Evening Star Newspaper, December 26, 1926, Page 39

CRIME LAID TO POLITICS IN PROSECUTION SYSTEM| Police, State Attorneys and Judges Held Too Often Subject to “Influence”— Public Apathy Scored MERICAN justice is political, and that explains our high crime rate, according to the expert analysis which follows: “Our police are usually political. Political police mean fewer arrests “Our prosecutors are usually politi- cal. Political prosecutors mean fewer convictions and—more crimes. Political ~ judges mean easier ball, fewer . convictions, softer sentences and—more crimes. the swelling evils which stain infl- nitely rich America with disgrace un- usual among the comparatively pov- world.” Statement by Professor. The man who made to me this Moley, now of Columbla University, recently one of the most important factors in America’s only two real ditions in the State of Missourl and the City of Cleveland. He knows more about this subject than any provement might be brought about through a complete revision of the American system, but in no other He says the European, particularly the English, police and judiclal sys- tems, in which politics plays no part, own, and that they, not moral supe- riority of the people, are responsible for the comparatively low European 'We have foolish laws, each State code differing from every other; we do bad police work, with no experts at frequently are incompetent and usual- 1y subject to political influence. “And individual citizens don’t seem terly, putting upon public apathy the final responsibility. Sees Amazing Indifference. Brown was robbed, but does not vis- ualize himself as a thug’s victim, “Smith accepts with an astonish- inson in the next block, not stopping 1o reflect upon the fact that his wife, his daugher, his son or himself may “It is amazing! “Is it really a crime wave? Or is it a state of things normal to us “Who knows? America is wicked, but none can say how wicked. “We are without reliable statistics; “I have been a student of the situa- tion for some years and I could not accurately state how many known tion during the last year. The two recent crime surveys with which Prof. Moley has been associ- native efforts. As their result the State of Missouri and the City of Cleveland really know. exactly where Finds Reliable Data Lacking. ““These studies in the West natu. rally have given me a keen and vital “‘But none can sat- sty my curiosity. No minutely pains- taking and authoritative study ever York, Chicago, Boston, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh or any of the other cities and States. In the main we are in inal history. “All we know is that it has been dreadful, that life and property have police fail miserably, that laws are bad, that courts are virtually help- less and hopeless and that all plins prevention, are broken down and dis- credited. e “Of course, the blame lies with the that an indifference to crime may be engendered in the minds of the Amer- ican peoj think, is the basic trouble in this country. The individual citizen has lost realization of his personal re- community, forgetting that he alone has power to correct such bad con- ditions as exist. “The number of murders per million of population in the United States is several times as greal mpch greater than in Canada, just across an imaginary line in the same sort of country, ruled by the same sort of people and as democratic as this nation ever was, but possessed of better statutes, better police and “30 the real crime question in Atherfca s, What's the matter with the average American citizen? the causes for this situation at the annual meeting of the National Asso- ciation of Soctal Workers and did into two words: Politics and parsi- thony¥. ' 1 am increasingly certain of his dlagnosis. " WY EDWARD MARSHALL. masterly and utterly unusual and—more crimes. “Our judges are usually political. “There you have the reasons for erty-stricken 'other nations of the striking statement is Prof. Raymond crime surveys. These investigated con- other man and believes immediate im- way. are infinitely more effective than our crime rate. hand save in the big cities; our judges 1o care,” Prof. Moley exclaimed bit- “Jones regrets that his friend ing calm last night’s murder of Rob- be tomorrow’s ghastly corpse. alone among the nations? our crime records are farcical. murders were committed in the na- ated stand as monumental and illumi- they stand. interest in the situation in the East,” has been made in, for instance, New the dark concerning even recent crim- been and are utterly unsafe, that of punishment, like all schemes of averago citizen, and a natural fear is “In apnt\al.lshell that indifference, I sponsibility for what happens in his Comparison With Canada. t as that in any European country; it is economic laws, inhabited by the same Detter criminal judiclary. “Last Spring I was asked to name not find it difficult to crystallize them “Political administration of police and justice, spendthriftism with regard to many other things ‘vomttasted with stinginess in crime prevention and the enforcement of Mindamentally important criminal {awsirthese are responsible. “We deliberately establish wrong staridards in the selection of the men intrusted with the protection of our lives, property and honor, and' then we do not give the ill-selected men enough money with which to do their vitally important jobs as effectively as their ability suggests. Although our general procedure has made certain that we shall need protection rather more than anybody else, we do not protect ourselves. Refers to Police Scandals. “It is easy to direct attention to events in recent American history which ' establish our astonishing in- efMclency. “How often have police scandals stirred this country? Frequently and almost everywhere. Wh Because police positions are- political gifts in our partisan - politically _governed cities and as such have been con- sidered licenses for graft. Of course, real police skill, tharefore, is not common. Few American cities really have any, and we have central national bursau, such as that repeat- odly suggested by Enright, of New Yorg, from which ‘such skill can be drewn. ° Scotland Yard in_ London serves the whole ited Kingdom when