Evening Star Newspaper, August 28, 1927, Page 39

EDITORIAL PAGE NATIONAL PROBLEMS SPECIAL FEATURES EDITORIAL SECTION , - Society News @The Sunday Star Part 2—12 Pages WASHINGTON, VIRGINIA FORUM STUDIES PUBLIC AFFAIRS OF U. S. Institute Discusses Realities of Govern- ment With View to Aiding Voters. Future Sessions Planned. BY S. R. McCULLOCH. ITHIN the shadow of the home of Thomas Jefferson, practical politician and ed ucator, was closed August 20.a school unique in the history of American education, an in- stitute of public affaire, sponsored by the University of Virginia, and havins | for its objective the discussion of facts | rather than theories or political opin: | ions. In effect, it has been a school for | the exchange of practical ideas, an open forum for the discussion of the realities of government. State and national problems whi call for immediate solution were di cussed and will be discussed each vear, according to the exizencies of the times. There is a decided distinc- tion Dbetween the Virginia forum its kin, the Institute of Politics, whi has been conducted since 1921 at Wil- liams College. Distinction in Purposes. The Williamstown school has dealt almost exclusively with the study of international relationships. considerinz the theory rather than the practice of systems of political philosophy. The school at Virginia, however, studied almost wholly domestic affairs. exam- ining each question as a separate prob- Jem, taking up its practical aspects Wwith a view to aiding those who have to deal with it, whether in administra- tive capacities or ximply as voters. Keeping pace with the march of progre: problems of the moment | have heen considered objectively. with a view to their prompt solution, in some instances at the next election. Partisan ereeds and dogmas have had | no place in the curriculum of the in stitute. Leaders of both parties de- livered addresses, but their remarks ave reflected the unbiased plan of | the school and have been directed toward the explanation of practical measures with which they have be- come recognizedly familiar, rather than with campaign issues. In accordance with this plan the prohibition question was considered mot as a question of morality or prin- ciple but as a set of concrete facts facing the Nation at the present time. The eighteenth amendment was dis- cussed by Edward Dunford. associate | of Wayne B. Wheeler in the work of the Anti-Saloon League, and Senator ‘William Cabell Bruce of Maryland. a | pronounced “wet.” Speakers on Program. Likewise, Gov. Harry Flood Bvrd | of Virginia, who instituted and active- | Iy carried out an economical reorgani | zation of the State and county govern ‘ments, spoke in detail of a plan of | practical political economy that has | made the Old Dominion like a great | business corporation, with the gover- | nor as its president, the General As- sembly as the board of directors and | the taxpavers as the stockholders. Gov. Albert C. Ritchie of Maryland. who has become an authority on the relationship between the rights of the States and the privileges of the Fed- eral Government, spoke of the prob- lems affecting his State and the future ‘ of American democracy as evidenced | in present-day tendencies in municipal | governments. | National attention was.drawn to the | common sense business-like account of Treasury financing, as outlined by | Ogden L. Mills, Undersecretary of the | Treasury, who took up also the prob- | lem of growing tax burdens, and pro- | posed measures for their relief. Gen. H. M. Lord. director of the budget. delivered a strictly informative ad- dress on “The Nation’s Business.” | Other problems, including the fu- ture of aviation, our national defense, | the siatus of the Constitution, the part of the scholar in politics and the international debt question, were taken up in the same informative manner, without any tincture of bias or partisanship, but with the purpose of getting to the heart of the vario questions. ! Round-Table Discussions. In addition to the public addresse: of which there were two a day during the two weeks of the institute, round- | table discussions were organized for | 1he detailed consideration of national, | State and local governmental prob- with the economic and social | questions underlying them. Dr. A. R. Hatton, professor of po- Jitical science at Northwestern Un versity, presided at the round table de ite and county zovernment Discussions of municipal government were led by Dr. Thomas . Reed. pro or of political science at the Uni versity of Michizan. Mark G tax commissioner of the State of York. conducted a round table on eral, State and local taxation hurdens and methods of relieving them Other open forums were directed by Victor Rosewater, former publisher of the Omaha Bee, who dealt with the influence of the press in public affairs ind Dr. Gus W Dver, professor of economics and sociologr at Vanderbilt University. who led a_discussion con cerning the economic development and the process of industrialization of the South, The institute has heen a political clinie of methods rather than policies It was des ned to advance the popn lar understanding of ent public questions, and the sucs < of the in augural session has heen so pro nounced that its drectors propose te conduet it annually a hroad liberal lines. It is national in scope Advisory B Chosen. Tn furtherance of this aim. an ad visory board has been selected with a personnel which is guarantee of the non-partisan nature of the school. This beard od b Gov. Byrd ind includes Vi Astor. who, as Naney La and voted to Nicholas M. Cox and former Democratic nominees for President: Glenn Frank resident of the University of Wiscon: vs Hammond, Mrs. Medill ‘ormick, Republican