Evening Star Newspaper, March 17, 1929, Page 39

TACNA-ARICA HELD BLOW TO BOLIVIA| Ending of Hopes AGREEMENT for Maritime Ports Believed to Hold Dangers for BY GAST h Authority on Latin American Affairs. HE Presidents of Peru and Chile are about to reach an agreement respecting the final status of the ‘Tacna-Arica provinces. It has been so announced by the daily newspapers, and these further empha- sized that the settlement will consist in the division of the territory in dispute, Tacna for Peru and the Arica province for Chile. Thus would come to an end the old controversy over the territory in question, which for many ‘years has threatened the peace of the American continent. Will this agreement forever solve the long-drawn Southern Pacific problem, as forecast by the newspapers? It is quite impossible to believe it, when one of the countries most interested in the territory, the one which has most heav- ily suffered the consequences of the war which gave rise to the problem, is wholly disregarded in the participation ©f such an agreement. The Tacna-Arica controversy may probably be settled through the diplo- matio channels of the governmerts of the fwo republics involved, but it will not Solve the whole problem of the Pa- cific. This will always remain the same and, if anything, will become more com- plicated day by day, as long 2s there exists a nation hemmed in between mountains, deprived of her ports be- eause of a war the spoils of which are | sbout to be settled without her partici- | pation, and to whom the freedom of the seas has been denied. Bolivia Not Considered. | The world at large will rejoice, no | doubt, at the news of a direct agree- ment being reached between Peru and | Chile, for it embodies a peaceful move deserving of praise. The Tacna-Arica dispute has, on several occasions, threat- ened armed conflicts in South America. It has impaired the friendly relations between Peruvians and Chileans to such ©n extent that until recently their dip- lematic relations were severed. Every vilized man will laud the decision of e Chilean and Peruvian governments %0 submit to a division of the territory a8 the only means to bring about a solu- tion of the litigation. However, many 'will question the fact that, Bolivia, port- less and isolated, and the real victim of ths War of the Pacific, is ignored in the present agreement. ‘The problem may be clearly under- stood. Chile and Peru have an exten- #ve sea coast, to which, unquestionably, 18 due their greater economic and politi- oal development. Both possess several g't.s of vital importance to their com-] reial relations with foreign markets. | d numerous others which facilitate | leir communications_and &sure the mplete autonomy & those nations. t is to say, both are fully exercising their. sovereign rights without restric- tions or impediments, for they are free to intercourse with any other country fn the world. They are what you may eall, in its real sense, sovereign states. Now Semi-Sovereign Nation. Bolivia, on the other hand, since the war of 1879, has been a semi-sovereign nation. All her ports fell to the hands of the conquerors after a war in which she saw the flower of her youth use- lessly sacrificed. And in losing her ac- cess to the sea, she lost her economic independence and her liberty of action; {p other words, the main attributes of & sovereignty. Without a coast, without direct communications with the rest of the world, Bolivia has been condemned to a ilfe of isolation. A portless nation Is like a house without doors. Such ‘is the case with the Bolivians, walled in, watching the world from a distance and denied the right to leave the house without the permission of her neighbors. This because her natural access to the meas reposes in the hands of others. It s well known that Bolivia cannot free- carry on commerce with the rest world. She must do it, if at all, h the intermediary of Chile or Peru. A soverneignty without enjoying free commerce, without economic independ- ce, is only but half of what the word les. Will a nation continue to live this manner for very long without compromising her very existence or that :{gr her ngl(hbon for the sake of cerns the South American continent. Matter of Life or Death. Whether or not Bolivia has ports is something that affects either directly gor indirectly the republics of the con- | writer once remarked: “South America |is a continent where there are coun- |tries who have as much as 1,000 kilo- | meters of coast line. It possesses the | greatest space that the sea has_con- |ceded to the earth. And in South THE SUNDAY STAR, ] BY ANNE HARD. SLIM, lithe man, very dark, looking much younger than his | vears, a man with a fine head and a face whose predominat- ing features are beautiful brown eyes under an intellectual brow, is pleading before the Supreme Court. It is Willlam De Witt Mitchell, until | | | America there are nations 200 Kkilo-|lately Solicitor General of the United | | meters from the coast that have not|States, the man whose appointment as| |even a single port. This alone is suffi- | cient cause for a war.” To Chile and Peru the provinces of iTacna and Arica represent no more than a simple satisfaction of their na- |tional honor, while to Bolivia they | represent the complement of her sov- | ereignty. More so if steps are being taken to liquidate the consequences of a war in which precisely Bolivia lost her ports. How can the problem be satisfactorily solved while Bolivia is condemned to a life of seclusion and | with less hopes than ever to obtain its peaceful or diplomatic solution? At a glance, the division of the Tacna-Arica territory between Peru and Chile seems to be quite appropriate to the case. But considering the Pacific problem as a whole, the solution clears things temporarily but it complicates them for the future. Before reaching such an agreement, the sovereignty of the provinces being undefined—for with- out conducting a plebiscite neither |Chile nor Peru can very well assert title to them—Tacna and Arica consti- tute the true means of satisfying, at this time, the maritime necessities of Bolivia. And these necessities, ssooner or