special experts are required. ““Thus the very beginning of our battle against evil Individuals is ft-handed, awkward, ineflicient. Our police system is all wrong. “Upon the average throughout the country we do not even make \rrests in connection with as many as half the crimes that are com- mitted. This, of course, nourishes a growing conviction that crime pays and is safe enough to take a chance “In the comparatively few instances ° in which arrests are made we err as serfously. The police pass the arrested individuals in‘o the hands of prosecuting officers generally un- trained and almost always animated more by political than any other motives. Comment on Prosecutors. “While politics does not always control procedure in the prosecutors’ office, it always selects the men Who fill them. ““The politically selected prosecutor, whose tenure of office depends on his continuance in favor with political leaders, cannot be expected to main- tain consistently a state of mind favorable .to the achlevement of the best results. “Thus those who seek these jobs are not always or usually exactly the right men for them, and even when men possessing right equip- ment as far as training and natural ability go do manage to get these posts they may not feel it expedient and even may not be permitted to use that training and ability to the utmost limits of their capacity. “Honest though they may be and undoubtedly almost always are in their fundamental psychological re- actions, the traditions of the offices in which they were installed, the accustomed grooves in which the wheels aré turning when they take them over, indeed all the associa- tions and influences of those offices are political rather than strictly, ac- curately, basically just, ruthless and efficient. Justice, ruthlessness, effi- clency are the prime essentials in a really worth-while prosecuting system. Many Pitfalls to Dodge. “Even if all the pitfalls we have dug for ourselves are avolded be- tween the time when we arrest a sinner (if we happen actually to make such an arrest) and the time when the prosecutor begins work on him, such as grand jury fallures and bail bond obstacles to justice, dire dangers lurk in the influences which select and motivate our prosecuting machinery. “Furthermore the office of public prosecutor, being regarded as a mere stepping-stone to more profit- able position, attracts principally young men, immature, far from the zenith of their mental powers. “Few American lawyers have set as their goal in life the creation of ca- reers as great and highly efficlent prosecutors. I have never heard of such an instance and do not expect to hear of one. “On the duties of an office which is a mere stepping stone a man scarcely can be expected to keep his ear- nestly fixed when a little blinking and a little winking, a little extra flerce- ness in some cases and a little careful indifference In' Jthers may be of help to him in taking the next stride. ‘So there is something more to be considered as having possible bearing upon America’s criminal situation. Effect of Advancement. “Usually that next stride hoped for by the man who has become a public prosecutor is advancement to a seat upon the bench in one of our various courts. History shows that prose- cutors often thus are led to jfustify measurable subordination of their oaths of office to political considera- tion, -not only feeling it essential to their own ambition to- satisfy what- ever leadership may chance to be in power, but to subordinate their own innate ideals of ency and exact Justice almost wholly to the exigen- cles of political strategy. “‘And do not forget that the posts to which the ambitions of our public prosecutors tend, to gain which it sometimes seems almost neceseery that they should subordinate the best of their ideals, are seats upon the criminal courts bench. “The effects of this upon our crimi- nal courts must be obvious. “Not even the best of criminal laws, therefore, would save our situation fully, and Heaven knows our criminal laws are far from always of the best. Judge May Be Pliable. “Assuming for the sake of argu- ment that a criminal actually is de- tected and arrested by our not too perfectly organized and trained and always politically influenced police, that he actually is held in prison until his case has been considered and (hav ing no opportunity to jump a profes- sional bondsman’s bail meanwhile and commit new crimes so as to raise funds for the next episode of the kind in the natural progression of his crim- inal career) really is indicted by our grand jury system, the chance is at least that when he gets to trial the court 'will be presided over by a judge politically named and therefore inevitably politically influenced. “One reason for our crime waves, our high murder rate, our bungling police procedure and the frequently pitiful or pernicious practices in the offices of our public prosecutors is that our criminal judges are elected, and therefore themselves are subject to political Influences. This, of course, also influences our system of balling prisoners and, after their conviction, of sentencing them and perhaps later on paroling them or suspending sen- tence. “In England, though I am no Anglo- maniac, all these errors of politically influenced and even controlled police, of politically influenced prosecution and of a politically influenced judi- clary are avoided. English Crime Rate Low. “Hence the crime rate is compara- tively low in England. A tremendous period of industrial depression since the war has not raised it to a level comparable to that which we know in the midst of an era of great industrial prosperity. “A cause undoubtedly is that no judges of the English criminal courts are elected to their places. Not one of them ever needs to give a moment to consideration of the desires or pre)- udices of a political party, a political boss or to think of personal popularity among political henchmen when deal- ing with a crook. “The lord chancellor is appointed by the crown and is a member of the cabinet, and, usually on the recom- mendation of the English bar as a whole, he appoints all judges of the criminal courts. has been kept very high. Even the Labor government, which violated most of