national com- mitleewoman _from Illinois: Mrs. Nellie Tayloe Ross, former Governor ing: C. Bascom Slemp. former v to President Coolidge, and Mabel Walker Willebrandt, As tant Attorney General of the United Other members o° the ad- hoard include executives of several States, civic leaders, educators and edito Dr. Edwin Anderson Alderman, president of the University of Vir- ginia, is president also of the institute. Its_director and originator, however, is Dm Charles Gilmore Maphis. who Mury John W. Dav | as dean of the Summer quarter of the university has after years of struggle made it an integral part of the uni- versity course. Realizing that a study of all the facts involved in governmental prob- lems is vital before a final opinion can be expressed, the institute directors conducted the courses by applying the scientific method to the study of so. cial phenomena. Politics, as such, and platitudes were barred Those invited to participate in the programs, including the round tables, were men holding divergent and op- posing views on certain of the topics welected for discussion; But such opin- ions were presented in a dispassionate way, making it possible for others to interpret the facts as they exist, Follows Jefferson’s Example. The historical background of to be the seat of the study of political affairs. During more than a century of service it has trained men, many of them be- come the leaders of a nation, in the duties and responsibilities which - tend the members of a democratic society. Following the example of Jefferson, whose hand inscribed the minuites at the meeting in 1817 which established the university, the atmosphere of the place has always tended to be | litical and the inclination to public service has been inevitable to those who have resided there. There was but one restriction placed upon the distinguished men who ad- dressed the first scction of the Insti- tute of Public Affairs. It was required of them that they present their views tree from dogmatism and partisan bias, but with a scientific angle and a gincere desire to find the truth. The future of the institute will he predicated upon the success of its initial session, which indicated that it filled a national need. The advisory board, assisted by the administrative officers, will prepare the annual pro- 'grams. They will contain topics which are of practical and pressing concern to the American people. a conference for BUDGET BUREAU FACES TASK IN KEEPING U. S. UPKEEP DOWN Government Agency Pares Estimates So as to Allow Ample Surpluses, Permitting Tax Cuts or Debt Payments. | cedure. and the | University of Virginia well fitted it | HERBERT M. LORD, Bureau of the Budget. BY GEM Direct The primary function of the Bureau of the Budget is the preparation of estimates which the President mits to Congress for funds nece to carry on the Government's mani- fold activities. The policy governing | ihe preparation of these estimates ix very simple. The Director of the Bud- et estimates the amount of money available from all sources for the year involved. His aim then is, in carrying out the Chief Executive's definite pol- jey, to keep the estimates and their re. sulting expenditures not only within that amount, but so far within as t guarantee a sufficient surplus to war- ant further tax reduction or a fur ther cut in the national debt. The Federal Government has many | ¢ ahle, progressive administrators, many of whom a absorbed in their own particular tasks that they have no |y 1hought for the thousand and one |y, other national activities that must be financed out of the Treasury. They as a rule, ask more funds than a At any time available. These demands imuat be co-ordinated and made to fit ‘nto the yeneral scheme of thing Tuts co-ordination is one of the prin ciple duties of the Bureau of the Budget. of " ling It ha zance, he b The polic hold nt el nest yea | ot | that tim. Boards Created. To accomplish this various boards were created from people in the serv fme, with a chief co-ordinator at their head, appointed by the President "'hese boards and the machinery per 1ainirg thereto operate under the Di- rector of the Budget as representing the President of Tne personnel of these | composed of experts in their 14r line, covering all of the great tivities * of the Government—trafic sale of surplus supplies, purchasin Yem antate etuding leases; contracts | From the of &1l sorts, hospitalization, specifica- | o, printing. patents and ry wasted { would —___ As a result of the operation : business, | inaugurating’ thrift. Changes Not Justified. these hoards_duplic; ind consequent duplic: ture is being eliminated. | ment is geting hetter methods of do- cutting out tion of effort tion of expendi- The Govern- waste and been the custom for v ! s, {to accuse Federal cral personnel of 1f such in the past they the present ess body that is mors efficient than less organization of the -l Government as it is now operated President is to so down expenditures may be at the end of the year a su w. tac time, of tha halance 1 has been 1920, the millions, and e; th ha surplus, which in 1 xceeded more than half a rs he surpluses from 1920 to 1927, e, totiled nearly | quarter billion doll: 482,000,000 ing the budget period. amount in expenditure was a could gencies and iste and extr ks were justifi are not justified at There i no busi- that there or tax reduction application 1o the national debt. his_policy has Leen most There e the end of the World At was in 1919, when it w: =< of 13 billions of dolt success one deficit War and in ex £ut th a surplus - since able 1 only re 5 be 524 in two and three- , of which $2 umulated dur This extraor have been pnd probably ve been had it not besn for tedo Biade 1t must be exhilai i office pro- above tie billboards, the well directed efforts of Cong: supplemented by th the people in th nder the lead of the President. intelligent work | Do) Vedaral servics | device for K In the Pure Ether. ‘ing to rids high |REBELLION AGAINST AMERICAN MOTION PICTURES WORLD WIDE/ {Legal Institute’s Committee Is at Work Mapping | | | | | industr: BY BEN McKELWAY. NE of the natural results to be e pected from the anarchistic manifes- tations of disapproval over the fate —~ of Sacco and Vanzetti is a repetition efforts at the coming session of Congress “do something about” the situation which wdicals in this country to preach nce their doctrines and spread inimicable to recognized and existing institutions. 