later, because of the continuous de- velopment of that nation, will some day become more vital. Hopes Would Be Dimmed. On the other hand, once the exclusive agreement between Peru and Chile is reached respecting the status of the provinces, Bolivia's hopes of ever ac- quiring Tacna and Arica are dimme: And because her need of a coast grow in the course of time, she will have to seek relief elsewhere. And just where will she look for it? Necessarily, to her old ports, those she lost during the war. Is not this sufficient cause for Chile to meditate before taking the steps which will result in giving away ti only territory that would satisfy to ia certain measure Bolivia’s demands? The possession of Tacna and Arica by Bolivia, would, it is argued by the Bo- livians, be a guarantee to the peace of Chile and Peru. Without Tacna and Arica Bolivia would always be a source of uneasiness to them. Let us be more specific. Tacna and Arica more or less depend for their ex- istence on the Bolivian commerce. This was proven beyond a doubt when the construction of the Mollendo-Puno and Antofagasta-Oruro Railroad diverted the Bolivian commerce to places other than Tacna and Arica. Those prov- inces found themselves economically ruined and suffering & general crisis. And later on when the Arica-La Paz Railroad was established thereby re- newing the Bolivian commerce through t port, the prosperity of the prov- inces was again assured and since they bave continued to prosper owing to their relations with Bolivia. The progress and development of Tacna and Arica, it is declared in many circles, depend solely in their intercourse with Bolivia. Bolivia Claims Favored. Gen. Cabrera, a Chilean, expressed himself in a European review as follows: “There is no precedent of a historical, ethnographic, geographical or commer- cial character that would not justify the political incorporation of ~these provinces to the Bolivian nation.” Aside from geopraphical reasons and economic necessities, which would suffice in them- selves, Bolivia is declared to possess innumerable historical titles upon which to claim the possession of Tacna and Arica. The Arica, during the ‘port of | time of its colonization, formed part of the “Audiencia de Charcas,” upon which was based in 1825, the republic of Bolivia. Royal orders, historical tes- timonies and political documents are offered as evidence in the Bolivian al- legation. There are also written that on numerous occasions the inhabi- tants of the two provinces petitioned their annexation to Bolivia. Reference may be made to the formu- la adopted by Secretary Kellogg, which served as a recognition of the rights of Bolivia over the territory in ques- tion. In 1926, Secretary of State Kel- logg, D! to governments of Chile and Peru, as the best solution to the Tacna-Arica dispute, that they be ent. To Bollvia it is a matter of or death. A well known Peruvian | ceded to Bolivia, the only one truly in need of them. Berlin Adopts Efficiency of America But Refuses to Halt Afternoon Naps BY CLAIRE HOLT. “We shall take everything that i good from America. But, oh, we will know how to leave off the bad that goes with it.” That is what the Ber- liner says. Confidently. 4 Yes, they want to be efficient. Econ- omy. Mechanization. But no rush. To dispenses with an afternoon nap for the sake of business—not they. This is the general attitude: I would love to go to New York, see things. It must be monstrously wonderful. But I am positive I would not care to stay there. “Zu toll"—to wild. ‘The “tempo-tempo”—it would kil me. All things that hail from America have for the Berliner an alluring lamor. Soap cakes selling here three-for-twenty-five” are there an “exclusive importation.” Sport clothing is smartest when American. Every- body wears a “pulover” (pull-over sweater). An enterprising company has opened an American lunchroom on Kurfurst- endamm—a combination of “Childs’,” with a soda fountain. It is exclusive and high-brow. There are crowds at the windows watching the mysterious proceedings at the fountain; these shining nickel-plated drums, this array of faucets with unknown liquids, these strange juggling movements of the dis- pensers; hocus-pocus, one, two, three “—three faucets tapped; the high glass inserted under a strange turning de- vice; hocus-pocus again—and a drink is served. These American ways! The taste must be crazy. No Rush at Fountain. But there is no rush at the soda fountain. Why rush? newspaper sitting even on so high a swol—if one must. . . . One indulge in a nice politic these dangling feet help one think. An hour or two at a soda fountain passes quickly. Then these checks to be punched. A fatter of meditation. And if some. thing more is ordered-—after the ticket | has been punched already—what then? Let us see. We could take, for ex- ample, “pecnaple soda.” What couid tbe? . . . The place is filled to capacity, par- ticularly after theater hoy But woe to the waitress that will dare w0 swish the crumbs to emphatically into the laps of the couple that have been spooning in a corner for the last two hours. Shifts? What an ideal! . . . One goes to a restaurant to spend an evening—doesn’t one? Kurfurstendamm is Berlin's Broad- way. Also Fifth avenue. A tree-lined One can read a | can | squabble— | ping crowds, luxurious window displays —gowns, hats, jewelry, shoes, perfumes, photographs and automobiles. The cars are displayed just like in New York. Here is the new model of Ford, rotat- ing. Further down the Buick (say Bouick), then Chrysler (say Krisler), ete. In the evening tremendous scintillat- ing electric signs. Movies. The best choice of Broadway productions inter- mingled with Ufa. Dancing halls with jazz bands (say Yatz). Syncopators. Silver saxophones and moaning. Tng dancers. And girls! . . . New Yor] revues outdone. Girls Are Slender. Yes, girls. The slender line in gen- eral. “Forty-two” was the usual nor- mal size for Berlin’s women. No more. Sport and dancing. Dancing and sport have worked marvels with weighty daughters and voluminous wives. Much to the disappointment of the husbands « . . 