the traditions of the English people, appointed to this important office Lord Haldane, a man admittedly of great intelligence and high legal attainment. “I think we are the only important nation in the world which makes the vitally important posts of criminal judges the rewards of political popu- larity of the accidental sort. I rnow Age instance wherein a man was ted to the criminal court bench cause he was physically disabled nd every one was sorry for him. - | Electlons Are Cited. ““The mere fact that candidates for judgeships in our criminal courts must strive for popular election weakens the influence of those who finally are chosen. uring the campaigns in which they compete for office each party strives to prove the opposition’s candt- date unfit and cha fty merrily (Continued on Fougth Paged THE “The standard of lord chancellors |® BY WILLIS J. BALLINGER. [ [ ERE is a charge, not from a moralist and uplifter, but from a novelist, a plnywfl":\.‘ a Broadway figure whi “How bad do I think the morals of our age are? I feel that we have torn down the crucifix in America naked woman. That is how low we have sunk morally in America. “Who is responsible? There is no pated woman is mostly responsible. The most sinister force in America today is the unnatural ambition and “Women used to be more moral and more religious than men. But that was when woman was in the life’'s work, when she was out of poli- tics, and when she expected respect from a man. It was before the ad- and religion destroying ambitions. Sees Men More Moral. “Today woman is less moral and been degraded and cheapened—not by men but by women." Over a teacup I was chatting with of the Moon” and “Behold This Dreamer,” in his work shop. We were discussing a statement by one mating our present American morals. A year ago the late Dr. Russell Conwell, voted by 20,000 ministers to preachers, was asked what he thought of present American morals. “They are worse than they have am a very old man,” he replied on the eve of his elghty-second birthday anniversary. For many years Mr. Oursler was a, newspaper reporter and general utllity man with the pen. He was a- who browsed about widely and wrote floods of copy for papers. Then he decided to turn novelist. Success has spoken of him as “a new and exciting force in American letters.” In a single season he placed for In the minds of the critics who have recorded their estimate of Mr. Ours- ler in black and white thére is no thirties, in the forefront of American novelists and playwrights. “You think, then, Mr. Oursler, that breakdown is chargeable not to woman in general but to a particular kind of woman-—the feminist. Would you “I look at it this way,” sald Mr. Oursler. “Women have failed politi- cally. They have made a horrible set the Nation back 600 years. Wom- en in politics have glutted our law books with every conceivable kind of upon the Nation; they have brought the church into politics; they have in- sisted on dealing with the criminal with leaps and bounds. Moral Effect Analyzed. “But the worst damage the woman minister or a professional own wife is a dramatic star. and put in its place the body of a doubt but that the so-called emancl- decadence of our women. i home, when her chlidren were her vent of the feminist with her home less religlous than man. She has Fulton Oursler, author of *“‘Stepchild of America’s most noted divines esti- be one of the nation’s 25 greatest ever been to my knowledge, and I Had Newspaper Training. sort of an unknown Napoleon of ink greeted his first effort. Fannie Hurst production on Broadway three plays. doubt that he has arrived, in his early the blame for our present-day moral explain this a little further?” I asked. mess of politics. Woman suffrage has foolish law; they forced prohibition 80 leniently that crime has grown in politics has done is hot just to SUNDAY STAR, WASHINGTON, D. O, DECEMBER 26, 1926—PART 2. Called Her Own Worst Foe NOVELIST’S WARNING TO AMERICA An American novelist and playwright insist the old-fashioned moralities.and that e = FULTON OURSLER. ‘we worry about. their clothes off their backs.” wreck politic: they have turned America upside down morally. The feminist has successfully destroyed respect for woman. That Is what the feminist wanted. She has insisted that woman should be raised to man's level, but what has resulted is that woman - has been lowered to man's level and gone a step lower. “The feminist has fought her way to victory by committing assault and battery on old-fashioned morality. She has told woman thag her place was not in the home, that religion was & hobble to feminine progress, that the idea of man putting woman on a pedestal of respect was ‘rot." The fem- inist has made war on old-fashioned morality and substituted for it one more suitable to her own convenience in getting woman voters and getting herself into politics. “The feminist, like the socialist, has {llusioned millions of women with a vision of a new freedom that runs squarely counter to natural morality. While this new morality can’t last, we will pay heavily for our experimenta- tion with it. Just as they- found out in Russia that all natural economic laws were not to be reshaped by plat- forms and speeches, the feminist in America will find that natural moral- ity 1s just as stubborn. Old and New Morality. 'he old morality was definite. It centered on the home, the fireside, the sacredness of marriage, a belief in od, the proper care and attention to children. “The new morality is indefinite. It has 57 varieties as expounded by femi- nists. That is why women today are morally at sea. The feminist has put millions of women morally at sea, torn them loose from old and tried standards. Could the result be any- thing less than what we have today?" “I was interested in what you said :P.l‘:!