Evening Star Newspaper, April 7, 1929, Page 31

“TARIFF IN EXTRA SESSION|| ' TO DRAW MUCH ATTENTION : Ways and Means Committeé Already Writing Changes Intended to Be Mdde, Whether for Farmer or for Revenue. BY MARK SULLIVAN. WEEK fnim Monday b:u mn:eclfi session of Congress 3 will be & tariff session. It may A for the for Dutpos is, but for the pledge Mr. Hoover made to the farmers during his campaign the special session would not have been called. Once it was certain the session would be called tariff revision came to- ward the front. Whether farm relief or urlfl; revision ;Pwmbe largest !i: :‘l;; proceedings rema! seen. event, tariff revision will take place, and , one assumes, enlist the usual amount of attention that accompanies tariff revision. The present article aims at no more than to describe, so to speak, the me- chanics of tariff revision and touch on the more important elements that will enter into it. The changes in the tariff will be writter initially by the ways and means committee of the Lower House. A tariff must always be written first in the Lower House. It is one of a very small number of subjects as to which it is imperative that legislation originate in the Lower House. The reason is that the Constitution requires that all legis. lation having to do with taxation orig nate in the lower body. When the Col stitution was written, and for 123 yea afterward, the Lower House was elected directly by the people, whereas the Sen- ate was elected by the States, acting as States. This distinction ended in 1913, and since then Senators as well as members of the Lower House are elected directly by the people. But the consti- tutional provision, of course, remains, requiring that all legislation having to do with taxation originate with the body that, at the time of the writing of the Constitution, was the only body coming direct from the people. The sentence in the Constitution reads, “All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives.” . . . Theory of Tariff Bill. ‘The theory that a tariff bill'is a tax- ation bill—that is, a_ bill for raising revenue—continues. Everybody knows the theory has become largely a fiction. Tariffs are written now, not primarily for the purpose of raising revenue to run the Government, but to protect American industries against the com- petition of foreign goods. The revenue which may arise from the tariff on im- ports has become decidedly a secondary consideration. ‘Within the Lower House the tariff bill must be written by the committee on ways and means. More narrowly, it is actually written by the 15 Republican members of the committee. The 9 Democratic members, while they took part in the hearings, are not admitted to the sessions in which the actual writ- ing of the tariff is’ done. This is not any present extraordinary discrimination against the Democrats; it is in sufficient accord with past cus- tom. The practice may not have been universal throughout all our history, but as a rule, when the Republicans are in power, the Republican members of the ways and means commitee write the tariff bill, with Democrats excluded, and the reverse when the Democrats are in power. Congress meets on Monday, April 15. ‘The new tariff bill, as written by the Republican members of the ways and means committee, should ordinarily be introduced within a week or so there- after. Thereupon the House proceeds to debate the bill. The House as a whole may or may not make important changes in the bill as originally written by the committee. In either event, in due course the House will pass its bill. ‘Thereupon the bill goes to the Senate. ‘The Senate will refer it to the finance committee, which in the Senate is the tariff-making or tariff-changing equiva- lent of the House ways and means com- mittee. Question of Hearings. At this point the finance committee of the Senate will make an important decision. It may or may, not decide to hold hearings. If it decides to have hearings that process will consume probably several weeks. Whether the decision is to have hear- ings or not to have them depends on several elements. The hearings can hardly bring out any new facts or ar- guments. About all the hearings that 2ny interested party could demand have already -been held by the ways and means committee of the Lower House, | deri! which sat during nearly all of January and February and heard more than 1,000 witnesses. it is safe to say that prac- tically everybody wanting a change in any schedule had due knowledge of the ways and means hearings, had oppor- tunity to be and actually was