Evening Star Newspaper, August 28, 1927, Page 41

PLANE PROVES GREAT AID IN FARM WAR ON BLIGHT iy Wil Air OBSERVATION HELD NEED IN ATTAINING PROGRESS Henshaw Ward Characterizes “Throb- bing” as Depending on Personal Opin- ions and Blinding Actual Facts. BY WILLIS J. BALLINGER. 15} | | situation and left him as a genuine \]m bility for a compromise candidate. ] x x X % Now for the background. It has to | do with the organization of the Radi- al party in Argentina, a party which | |is not radical at all. but most thor- | Jughly conservative, the name having been adopted to indicate that it wa: “genuine, outspoken, unadulterated the radical, in other words, Civic| | Union. or great reform body of the arly 90s. This “radical” branch of the Civic Union was an outgrowth of the oppo- sition of certain eclements, grouped | ac | under the Civic Union banner, to break | up the long control of Argentine poli- tics by the so-called Nationalist party. The latter was a conservative group | which was virtually a league of gov- | ernors of the provinces which manipu- | lated elections and kept the affairs of BY WALLACE THOMPSON. POLITICAL situation in Ar- gentina which is not dissimi- | lar to that which split the Re- | publican party here in 1912 | may result in the nomination and election of the present Ambassa- dor in Washington. Dr. Honorio Pueyr. | ! redon, to the office of President of | rgentina for the six-year term begin. | ning in October, 1928. The Argentine situation is one of | the most interesting of the political campaigns which, in 1 will be un. der way in half a dozen countries of this hemisphere, from the United es southward. Not only is Argen tina ubout to emerge from a period of | political feud that has held back the | development ‘of important policies of | national expansion and social read- justment, but a political situation has | risen which, as noted above, may | Agriculture Greatly Helped by Research and Dusting Process for Contrelling Pests. “And then there was the case of | Liebig, probably the world's premiere chemist. He built up the most famous school of chemistry in the world in the nineteenth century. He was more than a chemist—he was a_profound nd brilliant student of plant and ani- mal physiology. To his mind, so ex- traordinarily open and trained to ob- servation and examination, came a novel idea from France. Pasteur was advancing his famous theory of the ause of disease. For a number of years Liebig absolutely refused to even discuss the mat®r with Pasteur when he visited him. Liebig’s mind was closed. He helieved that disease was caused b pontaneous generation fighting other insect pests, such cotton holl weevil, the cotton and the army worm. In out these experiments |in 1s the eaf worm racket up in the sky over one | fuier o carry of the university buildings. and | 3 vancemen: made in 1922 the crowd tudents were | ., the A ice of the United straining their necks 100king | giares that Upton Sinclair turned out a new book. id. “This time he is after our oil capitalists as another force for human misery.” | inclair_is quite a thobber. you miled the little man who s: from me as he reached toward acco jar on the table. s in" the study of Henshaw Ward who recently has blazed acro: the skies of popular ‘authorship by | his books on the wonders of modern | science. T had called on him just as his “Exploring the Universe” was being run off the press and he wi Army whereby es up at it. One of the professors came | \vera detailed for use by the Unitec and said State u of Entomology. This Young gentlemen, that wonderful |} Xperimenting with u thing up there sugi many view to determining the practicabil- tions to us, and one of them is this:|jty of the use of airplanes in dis- Why is China, with all her wonderful) tributing insect poisons over crop resour s0 while the | eriments were made on Western world in the vicinity of Tal- Lua. These experiments dem- ated and proved conclusively the practical value of this method of | | | | | is | you have studied histor: that the wer is also that flying bird, and it cause China has been>content to do things in the same old way. while the Western world is constantly try- ing to accomplish its ends by some new and better way. | A farmer boy ameng the students | exclaimed: “If that machine will help the rest of our industrial lite, 1 believe it | would help the farmer and everything | else_pertaining to agriculture. | “Bunk!" said a medical student, | nearby, “vou might as well try to| merva A community stricken with | wmallpox by fleating over it with an | ®tipiane as to think of helping crops | by flying over them. I will admit your airplane can kil mosquitoes in | swamps and marshlands by spreading | germ-killing fluid, but how do vou e pect to help your crops with a flyin machine?” Useful in Blight Wor And so it might seem to those un- | acquainted with the possible activities | an airplane in the treatment of erop | ses and insect pests such as the | cotton boll weevil, wheat rust, the| brown rot of our great prune orchards ' and plum trees, the peach leaf curl] that attacks our vast peach orchards | and even the apple scab so injurious 1o our great apple orchard: But, as a matter of the a plane already has become of value to agriculture in the inv tion and prevention of crop di and insect pests. The principal enemies of the ce- reals grown in our country are the leaf rust, which attacks wheat, rye the stripe rust, which at- tacks wheat: the crown rust, which oats, and the black stem hich attacks wheat, oats, rye sarley. These crop diseases do enormous ‘damage in the great States of Minnesota, orth and South 1 kota, Montana, Nebraska, Wyoming Jowa and the western provinces of Canada, a territory which produces spring wheat as distinguished from Winter wheat grown farther South. It has