1ven now there are heard some demands that “there ought to be a law.” he me - of the “red reign of terror” of fresh, there is an outraged public feeling over uets of violence and the popular impression prevails that the Government, led by the Department of Justice, should at this nt be ferreting out the ‘“radicals” and deporting them forthwith casting yem into prison fany intell of tn permits nlt without hindr A propazanda 10! mom; or nt ns interested them- 't to avert capital punishment for Saceo and Vanzetti on the strength of their f that the evidence on which they were convicted for murder did not justify the death penalty The sum total of their efforts, linked with the widely advertised political philosophies of the two condemned men, was the launching of n movement which sathered emotional force and hecame a unique propaganda of anarchy and radicalism, the end of which is not in sight. The result today is the belief, probably held by millions of persons in the United States and throughout the world, that Sacco and Van- zetti wore put to death because they were an- archists. As a matter of fact and aside from the assumption that the law took no recogni- tion of the statements that these men were rehists, the incident has served chiefly to emphasize a condition which has heen and probably will continue to exist in the United States—where the anarchist, the violent Com- munist and the destructive theorist may hide behind and find his safest refuge in the Con- stitution which he would overthrow by force and outrage. * k% ¥ Exposures of “radical activities" in the United tates have come * ae regarded more or less < commonplace. A new one may excite com- ment for a few days, but it dies down and is soon forgot. Certainly the Sacco-Vanzetti dem- onstrations so far have failed to create any- thing approaching the hysteria which seized the country during the “red outbreak’ of 1919- 1920. There has been nothing hysterical in precautions taken to guard public buildings and public men, but only a wise recognition of the high tension to which none too stable intellects have been subjected by a highly dramatic type of publicity. There was always the possibility that the tension might break and a moron would throw a bomb. But there have been no wholesale raids, simultaneously executed in dozens of cities, with clanging patrol wagons emptying public halls of their audiences and escorting them en masse to jail. Instead of threatening the “radical rats” with deportation and shouting the menace of “Red Russia” from the housetops, the Attorney General of the United States has been spending a peaceful vacation in the green hills of Vermont, fishing a bit, reading the Bible and perhaps mending a clock or two. Only one cabinet officer has chosen to issue anything resembling a “warn- ing,” and Secretary of Labor Davis merely asked ‘Army officers and industrial establish- ments to keep their eyes open and to see that no aliens unlawfully entering the country were given employment. With the base ball season approaching a close, with another amateur golf champion chosen, and with the new Ford threatening to roll out of the shops in Detroit any day, the country is too busy now to bother a great deal about “radicals.” But if insane acts of violence continue, if the saturation point is reached again as it was in 1919, there may be another story. In a few months Congress will reassem- ble and the hopper be opened to receive the an- nual legislative grist to grind. Then the de- mand may be expected for more stringent laws to deal with the “radicals,” and then the proponents of such laws will “nd themselves facing still the two obstacles which heretofore have stood solidly in their way—the first and fourteenth amendments to the Constitution. sk ok Kk ¥ For as far as legislative actlon goes the Fed- eral Government has about gone to the limit in its ability to deal with those who advocate | Mexican Action in Barring Productions of 19 Com- panies Is Only Another Step in Foreign Complaints. BY DREW PEARSON. The Mexican government's action exhibitor British-mad per cent of fiim companies from the use of the | Mexican mails has focused Wash- ington's attention upon a vi rebellion against the Ame: film | after 12 Although the Mexican action was | made, taken because the 19 companies had | films app gmported, films which v/ o the Mexican people,” and espec 5 the socialistic theories of the Mex- | German. fean government, anti-American film prejudice in other countries is more deep rooted. It is chiefly inspired by the helief that “trade follows the film and that American exports are und-rmining British and German | trade by using the movies as silent produced. out for Fed. | salesmen. Also the |is worried because the inhabitants of {its far-flung . empire are learning | American slang, studying American news events and being imbued with | American history almost as thorough- they learn the British view- points—and all from the movies. Canty Studies