80 we hear. Traffic lights. Just like in New York. But not quite. The whole avenue is nct paralyzed at once. The signals spread gradually along_the street, changing intermitiently. It is posible sometimes to ride for a long stretch without being held up. The traffic someliow takes care of itself. . Traffic cops. Just like in New York. But not quite. They lack grace. With tenderness did I think back to our smart policemen, that will sometimes swing around with the ease of a con- testant in the Olympic games. Such nonchalance in the movement of their shoulders, arms and wrists as they sig- nal “go.” “Nize” New York cops! Hu- | man, too. Can they swear? And the | emphasis, the expression! “Where {do you ‘think’ you are goin'?” . . . Not a Berlin policeman. He is an' auto- maton. Rand up, hand down, hand to the side; straight, stiff, drilled. ‘Three things the Berliner wants to know about us: 1. Is the dollar everything? . . . 2. Do you get dizzy living in'a sky- scraper? 3. Is it true that in New York hus- bands have notl¥ng to say? That the | women are modern o and exer- | cise sovereign authority? Isn't there at least a league of hus- bands? . ., | (Copyright, 1928.) = Satels o Finds Watch Lost in War. Offered a silver watch by a watch re- | pairer, who told him it had been left for repair more than two years before and | hed never been called for, an English ex-service man bought it. Inspecting it later he found an inscription inside the double boulevard with a shady horse track in the middle. On each side i athe bustle of street cars, busses, shop- case which showed that the timepiece !'was the one he had lost in France in 1017, - |sion in the highest degree. Attorney General came as a shock of general surprise to every politician in ‘Washington. He is a Democrat, but an Democrat. ticket by inheritance, and tempered his inheritance by occasiona} choice of a Republican candidate. He has never made any attempt at political power. When, as a young man. he took a hand in' the making of a new character for the City of St. Paul, work- ing till past midnight every night for weeks upon it, it was not because he thereby sought political reputation, but independent his legal right. In these and other ways his selection President Hoover could be more clearly indicative of the tone and policy of the study of his career and personality, combined with an estimate of the re- quirements of his new office, seems to reveal that President Hoover in this ap- pointment again demonstrated his ca- pacity for gauging accurately the fit- duties. Mr. Mitchell Qualifies. { amply measured up to both. He must be a first rate lawyer, & man who had the confidence of his profes- Combined with that characteristic, he must be a good jus trator, honest and courageous. And he must have the confidence and the backing of the leading “dry"” ele- ments of the country. Mr. Mitchell qualified both analyses, His attitude in the subject of pro- hibition is clearly realistic. what may be seen by any one who looks at the subject dispassionately—that it is a condition and not a theory which confronts us. He sees that prohibition is a part of the Constitution of the United States, and that' nothing short of a change in the Constitution itsell can make “‘wetness” legally workable in our country. He sees that such a change at this time is politically well nigh un- thinkable. He knows it is the duty of the executive officers of the United States Government, under the Constitution, to enforce all its laws to the best of their ability. There was nothing in his past career, his previous utterances or his present hypothesis to make him unac- ceptable to the dry forces. If and when prohibition enforcement becomes more compactly a part of the Department of Justice, therefore, he can safely meet the desires of those who wish to see the “noble experiment” scientifically tried out in our national political laboratory. It is a situation which should be as pleasing to the conscientious wet as to the conscientious dry. For those who desire a cha in the present law should be equally interested with those who do not believe in full enforcement as the first step in determining whether such a law is, in fact, workable or not. Only in so cool and dispassionate a way may the whole subject be takep out of in the world of practical fact. There was a boy born some 54 years ago in the little city named for an In- dian princess, Winona. now, it was a beautiful town, on the high bluffs of the Mississippi, tree- shaded, with fine homes—and one of (The following is a brief summary of the most important news of the world for the seven days ended March 16.) * K oK x THE BRITISH EMPIRE. — Several weeks ago a demonstration was held in Tralfalgar Square, London, by the few hundreds who reached the metrop- olis of the many thousands of unem- ployed who had started to march on the city, converging from the uttermost parts of the Isle, braving the grimmest of Winters. The business went off quietly enough, with speeches demand- ing effective action by the government in relief of unemployment. Here is a curlous thing, Gwilym Row- lands is the new chairman of the coun- cil of the National Union of the Con- that capacity he will preside over the next general conference of the Con- servative party. Mr. Rowlands began his career as & pit boy in the Welsh mines, and until lately he has been an active trade unionist, working in the Rhondda Valley, where he was born and still lives. Apparently he turned Con- servative in consequence of the develop- ments consummated by the great strikes of 1926. He says: “I consider my ele tion as indication of the democratic tendency of the Conservative party today.” pects that in preferring him to this position the Conservatives are making a clever play, & show of democratic sen- timents not in fact profoundly enter- tained. But the wonder remains that, with his background, Mr. Rowlands should be found suitable for such pre- | ferment, no less a wonder than the | case of Disraell. Mr. Rowlands must | be an extraordinary man, a man to be | particularly noted with reference to the | future. The British colonists up Kikuyu way in the British crown colony of Kenya are not friendly to the Hilton Young