Evening Star Newspaper, November 12, 1928, Page 5

' THE EVENING STAR. WASHINGTON, G, FRANCE NEAR COAL INWAR REBUILDING Almost 700,000 Homes in Devastated Area Replace Ruins at Huge Cost. By the Associated Press. PARIS, November 12.—Ten years after the close of the World War + France is approaching the end of its labor of reconstruction in the de- vastated regions. That labor has changed the whole aspect of Northern France. Model vil- lages, many of them built through the generosity of American and Dutch philanthropists and societies, have sprung from the ruins of picturesque and rambling Old World towns. Neat rows of cement and brick houses stretch along the strects that show little traces | of war's devastation. Altogether nearly seven hundred thousand destroyed and damaged - and farm buildings have boen | rebuilt. Thousands of factorics and in- dustrial establishments have been | equipped with machinery and are J ducing at better than the pre-war rate. Mines Are Doing Well. Flooded coal mines in the Nord and Pas de Calais departments have boen restored and are actually producing a half million tons more each month than | they did before war was declared. This huge work has cost in the neighborhood of three 2nd a half bil- lion dollars. Another half billion re- | mains to be spent and the task of re- construction, it is expected, will be accomplished in another two years. The human aspect of reconstruction has also been a costly one. More than two billion dollars have gone, in the last 10 years, to the payment of pen- sions, the care of war-mutilated soldiers and war orphans and in indemnities to civil victims. Traces of War Left. Rebuilding and the expenditure of huge sums of money, however, have not yet removed from France the last traces of conflict. Blind and maimed men are to be found everywhere. Here and there in otherwise peaceful fields an old trench remains, grim relic of the . famed Hindenburg line, plowmen al- most daily dig up buried shells and other mementos of the war. Every so often a “dud” explodes and a work- man is killed. 4 Even the restored cities and villages bear traces of war that only years will efface. In Rheims, although most of the ravages have disappeared, heaps of ruins still testify to the might of the German guns. Rheims Cathedral has been rebuilt, but Cardinal Lucon has never been able to return to the arch- jepiscopal residence, destroyed by the invaders. In some respects the devastation en- forced a benefit. Many of the rebuilt factories and workshops have replaced hand power with electricity, and mod- ern_machinery is in use where once production methods were primitive. Thousands of the rebuilt habitations are as modern as architecture can make them and far more sanitary than the homes they replaced. At first there was some opposition to the improve- ments; the peasant changes his ideas slowly, and even factory and workshop owners opposed too heavy a “machinza- tion.” As a whole, however, conditions have been greatly improved. Types of New Homes. Thousands of the rebuilt houses are known as “temporary” habitations, but, built largely of brick and cement, they give an impression of permanency. Some of those built by the Dutch are of wood, like homes in America, and many are painted the familiar blues and browns of Holland. Other more ephemeral structures are of plaster and corrugated iron, or are reconstructed from the wooden huts used by the sol- diers of all armies. At the time of the armistice it was found that 340,799 homes had been destroyed. Another 526,000 were so damaged that they had to be rebuilt. More than 600 whole communes had been razed and 3,600 had to be rebuilt. Ten thousand industrial establishments were battered down. Ten years after the armistice ap- oximately 700,000 “reconstruction” ouses had been erected and 8,500 fac- tories and workshops. Much remains to be done before the government's program is realized, but the end is in sight. PERSHING PRAISES PACT FOR WAR RENUNCIATION Armistice Ac iress Over Radio Also Carries T 2a for Adequate Defense. By the Associated Press. OMAHA, November 12.—Over a Na- tion-wide radio hook-up at Station WOW, Omaha, Gen. John J. Pershing last night stressed the need of inter- national peace. Most of his talk was taken up by description of the opera- tions of the American expeditionary forces in the World War, leading up to the signing of the armistice. “The recent treaty renouncing war as an instrument of national policy ex- presses a sentiment long in the minds of the American people.” he said. “We should covet nothing that is the prop- erty of another nation and should by all honorable means endeavor to avoid war. “If the signatory powers keep their word as given in signing the treaty, we ! could never again be plunged into war.” | He urged, however. that the United | States continue its policy of developing | a strong and efficient defense. " YOUNG JEWS ATTACKED. Hostile i jEeatio Students at Vienna University. VIENNA, November 12 (#).