heard. Consequently, if hearings are held by the finance committee of the Senate it probably wili be because the bill as passed by the lower house is unsatisfac- tory to some persons interested. The hearings before the Senate finance com- mittee, in short, if they are held at all, will deal largely with appeals and ar- guments for chlngu—fllresumnbly up- ward changes—in the bill as writte the lower house. If the Senate finance committee holds hearings at the conclusion of them the finance committee will write changes in the House bill. committee will write changes as passed by the House, Consideration by Senate. ‘Thereafter the Senate will consider the whole situation as it then uu—"xfll finance the bill four or five weeks. On the other hand, there is abundant precedent for assum- ing that &' Senate debate on the tariff may drag for eight or ten weeks, or even more. M%wdo{&m&h&hhm pass together . with—there need. be no doubt what- schedule and every item in it will be mmmw.umm to that, it is assumed that changes in a mini- mum of four other schedules will be made. Whether the revision goes fur- ther d;rnds largely upon the energy with which persons interested in various schedules urge changes upon their local presentatives ‘or upon the Senators A mmelr mflx':'l‘: been in close as con- tact with the situation, in rough outline, says that as to about 50 per cent of the existing tarff there is practically no insistence upon change by the beneficiaries. As to per cent more the cl merely in isolated spots of the sched- ules. As to roughly 25 per cent of the tariff as a whole it is expected that there will be thoroughgoing revision. In the tariff revision who will be the parties in interest? How will they ex- press themselves? What will they want? ‘The most important group, it is fair to say, are the manufacturers and other interests that want revision upward. They are organized. they have spokes- propagandists and they are, so to speak, in tune with the Republican party. They, it is fair to assume, will have the heaviest weight in the final de- termination of rates. Not All for Revision. Not all business men want revision upward, or revision at al. There are classes of busines men who have no particular zest for protection. One such group, obviously, is the importers. There are yet other groups of business men who vigorously, oppose revision up- ward. These are Imanufacturers who import some of their raw materials. ‘There are groups of business men will- ing to let the tariff stand as it is, but earnest in demanding a higher tariff for themselves if there is to be a higher tariff for materials that enter into what they make. (This leads to the phrase “compensating tariff.”) ‘The business men who are indifferent or latently opposed to tariff revision upward are, as a rule, almost as closely identified with the Republican party as the protected manufacturers. This group, however, is by no means 5o vocal, nor so well o) d, nor so insistent, as the beneficiaries of protection. ‘There is one large group, the farmers, whp have special interest in the revi- sion, though by no means all the farm- ers, nor even the farm leaders, are sure of just what they want out of the re- vision. The underlying theory is that the primary consideration in the writ- ing of the tariff bill shall be to give adequate protection to every farm prod- uct, to put a protective tariff on such farm crops as do not now enjoy it and to raise the protective tariff on farm crops as to which the present rates are not sufficiently prohibitive. So far the bulk of the farmers are agreed. (Though there are individuals among the farm leaders who doubt whether, in the long run, it is wise to have a high tariff on each and every farm crop.) Assuming that the farmers get pro- tection on their croj what, then, would be their attitude about revision upward on manufactured goods? One Western Senator, representing a State that has farming as its main industry, says he is going to vote for revision upward on all farm crops—and then stop. If the Senators and Representa- tives representing farm communities should tend to take that course gen- erally what would the Representatives of the manufacturing East do? Would the manufacturing East say, in effect, “Unless you vote for our tariff on our manufactured products, you can’t have your tariff on your farm " It is often said that the consumer is never represented in any tariff revision, is never heard in the debates, and never gets into the hearings. In technical sense this is true. There lies on the desk of the writer of