report, which proposes a close associa- tion between Kenya Tanganyika ter- ritory (which is under British mandate) tectorate, apparently on terms too flat- tering to Grimaldi man to suit the | whites. The report frequently uses the expression ‘native rights” an expres- sion ineffably distasteful to the settlers of the Kikuyu. British aircraft, using bombs and machine guns, successfully defended the sheikdom of Kuvwait (at the northwest corner of the Persian Gulf) from a raiding force of 600 Wahhabls. I take it that Kuwait is in effect a protectorate of Great Britain. Kuwait has a popu- lation of about 50,000, of whom about half live in the town of Kuwait. It exports wool, horses, pearls and dates. Mahatma Gandhi, the Indian Nation- in connection with a riot at Calcutta. Pursuant to characteristic agitation by Gandhi for a boycott on foreign cloth a little demonstration was arranged in one of the city parks. Preparations were made for a bonfire. One of Gandhi's henchmen mounted a plat- form and told the concourse that the police had declared bonfires in public squares to be illegal. Gandhi then ex- citedly shouted that the police order was unjustified and that he would take the responsibility should a bonfire be made. Thereupon bundles of foreign- made cloth were piled up and set afire. Arrive the police and attempt to extin- guish the flames, missiles from the pop- ulace, a police inspector knocked un- conscious, Gandhi arrested. Finis for because he thought that out of it he! would gain a good experience, useful in | caused the politicians surprise. Yet no| appointment made or to be made by, new administration than this. A careful | ess of a man for work peculiar in its| ‘There were two aspects to be consid- | ered in that choice, and Mr. Mitchell| e of men, a good adminis-| He sees | the realm of fantastic discussion 1nto| Minn. Then, as | servative and Unionist Associations. In | A little in that, perhaps, but one sus- | and Uganda, which is a British pro- | alist leader, was arrested the other day | He voted the Democratic WASHINGTON, D. C, MARCH 17, 1929-- PART 2. Our New Attorney General William De Witt Mitchell an Accomplished Lawyer Who Shuns Verbosity and Digs In for Facts | WILLIAM DE WITT MITCHELL. | the largest and fines of these was the home of the Mitchells. ‘The young William's father was a | justice of the State's Supreme Court, | a man outstanding in his community and in his State, a man nationally | known in profession—so able a lawyer | that his opinions were frequently quot- | ed before other benches, and are still re- ferred to in the studies of such schools as Harvard Law. ‘This was a wide-spreading home filled with children, where the visiting Pres- byterian elders were entertained when the synods met and the children had to be respectful to grown people. William De Witt was the only boy in the family. Here there was a boyhood of a fine appreciation of the things of the mind combined with a joy in the outdoor life that is inevitable in that stimulating climate. These two interests have followed Mitchell - through life. The student within doors while his task was (and quickly) being mastered, flew to the out- doors for his recreation. On those bluffs there was snow for skiing, and there were boats on the rivers in Summer. At ‘Winter, iceboating and skating, or in the Summer, swimming and canoeing. And, best of all, there was hunting. ‘Years later, when he had bccome the father of two sons himself, Mitchell continued with them the same sports he had enjoyed in his own youth, in the same way and in the same places. ‘The joy of vigorous physical exercise in the out-of-doors had become a part of his gospel of efficiency for work. He believes that the difference between efficient work and failure lies often in the extra ounce of physical energy. But his books were not neglected. At 16 he was graduated from Lawrence- ville and entered the Sheffield Scientific School at Yale. He then had planned |the nonce. Gandhi was released on | bond. I SPAIN.—On March 12 Madrid police | fired into & mob of students of the Uni- versity of Madrid, who were demon- strating riotously against the dictator- ship, dangerously wounding two. Fol- lowing upon a strike of about half the students, the university was closed, and F COURSE, no man wants the same book for every mood, any more than he wants the same food for every meal or the same medicine for every d But the beok to whic back again and again was writ- | | ten several hundred years ago. | It is called Ecclesiastes; you || will find it about the middle of le. Frederick the Great the “Book of Kings.” every monarch should rercad it constantjy. | He should have said every man; for every man is the monarch of his own life. And this is the book of life, written by a king who had everything that /life can give. It is the answer to' the eternal question: “What's the use?” What profit hath a man of all his labor Which he taketh under the sun? One generation passeth away, And another generation cometh: But the earth abideth for- ever. All the rivers run into the sea; Yet the sea is not full: Unto the place from whence the rivers come, Thither they' return- again. . . . The eye is not satisfied with | seeing, Nor the ear filled with hearing. | | The thing that hath been, { | 1t is that which shall be; And that which is_done Is that which shail be done: And there is no new thing under the sun. | In other words, life is not just . one thing after another. It is the same thing again and again. Get up, worry and work: eat, lie down, sleep. What's the use | | of it an? { The man who is never tempted { | to ask that question has no { | imagination. Solomon, the writer, deter- mined to find out what is worth while in_ life. | Is wisdom the thing greatly to be desired? He made himself (Copyrie BY BRUCE |to become an engineer. But he found himself, though fond of “math” and science, not so mechanical as he thought | he was, so he returned to the University | of Minnesota, and there, by taking aca- |demic work by day and law work by night. he was graduated with degrees in both at the age of 21. These are not merely biographical |facts They are