Movement. | wood. in in| Germany, Austria and Australia, by bil- | which the number of American films | rebellion against the American movie | that the Department of Commerce has detailed one of its trade commi ners, Geerze R. Canty, to spend all | his time abroad studying the move- ment. while the Department of State has detailed one of its consuls, Harold H to do the same thing. reaction has taken the form contingent” laws in required to of “quota mported is made pontingent upon the pumber of films produced locally. Czechoslovakia, Great Britain and italy, although they have mnot yet tually passed these laws, have veatened to do so. The chief protests against American Ims have come from the British mpire. One New Zealand newspaper ! s are spreaders of 1 simple but subtle pnotizing a large portion of the community into considering American civilization as in_ every e admirabl Viscount Lee of Farsham, in urging the development of the British film industry, states that it s impo had fipression created hy American filmly “since .there being no British an Am ported. be for us ide | js to be increased year by year, until films shown in England will be British At present 90 per cent of the aring in England theaters D. €. SUNDAY MORNING, its overthrow by force and violence. And the limit is a strict one, well defined. To exceed it would be to court more danger, in the opinion of many, than is contained in the cumulative threats of all ‘I'e anarchists ever hatched. Theoretically, the Federal Government may exclude aliens who are anarchists, who believe in or advocate the overthrow b force or vio- lence of the Government of the United State: or of all forms of law: who disbelieve in or who are opposed to organized government; who advocate the assas ination of public officials, or who advocate or teach unlawful destruction of property, or who are affiliated with any or- ganization afflicted with similar sheories or be- lief: But actually such aliens may merely say they do not embrace such beliefs, or advocate such actions, and, meeting other requirements, ‘hey are allowed to enter the country, pro- vided, of course, there is not proof to contradict their assertion 2 nd, theoretically, if at any time after enter- ing the country an alien becomes an anarchist, advises, teaches, or becomes a member of an organization which advises and teaches oppo- sition to organized government; or who write: publishes or causes to be published, or who cir- culates, distributes, prints or iisplays any mat- ter advocating opposition to urganized govern- ment; or who helongs to an organization which does such things; or who gives, loans or prom- ises anything to he used in the advocacy of opposition to organized government—such an alien can be deported and told never to come ck. Theoretically, that is. But if taken into custody on a deportation warrant charging such acts, the alien has recourse to his friend the Constitution and the writ of habeas corpus therein guaranteed, which brings him into court, Making the charges against the alien “stand up” in the light of the law becomes a different matfer * ok * Of all the aliens alleged to be fomenting their noisome plots within the United States only four were deported as anarchists in 1926 and nine in 1927. During the fiscal year of 1927 there were 580 aliens deported who fell within the classification of criminals. Among these there were doubtless many anarchists and those who advocated the overihrow of government by force and violence who could not be reached under the law as anarchists, but who could be classed as and shown to be criminals under the statute. » The Federal Government has ample control over the alien, even to the extent of defining the limits of his thoughts, so far as they are expressed out loud or put on paper. 3ut the thoughts of a citizen of the United States are an entirely different matter. He may express them as he chooses. There have been many attempts to regulate their expression 4n the past, and for the most part they have ended in failure. The assassin of McKinley explained: “I am an anarchist. I did my duty.” And the tragic death of a beloved President led to a great de- mand for adequate legislation to deal with those who preached the doctrine of anarchy. It was argued at the time, and the same argu- ment is used today, that the constitutional guarantee of freedom of speech and freedom of the press does not extend to the anarchist, for anarchy is not merely revolution, seeking to destroy one government and substitute an- other, but anarchy would destroy all govern- ment and leave none. A crime committed in an attempt to destroy all government strikes at the root of all social institutions and is a crime against civilized society itself. Anarchy does not concern liberty, but license to disre- gard and deflle every right sacred to civilized man, and the guarantee of freedom of speech does not stand in the way of suppressing anar- chistic propaganda. R Congress, it was argued, had the right to suppress anarchy and anarchistic propaganda. Chief Justice Marshall, many years before, had said: “Crimes so atroclous as those which have for their object the subversion by violence of those rights and those institutions which have been ordained in order to secure the peace and happiness of society are not to escape pun- ishment because they have not ripened into treason. The wisdom of the legislature is com- petent to provide for the case.” But there is always the question of whether anarchy “would Law be required to use e films to the extent of 5 |Speiman Rockfelle all he shows. This ratio years per cent of the form criminal operations have AUGUST Under the auspices of the American | Institute, and with the aid of | a $20,000 endowment from the Laura Foundation, country’s most distinguished jurists | are now engaged in an cffort to re- law procedure. received new impe- tus from the nation-wide wave of dis- | i Widely recognized. 