long been known that stem rust occasionally breaks out in th territory, resulting in the loss of mi lions of bushels of wheat in one sea- son, and this within the confines of only two or three States. In one year stem rust alone has destroyed ap- proximately 300,000,000 bushels of ‘Wwheat in our Spring wheat States and the prairie provinces of Canada. It is generally known that other pests as well, such, for example, as the European barberry, may initiate such epidemics. Planes Detect Spores. Previous to 1921 ,agricultural ex perts were inclined to believe that wind-blown spores of stem rust, un der favorable weather conditions, might drift into the Spring wheat territory of the North from the Southern wheatfields of Texas, Okla- homa and even from Mexico. How- ever, up to this time, while it.was known that living spores of rusts, blights, smuts and other pests were present in the air near the surface of the earth, it was not known that they existed farther up than 10,000 fect. But during the Summers of 1921 and 1922 the United States De- partment of Agriculture, with the War Department co-operating, made sirplane flights over Texas, Okla- homa, Kansas, Nebraska, Illinois, Wyoming and other Mississippi and Missouri Valley States. By means of specially designed spore traps, attached to or carried in the airplanes, the presence of spores could be detected, and by means of time exposures it could be ascertained whether or not these spores existed in quantities and also in what areas. Ad- ditional experiments were made up to and including 1925. Then in 1926 83 experimental flights were made for the purpose of determining the presence of insects in the air. These flights established with certainty the fact that spores of certain germ rusts were plentiful at altitudes up to 11,000 feet and in less quantities up to 16,000 feet. Thus, through the use of the air- plane it was established that one of the greatest enemies of the wheat farmers could be spread for hundreds, it not thousands of miles by the two agencies of wind and rain. And, in addition, a great stride was made toward the extermination of these pests; for this knowledge gained ep- ables those interested to strike at the source of these fungicidal pests, which are the greatest enemies of Northern wheat fields. Success at Dusting. But, while this was a great step toward eliminating fungicidal p another advance was taken in 1 by the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station toward killing off insect pests. With the co-operation of the Unite States Air Service this experiment sta- tion, by using an airplane, dusted with lead arsenate a catalpa grove to protect the grove against a leaf de- stroying insect known as the catalpa sphinx, a caterpillar. The success of this experiment led to the further use of the airplane | stated tha huting insect poisons over cot- | ton fields in_order effectively to de- stroy the boll weevil and the cotton s have been on 1924, 1925 and 1926. in 1925 1,000 acres of peaclr in Georgia were dusted by an airplane with a compound of ar- senate of lead and hydrated lime, and in the Fall of 1925 airplane experiments were extended to some of the extensive pecan groves of the South. In 1926 an entirely new field was opened up by sprayi from a aiiplane some of the es tensive alfalfa flelds in Utah. with view to exterminating the alfalfa evil Extermination Is Great. The entomologist in charge of the experiments upon these alfalfa fields they resulted in the most complete extermination of the in 2 w nearly | weevil larva that he had ever known, and said further: ; “We feel that this operation lays the foundation for a dependable and inexpensive method of _controlling the alfalfa weevil in regions ahere the acreages are so great that no land machine can cover the neces-; ary amount of ground in the re- quired time.” i A careful comparison of this method with that incident to the use of ground | machines in the control of the cotton leaf worm showed that approximately | two pounds of lead arsenate, when dis- | tributed by an airplane, were fully as effective as five pounds when spread ¢ ground machines, and that a sim- ar saving was made in the treatment of peach trees and the alfalfa fields. Now, while experiments have shown that it is possible, with greatly re- duced expense, to eradicate the great enemies of the farmer’s crops by using the airplane, nevertheless the ques- tion that inevitably arises is concern- ing its practicability to the indivdual farmer in actual farming operations. 1t is clear that great and powerful companies engaged in agriculture would be able to own and operate their own airplanes, but the small farmer cannot do this. Happily, this difficulty with reference to the average farmer is met by the fact that at least four companies already have been organized in different parts of the country which will perform these necessary disinfecting and dust- ing operations by contract at reason- able prices. Contractors Available. Prominent among these contracting firms are the Hoff-Daland Dusting Co. of Monroe, La.; the International Air- ways, Inc. of Dallas, Tex.: the Mem- phis Air Port Co., at Memphis, Tenn. and the Southern Dusting Co. of Tal- lulah, La. So now the small farmer in many agricultural districts of our land is able to contract with firms equipped to do the work of disinfect- ing by spraying and dusting his flelds in the same way and with as much ease as the small wheat or barley farmer gets his grain threshed by contracting with a traveling machine ompany. T hus the use of the aeroplane has shown enormous advantages to the farmer due to a great saving of time in operation, especially as the aero- plane is not impeded by irregularities in field topography. Moreover, it is known that with improved motor con- trol and better