“t women destroying religion,” I church in greater numbers than ever before. It is our young girls that we must return to women must be taken from po- litical meeting rooms and mid- night cabarets and returned to the home. Fulton Oursler, author, In a biting criticism of modern ways, sees in the glorification of the sensual charms of women the first fatal steps toward a greater national breakdown. He say: ““Women have made a horrible mess of politics. / “Women have turned America upside down morally. “The feminist has successtully destroyed respect for women. “Just as they found in Russia that all natural economic laws were not reshaped by platforms and speeches, the feminist in America will find that natural morality is just as stubborn. “The American woman has a ‘mail-order’ soul. “It is our modern emancipated woman who has made the night :lub, prize fighting respectable and brought blackmall into politics. “Young women today think a man Is a plker unless he has a flask on his hip. “Our men are flocking to “No nation can survive very long when its women start to take “Some years ago,” continued Mr. Oursler, “a number of prominent fem- inists Jecided that the Holy Bible must be scrapped and a new one writ- ten. They objected to the Bible be- cause the Holy Trinity did not have a feminine head in it and because God had sent His son to save the world instead of His daughter. These wom- en actually were determined to have a ‘feminine Bible.’” You see, the femi- nist is determined to reshape any- thing, whether it be morality or reii- glon, so that we can have feminine progress in politics or business.”_ ‘“‘Have you any observations of pres- ent-day life that support your charge that women are less moral than men?" T querfed. Recalls Valentino Incident. “I remember that women tore the clothes off Valentino for souvenirs when he danced in Chicago. It is our women who are showing the taste for sense madness. Wasn't it women who flocked in morbid curiosity about the bler of the shelk and fainted and gasped for a peek at him? In the Hall trial it was women who monopo- lized the courtroom. frequently observed before. It is women who should be inspiring men to better things than these. “I have observed another character- istic feature of modern woman,” said Mr. Oursler. ‘“‘She has a ‘mall-order soul.’ She spends half the day trying to find something new in the cosmetic line. She can get her face lifted—but souls must be uplifted. “It is our modern emancipated woman that has made the night club and naked revues possible, prize fight- ing respectable and brought blackmaifl into politics. All of these striké at the foundation of any enduring morality. And it is women that have done the striking. ’ “What woman today is content to pass an evening at home with a man? It is common experience that it is the This has_been | poo) woman who expects her callers to take her out, and where the lights are brightest. Woman is not only not content to stay in the home, but she 1: taking man out of the home with er, Makes Hip Flask Charge. ‘What young woman today doesn’t think a man is a piker if he hasn't a flask on the hip? These observations are common knowledge. “A year ago Patrick Cardinal Hayes was asked whether modern youth had lost faith in the church. He replie “‘Certainly our young men have not. Our men are flocking to church in greater numbers than ever before. It 1s our young girls that we worry about. I remember as a young priest, 30 years ago, noting the laxity of reli- glous interest among the young men of that day. This all changed. It is man today that is religious. “Do you foresee any dangers to the Nation from our present moral con- dition?" “Certainly I do,” sald Mr. Oursler. “No nation can survive when its standards have gone. And no nation can last long when its women start taking their clothes off their backs. The great lesson of history is that na- tions perish more from sensuality than from anything else. Rome was conquered not by the barbarians, but by sensuous women. The French rev- olution was the outcome of Trianon— the voluptuaries whose costly upkeep sapped the economic life of the nation. Wants America to Think. “It is time that we in America be- gan to think more about our moral condition than about our economic splendor.” . ““What would you do to bring the Nation-back to moral normalcy?” I ‘That s a very difficult question to answer. It s easy to point out the disease, but not so easy to cure it. Sometimes I think that if a gigantic plague would be visited on America it would do a lot of good. It would perhaps instill in our hearts a little more fear of the hereafter. It would perhaps check the mad philosophy of ‘after us the deluge,” which has appar- ently taken hold of us as a nation. “In the absence of any beneficial plague, I have often felt that man would have to put woman back in the home. Certainly we should, first of all, get woman out of politics and get her back on the job in the home. I don’t know whether we will put her there by force or by persuasion. But the point is that she must return. Comparison With Past. A century ago we had candlelight. Its flickers fell on families about the fireside, on boys and girls spread out before the fireplace reading Shake- speare or the Bible or some good k. The younger children were in bed. There was evidence of religion, of happiness, of fine men and women in the making, of fathers and mothers who would turn out of the home fac- tory a product in manliness and wom- anliness in morality and religion. “Today we have electric light and automobiles. In thelr garish rays we see sense-mad women dancing the black bottom at 4 in the morning, de- serted fireplaces in the evening, booz- ing boys and girls on the back seals of automobiles, and in the headquar- ters of our woman politicians new ukases of morality in the process of being formulated. “We must get back to candlelight morality. But in order to do that, we must get rid of a few moral an- archists.” (Copyright. 1926.) The Story the Week Has Told BY HENRY W. BUNN. HF following is a brief sum- mary of the most important news of the world for the seven days ended December 252 France.