this article a pile of paper books 15 inches high. The total of pages in the pile is 9,632—which is about 3,000,000 n by | they words or the equivalent of nearly 20 orde are the s e are the stenographic records of the hearings before the ways and means committee, together with tabies about costs and prices. In all hmrlnfx one may safely guess, there is no wit- ness bef y saying “I represent the consume! To put it this way is forceful and “peppy,” but yet, in a sense, fallacious. There is bardly any one who is a con- sumer and a consumer only; nearly every consumer is also a worker who ves from some industry -or other. And as respects the protective tariff, most of the workers are content to let their employers speak for them; thly indorse the employers' point of view about protection and, whether wisely or not, accept that policy as good for them. Of the witnesses who appeared before the ways and means committee gone were more forceful in uun{ for protection than certain lead- ers of labor unions. Democrats Not Unified. ‘What will the Democrats do? Th have as yet no unified attitude. They say they are going to get together, agree upon a policy and stage the tariff deba as a battle between parties. Possil There are, however, defects in their equipment. Nearly every Democratic Senator or member of has among. his constituency one or more manufactur- ing plants or some other mfl wants protection.” If a itic member as an individual is subject to pressure from some powerful constit- uents for protection on one item, he is ey | one<half. te | active inquiries into the bly | making a submarine { e I Upper Chamber of Britain’s Parliament Facing Crisis of Tts Clmer-J.uboi,%uld Curtail Tts Powers ! WHEN THE KING OPENS PARLIAMENT—THE MOST IMPRESSIVE SPECTACLE IN THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT. ( BY C. PATRICK THOMPSON. ESIEGED in their last gilded and upholstered stronghold by the peeresses on the one hand and the politicians on the other, the hereditary peerage ' of Enc'hnd is fighting in the last ditch. The Liberals and Conservatives of the dominant Lower Chamber, reeog nizing that the hereditary Erl.nclpu the Legislature is as obsolete as the theory of the divine right of kings and cannot be defended in the country, want to reconstitute the weak hereditary champer as a strong Senate wholly or mainly filled with el'ecued and life TS, pe:)n the other hand, the Labor Social- ists, who have ambitious schemes for nationalizing the banks, industry and land, and don't want a conservative Senate blocking their schemes, plan to turn the Uvg Chamber into a mere memento of England’s feudal past, like theu'rcwer of London and Traltor’s Gate. The lords are annoyed. They have held their house for over. 700 years. Yesterday, proud and masterful, they were changing dynastles. im) princes, filling the great offices of state, using the Commons as a training ground for the son and heir against the time when he would sit in the Lords, and us- ing their veto ruthlessly to cbstruct and delay all the great measures of reform desired by a progressive Lower Cham- ber. Older Than Parliament. Besides, their assembly is an older in- stitution than Parliament &l;:ren The ancient Great Council of and was composed of barons, bishops and abbots. BY HENRY W. BUNN. (The following is a brief summary of the most important news: of the world for the seven days ended April 6) THE BRITISH EMPIRE—On 1 the Imperial Airways, Ltd., carried its one hundred thousandth passenger on the London-Paris air route. It makes the justly proud claim that since its inauguration in 1924, no fare-paying passenger has been injured. The air mail-passenger route, Lon- don to Karachi, India, was formally opened on March 30. Service is to be weekly in each direction. ‘“Argosy” machines (tri-motored biplanes) ply between London and Basle, Switzerland. At Basle (we're going East) transfer is made to the night rallroad express to Genoa. From Genoa tri-motored fly- ing boats of the “Calcutta” type sail, with stops at Naples and Athens to Alexandria, Egypt. There transfer is made to tri-motored land planes of the “Hercules” type, which complete the journey, with stops at Gaze, Bag- dad and Basra. Alexandria will be ryeached from London in four days, Gaza in four and one-half, Bagdad in five and one-half, Basra in six and Karachi in seven and ‘The planes will be in con: ground sta- “is making e possibility of trip across the Arctic Sea.” kK% SPAIN.