adapted equipment of the plane, with reference to uses such as apply directly to agriculture, the value of the aeroplane to the farmer is bound to be largely increased. Although the aeroplane has done much to further our scientific knowl- edge and ameliorate agricultural con- ditions- arising from epidemics of In-| sets and fungicide pests, we should not be unmindful of the fact that the greater part of this field of useful- ness lies almost wholly in the future. Great Future Predicted. So far we have done little more than to scratch the surface of its use- fulness in this respect. We have made observations of weather condi- tions and found that the germs of plant diseases travel hundreds of miles in the upper air, and have located the places whence they come. In this way we have greatly helped toward controlling and exterminating them. It is easily conceivable that in a similar manner the aeroplane may, in the not far distant future, clear up some of the mysteries that relate to poradic outbreaks of animal dis- s in localities far removed from the known sources of infection. In like manner we may learn more con- cerning the relation of wind move- ment to the spread of the brown rot of the plum and peach, and we may look forward to the day when all forms of grain rusts and insect pests may he controlled in wholesale fashion. But however great may be the con- ceivable practical uses to which the farmer may put this swift-flying bird- like aid in the future, it has already rendered most valuable service to the agriculturist in uncovering some of the basic facts of the problems of crop production. Sacco Case Now Rivets Attention On Reform of Page.) 1 eriminal code, and the subject of ap. peals has not yvet heen considered. When this code is completed, it is hoped that it will serve as a guide to | those who K to secure a more prompt and efficient administration | of criminal justice.” ght Basic Premises. ling with “the def crimi Justic the American Law Institute’'s investigators proceed- ing from the following series of basi premises: 1. There country in In d ts in | are is more crime in this proportion to population than there,is in England or Canada. | 2. A much larger proportion of | those who commit crimes are not ap- | prehended in_this countr: com- pared with the two men tioned. A larger proportion of those re prosecuted for crime in this country escape conviction and pun- ishment than in England or Canada. 4. There are altogether too ma crimes committed by those who are not apprehended. There are altogether too many offenders who are not indicted. There are foo many indicted e not tried countries who o those_who are | dicted U. S. Criminal Law escape prosecution, tion or punishment in than by acquittal. (Copyright convie- ways other 19 |Spain Makes Spurt In Communications Spain is making a sudden spurt in communications. After a dead lull of ) years in railway building, the min- try of public works s executing a t program. Bids for laying six new railway lines, with many bridges, have been accepted in as many | months. Proof of Spain's potential | cconomic strength lies in the fact {that nine Spanish contructors—no foreigners—submitted offers. Great activity is to be exhibited in | the improvement of automobile roads For the rebuilding of 3.778 miles of highways and the setting up of 76 new bridges, $35,000.000 will be ex- { pended. the work to extend through the next four years. Private groups | have offered to build roads from Ma- { drid to Valencia and Madrid to Bilbuo and San Selustian, asking the right to vollect a special toll from the auto ys also are being extended. German interests will soon inaugurate a service between Berlin and Madrid Lyon and Barcelona, while a Ton many wuted are acquitted convicted Too many of those who are in- nd too few 8, Spanish company is contemplating lines connecting Madrid with Barce- lona, Valencia and San Sebastian. carry to the presidency (for the first | time in recent Argentine history) a | man who knows and understands the | United States as few Argentines have ever cared to know it and who, with his understanding, has also a great | ood will and desire for better mutual | relations between the two great repub- lics at the two ends of the Western Hemisphere. Should Dr. Pueyrredon reach thus early in his career the post of President of Argentina, those who have known him here believe he would be an instrument of ushering in a new era of United States-Argentine rel tions which would be of vast benefit | not only to the two peoples and nations concerned, but not inconceivably to | the entire world. The next few 3 of Argentine-United States relations | are fraught with immense importance | to the relations of the nations of this | hemisphere, and the dominant posi- tion of the Western World makes the unity of its elements one of the crucial factors in the future outlook of civili- | zation, * % ok X% i The political situation in Argentina, which may thus possibly result in Dr. Pueyrredon’s elevation to the presi- dency, is immensely intcresting, and like most interesting political situa. tons, thoroughly complicated. It un. ravels satisfactorily, however, ifone | follows the always wise practice of going back far enough. The imme- diate situation may well be stated first, however. This is that the term of the present President of Argentina, Dr. Marcelo T. de Alvear, expires in Octo. ber, 1 He is ineligible for re-elec tion, the Argentine presidential term being for six years, without re-elec- tion, although a President is eligible after another's term has intervened. There are two leading candidates for BY HENRY W. BUNN. HE following is a brief sum- mary of the most important - news of the world for the 1:van days ended August Treland.