significant of his qual- ity. He then showed that capacity for doing a large amount of work (and do- ing it fast) which has been observed in | him as Solicitor General in Washington. Has Worked Hard. For today when you hear of the hours of overtime, totaling many weeks in a | year, which he has thrown into the Government's work, you may also be sure that it was not because he was working slowly, but because he was | working thoroughly. . He has worked that way all his life. First a spell of intense, concentrated ef- fort with the mind and then a rest of | exercise for the body. When he left | Yale, for example, he went directly to | Colorado with a duffie bag, jumped off at a way station, arranged with a ranch to supply it with fresh meat for the Summer and lived by himself in the wild, shooting antelope and other game | to fulfill his contract. And if I dwell somewhat upon his early environment it is because by means of it one may best observe the growth of the characteristics which Washington has observed in him as So- licitor General and which the country may observe in him as Attorney Gen- eral—the qualities of modesty, reserve, sensitiveness and courage. To no one more than to himself, it is | safe today, did the great honor of his | new appointment come with greater | surprise. He never would have pushed it so continues. Student disorders also are continuing. Similar conditions are vaguely reported from Seville, Granada, | Barcelona and other university centers, and apparently a good many of the youngsters are in quod. Quite plausi- | bly the government attributes the trou- ble to vicious agitation from outside the student bodies. One awaits more exact information concerning what may prove A Man Asks, “What Is Your Favorite Book?” BARTON. t man in the world, and hat? much wisdom is much And he that increaseth knowl- edge Increaseth sorrow. From wisdom he turned to mirth, only to find, an end ving, that “this also is He sought to give his heart unto wine, and “to lay hold on folly”; and in this too there was no satisfaction. Perhaps, then, he self, perhaps work thing worth while. To achieve something great—to leave a monument for posterity to won- der at. | made me great works; 1 builded me houses; | planted me vineyards: Then | look on all the works that my hands had wrought, and on the labor that | had labored to do: and, behold, all was vanity d vexation of spirit, and there was no profit under the sun. Wisdom, mirth, work, fame— But none of them satisfied | | Solomon. i What, then, is the answer to | | the riddle? the soul of man? make his life seem to have been 1 worth whils when he comes to | give it up? { The answer is in the great last chapter, which begins: d to him- is the one Remember now thy Creator In the days of thy youth, While the evil days come not, Nor the years draw nigh, When thou shalt say, | have no pleasure in them. To live straight and simply; to do a little kindn, moves along; to love useful work; to raise a worthy family; and to leave the world a little better than you found it—to do one's daily duty in simple rever- | ence—this is the final answer. it 1920 himself nor allowed other people to push him. I believe that the idea of such an | appointment never had occurred to him, | but that he had intended to complete ! | his work in Washington and then ac- | |cept a certain glittering offer of a pri-| | vate character which would have taken him to New York. Service in War Time. But Mitchell is one of those men who | have both a strong sense of private duty | and a strong sense of public service. He | had proved the first in the beauty and | devotion of his private life and he had | proved the second in at least two occa- | sions of a national character. The first | was when the Spanish-American War broke out and the second was during the World War. | A volunteer in the Spanish-American War, he went as’a lieutenant with the 15th Minnesota Regiment to camp at Fort Snelling and then to Georgia. Disappointed that he did not get to | Cuba while the war was still on, he went | there afterward to look it over. | Partly because he had had some mili- tary service and had always been inter- ested in military affairs, Mitchell was put at the head of a newly organized home guard when, at our entrance into |the World War. a great deal of dis- affection developed in Minnesota. When |the home guard was absorbed into the | militia, he became a colonel. A nasty | situation developed in connection with the street railway strikes in the Twin | Cities. It was the sort of tense and | ugly affair with which we have become familiar, in which men on both sides | often lose their heads too readily. Mitchell developed an organization so completely ready that at a telephone call it could be mobilized in 30 minutes. Yet he handled it with such discretion | that order was restored and maintained and not a single shot was fired. Activities in St. Paul. At this time he was engaged in the active practice of the law in St. Paul, in his father’s firm, as he had been since his admission to the bar. He had made for himself a sound reputation, both as a lawyer and as a public-spirited citizen. He had gone on with his studies and with his outdoor life—he personally superintended the laying out of the golf course at White Bear Lake—and he had a reputation such that when some ques- tion was moot in St. Paul, other lead- ing citizens had the habit of saying: “What does Mitchell say? I'd like to talk to him about it.” Naturally, Washington asked him to be one of those majors we saw so much of during the war, who dug their spurs into the unoffending oak of their roll- top desks. Mitchell wanted to see real service. Much to the disgust of his friends, he volunteered as a private in the Field Artillery at Camp Taylor. He then was 43 years old, and his physical examination showed a man in his twenties. No wonder that the lithe fig- ure you see before the Supreme Court today keeps at 54 the outlines of a man not yel 40. Derided by Army Officer. One day at Camp Taylor, after the guns had been ordered to be laid on the weather-vane of a certain barn, the gunners were changed. Mitchell was called to the gun. Before he had re- sighted it, an officer came by and found that it was pointing not at l{:e vane, but at the other end of the barn. He bawled Mitchell out. Of course, Mitchell had to take it in silence. Then the officer laid on a verbal shot as accurate as the gun sight itself: “Guess if you live long enough,” he said, “maybe you'll have some brains!" It is the story which Mitchell's friends like to remind him of. Again the war ended before Mitchell had scen service or had gained his com- mission. He was well enough up in the officers’ training class, however, to have “(Continued on Fifth Page.) | | | to be a very significant and important development. * K ok CHINA.