—Again Primd premier and in effect dictator of Spain, announces that he expeets -to continue the present regime until a new con- stitutional ery constructed by stant wireless touch with tions. Sir Hubert machin the National (constituent) Assembly now |. at work thereon shall have been defi- nitely -~ installed. He expects the g.m’g:l Assembly to complete its work 1981. - Madrid University, closed by the gov- T f the dho‘:’d!l‘ly eon- 1t tor his UMOT - %mm wm and clemency in with “ Officers of the artillery corps, dis- banded because of the recent mutiny t applica- a De Rivera, . y dealing was not until Edward I assembled the first complete Parliament in 1295 that the Great Council became an Up- per Chamber, with commoners from the countries and towns composing the Lower House. ‘With one or two brief interruptions under reactionaries, the dual chamber system, inaugurated by Edward six cen- turles ago, has survived into the age of jazz and airplanes. Unluckily, the onrush of democracy and industrialism the decay of the old aristocratic ies have robbed the lords of their strongest claim to act as hereditary 1 tors. In the old days they were the leader of the n physique, intelligence, cunning and resources—superior to the common- alty. They had no need to persuade a crowd in order to achieve political gl:'jo: and power; they were born into One finds them in ztl"n‘e middle orwuz seventeenth century, the ‘“peers, and barons of this realme,” declaring and protesting against “late treasonable proceedings and tyrannous usurpations of some of the Commons House”; hear- ing “charges delivered at the Lords’ barre from the Commons of high treason against earls, four lords and others”; examining “four men concern- ing the great Oneale being landed in Ireland, having commission under the grate seal of England to kill and slay the English in that kingdome and afterward to come into England against the Protestants here.” Very busy, zealous, hot-blooded, jeal- nus, watchful, high and grim they were; and when a lord heaved himself | ap from his crimson leather bench in made a complete evacuation. Dissap- pointment of two hopes evidently took the heart out of the rebels; of help from Feng Yu Hsiang, m‘fid from Can- April | ton, that formidable assembly men listened | crease 5 | Liberal ministries, who, in their anxiety ! p, and things were liable to haj Pe) uncovers a peep hole on them Pys in the year 1666: “The Duke of Buck- | dominant ingham (he writes) digged his elbow rudely against the Marquis of Dorchester and the marquis as rudely shoved the duke. The Duke of Buckingham asked whether he was uneasy, and the mar- aulu replied yes, and that he durst not lo this re else. The duke replied that he could, and that he was a better man than himself. Lord Dorchester ex- claimed that he lied, and upon this the Duke of Buckingham struck his hat off, and took him by the periwig and pulled | quith it aside and held him. My Lord Cham- berlain and others interposed, and both were ordered to the tower.” Scenes like this happen only in the Commons these days. Manners have improved in the upper chamber, but at the same time spirit has faded and blood has thinned. There still are robust bearers of anclent titles, thanks usually to an ancestor who married out- side his order and so brought in a much-needed strain of vigorous blood, but there are also many “tenth trans- mitters of a foolish face.” ‘The House of Lords today has 737 members, or 122 above the Commons. When the peeresses in their own right make the upper chamber than™the Commons, and almost twice as large as any other legislative assem- bly in the civilized world. Hundred Years’ Change. A hundred vears ago, when peers were not made so easily—the lords being jealous of new admissions to their order—there were only 369.~ The in- chow and Yunnan; Szechwan being the most and in some respects the most important of all the provinces. Indeed, the hold of Nanking is secure Drawn by F. Matania.) has taken place chiefly under for strong suj titles in exchange for services and tributions to the party funds) between 1830 and 1915 created no -less than 304 m. against the 210 made by the es. Lord - Sal , head of the Cecil family (m% today the ennobled 400-MILLION CONSTRUCTION PROGRAM PLANNED BY U. S. Requirements of Virtually All Federal Government Agencies to Be : Covered. T Federal 'g:vmt has un- a long period of comparative in- lation outs duriag which the - the development of % 10 & general i s s a s rogram may cost close to $400,000,000 before it is completed. Alaska to , from New York to California, bu proj- ects are under way or are con! lated. under u::lhnflty given except Army barracks, tals and one or