2, 1 ripen” into treason, which the Constitution de- fines as an actual “levying of war.” Nothing in the way of a legislative curb upon free speech came of the assassination of McKinley. It vemained the right of a citizen to advocate anarchy and the destruction of property so long as nothing could be shown actually to have re- sulted from his advocacy. And that was the situation whi:h confronted the Department of Justice after the war, when the country was whipped into a frenzy of excitement over bomb- ing outrages, which were laid at the door of anarchy, but which in the vast majojrity of cases were without proof of origin. It is true that Congress had tightened its immigration laws and made them far more drastic regarding the “alien radical.” But the American citizen could not be tuched. * ok ok ok In June of 1919 many hombs had been sent through the mails, only one reaching its desti- nation. Private residences had been bombed, including those of ter or eleven Federal of- ficials and of the Attorney General himself. The new Russian government was only two vears old, and the tales of the Russian revo- lution and its atrocities seized the public’s imagination, resulting in a horrible nightmare. There were demands from the public and demands in Congress that the Government especially the Department of Justice, do Some- thing about it. And on December 21, 1919, the old Army tran.vort Buford, with 249 alien rad- icals aboard, deported to Russia, left New York. A few weeks later raids were conducted simul- taneously in 30 or 40 cities, and about 3,000 aliens suspected of violent radicalism were ar- rested and jailed. Attorney General Palmer was asked to report on the status of legislation dealing with move- ments directed against the Government. He gave to the Senate a resume of the laws ex- isting then, a. they do today. The department could work under the espionage acts, but the cessation of hostilities made their provisions inapplicable in time of peace. It could work under the immigration laws, but they applied only to aliens. The only statute existing then, and which exists now, is section 6 of the Penal Code, which provides that: “If two or more persons, in any State or Territory, or in any place subject to the jurisdiction of the United States, conspire to overthrow, put down or to destroy by force the Government of the United States, or to levy war against them, or to oppose by force the authority therefor, or by force to prevent, hinder or delay the exe- cution of any law of the United States, or by force to , take or possess any property of the United States contrary to authority thereof, they shall each be fined not more than $5,000 or imprisoned not more than six years, or both.” * Kk Xk X As a test of this law's efficacy in dealing with violently radical, or “red” citizens, the Depart- ment of Justice brought about the indictment of three members of a Spanish secret society who were distributing a pamphlet calling on “the proletariat of ‘all countrles to unite to pre- cipitate the revolution,” and which referred in A most uncomplimentary manner to officials of the United States Government as ‘“cannibals + you have fattened before having your throats cut like hogs." But the court dismissed the case and dis- charged the defendants on the ground that the statute in question was enacted by Congress in 1861, when there was a Civil War in progress, and Congress did not have in mind the over- throw of Government by the use of propaganda. Mr. Palmer asked a group of prominent lawyers to construe the laws as they existed then and as they exist today. A summary of their construction is: 1. Those who have “attempted to bring about the possible overthrow of the Government of the United States” have committed no crime, unless their acts amount to treason, rebellion or seditious conspiracy. 2. The preaching of anarchy and sedition is not a crime under the general criminal statutes of the Unite States. 3. Advising the defiance of law is not a crime under the general criminal laws, whether the same be done by printing and circulating literature or by the spoken word. 4. Nor is the advising and openly advocating the unlawful obstruction of industry and the (Continued on Eleventh Page.) ISACCO CASE RIVETS ATTENTION ON REFORM OF Recommendations to Convention to Meet in Capital in May, 1928, for Action. | films, we are unable to represent our- | BY FREDERIC WILLIAM WILE.|drawn unprecedented notice to the selves as we are.” | As a result of all this, Parliament this week in barring 19 American|is considering a bill by which each will faults in existing administration of | American criminal law. | In his recent address before the | American Law Institute, Its president, | former Attorney General George W. ickersham, said: “The work we ve undertaken, this body hopes, ay result in a useful contribution to- he simplification of our crimi- nal procedure, the necessity for which the Their CRIMINAL LAW are Americ: of the remaining 10 n, while more than half per cent are Germany has already put into ef- fect a contingent plan, whereby 55 per cent of all films must be German The plan has not worked show made film every eveniug. exhibitors have been evading this law | by starting their programs early and running the British the regular crowd a however, the Australian government has intervened and stipulated that the British films must be tween certain hours. Austria_has recently introduced a contingent plan_which requires one film “to_be produced in Austria for every 10 