—The Third National Kuo- mintang Congress convened at Nanking last Friday and important developments have been expected in that connection. The world is watching intently for in | many ways the situation is framing | itself very dangerously for the Nanking government. One knows not what to make of the reports and rumors alleg- ing ever-increasing menace from Com- munist elements to be found through- out the country and in some districts formidable through numbers and or- ganization, ‘The political murk in Manchuria is murkier than ever. We are still com- pelled to seek as to the real reason for ‘v.he execution on January 10 last, by |order of Super-Tuchun Chang Hsueh- Liang, of Yang Yu Ting and Chang Yin Huahi, the former Chang Tso Lin's chief of staff. The Nationalist flag o! cially is flown in Manchuria, but appar- ently Nationalist authority has in no particular followed the flag. On the other hand, it would seem that the old conservatives are more firmly en- trenched than ever, that they hold all the important posts. The theory gains grotind that Yang Yu Ting and Chang Yin Huahi were “eliminated” because they were pro-Nanking and intrigued accordingly. In line with this theory is the rumor that Yang Yu Ting caused the first hoisting of the Nationalist flag on December 29 last without the knowl- edge or consent of Chang Hsuch Liang. This kind of speculation is more im- portant than at first blush it might ap- | pear, . * ok K % MEXICO.—A decisive battle, in the vicinity of Torreon, between the main government army and rebel forces had seemed to impend, but apparently the latter are melting away before Gen. Calles’ advance. On March 9 the United States Gov- ernment arranged for delivery from Gov- ernment reserve stocks of 10,000 Enfield | rifles and 10,000,000 rounds of ammuni- tion therefor to the Mexican federal army, also bombs, machine guns, and , ammunition for the latter, for use in airplanes. In compliance with a re- quest from the Mexican government, further shipments will be made as required. We have in reserve, remain- ing over from the World War, about 4,000,000 Enfield rifles and 500,000,000 rounds of ammunition therefor. * kX SANTO DOMINGO.—Gen. Charles G. Dawes is about to sall for Santo Domingo at the head of a mission of séven members, including Gen. Har- board and Mr. Sumner Wells, one-time Commissioner from the United" States to the Dominican Republic. The work undertaken by the mission is best de- j scribed in the letter of Gen. Vasquez, President of Santo Domingo, requesting Gen. Dawes to organize and head the mission, as follows: “Desirous of obtaining for the Domin- ican people the great benefits which | they would receive through your expe: ence and great ability, I beg you organize and accept the chairmanship of an advisory mission to eome to this country to recommend methods of im- provements in our system of economic and financial administrative organiza- tion, both national and municipal, for the installation of a scientific budget system, and for an efficient method whereby the government may control all of its expenditures.” Wk W B 'THE KING OF IS UNSEATED 3 CHARLATANS BY CONGRESS Medical Practice Act and Diploma Mill Bill Close Fruitful Fields to His Disciples. BY THOMAS R. HENRY. HE earth-bound spirit of Th phrastus Bombostus von Par- acelsus got a rough deal at the hands of the last Congress. As the result of two District bills passed at the end of the session ter a two-year fight, the prince of charlatans and his twentieth century disciples find their activities greatly re- stricted in the National Capital. The two fields in whch they have been es- pecially active here, medicine and edu- cation, are closed to them in the future by the medical practice act and the diploma mill bill. For years Washington has been an | open fleld for practitioners of unorth dox healing arts. Physicians and den- | tists were required to meet standard edu- | cational requirements and pass rigid | professional examinations before they | were permitted to practice. Chiroprac- | tors, naturopaths, napropaths, physio- | therapists, astro-pathologists, psycho- | therapists and the followers of a hun- | dred other schools had simply to hang | out their shingles. There were no edu- | cational requirements. No examinations | were given. Comsequently, men an { women barely able to read, holders of degrees from diploma mills of all sorts, | established offices and set out to treat | human fliness. They were, of course, barred from writing prescriptions or | from performing surgical operations in | which the peripheral surface of the| body actually was penetrated. These | restrictions, in practice, were not so great as they might seem. | Without doubt, most of these schools | contained honest men and women, con- vinced of the efficacy of their methods | and with apparently remarkable cures | to their credit. For such individuals the competition of the charlatans was even | more serious than for the regular physi- | cians. They found themselves tarred | with the same stick as the rankest| ignoramuses. Condition Long Recognized. This condition in Washington long had been recognized, both by the Medi- cal Society of the District of Columbia and by the American Medical Associa- tion. It was difficult, however, to frame appropriate legislation which would be | fair to everybody. Medical doctors at- tempting to prescribe standard require- ments for chiropractors naturally would be accused of prejudices and lack