—Another striking develop- ment in the Irish Free State. On Wednesday candidates of the gov- ernment party handsomely carried two bye-elections to the Dail. These victories promised the government a majority, in full house, of the Dail, of just one, not counting the speak- er. (The government escaped de- feat in the Dail in the preceding week only by the abstention of one member of the opposition, the speak- er's vote deciding.) Obviously the life of the government under such conditions would be infinitely pre- carious from the moment of reassem- bling of the Dail (adjourned to Oc- tober 11). Moreover, pressure was being brought to bear on the six Sinn Fein Deputies-elect (the Sinn Fein is now the veriest rag of a party, the new Fianna Fail having absorbed most of its one-time mem- bership) to follow the example of the Fianna Fail Deputies-elect by taking the oath of allegiance to the crown (with mental reservations) and as- suming their seats in the Dail, thus insuring the fall of the government. Why should the government face such adverse odds, seeing that the results of the bye-elections justified hope of substantial victory for the government party in new general elections if held straightway? Ergo: On Thursday Gov. Gen. Healy, on the advice of the executive council, issued a proclamation dissolving the Free State Parliament (Cireachtas, comprising the Dail Eireann, or Chamber of Deputies, and the Seanad Eireann, or Senate) and ordering general elections on September 15. Of course De Valera denounces the move as ‘“political sharp practice,” but to most persons Mr. Ct ave's ex- planation, as follows, will seem suf- ficiently vindicatory: “The executive council has advised the governor general that it is expedi- ent that the Dail Eireann be dissolved. The entrance of members of Flanna Fail to the Dail and tHeir alliance with Labor have ¢reated an entlrely differ- ent situation for the government than that envisaged by the general elec- torate after the last election. “It is evident that the government cannot carry on its program, as there is no margin of safety against the par- ties in opposition. On the other hand, it is obvious that the coalition of the government's foes affords no basis for a stable, progressive administration, since they are united only in a desire to defeat Ireland’s present leaders. “In this situation the only recourse is to place entire responsibility for the government before the Irish people.” * Jugoslavia.—The Belgrade govern- ment has decided that Spalato (Serbo- Croatian “split”) shall be the chicf port of the kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. Spalato is a city of about 30,000, which carries on a brisk, long-established trade in wine and oil. Its seafront is impressive, in virtue chiefly of the ruined facade of Diocletian’s Palace, the which pal- ace covered over nine acres. A good many important features of the palace are fairly well preserved, including the “Cyclopean” mortarless walls, the northern or main entrance (the beauti- ful Porta Aurea), the Temple of Jupiter, now the cathedral, and the Temple of Aesculapius, now a baptistery. A large part of the city is within the palace limits. When in A.D. 639, Salona, 4 miles northeast of the pal- ce and one of the most important cities of the Roman world, was de- stroyed by the Avars, its inhabitants fled to Dalmatian Islands, but not long after they returned to the mainland and founded a new city within the palace walls. 3 1t is proposed to pierce the Dinaric Alps for a standard gauge railroad to connect Spalato with the Transmon- tane country and Belgrade, the comple- tion of which railroad should be epoch- al for the kingdom. Already there is a railroad connecting Spalato with Sebanico and running up-country to Knin, but it is narrow gauge and of little commercial utility. No doubt, in the course of time there will be fur- ther piercings of the Dinaric wall for the common benefit of the rich hinter- l DR. HONORIO PUEYRREDON. | hero of millions the presidency, or rather for the nomi- tion of the dominant, so-called Radical i These are Dr. Hipolito Irigoyen, who preceded Dr. Alv President. nd has been his bitter political enemy for almost the whole of the President’s five years of service, and Dr. Senate of President Alvear. sition is at the present time negligible, although the Socialist party in Buenos Aires is strong, and has heen made stronger in the country through the fact that Muring the past five years both factions of the Radical party had avently rather give power to the alists than to the other wing of their own party. It thus is possible The oppo- one of the finest natural harbors in Europe. * ok ox % China.—A conference of representa- tives of the Hankow and Nanking groups is now taking place at Kiu- <iang, looking to reconsolidation of the Nationalist movement. It is reported that Sun Chuan Feng is throwing his wmy across the Yangtze between Nan- king and Chinkiarsg. Obviously he Is proposing to recap- ture Nanking and Shanghai_before the demoralized forces of the Nanking group can be reorganized and rein- forced from Hankow. (Report has it that Hankow troops are on the way to Nanking.) Chang Tso Lin and Chang Tsung Chang (Tuchun of Shantung), are said to disapprove Sun's cfforts to re-establish himself as lord of hanghai. Their alleged reasons, po- litical and strategic, for disapproval are sound enough; but one suspects that jealousy is an even stronger mo- tive. In blaming Japan for his reverses in the North, what does Chiang Kai Shek mean to hint by the following statement, which, literally taken, scarcely finds justification in the in formation available to u “Our Northern campaign,” s Chiang, failed because the Japanese occupied Shantung. They blocked our ad- vance and aided our foes at the most critical moment, when Hankow threat ened from the west. Unable to pro- ceed in the