two other activities. The rmjeet is 5 gigantic one. Purther- more, it is one intimately related to the industrial growth of the country; for in- adequate postal facilities p any city. In the current building program new post offices easily constitute the most important element. Marks Passing of Pork Barrel. The plan is worthy of note for an- other reason. It marks a change from the old days of the pork-barrel public buildings bill, when a Representative voted for a in another dis- trict in return: for the support of his colleague for his own pet project. I was in 1913 that the last public build- ing act of this kind was passed. Then ::u t'.he“World zlr with the curtail- of all expenditures not necessary to its prosecution. Years passed and few important projects were authorized. Then, in 1926, Congress decided to change the system under which public uildings had been constructed. In legislation that year Congress set up an inter-departmental committee, headed by the Secretary of the Treasury and the Postmaster General, to study | the public building needs of the coun- | try, from the national, rather than the | local point of view. These two cabinet officers appointed as a committee their principal subordi- Earl of Balfour is the star turn) made 99 in this long reign, and the two old | Liberal patriarchs, Gladstone and As- , made 86 and 68, respectively, while they held, as premiers, the power of patronage. If all these newly created titles had survived the House of Lords m' would be nearly a thousand But numbers here do ‘not mean all that they appear to mean, for most of the peers are absentees, and the busi- ness of the House is carried on by be- tween 56 and 70 Lords, experts finance, law, administration, foreign af- fairs and ecclesiastical matters, who take their legislative duties seriously; and of these a number are Jaw lords who hgaugnlydufe peerages to enable them and hear ple; in court of last appeal. STyt e Even when the Lords debated the question of their own reform last De- cember—without arriving at any con- clusion—the hereditary re- mained so indifferent that %;mben of the House were present to The Lords work three days a week during the parliamentary session. The " (Continued on Pifth Page.) | nates. This committee has studied carefully the needs of the National Government. Carl T. Schuneman, As- sistant Secretary of the Treasury, has been Secretary Mellon's chief aid in| working out this program, and J. H. Barlett, First Assistant Postmaster Gen- eral, has been the ranking representa- tive of the Post Office Department. Commitiee Makes Own Studies. The committee has made an exhaus- tive study of the construction needs of every town and city of importance in the United States. Two or more mem- bers have visited e city or town where a new Federal ‘Mlflmz project was under construction. They wanted to see conditions for themselves rather than to trust to reports. Many small communities had put in claims for new Federal buildings. On investigation, the committee concluded that for the mcst part their claims were Jjustified. In every section of the coun- try the committe found large tural areas, larger than some of our small States, which have not been pro- vided with Federal buildings. Almost withbut exception, it found a progres- sive community gathered around many small industries. These places usually are county seats, | railroad - junctions or trading centers | which give promise of a slow but steady growth. The committee has felt | that Congress ought to give some con- | sideration to this character of com- munity in any extension of its’public building program. 'rh:ueommlm made another inter- over only a few provinces. The most | the one may say.is that the ex- ists of making it secure thmmgum" ir- the | able management, combined with good fortune, mgv Col, Max Bauer, former member of German general staff, compelled to Germany because of .prominent parti- cipation in the Kapp “putsch” of is military adviser to Chang Kal and the apparently admirable strategy of Chang's recent’operations is prob- ably ascribed to Col. Bauer's advice. The other day the Nanking govern- ment floated a “demobilization loan.” 1t is now being used to defray the costs of the new civil war. “The best-laid o'mice and men gang aft a’ gley.” With the formal recognitiorl, on. De- cember 29, 1928, by Marshal Hsueh Liang, super Tuchun of Man- churia, of the “three Yat Sen, and the simultaneous official hoisting of the Nationalist flag through- out Manchuria, the 21 provinces of China were formally reunited—this ap- proximately 