of un- derstanding. On the other hand, physi- cians could not submit to having rep- resentatives of the unorthodox healing arts on a common medical examining board which would pass upon the qualifications of the followers of Galen. The proposal that separate boards be created to license each school, it was felt, would serve no good purpose since the charlatans would be in‘a position to demand places on such boards. The divergent points of view of va- rious schools of healing cannot be rec- onciled and the patient must be the judge as to the practitioner he pat- ronizes. There was, however, common ground upon which the honest prac- titioners of all schools were substan-| tially in agreement. All admitted that the person proposing to treat the hu- man body should have a basic knowl- edge of the sciences effecting the body —physiology, anatomy, chemistry, physics, etc. Hence it was possible to Heavy floods inundate large areas of Alabama, Georgia and Florida. The most, obvious of the problems of first- | class importance facing the new admin- istration and the Congress are, farm relief, reapportionment, census, tariff, law enforcement including in particular _ prohibition, immigration, reform of the judicial system, the mer- chant - marine, railroad consolidation, bituminous coal, conservation, including in particular the question of water power sites, development of internal waterways, protection against ‘floods, aeronautics, the Navy, the injunction, radio, Muscle Shoals, co-operation with other nations toward armament limita- tion, the proposal of a Nicaragua canal, relations with Latin America, and the tariff controversy with France. Unlike his predecessor, Vice Presi- dent Curtis is participating in cabinet meetings. The Jones-Stalker act makes the penalty for any violation of the national prohibition act a fine of not more than $10,000 or imprisonment of not more than five years, or both. By Federal statute any crime of which the punishment is imprisonment for more than one year is a felony. Now a Fed- eral agent requires no warrant to enter premises where felony is being (or is suspected of being) committed. More- over, there is a section of the Federal criminal code by which a person who sees and does not disclose«the commis- sion of & crime “murder or other fel- | ony” is liable to a fine not to exceed | $500, or imprisonment not to exceed three years, or both. With completion of the 8 cruisers | now under construction and the 15 authorized by the new cruiser act, we | will have 23 new model 10,000-ton cruisers and 10 new model cruisers of 6,600 tons. We have 6 obsolescent cruisers in commission, all over 20 years old. Princeton is establishing a unique in- | stitutfon, namely, a bureau of interna- tional finance. Over $500,000 has been | raised toward the needed endowment therefor of $800,000. It will be headed by Prof. Kemmerer, the famous “eco- nomic physician,” who has prescribed successfully for a number of ailing countries of South America and Europe and who is now in China at the head | of a commission which, by invitation | of the Nanking government. is making an intensive study of the Chinese eco- nomic situation, and which will in due | time submit recommendations looking to China’s economic rehabilitation | (especially fiscal and financial). ‘The new bureau at Princeton will study international problems of finance, such as foreign investments, exchange | transfer, tariffs, etc.. and will prepare | men as teachers and advisers in that great fleld. The number of men now so | qualified is small. The bureau should prove an immense boon to the world and add much to the growing prestige of Princeton. A new Waldorf Astoria Hotel is to go up on Park avenue and Fiftieth street, New York. It will embody many {of the famous features of the hostelry about to pass away, and will cost up- ward of $40,000,000. How long before it in turn will pass, to be superseded by a structure to cost. say $200,000,000. Jules S. Bache, a New York banker and owner of one of the greatest of private art collections, has just bought for $600,000 from Sir Joseph Duveen Raphael's portrait of Giuliano de Medlci, third son of Lorenzo the Mag- nificient, younger brother of Pope Ieo X, and husband of a French princess, aunt of Francis I The portrait is signed by Raphael and dated by him, 1514-15. The portrait was “lost” be. tween about 1565 and 1867, when it turned up at the house of a Florentine gentleman. * ok ok K NOTES.—Marshall Foch is sinking again, On March T Czechoslovakia cele- brated the seventy-ninth birthday of President Mazaryk, that truly great man. He has been President of the admirable republic for 10 years. The Fascist Grand Council has 53 members. The total of Italian voters is to be 9,500,000. The new Italian chamber will consist of 400 delegates. Trotsky has obtained permission from the Swiss federal authorities to reside temporarily in a hotel near Martigny. He has asked permission of the French UNITED,STATES OF AMERICA.— authorities o reside at Nige, 1 propose a neutral examining board which would test applicants on their grounding in these basic sciences. It is proposed to make this basic examina- tion quite severe. It will guarantee that whoever passes it will have some understanding of the elementary proc- esses of life. After that he can take a professional examination in' the specific healing art he wishes to practice | Bunglers and ignoramuses, at least, will | be kept out. Two-Year Fight Necessary. It required a two-year fight to obtain this legislation, with bitter opposition cropping out from time to time. It w: particularly welcome to the osteopaths who joined hands loyally with the phys- icians in favor of the basic examina- tion. There were, it developed, two classes of osteopaths in Washington. One included 20 or 30 men and women who were graduates of osteopathic col- leges with four-year courses, whose re- quirements were practically identical with those of good medical colleges. These men differed, of course, from medical doctors in many of their theorles of human ailments, but they recognized that a baslc sclentific train- ing was absolutely essential and that any