds that had ever = Lieeey €k M