—A_ French, court-martial has found Lieut. Rouzier of the French occupying army innocent and six German civilians gullty in con- nection with the affair of September at Germersheim, in which the lieuten- ant (attacked, as he asserts, and act- ing in self-defense) killed one German civilian and wounded two others. Of course, the German nationalist press challenges the verdict as purely polit- ical and wholly unjust, and bases on the affair a furious demand that the occupation end at once, What's more, the rest of the German press joins in the challenge, and it is possible that a serious check to Franco-German rap- prochement may grow out of the business. This much seems certain, whatever the fact in the Rouzier case, that at the time it occurred provocative agents of the extreme German Natlonalists were trying to create “incidents” in the occupled ter- ritory. Just as I had completed the above, the report arrived that- President Doumergue had pardoned the con- victed Germans. It is to be hoped that this action happily closes the incident. On December 9, after a discussion of only 27 days, the chamber voted Poincare’s 1927 budget, which con- templates a revenue of 40,000,000,000 francs and calls for an expenditure of 39,634,000,000 francs. On the 18th the Senate passed it. and it was enacted; the first French budget to be voted before Christmas since about 40 years ago. A very great achievement, this of Poincare’s. And now what? * ok % ¥ Italy.—It would seem that with all quietness the French government has made certain military and naval dispositions against the possibility of embroilment with Italy. Character- istically, the Giornale d'Itala, un- derstood to be Mussolini’s special or- gan, declares that France is the cause of Jugoslav “artificlal excitement” in connection with the Italo-Albanian treaty. It clalms, moreover, to have proofs that the French and Jugoslav general staffs are in close cahoot, that France is furnishing Jugoslavia with arms and ammunition through Belgium and more in the same silly sort. It will be recalled that the Italian government recently floated a loan with both compulsory and voluntary features. But, volunteers not forth- coming, compulsion was applied as to he ‘“voluntary” part, and this in a manner which impresses some critics as pecullarly irritating, peculiarly apt to arouse resentment in a proud people. One report declares that it has aroused resentment to a dan- gerous degree. There is a story going about to the effect that Mussolinl approached Stresemann with the suggestion of an Italo-German treaty scarcely con- sistent with the spirit of Locarno, and that Stresemann honorably rebuffed the Duce. Five hundred and twenty-two per- sons regarded as hostile to Fascismo have been designated by the J"ascist government for ‘forced domicile. The Fascist press finds in the small- ness of the Exmbcr touching proof of the Caesarian clemency and maj nanimity of the Duce. 2 Ip an allocution recently delivered in conslstory at the Vatican the Pope made this extraordinary important reference to Fascismo: “We again see & conception of a State head- way which is not a Catholic concep- tion because it makes the State an .end unto itself and citizens mere means to that end, absorbing and monopolizing everything.” ok ok % Lithuania:—The Lithuanian people seem to have accepted quietly enough the coup by which the Con- servatives, with the backing of prac- tically the entire arn ;, ousted the Radical President and cabinet and replaced them by gentlemen of the Right. Success assured, the organl- zers of the coup bethought themselves (following the recent Polish example) of theé forms of legality, which they proceeded to observe so far as the conditions permitted. Parliament was summoned and a Right rump thereof met. The President (under guard in his palace) and the cabinet (In quod) were Induced to submit their resignations in due form to the parliamentary rump, and the latter proceeded to elect as President M. Smetona, chief of the coup and form- erly President, and to give their blessing to a new cabinet of the Right. Though, of course, accusa- tions fly about importing Moscovite or Polish or German intrigue, and though, no doubt, distrust of the Moscovite orientation of the Radi- cal government was an important ancillary motive, apparently . the af- fair was purely domestic, the chief impelling motive of the cqup being the resolve to prevent parcelling out of the great estates, as threatened by the Radicals, the great landown- ers constituting the most important element of the Conservatives, the richer peasants and the clerical heir- archy supporting them. ‘The population of Lithuania is only 2,000,000, her natural resources (tim- ber excepted) are slender, her eco- nomic and cultural development is backward. Her importance is chiefly international. She is passionately de- sired by Poland, Germany and Rus- sia; not so much because of her charms as by reason of the intense Jealousy on her account felt by each toward the other twain. Lithuania had mnot enjoyed a real honest-to- goodness coup’ since she was recon- stituted a state; so that she was en- titled to one, and we should felicitate her. Particularly should she be felicitated in that it was purely a domestic product. * ok % Kk United States of America.—One hears that the Republican leaders have decided that there shall be no reapportionment legislation at the present session. The President’s mes- sage to Congress made no reference to this important matter. The ques- tion would seem to be involved with the issue of wet or dry. Under the McLeod bill the total of House mem- bership would remain 435. ‘The Senate has passed the rivers and harbors bill after amending it considerably. The total of expenditure authorized (somewhat above that al- lowed by the House) is about $70,000,: 000. The most interesting clauses are That providing for purchase by the Federal Government for $11,560,000 of- the Cape Cod Canal; that (contemplat- ing an initial appropriation of $12, 000,000) providing for deepening of the Missouri River, from Kansas City to Sfoux Falls, Iowa, so as to give a six-foot channel; that authorizing cre- ation of an inland waterway from Jacksonville to Miami, Fla., 75 feet wide and 8 feet deep, at a cost of $4,221,000; and that (the chief bone of contention) authorizing improvement of the Illinois River as an element in the Lakes-to-Gulf waterway system. Specifically, the last named authorizes an_appropriation of $3,600,000 and calls for a channel 9 feet deep and 200 feet wide between Utica and the Mississippl. An amendment declares that "ng&! n the bill is to be con- strued as thorizing . diversion of water from Lake Michigan at Chica- go. The following is a belated item