attempt to treat the human body without such training was little short of criminal. But there was a second group of osteopaths, the majority of whom had obtained their degrees at a three-day course in a local chiropractic college. After an investigation by the first group of osteopaths Miss M. Pearl McCall, assistant United States attorney, sum- moned 60 of these to her office one morning and questioned them concern- ing the source of their degrees. Some of the stories they told were weird in the extreme. One man protested in- dignantly when accused of getting his degree in three days. It had, he said, taken two weeks and “sometimes I studied until 2 o'clock in the morning.” Another accused the other osteopaths and physicians of unfair practices. “Why don't they do like the chain stores do?” he demanded. “Let them cut prices and have a fair fight with us.” The graduate osteopaths, who had opened offices in Washington in good faith, found themselves pitted on even terms against men such as these— with professional ethics preventing them from spreading the truth by ad- vertising. The osteopathic investiga- tion conducted by Miss McCall did much to open the eyes of the public to the true situation here. Leading the fight of the Medical So- ciety of the District of Columbia was Dr. Joseph Wall, noted child it, who left no stone unturned to reveal true conditions. It is hardly too much to say that if it had not been for Dr. ‘Wall and Miss McCall there would have been no legislation. Both worked with unbounded energy and with no possible prospect of personal reward. Diploma Mills. Closely bound up with the medical practice situation was that concerning diploma mills. It is doubtful if the medical practice act ever could have been secured had it not been for the diploma mill expose by The Evening Star, following which the educators and physicians joined hands and the two pleces of legislation went hand in hand to their eventual success. Approximately ago Dr. Samuel P. Capen, then specialist in higher education of the Bureau of Ed- ucation and now chancellor of the Uni- versity of Buffalo, uncovered evidence’ of an almost unbelievable situation here by which so-called “colleges and uni- versities” were being established “under authority of the Congress of the United States” and literally selling academic and professional degrees with no scho- lastic requirements whatsoever. Most of these institutions, in fact, were lo- cated in attic rooms and post office boxes. Dr. Capen’s efforts to obtain legislation at that time came to naught. They did, however, attract the atten- tion of Miss McCall. She found that these diploma mills were very difficult to put out of business. They were four~ square with the law, such as it was. They were vulnerable only when they made use of the mails and advertised falsely. Upon this basis Miss McCall put one of the largest of them, Oriental University, out of business. Then, to acquaint the public with the real situation, a group of Star re- porters incorporated “The University of the United States” and were I empowered to grant any and all to anybody—although they were with« out capital or equipment of any kind. A search of the records in the office of the recorder of deeds showed that scores of such institutions had been incorpo- rated here in the past 10 years. Local college heads, acquainted with the true situation for the first time. demanded action. A group of public spirited citizens, including Dr. David A. Roberte son of the American Council of Edue cation, Dr. Wall, Miss McCall, William H. Tufts of the Chamber of Commerce committee on schools and colleges, Dr, William Mather Lewis of George Wash« ington University and Chairman Carusi of the local Board of Education pressed for appropriate legislation. Much Real Harm Done. Such diploma mills, it was shown, did much real harm. In the first place, most of them awarded degrees in the healing arts. They turned out phy cians, osteopaths, chiropractors and physio-therapists, many of whom were able to circumvent the law and actually ractise, thus constituting menaces ta public health. In the second place, they were, lowering the reputation of Amer« ican’ education throughout the world, Some of them were #ble to use such names as “Harvard,” “Yale" and “Co= lumbia” only slightly disguised. The result was that an American academic degree had become almost automatically a subject of suspicion in Great Britaing France, Germany, Italy and Russia, They were causing a disagreeable backe fire on reputable local institutions. Local trade bodies got behind the dee | mand for remedial legislation and therq | was a long series of hearings. Opposie | tion developed from unexpected sources, |some of it due to misunderstanding, \and some of it to pressure which diploe ma mill proprietors were able to bring, |1t was not easy to frame legislation, ‘which would meet the situation since it was necessary to avoid anything which suggested a Federal standardiza~ ; ton of higher education. The problem jwas to leave the field free, but still ‘(‘lfan it of fraud. There was no ex« . cuse, ‘the backers of the legislation felt, for such institutions as one uncovered (by The Star, which granted the degree \D. D, “Doctor of Dressmaking.” , _ Revelations originally printed in The lstnr regarding the contents of the rec~ ords at the office of the recorder of deeds were sustained the next Summer when the Bureau of Efficiency, then, conducting an investigation of District affairs for the Gibson subcommittee, made a still more thorough search. Miss McCall one day discovered am advertisement in a fraternal magazine {offering to incorporate “college, univer- j sitles, hospitals and sanitariums” in the District of Columbia for an appropriate fee. She was able to secure several ine ! dictments of diploma mill operators, | who apparently over-stepped the law iy making use of the mails. Finally the diploma mill bill was swept to enactment on an overwhelming tide of evidence—but even then it was not passed finally until next to the last day of the session, when its advocates were already laying their plans for an- other long, disheartening fight., %