18 years after the definite outbreak of the revolution which over- still far from ac- still 1920, Shel fly | Tibet. These k, | was slender and principles” of ‘Sun | utonomous, and the same is true of of Szechwan Kwei- reunion of the 21 solidified, it seems doubtful if e authority of the republic will be established - over ¢ Mongolia or gat regions were de- pendencies ‘of Manchu empire, but the authority exercised by the emperor precarious. Tibet has asse her _ indepe: the Chinese Republic and so far has easily it. The Republic of outer Suzerainty, but practicelly, Naniing ee: suzerainty, pract ex- ercises no control there, while Musco- A jupposing the vite influence is considerable and is be- | ly ing subtly emhanced against ex- pected day of absorption of the coun into the Union of Socialist Soviet Re- publics. Perhaps Nanking would be well advised, in both a political and an omic claims * % k% SOUTH AMERICA.—The bee-line dis- iy tance between Miami and Valparaiso, Chile, is about 4,200 miles. The length of the airplane route (which skirts the Pacific Coast of South America) now toing established is about 5,600 miles. Tne bee-line distance between Miami "The Lesson of a Failure . BY\BRUCE BARTON. 0 YOU want to do some reading that will be i tensely well as profi the story of & failures of the world. what caused them. The Armada was the greatest fleet the medieval world had ever seen. It consisted of 130 ships, and carried more than more than -guns. Yet this magnificent fleet, the : mightiest in the world, was met by a little fleet under’ Lobd | Howard and decisively defeated. 8o brave as the English? No. - _Becauss their guns - were in- The Spanish Armada _failed - “because ommander had no. -it ought to understand naviga- tion and sea fighting, and | know nothing of either. | have no one of these essen qui | have no acquaintance among the , officers . who are. tp e under me. Were | competent “otherwise, | should have to act in-the ~dark by the opinion of others, and | cannot tell to whom | may trust. The Adelan- tado of Castile would do. bef than I... Our Lord: would him, for he is aigood Christian and has fought.in naval battles. If ‘you send me, depend upon it, 1. ghall have a bad agcount to -randse.of. my SEUst.; . Think of Philip 11 appeinting corhmand his flest letter like thiltlc ot R : & How' could such g commander men’ to have any whe ) k by air can be made (with ptopooedevm) in less than bt the Miami-Val- tal uires by TAll; it can be negotiated hours :l: eight hours by air. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.— | in Myron T. Herrick, our Ambassador to Prance, died in Paris on March 31, at the age of 74. France had taken him completely to her heart, and very right- She ‘will never forget what courage and masterfulness he showed as ambassador in 1914, when the French government and most of the diplo- matic corps (he took over the interests ‘Robert From 1878 to 1886, he practiced law, and:from 1886 fo 1903 was engaged the | corresponding months of 1928 by 7 per cent. him’ by Mr. Bmhflmm mmfll.lnl,hmmm by t Harding's appointment. One may scarcely exaggerate the im- of his influence, since that resumption, by way. of averting Franco- American ~_through Tare | 000,000; Detroit, 1,400,000; in t M should grow rapidly,both Eas grow rapi i esting find. It learned of the develop- ment and the expansion of industrial enterprise at points which until recent- ly were considered to be small towns. Almost overnight the village Main street become a metropolitan Broadway. Pl ing thriving industrial centers. New Cities Sprung Up. The Federal investigators found still another type of community. Near many of our ‘cities are sizable towns with populations as high as 20,000. Though the postal receipts in most of communities are now less than $20,000 a year, in & majority of these cases the receipts are expected to ex- ceed this amount during the next few years, at which time they automatically will become entitled to a Federal build- 8- A few examples may be cited. Pampa, Tex., is a town in one of the largest wheat-growing areas in the Southwest. Wellsboro, Pa., is located in a county which never had a Federal building. Hayes, Kan., county seat, in addition to being an important shipping point and trading center for a well developed ag- ricultural section, is the home of the ments are planning extensive additions to their ts. The committee believes in population and in postal Ip! laces * Such-places indicate the necessity of There were 21302 miles of airways tion in the United States on Of the daily flying mileage, flown in the air mail 3, rying and other services. e S mates Greater New York at tel! six millions as of July 1, 1928, and of other cities above lion as follows ( 3,150,000 a mil: ite figures) : Philadelphia, 2.