of very considerable importance: The House having passed a bill which would grant entrance to this country outside of quota restrictions to Ameri- can women who lost their American citizenship by marriage to allens, the Senate voted 39 to 37, as an amend- ment to the House bill, a proposal mitted by Senator Wadsworth, which wollld grant entry, outside quota re- strictions, up to a total of 35,000, to wives and children of aliens admitted prior to July 1, 1924, who have ap- plied for naturalization; the rules to govern the apportionment of the 35,000, to be prescribed by the De- partment of Labor. Senator Reed of Pennsylvania described the action of the Senate in passing the amendment as “bowing to the clubbing' of certain groups of aliens who were banding to- gether to exert political influence.” Another Senator characterized the coricession as “the opening wedge in the breakdown of the restrictive im- migration act.” At last the House irrigation com- mittee has reportgd out the Swing- Johnson bill which authorizes con- struction of a flood-control, irrigation and power dam at Boulder Canyon on the Colorad> River and construc- tion of a canal to connect the Im- perial Valley with the Colorado. The bill contemplates a Federal appropria- tion of $125,000 to be repaid by re- ceipts from sale of power. I must postpone notice of the great cruiser constroversy, a controversy that bids fair to be with us for some time, The new treaty between the United States and Panama would on becom- ing effective by ratification supple- ment the Hay treaty of 1903 and abrogate the Taft agreement,amenda- tory thereto, of 1904. By the new treaty Panama obligates herself ‘‘to co-operate in all possible ways with the United States in the protection and defense of the Panama Canal. Whenever the United States is in- volved in war, Panama will consider herself at war on our side and will turn over to the United States for the perfod of the war, the control and operation of wireless and . radio communications, _aircraft aviation centers and aerial navigation.” Man- zanilla Island, at the Atlantic terminus of the canal, is practically ceded to the United States. Absolute peace- time control by us of radio communi, cation within the republic {s gran in set terms and my reading of the treaty is that very nearly complete peacetime control is granted also in respect of cables and aviation. I leave it to the quidnunsc how far, if at all, the ratified treaty would prejudice Panama’s position as a mem- ber of the League of Nations, espe- clally in regard of her obligations under_articles XI, XVI of the cove- nant. Under the covenant Panama en- gages hersgelf to submit any disputes “likely to lead to rupture” to arbitra- tion or to inquiry by the League Couneil and in no case to resort to war until a sufficient time has elapsed for an award to be rendered. “Under which king, Bezonian?" Col. Carmi A. Thompson's report to the President of the results of his Philippine investigation been made public, and a close reading thereof is to be recommended to all, The colonel finds Filipino independ- ence “impossible now and for a long time to come,” for cogent reasons well stated by him. He recommends, however, that the administration be made purely civil and be placed un- der the direction of “a special insu- lar bureau in one of our civil de- of the reports describing economic conditions and suggesting economic remedlies seem the most valuable parts. One authority estimates that the equjvalent of a million bales of this year’s cotton crop wil go unhar- e Liberia Legislature has rat: The n re rat- ified an agreement between the Li- b- | berian government and the Firestone Tire and Rubber Co. under which that company obtains a 99-year lease of a million acres of land suitable to rubber production. Under a ten- tative understanding the Firestone company has already started harbor and sanitary improvements at Mon- rovia. The cost of reclaiming the newly leased land from jungle is es- timated at $100 an acre or a total of $100,000,000. Operation will re- quire the labor of 350,000 nativesand an annual production of 200,000,000 pounds is expected. The Firestones are experimenting with a 35,000-acre rubber plantation in Mexico and have their thoughts on’ similar ex- periments in the Philippines, South America and elsewhere. All pursu- ant to the resolve “‘to break the Brit. ish crude rubber monopoly.” o g The League of Nations.—The secre- tary general of the League of Nations has dispatched to our Government an invitation to send a delegation of five to the International Economic Confer- ence to be held at Geneva under League auspices commencing May 4, 1927, and to be presided over by M. Theunts, one time premier of Belgium. The League of Nations Council has decided to convene an international conference on control of private manu- facture of arms in the Autumn of 1927. Our attitude has been that such control in the United States would b‘e unconstitutional — infringe State’s rights. . * ¥ k% Notes.—The British Parliament has passed a bill forbidding publishing of the evidence in divorce cases. The Emperor Yoshihito of Japan is dead at the age of 47, after a reign of 14 years. The Crown Prince Hirohito ascends the throne, at the age of 25; a young man of great promise. He has been regent since 1921. Japan is expected to return to the gold standard soon without the aid of forelgn credits, A law lately passed limits the Egyp- tian acreage planted in cotton during the years 1927-9 to one-third of each plantation, Japanese Insurance Companies Ask Relief A reminder of the bad September day of 1928 came with the plea of 30 Japanese insurance companles that the government cancel a loan of $32,- 000,000 which they used for “sym- pathy payments” to their clients who were not _insured against earthquakes or “fires directly, indirectly or remote- ly due to earthquakes.” Tens of thousands of holders were des- titute after the disaster and the for- eign insurance uun-nhl“zr, gave [SOUTHERN AIDS CAPITAL TO RAIL TRAFFIC. FAME 5 Developnient Revie siders Possibility » » first class. The Southern Railway has been an im- portant factor in this development. Since the war three of the principal railroads serving Washington have