—For the first time in years anti-Jewish mani- festations occurred at the Vienna Uni- versity yesterday in connection . with | the tenth anniversary of the founding | of the Austrian Republic. Groups of Christian students who favor return of the monarchy attacked Jewish students, including several girls, with sticks, throwing some of them dovn stairways. Demonstration Against World War Aviator And Relative Killed In Fall of Plane By the Associated Press. POCATELLO, Idaho, Novem- ber 12.—Ten years after the end of the World War, Harry Mc- Dougall, 33, Boise assistant at- torney general and World War ace, met death yesterday when a plane which he piloted in an Armistice day air circus crashed. Misselda Rice, 20, his sister-in- law, also was killed in the fall of the monocoupe, which went into a tailspin at 150 feet. McDougall, credited with bring- ing down more than five enemy airplanes during the war, das decorated with the Distinguished Service Cross and the Croix de Guerre. His widow and two chil- dren survive. Day-by-Day Negotia Note--Gen. Mordaca, the guthor of tnis series of articles. who is telling for the first” time eractly what happened behind the 'scemes om the occasion of the signing of the armistice, is especially fitred for the cssignment. ' As'the link between Clemenceau and Foch. he was one of the thirce men who diciated the terms of the armistice to the Germans. In Europe Gen. Mordaca is best known as a writer on military subjects, a tac- fician and a wmilitary colonizer. During the World War he commanded successively o regiment. a brioade and @ ‘division. until he iwas' calied by M. Clemencean {0 the ‘ministry of “war. During ‘his service at tae front he was irjured fthree times and obtained sit cifations. ' In Norember. 1917, he iras chosen by Clemenceau. among ol {he Generals of the Freach Army. as the chief of is cabinet and his' military adviser. Then for two vears he did not quit the side of Clemenceau. The Day of November 9, 1918. It has been seen from my first article that the day of November 8 was nof lost, that it had brought one important result—the acceptance in principle by the German delegates of the armistice conditions drewn up by the allies. However, the evasive attitude of the Germans did not fail to worry Clem- enceau, all the more bacause. according to information received in the evening of November 8,in Paris, grave cvents were expecied in Germany. There were no details, but the rcporis secmed re- cover, Clemenceau was anxious o see_Marshal Foch to ask him for his personal opinion about the first day of negotiations. That is why in the morn- ing of November 9, Clemenceau and I went to Foch's headquarters at Senlis, where the marshal was spending a few hours. We made the trip in automobile and chatted about the events of the day, coming finally to the great question of the armistice. News received during the night from Germany was disquieting and Clemenceau asked himself what, in case events were precipitated on the other cide of the Rhine, would be the situation of the allies at Rethondes facing German delegates who. perhaps, would not have power to treat in the name of the new German government. Quick Action Needed. It was therefore necessary to act quickly and not let the negotiations drag along. That was what Clemencean especially desired to tell Foch. I was of the same opinion. I remarked to the premier that, even if we were obliged to break off negotiations, it would be an excellent thing for the allies, because it would enable us to start immediately the strategic attack in Lorraine, for which everything was prepared to the last detail. In any case, I believed that in view of the uncertainty of the situation, Marshal Foch should ac- celerate the offensive of the armies. Clemenceau did not fail to tell this to the marshal. Foch had installed his headquarters at Senlis on October 20. Before this date he had his hepdquarters at the Bombon chateau, near Melun, where the marshal had spent part of the Summer. It was owing to the start of the general offensive of the allied armies that he had decided to move his head- quarters to Senlis. This little provincial town had nothing in particular to rec- ommend it, but from the viewpoint of strategy it offered the great advantage of placing the marshal in the center of the allied armies. Moreover, as it is close to Paris the marshal was always able to be in communication with the government, that is to say Premier Clemenceau, and thus to assure the close collaboration of politics and strategy which is indispensable to the conduct of the war, especially like the war as it was in 1918. According to his custom the marshal had installed himself in a modest house, far from the highways, the noise of the front, but possessing large rooms for the offices of the general staff. The installation of the marshal was al- ways very simple, for he worked with a small staff, looking for quality rather than quantity. This property, which dated from Louis XVI, belonged to Mme. de Bellegarde. Part of the out- houses were in ruins, having been burned by the Germans in their on- rush to Paris in 1914. Marshal Calm. ‘We found