- Cleveland, * ok x % NOTES—What a fantastic t|hundred’ old or and faith in the future. First Inspection at Night. building el to get their first impression by artifie! light. The bright lights indicate the shopping district. The impressions g Government | gained thus at night are checked in the e activities,” | the Tike with tax valuation figures and Congress in 1926 set $100,000,000 as . the limit to be spent in the construe- tion of new public buildings. After making & Nation-wide survey the com- ° mittee reported that more than $360°- 000,000 would be needed, and later in- m%tkm brought the total to $398:- 571 Projects Planned. ‘The initial part of the program itotals $248,000,000. The projects in this pro- gram numbered 571, of which 263 are for post offices at places where there now are no Federal buildings. One inadequate Federal buildings are to-be replaced. Exten- sions or ‘additions to present structures are to be made in 107 cases. Seven- teen marine hospital and quarantine projects, 38 border inspection stations for the customs and immigration serve ices, and additional facilities in 16 cities already having some Federal buildings are to be erected. In the first part of the program $43.- 175,600 has been allocated to New York State. Nearly $30,000,000 of this will go to New York City for post offices, court- , houses and other public buildings, Brooklyn will get $2,700,000. Ire allocating the $248,000,000 the committee gave its attention first to the needs of cities naving obsolete and outgrown Federal buildings and then made a study of those places where no such provision had been made. It was found that the needs of all the places in the first classification could be cared for at an estimated cost of $240.000,000. Under the new law at least two new g‘rl‘“':ml! must be assigned to each The major factor used to determine the needs of places in the first division was the number of square feet of space to an employe, which in the case of a Post Office s set at 100 square fest. ‘The space of courts and other Govern- ment activities was fixed on the recom- mendation of the department or estab- lishment concerned. Factors in the Survey. Certain guides were used in deter- mining the selection of places in the second part of the program. In a gen= eral way the committee began with the largest places. But rather than base its dl)ndln. wholly on_population and post necessitated éncluding of places located near the lai the wmn;llme dea%w w‘;xli ler ou;:f factors than popula and postal ceipts. The committee has interpreted the basic law so as to give at least three new post office buildings to each State. In selecting places for new post of- fices the committee set forth that the postal receipts must rank as first class— that is, $40,000 or more—that the town | must have a population of 6500 or more; that not more than two new post offices should be.awarded any single county: that pleasure resorts and places near each other, and that such places as are sustained by only one or twd industries should not be consideredi These, in general, were the considera. tions which determined whether a giveri town or city was to get a publi¢ building. i ‘The commitiee knew that the allos cation of the first $100,000,000 was suffi-- cient to cover only a fraction of thé building needs of the country. The first task therefore, was to estimate the actual business needs of each State, using. the same yardstick everywhere, 1t tried to satisfy about the same ratiy of needs of each State, instead of cvtns to each State a certain amount, on its size. The survey showed that the Govern= ment owned buildings in some towns with a population of only 1,800, and receipts of but $12,000, whereas in many hm towns the Government owned no";m 3 '}':e former met?gld ott selecs Was part le for this situation. It was m to the un- even growth of the country. I Some sections have gone ahead while others have remained stationary or ale Annual Rentals $18,000,000, The general survey brought out th fact that there are 2,311 l:lllhl‘ elu@: where receipts ranged fram $10,000 up~ . It is interesting .to note in this. connection that the present annual rentals of the Post Office Dej ing, but considerable part of this is spent in larger cities for stations that be purchased on terms favorable to e | butl : iy ] t & 2 i . e 5 ."F " B8