raised the rank of their chief pas- senger officials. This was in recogni- tion of the position ‘Washington has gained as a passenger-traffic clty. Other transportation companies have reopened offices in Washington or established new offices. And still others have under consideration the establishment of new offices. ‘With its competitors and connec. tions appointing higher officials and moving into Washington, the South- ern is confronted with the possibility that it may have to move out. ‘The Southern has developed passen- ger traffic to and through ‘Washing- ton. The through traffic determines the importance of a city as a gateway. Gateways Limited. ‘While there are approximately X 000 miles of railroad in the United States, there are a limited number of gateways through which traffic passes. Between the Northeastern and Cen. tral States practically all traffic passes through Buffalo or Pittsburgh. Be tween the States east and the States west of the Mississippi practically all traffic passes through Chicago, St. Louls, Memphis, Vicksburg or New Orleans. vBetmn #outheastern Canada, the Northeastern States and the South practically all raflroad passenger traf- fic passes through Washington. Prac- tically all passenger traffic that move: from the same Northeast territor through the New Orleans gateway to the West also passes through Wash- ington. There has been a big in crease in this through traffic in recent years, especially to the South, and a consequent increase in the importance of the Washington gateway. There are two interesting points to consider in connection with this in- crease in passenger traffic to and through Washington and the South- ern moving problem. The present trend of Government regulation and railroad operation is to require passenger traffic to bear its proper share of the expense of oper- ating the railroads and produce its proper share of earnings. In the past passenger traffic, in_many cases, was moved at a loss. It was the belief that shippers would move their freight by the line they traveled. So some big shippers even got free transporta- tion. This was unfair. A farmer, for instance, who seldom traveled was paying freight rates to help support the passenger departments of the rail- roads. Treated as Asset Now. Passenger traffic is now a railroad asset and is treated with more respect by the rallroads. They are advertising more extensively, competing more strenuously, appointing new officials and opening new offices in cities, like Washington, and the public is also getting better passenger service than ever before in railroad histo: This change in attitude toward pas- senger traffic has' a direct bearing on the Southern problem, and bfings up the second interesting point. Rallroads develop and secure traf- fle within their territorv; they also develop and secure traffic from their friendly connections. This is gen- erally the long haul, the paying traf- fie. And friends are made by contact, association. One factor, no doubt, that has in- fluenced practically every large rail- road in the United States to establish {its headquarters at or near the most | important gateway leading to its line was this factor of through trafic and close association with connections. i The list Is a very interesting and forceful argument in favor of the policy. Boston & Maine Boston & Albany . New York Central .. Pennsylvania . Baltimore & Ohip .... Alton ....... Burlington 1Great Western . Milwaukee Northwest Rock Island Santa Fe . . INinois Central Big Four . Louisville & Nashville . Great, Northern Northern Pacific .... Katy Missouri Pacific Denver & Rio Gi Union Pacific Southern Pacific . San Francisco Western Pacific . San Francisco This list just covers a strip across the country from Boston to San Fran- To name every rallroad with headquarters at or near its principal gateway would mean printing the index to the Railway Guide. Greater Traffic Here. The headquarters of the Southern, like the headquarters of practically all the other large railroads, is located at its principal gateway — Washington, Cincinnati, St. Louls and New Or- leans are the three other. principal Southern gateways. More passenger business, at least, probably moves through Washington and over the Southern than through agy of the other gateways, and over the South- ern perhaps more than through any two or more of the others combined. So this moving question is quite ASHINGTON has developed quite suddenly into a pas- senger-traffic_city of the Philadelphia .Baltimore Chicago wed as Road Con- of Moving Head- quarters From Washington. some problem for the Southern of ficlals, as it has been for some other business men on the south side of the avenue who have been bought out. « up, by Uncle Sam. They have watched Washington develop both & a gateway and a traffic center. They know that the number of Government employes, recruited from all the States, and with leave that | enables them to visit their homes, w increase; that the number of tourists. due to a considerable extent to ra: road national advertising, who will visit Washington for its historic and educational interests will incréas: that the number of headquarters national organizations will increase. The organizations influence, if not control, traffic to the natiomal con vention held in other citles. They have seen a large auditorivn constructed in Washington and the Convention Bureau bring an ever-in- creasing number of meetings to Wash ington. They know that the num- ber of wealthy people who are malk- ing Washington their home, that the number of foreign government offi- cials and business men who will come to Washington will increase, and that these people travel. They know that a larger number of business men are coming to Washington every month to consult with the numerous ( ernment departments and _comm! sions and thac rost of the Congres men go home for their Christmas vi- cation, The Southern officials have noted the Atlantic Coast Line, with head- quarters some distance away, at Wil- mington, N. C., located a_general pas- senger agent at Washington since the war; they have noted the Balti- more and Ohio and the Pennsylvania, with headquarters nearby, appoint- ing assistant general passenger agents. Trust