the marshal not only very calm, as was usual, but overjoyed. He related all the details of his interviews of the evening before with the Ger- mans. There were some remarkable scenes. The marshal did not try to hide his own astonishment when he saw the Germans accepting so_easily the hard conditions about the bridge- heads, the surrender of the fleet, the occupation of the Rhineland, etc. But, on the contrary, they blanched and literally collapsed when Foch talked of the delivery of guns, machine guns and locomotives. One of them, Erzberger, exclaimed: “But, in these conditions we are lost. How are we going to de- fend ourselves against bolshevism? little later another delegate said: “You do not understand that in taking away our means of defense against bolshe- vism you are driving us to perdition and you yourselves also; your turn will come.” The reason for this was that they had just arrived from Germany and they knew very well that the revolu- tionary storm was growing and an out- break was imminent. I may say here that, during the recital of the marshal, none of us thought of making the ar- mistice conditions harder. We were too full of joy. Not knowing what was happening in Germany, we could not hope for more. Is it necessary to recall that it was on this same morning of November 9, while Clemenceau and Foch were hav- ing their interview, a dramatic, almost Shakespearean, scene was staged at Spa? Hindenburg and Gen. Gfoener, who in October, had taken Ludendorfl’s post as chief quartermaster general, ar- rived at Spa at 10 o'clock to beg ‘William II to abdicate. They told the Emperor the troops did not want to fight any longer and that the whole German people demanded the abd-ca- tion of the Emperor. William II be- ceme furious and declared he would place himself at the head of his troops and march to Berlin to restore order. Troops Rebellious. Groener coldly replicd that the troops would no longer march behind the Em- peror and that there was nothing left for the Kaiser to do but to “go to the front and get yourself killed at the hand of the few regiments that are sill loyal to you.” The Emperor made no reply. He made a sign to the two generals to retire and as they left he repeated his refusal to abdicate, During this time Clemenceau, Foch, Gen. Weygand and I were at, the heights of enthusiasm. We talked of 1870 and the revenge of getting back Alsace Lor- raine, supreme 2im of our ambitions, dreams often enjoyed, really the one motive which had sent us, as young men, into that army, which certainly had grandeur but also had terrible s;;;vel’Y- We had almost forgotten all that. Speaking of 1870, Clemenceau re- called the heroic figure of Gambetta and said: “What a misfortune that Gambetta did not live long enough to witness this apotheosis, which realizes his famous prophecy about imminent justice. He, too, merited well of the fatherland and merited a different destiny. Let us bow to destiny, but let us bow still lower to the memory of the grcat statesman.” This shows that Clemenceau, trary to what has been said many times. although he attacked Gam- betta severely as chief of the oppor- tunist party, none the 1'ss had always for him profound admiration and esteem. Just as we were about to leave the marshal showed us a telegram he was about to send to the commanders-in- chief of the various allied armies. It ple::’sod the premier very much., It read: “The enemy, disorganized by our re- peated attacks, is yielding on the whole front. Our movements must be continued and precipitated. I appeal con- THE WORLD WAR ARMISTICE tions-Ten Years Ago. By General Mordacq (Military Secretary to Cl!"wncuu‘ to the eneigy and initiative of the commanders-in-chief and their armics to make the results obtained definite. you must expect anything.” It will be seen that the doctrine unit- |ing the policy of Clemenceau and | symbolized strategy of Marshal Foch was_supreme. Both understood that we had to act quickly. It is needless to recall that the victory in this long | war wes due to this perfect unity be- tween the two men. Each believed in this axiom: Strategy is only the con- iinuation of policy, and the com- mander-in-chief of the armies could not accomplish good strategy unless the political director of the war had a good policy, each remaining firmly fixed within the limits of his attri- butes. Such a method, such an un- derstanding not only insured the unity of command but also the unity of di- rection, and it cannot be said too often that that is what won the war. Return to Paris. We returned immediately to Paris. | On th> way back Clemenceau and I went ‘over the details of the interview with the marshal and we agreed that, in the absence of unforeseen circum- | stances—the marshal had said: “When {youre dealine with Germans vou must | expect anything” there were excel- lent chances that the armistice would | b2 concluded on the following day, No- | vember 10, or the day after at the lates:. It is scarcely necessary to add that on our arrival at the war ministry we were besieged by visitors, most of whom brought _extravagant reports circulat- ing n Paris. Nervousness continued. We thought it was time to finish. This feeling was excusable after four years of war, with all the terrible emotions which the people of the capital had ex- perienced At 3:45 p.m. I learned the Germans had transmitted to Marshal Foch their observations on the clauses of the armistice. He cxamined them and after a telephone conversation with Clemenceau sent them back with a note saying he could not accept any of the changes urged beyond a few small matters of detail. At the same time he sent a memo- randum pointing out that the time limit (72 hours) expired on the follow- ing day, and that it would be most ad- visable for the German delegates to msl.s: on a reply from their govern- ment, News About Germany. In the evening we received some news of the German revolution. It was_vague, merely that the Prince of Bade had resigned as head of the government and that a new cabinet had been formed. The German armies were continuing their retreat before our troops, but slowly, orderly and of- fering a rear guard resistance. How- ever, in course of the conversations which I had in the evening with Clem- enceau I realized perfectly that this new situation in the interior of Ger- many was worrying him. Did the dele- gates who were now negotiating for an armistice repressnt the new govern- ment? What would happen if they signed the protocol and the new gov- ernment refused to ratify it on the ground that they did not have powers, I knew Clemenceau was worried and T understood why. It was late, 9 o'clockand no news came to the foreign office or the min- istry of war. Clemenceau and I said good-night with the firm belief that the night would not pass without news of the situation in Germany. Clemen- ceau, as usual, went to his home in the Rue Pranklin, I, as usual, slept in the war office, ready to warn him of any important happening. % (Copyright, 1928.) WAR DEAD HONORED AT BATTLEGROUND French Orator Acknowledges Debt to American Soldiers, Hoover and Kellogg. By the Assoclated Press. RETHONDES, France, November 12. —The Stars and Stripes, the American Army and American statesmen were conspicuous features in the tenth an- niversary of the armistice celebrated here in the clearing in Compiegne Forest where was signed the agreement that ended hostilities. It was more of tribute to the men who had fought and died or were maimed than a celebra- tion of victory. Under a dripping sky that recalled the melancholy weather of November 11, 1918, a delegation from the Paris post of the American Legion, carrying their colors, were told by the mayor of Compiegne that humanity had incurred an everlasting debt through the aid of the American forces in saving the world from autocratic domination. Hoover and Kellogg Praised. A like debt, he said, was owed to Herbert Hoover for saving the people of Northern France from starvation and to Frank B. Kellogg for assisting Aristide Briand to “outlaw” wars such as the great one which ended on this spot. ‘The celebrated dining car in which the armistice was signed, standing near- by under the shelter given by Arthur Henry Fleming of Pasadena, Calif, drew only a small part of the crowd which gathered for the ceremonies. Most of the spectators seemed more at- tracted by the picturesque detachments of Spahis which form part of the new volunteer army of France. The whole ceremony seemed to indicate that war memories are kept alive more by Tespect for the dead and sympathy for the mutilated than by interest in an historical event. The remark that “a people of 70,- 000,000 suffers, but does not perish,” which the head of the German delega- tion is said to have made to Marshal Foch after the signing of the prelim- Inaries, seems to be borne out by the aspect of the route over which the Ger- man plenipoteniaries passed to meet the French generalissimo. Time Heals War Wounds. Time everywhere smoothed out the scars of war. The craters in Compiegne Forest made by the “big Berthas,” which were everywhere visible 10 years ago, have not only been filled in, but the passing of the decade has even taken the newness from the rebuilt villages end towns. There remain all along the way from Compiegne to the Belgian frontier only a scattering of mutilated trunks of trees to show still that this was a part of the war zonc. The signs of war and talk of war have both seemingly disappeared from what was called “the red zone.” In Compiegne today every one was talking either of the foot race from the ar- mistice clearing to the Place de la Con- corde in Paris or about the ministerial crisis. " In St. Quentin, of which there was scarcely a single building left intact at the end of the war, the discussion was about the prospects of an exciting foot ball match in Guise, the center of the region which was twice fought over. Anti-War Pact Signed. ATHENS, November 12 (#).