face of such opposition, I found it strategic to retreat. Then Sun Chuan Feng, with strangely re- newed vigor, attacked our Suchow po- vition, which we eventually evacuated to give Hankow more attention. Japan controlled the balance in Shan- tung. She Is responsible for one fail- ure.” According to our information, Japan maintained_only a paltry total of troops at Tsingtao, at Tsinan and along the line of the Tsingtao-Tsinan railroad, for protection of Ja nationals and properties. Did receive warnings and threats from Tokyo of which we have no knowl- edge? Was he told not to advance beyond the line very thinly sprinkled by the Japanese protective detach- ments? Does he hint that the enemy chiefs, Chang Tsung Chang and Sun Chuan Feng, were in receipt of war Believing BY BRUC ENRY FORD told me that when he was building his first factory his fath- er was greatly worried. Every few days the old gen- tleman shook his head and said: “You are too late, Henry. Before you can begin to pro- duce automobiles, everybody in the United States who can afford a car will have one.” This sounds much funnier to- day than it sounded 20 years ago, when it was freely predicted that the automobile would be a short-lived fad like the bicycle Many of our “most conserva- tive business men” shared that view. You probably have never heard the names of these “most conservative business though they lived carefully and left comfortable estates. But you - have heard of Ford, the dreamer, who was foolish enough to believe that the American people have an almost unlimited capacity for buying automobiles. We live in what is called a materialistic age; everything submitted to scientific te: nothing can go forward until it has surmounted all the barriers that skepticism can erect. And there is much wisdom in this. But skepticism alone never built a great fortune. Nobody, looking merely at the figur would ever have had the courage to stretch a line of rails across our Western deserts. No gréat scientific discovery was ever achieved unloss imagination was 1and and of the ports of Cattaro, Ra- gusa, Gravosa, etc. Cattaro is especial- 1y “Indicated” for a railroad terminus, the beautiful Bocche di Cattaro being permitted to soar far above and v Leopoldo | Melo, the friend and supporter in the | Too Little | | that in case of two Radical tickets | reaching the electors mext year, the E s may be able to swing the| balance between the two in the way | | that suits them. It is this danger that makes possible the choice of Dr. Puey (who is very young for possible candidate | of the Radical party in 1928 instead of six years hence, as had heen expected for him in any case. Dr. Pueyrredon is a friend of ex-President Irigoyen and has represented the government of President Alvear here as Ambassa- | dor practically since the inauguration | {in October, 19 His absence from the country in the important post in | patriotic and efficient hands from 1874 | to | brought President was none the less forced to the country in their own thoroughly 1912, The Civic Union, in 1890 on a fourday revolution against the alleged political abuses of President Miguel Juarez Celan. The revolution was put down. but the resign, and Dr. Carlos Pellegrini took the office. A part of the Civic Union, under Gen. Bartolome Mitre, supported | President Pellegrini, but the majority, under Dr. Leandro N. Alem, refused to join them. and, calling themselves the “Radis Civic Union,” continued | the battle for full political reform These are all great names in Argen- | tine history, Pellegrini one of the | notable presidents. Mitre the militar hero and founder of one of the grea newspapers of the world (La Nacion of Buenos Aires) and Alem, the revered of Argentines, the man whose white-hearded face Is still | the political banner of his followers e From that day in 1890, when Dr. Alem broke away and formed the Radical Civie Union, to carry through to the end the reforms to which the union was pledged (instead of resting after the mere triumph over one President), the Radical party of Argen- tina has been a growing force. Its split of the present time, although it has been foreseen and prefaced hy many skirmishes. does not disturb its adherents greatly. and all political seers expect the Radical party to be the dominant factor in Argentine poli- tice for a quarter of a century to come. The Radical party never stopped its campaigning for full electoral reform until it achieved it, in 1912 through | Washington has kept him out of the material or military advice from Japan? Or merely that the psycholog- ical effect of the attitude of the Jap- wnese government, of its pronounce- | ments, of the Japanese reinforcement (however slight) in Shantung, and the sufficiently advertised protective dispositions; that the psychological ef- his troops (and of himself) was disastrously dampen- {ing? What, really, does he mean? I am inclined to think that Chiang is convinced that Japanese opposition was an important element in ‘the com bination (if concert only very partial) which undid him. He finds it indis- creet to damn the undoubted chief villain of the piece, namely, Feng Yu Hslang (who, by the way, cannot be thought to be in cahoots with Japan). | His wrathful disappointment must find a targ-t; Japan is a convenient | one. 3ut perhaps I do him scant justice. We may see in him the magnani- mous patriot who would not by parad- ing his grievances prejudice the hopes however slight, of Nationalist re union, but who would whip anew into | flamethe national distrust of Japan, the great, the subtle, enemy. Apart from the above the political philosophe! n find no object better deserving his attention in these day: t] Japanese policy in rerpect of China. The statement is not sardonic; the Japanese position is one of almost inconcefvable delica