foreign films whic are im- measur to decree lished by an Ameri ican." film ives, that should be placed in our lib sible 1o remedy the [ was not written by an Awe the benefit of the German industry, however, for it is provided that every company producing a film British empire | of its own may then be allowed to im- | port a film from the United States. As a result, cheap German films are rushed through simply so that the company may get permission to im- port some star feature from Holly- All of the important German | companies have interlocking directo- rates with American film companies, so that it is almost equally profitable | So serious has heen this world-wide | to import American films. Australians Evade Law. In Australia each picture house is | 000 feet of British- But local off before Recently, run be- no Although few of these restrictions | have definitely aided movie produc- tion in foreign countries, enough agl- tation has been stirred up to c Will Hays, chief mogul of the movie world, to launch a campaign against toreign restrictions, “Restrictive Hays, “are as Inconsistent as it would says Mr. hook n and sold by | John W, sham, Henry L. Stimson, Judge Ben- | satisfaction caused by the seven years of “the law’s delays” in the Sacco: Vanzetti case. The American Law Institute’s ac- tivities are In charge of a special com- mittee headed by Herbert S. Hadley, former Governor of Missouri and now chancellor of Washington University a‘ St. Louis. His associates include such legal luminaries as Elihu Root, Davis, Georg: W. Wicker- Jjamin N. Cardozo, Judge Harry Olson, Representative Andrew J. of Virginia, George Welwood Murray, John G. Milburn, Charles C. Nott, ames Byrne, James P. Hall. Will . Mikell and Victor Morawetz. The committee represents the bench and of all sections of the United States. Working Two Years. Gov. Hadley'’s committee has been at work for more than two ye 1t has the cordial support of Chie Justice Taft and other members of the United States Supreme Court. The American Bar Association’s committee on criminal law procedure is in ac- tive co-operation with the Law In- stitute investigators. The definite ob- jective is the preparation of a model code of criminal procedure. What it is sought to evolve is a standard statute for adoption by the Legisla- tures of the States. Preliminary reports have been worked out. Supplementary findings are in process of completion. By the time the Law Institute holds its next an- nual meeting at Washington, in May, 1928, Gov. Hadley and his colleagues i0pe to be able to submit recommend: tions that will challenge the Nation attention. On all hands it is concedad Montague | | action in many directions. | effort to meet th “We hardly could have escaped un- dertaking this work. Popular thought at the present time is more immedi- ately concerned with the criminal law and its enforcement than with the civil law. The reports in the daily press of crimes of violence against the person and crimes against property have inflamed the popular imagina- tion to a point which has_compelled Y More dras- tic penal laws are being enacted by Legislatures; increases are being made in the number of judges of our crimi- nal courts; some increases In_police forces; ‘surveys’ or studies of the con- ditions’ responsible for this menace to the peace, quiet and safety of our com- munities are being made; crime com- missions, national and local, have been formed. Our own contribution to the great fundamental problem of conserving the peace and security of the people may be slight, { but it will be our endeavor to make it valuable so far as it goes.” Gov. Hadley has telegraphed the writer the following statement: “The crime for which Sacco and Vanzetti were convicted was com- mitted in 1920. They were tried and convicted in 1921. But their convie- tion was not affirmed by the Supreme ‘ourt of Massachusetts until 1926 I have seen no satisfactory explana. tion of this delay. Whether if was due to the efforts of the defense or neglect of the prosecuting officers, it evidences a cumbersome and archaic procedure. Our forms of criminal procedure should make such delays impossible, for justice delayed is offen as bad as’justice denied. The report of the committee on reform of crimi- nal procedure of the National Crime Commission, of which I was chair- man, published July 14, 1926, suggests changes which would make such oc- currences impossible. The work of that the developments and delays |the American Law Institute has been which culminated in the execution of | d¢ Sacco and Vanzetti on August 23 have oted to the f lation of a_model of Failure BY FRANK H. SIMONDS. HILE a certain amount of news mention of the visit | of Prime Minister Stanl Baldwin to Canada ha found place in the Amer- ican press, there has been little dis- cussion of the political significance of | s highly unusual adventure. Literally Baldwin’s expedition repre- in the empire the fading domestic for- | tunes of the present Tory govern- { one except the latter phases of | > Lloyd George experiences, it may | | be doubted that any British inet has ever in our own time| 4 ximated the record of unrelieved | failure and uninterrupted blundering of the Baldwin cabinet. At home its surrender to extremists led to the precipitation of the general strike and the later prolongation of the coal | strike which dealt a blow alike to| British prosperity and prestige hardly | to he exaggerated. Thanks to the ministry of Baldwin. who came to power promising to bring about peace between capital and labor, Britain is nearer to cla war in the extreme sense than ev: in its history. Honestly and publicly | proclaiming a policy of conciliation, | Baldwin has been driven and pushed into