—A. Cara- panos, Greek forelgn minister, today signed the Kellogg-Briand pact re- nouncing war. The treaty will now be submitted to the Chamber of Deputies for ratifical - “When you're dealing with Germans | COOLIDGE SPEECH | HELD SIGNIFIGANT Accepted as qunt Statement' That Preserq European Policy Will Continue. BY DAVID UAWRENCE. The opportunity that comes rarely to ja President of the United States—to | i speak plainly on the [eve of his own re- tirement and vet not to have his ut- terances construed as without signi- ficance for tho future, because he is inbnut to leave office—has come to Calvin Coolidge. And his Armistice day speech is fraught with the greatest importance because there is every rea- son to believe it reflects not only the point of view of Mr. Coolidge, but that | of Herbert Hsover, president-elect. It was Hoover a‘ir a recent vis House was asked if the planned to make any speeches and he romarked President | campaign that the lection. It was being assumed to- | hat the President told Mr. Hoover | general thought about the Euro- tion. it is known from other r\'i-} | dence that Mr. Hoover feels that reduc- tion or armament must go hand-in-hand | 1 with any further assistance to Europe | from the United States. The advantage | of Mr. { time is that it paves the way for the Hoover administration. The new Presi- dent could hardly speak as boldly about | American policy and in_criticism of | European policy. Yet it has been felt here for fome time that the blunt word had to be spoken sooner or later. Speech Is Significant. ‘The Coolidge speech may go down in diplomatic history as one of the most significant of this decade. Not only did it clarify America’s after-the-war pol- icy, but hit directly at suggestions that America came into the war too late or did not, participate heavily in its costs and sacrifices. But the most important passage is the flat assertion that the United States is still vitally interested in the reduction of naval armaments and will make this the acid test of its future rela- tions with Europe. The 1921 treaty on naval limitation will be up for renewed discussion in a year or so and the re- cent French-British secret understand- ing did not sit well with American officials. Mr. Coolidge still is disappointed over the British attitude at the Geneva naval conference, which he summoned, and now when Europe is looking again to America to float the bonds which shall enable the Dawes plan to be revised, the President makes it clear that any further help will have to be coincidernt | with some definite and drastic steps to- | ward the limitation of all classes of naval armament. Mr. Coolidge's, argu- ment that the United States can afford to build a competitive Navy, but does net choose to do so, is accompanied by a reminder that the United States did most of the scrapping of naval con- struction after the Washington confer- ence. Coolidge’s frankness at this| Policy to Be Continued. The Coolidge speech means that there is to be a continuity of American for- eign policy on the subject of Europe and was intended to be a word to the rest of the world that the election has not in any sense affected the American attitude, but if anything has strength- ened the demand for further parleys on the armament question. (Copyright, 1928.) FRANCE HONORS DEAD ON ARMISTICE DAY Thousands in Tribute to Those Who Fell in War Stand Silent as Rain Falls, By the Assoclated Press. PARIS, November 12—Thousands yesterday stood bareheaded and silent in the rain for a full minute after the stroke of 11 a.m. in Paris, as in all cities of France, in remembrance of those who fell in the war which ended 10 A};estrfi ago. e Arc de 'Triomphe the elec- trical flame beside the EI‘omb of the Unknown Soldier was rekindled while President Doumergue and Premier Poin- care reviewed the marching soldiers and sallors. Marshal Foch and Marshal Petain, with Gens. Debenney, Weygand, Dubail, Niessel and Nollet, were among the war leaders present. In ihe American churches in Paris the anniversary was commemorated by special sermons and other services. Rep- resentatives of the United States Army, Navy, the American Legion and the Legion Auxiliary, as well as Americans who served with the French forces dur- mg the war, attended services in the American Cathedral and later march- ed down the Champs Elysees, receiving the salute of the French crowds. Similar ceremonies were held in all French cities, including Strashourg, Mar- seille, Brest, Toulouse and Bordeaux. STUDY SEEKS TO CLEAR MYSTERY OF ALL LIFE Zoologists Watch Puzzle of Animal Able to Reconstruct Ttself. NEW HAVEN, Conn. (/) —Seeking to learn more about fundamentals of the principles and the evolution of life, reasearch is under way in Osborn Zoo- logical Laboratory here into the puzzling ability of a one-cell animal to recon- struct itself every 25 or 30 days. The animal is the Parmecium, and the research is under direction of Dr. Lorande L. Woodruff, professor of pro- tozqg}r:]ogy. e unusual factor in the periodic renewal is that it occurs wllhon‘n’f mat- | ing or fertilization, which is the ordi- nary way of cell life rejuvenation. Each renewal is accompanied by increase in vigor of the animal. 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