The White Russians in China have had a sweet revenge. The services of the two thousand or so White Rus- fans in_the pay of Chang Tsung Tushun of Shantung Prov- at importance, if not decisive toward repulse by that interesting rasecal of Chiang Kal Shek's invasion of Shantung. Chiefly they operated armored trains and bomb- ing planes. Chang Tsung Chang is enlisting two thousand more of these iies; chiefy from Manchuria. His Russian adviser, M. Merkulov, would have him bring the total up to 10,000, representing that such a force. prop- v handled, could wine the Nation- alists off the map. But Chang is rightly “leary®” of such a proposition, for sundry reasons; with others, that the Chinese troops are fiercely jealous of the Russian mercenaries. In a manner of speaking, Chiang ¢ BARTON. beyond the things that can be seen and weighed. “He that does not go beyond the facts,” said Huxley, “will seldom get as far as the facts.” J. P. Morgan, when he di left several million dollars in worthless stocks. * These repre- sented his adventures in faith, the penalties charged against him for believing too much. But he left many more millions in sound securities—the reward of a faith which was right far more often than it was wrong. The great practical joker of the last generation was P. T. Barnum. He played upon the credulity of more people than any other man of modern times. Therefore, when he talks about how much it i fe to believe, he is an authority whose word is worth consideration. He said: “If the fact could be definitely determined, | think it would be discovered that in this ‘wide- awake’ country there are more persons humbugged by believing | i | | I | | 1 arrival a_final act of vision and renun: (Continued on Eleventh Page.) | K: Shek was hoist with his own peta The success of his amazing drive from Canton to Wuhan was largely due to propaganda. But when he broke with Hankow and set up the Nanking government, the m_re talent- ed of the propaganda artists adhered to Hankow. Not merely did they un- dermine Chiang's prestige with the masses and the civilian upper stratum of the Kuomintang, hut they even succeeded in fatally prejudicing h military author Never was the poster so effective as in their hands. He was most effectivelv assailed as compromising with imperialism. One famous poster shows him as a run ning dog of imperialism. A wonder- ful dog is portrayed on the run la-| beled “Chiang.” Sifaple, but effective. The total of China's last year lom.g receipts excceded that of any | previous year. Astonishing country. * % ok K Japan. — On Wedn v, in the| course of a simulated night attack in the Sea of Japan concludiig the | annual naval maneuvers, two destroy- ers crashed into two cruissrs One of the destroyers was sunk, 12 officers and 90 men being drowned. only souls ved. The other cestroyer was very badly damaged, with loss of 27 lives, but was kept afloat. One of the cruisers was seriously, the other slightly damaged: but with no loss of life in either case. The beginning of the maneuvers, on August 3, was marked by the explosion of a mine | on a mine-layer, killing or wounding 38 persons. L United States of America.—A deep- cor note was added to the tragic de- velopments of the Dole afr race when the fine essay of Capt. Erwin came to_grief. On August 19 the mono-| plane Dallas Spirit, Capt. William P. Erwin, pilot, and Alvin Eichwaldt, navigator, took off from Oakland | ort in search of the ill-fated Miss Doran and Golden Eagle. About 9 pm. the Dallas Spirit broadeas an SOS messago telling of going | into a tail spin twice; then silence, since maintained. The position of | the plane at the time the message was sent was estimated by the naval | authorities about 600 miles from San | triumph | sides. | racy of a relatively high wage through enjoying a little respite from his la- bors of rendering the profundities of science understandable and enjoyable to the average layman. fame Comes Quickly.* Mr. Ward arrived in the world of authorship with the same suddenness that Lindbergh mounted the ladder of aerial note. His first hook, “Evo lution for John Doe.” was launche from the’ author's pen at the height of the national heat over funda- mentalism and projected or catapulted him into the limelight of the knowns. But, like Col. Lindbergh, his first was not ccidental. It revealed a teacher of youth merely in awakening youthful minds in one of our preparator in this period propars learned the art of elucidation. From teaching, Mr. Ward became interested in the wonders of science and won- dered why such accomplishmants were so little known and so little ap- preciated. He hegan a new career. explaining science to laymen—and today a growing clientele of readers waits eagerly until the next Henshaw Ward hook comes off the press. ‘What is a thobber?” I queried. “You have seen them every day he repiled. “They surround us on all They are the greatest hobbles on progress. A thobber,” he con- tinued, “is a_person who holds opinion that he likes. He does not care to examine his opinion or to check it up with the observation of the eve. He holds an épinion because he likes it. not because h2 wants to be certain he has hold of the truth or wants to put his belief on the overating table for examination. Thobbers live in a world of the im- agination. They have loosed them. tell. Tlustrations of “Thobber. “The history of ecivilization i made up of a mass of one never- ending truth. error and treasures it. The eye dis- covers all truth that later ages will indorse. Sclence has been an account eye have intruded on queer notions of the mind arrived at by intellectual reasoning.” T said. get abstract will you Show me how a thobber work: “Let me give you two illustrations,” said Henshaw Ward. the average layman. eminent scientists. our mind run away al { provers of truth we ‘thob.’ “Take the case of the famous Kep: ler, one of the world’s most renownes with us | mathematiclans. One would expect a mathematician to be anything but ‘thobber'—one interested from cu one who doesn't hold a brief because he likes it or worships it. but because it is true. And t for vears Kepler in circles. Why did he think so? to observation that the circle is the perfect curve, and it was inconceiv- going in tracks that were less than perfect. Kepler added years to his labors of this preconception, this pure speculation. He trusted to his reason and abandoned his eyes. who for 15 years had been engaged | selves from the moorings of the senses | would —what the eye beholds and the senses | than Sodom was ever charged with The intellect discovers of how often the reports of the naked ind demolished “Such a statement is interesting,” “But for fear that it may illustrate? or three “’Thobbing is not an affliction only of It extends to Whenever we let and | aindon the eye and the senses as | ping in the world?” osity in the truth of his premises— believed that heavenly bodies traveled | Be- | cause he reasoned but did not trust able that God should set His creations and not by breeding and muitiplica- tion of germs as Pasteur held. He refused to look at a demonstration, “Millions of people hold to beliefs that they never feel any curiosity about—they never want to flnd out if they are true. They hold to them because they like them, and they op- pose bitterly any one who disagrees with them. It has been the 'thobbers’ who have held back progress.” “How do you put Upton Sinclair in the class of ‘thobbers?” Surely he has a brilliant mind,” I said. “But Sinclair does not trust to his powers of observation. He puts his trust into his reasoning powers. And, I repeat. reasoning which is not veri- fied by the senses leads to error. Sin- lair has built up in the mind of his hearers and disciples a world of fic- tion. Should his enraptured followers trust to their eyes for a moment they would become heretics from his cause. Eye Is Answer. “Ife uses the oldest and flimsiest device known to rhetoric. He tells only the good about labor and only the evil about capital. Search the whole of a book of his and see how many shreds of admission you can find that once in a great while a rich man has shown slight signs of being kind- hearted for a minute or two of his cruel, grasping life. Search again for any tatters of concessions that labor- ers have on rare occasions, tem- porarily, been unfair or hard-hearted or covetous. “Now by such a method—collecting all the evil and excluding all the good any institution can be shown up as abominable. Suppose I spent a year collecting all the scandals and mean- nesses of the place where I live, and never admitted to my notes an in- stance of decent conduct: I could put together an assemblage of truths that make this place seem worse being. “The answer to Sinclair s the eye. I have looked with my own eye at people about me. I have not indicted any institution without trying to look at it actually working. Most of my life has been spent among poor people. I began to earn money on a prairie farm, working 10-hour days for 50 cents a day, when Sinclair was earn- ing that much for one hour's singing in J. P. Morgan's church. “And I have been acquainted with a good many rich people. My eyes tell me that there is no particular dif- ference betwen these two classes ai to their greed and cruelty. I have never seen that-.wealthy people are more unfair or grasping than poor ones."” Education Is Observing. low can we diminish the thob- 1 asked. “When we make education a devel- opment of our powers of observation we will begin to curb thobbing more vffectively than we can today. In our institutions of learning today we <hould train boys and girls to look to their eyes, ears and noses for truth. iver so often you meet one of those frontier specimens who has no book learning. but who is possessed of an extraordinary amount of common sense. We call him shrewd and won- der how he ever became so intelligent without a university degree. The an- swer is that he has been training his powers of observation in the great university of Nature. When we start training ours in our colleges we will develop people less capable of error ‘n their thinking."” (Covvyright. 1927.) BY ROBERT S. BROOKINGS, President, Institute of Econamics. As Europe follows our example of industrial efficiency by adopting labor- saving devices and standardized mass production and our economic democ- which to distribute equitably among the workers the resulting increased production per capita, they will find their economic well-being greatly im- proved. Meantime a glance at the cost of Francisco. and the destroyer Hazel- | wood, one of the fastest vessels of | the Navy, was dispatched in search. | In vain. No sign of any of the three missing planes. On Thursday Paul Redfern took off from Brunswick, Ga., proposing to make a non-stop flight to Rio de Janiero, about 4,600 miles, alone, in the Stinson-Detroiter monoplane ‘Port of Brunswick.” He visioned at Rio last night, having ade a new mnon-stop record super- seding Chamberlin's record of 3,905 miles, New York to Eisleben, Ger- This is not surpassed for dar- by any previous aerial adventure. Through a gift of $250,000 from Edward S. Harkness, the New York Memorial Hospital for the treatment of cancer and allied diseases has acquired four grains of radium in addition to the four grains already possessed by it. It now possesses a larger quantity of radium than any other institution in the world. It wiil last a long while, losing only 1 per cent of its virtue in 25 years. According to a statement by an expert, cancer causes the death of one-tenth of ma- ture persons. The most reliable forms of treatment are surgery, ra- dium and x-rays. Enrollment in the citizens' military training camps of this Summer totaled 39.649, beating all records. A total of pplications was received, hut lacking for more than ihe number actually enrolled. * ok ok ok n., too little than by believing too much.” Of course, the ideal middle ground is to believe just enough, but few of us can attain that state of perfection. Therefore, since we must err on one side or the other, | prefer to be one of those who is fooled occasionally by believing too much. It is much pleasanter. And, as is provedsby Henry Ford, Mr. Morgan and many others, it is generally much more profitable. (Copyright 1927.) Notes.