a series of extreme measures of which the trade unions bill and the House of Lords reform measure are interesting examples. Transferred to Inept Man Having suffered terribly from the evil consequences of bestowing well | nigh absolute power upon a clever | man, Lloyd George, the British nation | is now experiencing even greater | misfortune because it has with equal | completeness transferred the reins of power to an incredibly stupid a 1| inept man, whose honesty and goud | intention are only equaled by what| the New Statesman describes as his| genius for permitting himself to be| pushed in the wrong direction. | The recent failure of Geneva is only | one more in the long list of ineptitudes | of Baldwin and his associates. As to| the responsibility for the Geneva| collapse it may well be argued that it is divided, but as to the con- sequences it is patent that while the United States may have to expend| large sums of money upon naval expansion, which is perhaps un- necessary but can be borne with little effort, the British may just as easily be brought to an expense which they cannot bear and involved in a naval competition which they cannot long maintain. In the long list of undertakings of Stanley Baldwin and his Tory as-| sociates, the single considerable suc- cess has been Locarno, and for | Locarno all the credit belongs tp Ramsay MacDonald. Austen | Chamberlain did no more than follow | in the footsteps of his jar abler predecessor, who was a truly great for- eign minister as he was just as clearly | a very poor prime minister. But no| sooner was Locarno agreed upon than | | sents an earnest and almost a desper- | \te effort to revive by some success | ment. | € Chamberlain permitted himself to be involved in Polish aspirations. German | entrance into the League was post-| poned and all the benefits of Locarno | compromised as a result. i | Misgivings Over Russia. | The recent Russian affair has| awakened grave misgivings both with- in and without the British Islands. | What was done and perhaps had to be done was done with a violence and an apparent lawlessness which _rather suggested Fascism at its highest point than anything characteristic of | British _tradition. The manner in| which_the thing was done, too, while | it had consequences at once in re-| ducing British trade and increasing | British industrial trouble, was even | more unfortunate as it provoked ap- prehension and unrest from Archangel to Valona. K At bottom the difficulty in the Brit- ish political situation lies in the fact that while the whole world system upon which British prosperity and power were founded has been modi- fied and even permanently trans- formed by the war, Britain has not vet found a man or a party able to lead along the difficult, but not im- possible, pathway to new prosperity | nd restored influence. While the United States and Germany are mak- ing enormous strides forward indus- trially, while even France is breaking with the traditional sluggishness and | routine inefliciency of the past, the | British have so far been unable to perceive the change which has come. | Baldwin had a great chance. The pity of it is that within limits he | seemed conscious of the chance and quite honestly set himself to the task of establishing peace and co-operation | between capital and labor. At home | the mass of Englishmen were quite | ready to accept a strong but enlight- ened conservative control after the foreign follies of Lloyd Georse and the domestic uncertainties of labor. Surrounded by Tories. Unhappily Baldwin’s sound instincts | were not shared by the more consid- erable of his associates. He was a little man with good intentions, but he was surrounded by Tories, who, so far as the more considerable were concerned, saw the future of Britain in the light of Fascimo and Mussolini rather than of any liberalism. Little by little these men, Churchill and Birkenhead among the more influen- tial, pushed Baldwin to the fatal de- cision which insured the general strike and the fatal policy of reprisal after the collapse of this strike. As a consequence Baldwin has en- tirely lost the confidence of the work- ing classes. He is denounced by some as having betrayed a cause. But far more accurate is the perception of the fact that not clever dishonesty, but rather stupid weakness explains the collapse. Baldwin has surrendered to | the extremists, The consequences have been appal- |ling. Every by-election discloses the | extent of popular disaffection. While the Tory party still retains a colossal majority in the House of Commons, as ‘a consequence of its victory of 1924, cach new appeal to an electorate shows the almost Incredible decline in voting strength. And each such rev- clation seems to push the extremists in control to a new attempt to soften the inevitable defeat of the next gen- eral election by some device such as transferring power to the House of Lords. Dominion Support Sought. ' Feeling the ground slipping under his feet at home, Baldwin has re- doubled his effort to strengthen the situation within the empire. The Prince of Wales and the Duke of York have been kept busily at work as com mis-voyageurs of the imperial idea Having failed within the British isles the Tory party has striven to disguise 'EFFORT TO SAVE TORIES SEEN IN BALDWIN’S TRIP Prime Minister Declared Seeking Strong Foreign Policy to Offset Record at Home. wise imperial policy are Tory tradi- tions. Responsive to these Baldwin has come to Canada. And for the British Tory the Cana- ian situation is fraught with gravest danger. The unmistakable march, not “alone “of Canada, but of South Africa and even Australia, to the con- dition of independent states has been 1t once a shock and cause of resent- ment. Moreover, in the case of Can- while there is not the smallest n of any desire on the Canadian | part for union with the United States on our part for any annexation of Tory Engiand perceives clearly that Canada has passed under American influence in may directions. Our press, our magazines, our “mov- ies” circulate. Industrially and eco- nomically Canada tends more and more toward partnership with the United States. What is even more impres- in foreign questions the Cana- ns tend more and more to see Eu- rope from an American standpoint. If one reads the press of the ex- treme Tories (the Natidonal Review of Leo Maxse is at once the ablest and the most typical Tory voice), one finds almost incessant reference to the Canadian_question and its American aspect. There is emphasis of what seems the grave menace incident to the financial penetration of Canada by American capital. There is a sense that Canada under American inspira- tion, wholly unconsciously perhaps, is at one time moving toward independ- xnf‘edélnd toward an American state of mird. Stimulate Imperial Sentiment. This apprehension explains Bald- win's excursion. He and the Prince of Wales visited Canada to stimulate the imperial sentiment. Such evi. dences of loyalty and sympathy as the various public receptions evoked— and there have been many—will, in turn be exploited politically to advan- tage ‘of the domestic and parochial ituation of the Tories. It then, something wholly analogous to the political adventure we call “swinging round the circle” that Stanley Bald- win has undertaken. He and the Prince have come to serve as propa- ganda for imperial unity and to sup- ply campaign ammunition for the Tnn]esl within the limits of the Brit- sl "Be British and buy British is the double message of thsewt;‘;s- tinguished missionaries. Somewhat to their distaste, they have ‘to deliver it to a dominion which has a Liberal, not a Tory cabinet, and they have had to deal with a Canadian prime minis- ter who was elected in the teeth of the party which proclaimed the gospei of imperial unity and bitterly de- nounced what it regarded as the sep. aratism and the Americanism of Mac. kenzie King. Much the same phe. nomenon was disclosed when at the last imperial conference Baldwin as the prophet of imperial unity had to deal with Hertzog, the Seuth African premier, who is for the British Tories the high priest of imperial dissolution. Spectacle to Americans. From the point of view of the Unit tates, the latest British effort he: spectacle rather than a matter of great concern. We are not making propa- ganda in Canada and if we should at. tempt it we should contribute the larg- est conceivable impulse to imperial unity. Yet it is worth nothing that the whole operation does represent a deliberate and considered effort to counteract the effect which contiguity and common geographical conditions have had 1n promoting close associa- | tion between Canada and the United States and the development of w x;i}!l'tll"t” described fig an Amerl:-’.zt ality, using Ameri - tinental sense. = R t is to arrest the process whic! the eyes of British Tories is on: toflf the Americanization of Canada that lh_e charming Prince and the amiable bremier have crossed the Atlantic. The assumed success of this under- taking, too, will figure conspicuously h?_lhe”hst of deeds to which the Tories w?ll ‘point with pride” in the ap- proaching election, which cannot be postponed much more than another vear. Meantime, so far as Canada and the United States are concerned, one may hazard the guess that “busi- ness as usual” will be the upshot of the whole interesting incident. ¢Copyright, 1027.) . More by Telephone” Ends Cable Message The peculiar distinction of being the first person in Holland to send & cablegram ending with the words “more by telephone” to the Dutch Indies belongs to J. C. Koningsberger, Dutch minister of colonies. Just the other day the great Phillips Ele Works at Eindhoven angounc:dmzc:: establishment of a wireless telephonic service to the Dutch colonies. Prior to making his initial use of the transoceanic telephone, Dr. Konings. berger framed a message to his son i:ondava.‘ col!;cludln(g it with the three rds signifying furthe: - tlo’?l by wircless. s he official at the telegra apparently unaware. of (ho Hew ice: less connection, was amazed until the minister explained why no error was being committed. Subsequently Dr. Koningsberger addressed the West and East Indies, his voice being heard clearly at both places. “More by tel- ephone,” he repeats. “Hitherto no father In the Netherlands could ever cable this to his son in the Ind I am proud that I was the first Dutch- man to do so.” PP Holland Is “Ghetto” Of Western Europe Holland is the ghetto of western Europe. Latest figures show 115,223 Jews living there—54,591 men and 60,632 women. Amsterdam was the first Dutch town in which the Jews settled and Its Jewish community to- day is famous the world over. Rotter- dam, The Hague, Utrecht and other places also have important Jewish quarters. In Amsterdam, however, the Jews hold an extraordinarily prominent position. Three of the six sheriffs are Jewish, as is a heavy representation in the Municipal Council. Parliament has many of them, including Henri Polak, leader of the Socialist party and president of the Diamond Workers' Federation. State Councllors Visser and Limberg, who formed an extra-parliamentary cabinet in 1926, are both Jews. A portion of the Jews are of Spanish and Portuguese origin, their ancestors hav- and even counteract the effect of that failure by achievement, the domin- fons. A strong forei, olicy and a W ing come when the Dutch republic freed itself from Spanish tyranny in the sixteenth century. oW