—J. St. Loe Strachey Is | dead at 67. For about 30 years prior {to 1925 an editor of the Spectator, ihe was a powerful force in English |life.” His death resulted from a physi- jcal breakdown occasioned by over- | work during the war. His mother was |1 daughter of John Addington Sy- | monds, and Lyton Strachey is a | “ousin. His ancestry is a distinguished {one. | 'The army mutiny in Portugal—there | have been so many that one has lost | count of these little affairs—has been | quelied. living in all of the European countries as compared with our own, even after taking into consideration our higher ge, is sufficient evidence that we enjoy no basis or fundamental advan- tage in housing, food and clothing. ‘We have experienced within the past few years the influence upon world's food markets of the develop- ment of Canada, the Argentine and other countries, always bearing in mind the potentialities of Russia and the scientific progress, through the use of fertilizers, in increased acreage productivity. The normal low cost of ocean trans- portation has practically equalized the cost of imported food to all those western nations having deep-water ports. Only two or three years ago we found ourselves unable to compete with other nations in the world’s food markets and the pressure of our rap- idlv increasing population with the enhanced value of our agricultural this situation. We usually classify the most important raw materials un- As our own cotton from the basic mar kets of New Orleans and Galveston finds its way into foreign ports at about as low cost of transportation as to our New England mills, we sccm to have no advantage over other na- tions in this and, as we are compelled to import largely of wool for our own consump- tion, we certainly have no advantage in this commodity over any European nation. The same arszument applies to hides the | lands has a tendency to accentuate { der the heads of textiles and minerals. | important commodity: | and leather. credit steel as being tI rich Lake Superior a ply all located some di seaboard, we cannot ance of the world. Any survey of raw ta Said Zaghloul Pasha, President of the Egytian Chamber of Deputies and head of the Egyptian Nationalists, is dead at 76 e k| silk and similar resu wool, indicate the fut this direction. Then that basic or semi-fi ‘While we recognize the importance of minerals and especially try. here again, notwithstanding our deposits and our unequaled coal sup- any special advantage over the bal e must take into consideration the growing importance of the laboratory. The recent development of artificial he key to indus nd Alabama ore istance from the claim to have material advan ults in_artificial EUROPE IS EXPECTED TO GAIN BY ADOPTING U. S. TRADE RULES Economic Well-Being May Improve Through Use of Labor-Saving Devices and Standardized Mass Production. like pig iron flcat all over the wogld at a minimum cost of transportation and can be accumulated with practi- cally no cost of storage or of fire in- surance. The pig iron may then be refined without serious handicap in any country which has fuel. In other words, occupation for population s found in the refinement process rather than in the production of basic mate- rials or semi-finished products. It would, in fact, be difficult to name a mineral of any importance that is not produced some place in the world at as low or lower cost than with us. As we think of the needs of a people in terms of housing, food and cloth- ing, this leaves us only the question of housing, which by necessity is & local question. with seemingly no spe- clal advantage in any country. The { consumption of our own timber sup- ply has now established our lowest lumber market on the Pacific Coast and the cost of transportation of this timber by water to our centers of larg- est demand, or Eastern ports, is prac- tically the same as to European ports where we meet the competition of | Canada, Norway, Sweden and Russia. | (Covsright, 1027.) {Metropolis Housing Conditions Assailed ‘With the general Increase of lux- urious apartment houses for the wealthy the New York City Health Department is endeavoring to bring before the public the fact that hous- ing conditions in certain sections of jthe lower and extreme upper East Side have not kept pace with the sanitary progress of the rest of the city. The infant mortality and gen- eral mortality rates and the tuber- culosis rate of these sections is con- siderably higher than the rates for the city as a whole, Field nurses from the department have recently completed a house-to- house survey of these sections. The conditions disclosed Health Commis- sioner Louis 1. Harris describes as menacing and intolerable. Bedrooms are crowded and badly ventilated. Many families live in basements. And scattered throughout the sec- tions are factory buildings, which the commissioner regards as having a definite influence upon the health of the children. Dr. Harris hopes to arouse the city to the need of remedial measures, PR Bothered, at Least. ure influence in ain we find led products From the Toledo Blade. Though the corn borer hasn't been conquered he has been annoyed.