railroad men to note such moves, whether made by their com- petitors or connections. The Southern officials have noted at least a dozen railroad and steam- ship offices and tourist agencies opened or reopened in Washington since the war. The Sunset Route, part of the Southern system, reopened its Washington office November 1. . The Southern officials noted the Santa Fe opening a solciting office in ‘Washington just before the war. The office was ¢ d when the Govern- ment took over the ‘operation of the railroads. uthern officlals, no doubt, as well as the officials of all the other railroads, are making extra efforts to operate the lines efficiently and to the satisfaction of the public, to discour- age future attempts at Governmeht operation. They realize that it is go policy, in this respect, to furnish y £ood service to and from and in Wash- ington. With the exception of the Canadian Pacific and the Norfolk and Wester- other railroads than the locw lpa: have no passenger offices in Washir# ton at present. The Seaboard and 193 Coast Line are not, strictly speaking, local lines, but they operate throush trains over the R., F. & P. The Ches- apeake and Ohio operates into W. ington over a portion of the Southern under a long-term lease, S0 1t 13 prac- tically a local line. ’ The foreign lines, with the excep- tlons noted, have no passenger officss nearer than Philadelphia or New "0!'}\. To get back to the Southern field they have noted passenger men from these Philadelphia and New York of. fices visiting Washington more 1 quently and in increasing numbers. Advertising Is Heavier. They have noted these foreign lines advertising more extensively in the Washington papers. Advertising js the flag; the permanent office the con- stitution. And just as the constitution follows the flag, the permanent offie: follows the advertising, especially when passenger business is developing as it is in Washington. The Santa Fe broke the ice befors the war. There is more reason for that line now, or any number of the forelgn lines getting together as they do on such questions and consulting the local lines on the necessity and | advisability of opening offices. i necessity and advisability of having | & local office in Washington has been | recommended to the headquarters of some of the foreign lines by their | representatives in New York awd Philadelphia, and sooner or later will make the move, or they will move together. : So_there is no doubt Washington has become a traffic city of the first class, and no doubt the Southern officials have a problem to solve. They might, getting together to try and solve the problem, decide that it would be advisable for the trafflc departments to remain in Washing- ton. They might decide that it would be advisable for the legal and department to remain in close touch with the Interstate Commerce Comn:- mission and the other Governmeht might decide that it would | be advisable for the president and his | staff to remain in Washington in close touch with New York, the finin cial headquarters of practically all railroads. They might decide that if the president and his staff of lawyers were going to stay in Washington the paymaster would have to stay. And, of course, if the paymaster wiis going to stay the others would not want to leave, which would solve the problem. Of course, the real problem s, What is the Government going to do? No doubt the Government officials twill give the question sympathetic consk eration. Uniformity in Educatio;x Held Lacking in America; Important BY WILLIAM H. BURNHAM, Paychologist and Educator. ‘There is no uniformity in education in this country, and that is the only general statement that can be made. Especially can no general statement be made {n regard to practical results of education. A few important ideals and principles, however, have de- veloped. First, the recognition of the funda- mental but often forgotten truth that the education of an individual comes by doing rather than by knowledge, by training rather than by instruc- tion. While ized -long ago in many rural schools and elsewhere, this principle is now generally recognized in the best schools as fundamental and 18 represented by many new movements and new methods. Second is the recognition of health- ful physical development as the prime condition of a sound education and im) it objectives in education, 3‘! m:nm of the school is first of all to make conditions favorable for healthful mental development, and to t children from the enemies of th, physical and mental. ‘Third, the recognition of the great complexity of education and the many factors involved in it. Even our gen- eral nl'ig:c.tlvu are complex and chang- ing. choice today is not between ‘education and bad education, but what is good and what is bef ter; and the great problem is thad \ Principles Cited sacrificing what is good for what 'is still better, and of finding methods by which we can make this sacrifice. Hence the great confusion of aims and methods both in this country and in Europe. Fourth 1is the recognition of au higher form of the democratic ideal in education. In the old days the democratic ideal was largely an indi- vidual one, the aim to give each per- son a chance in all forms of education according to ability. Now the alm is largely a group aim, in the words of the great Pasteur, training in a social group where each has opportunity for initiative for the public welfare. The failure attributed to democracy is a failure of the lower form of the democratic ideal; it was based on the erroneous idea of the equality of aif men, while the new form of the id=al is based on the psychological fact of individual differences. o speak of the fallure of democracy In education -is absurd; for this higher form has scarcely been tried. Fifth 1is the recognition that the higher results of learning are wonth while for their own sake, that eeuca- tion, like happiness and righteousness, is an end in itself. 2 Sixth is the recognition of the ‘Sclentific ideal and method in dduea- tion. What has already been achieved is no mean acquisition, quantitative results in regard to disease, in phys- ical and mental measurements, and-in Eoepacially notowarthe. 1o e devele: specially noteworthy is t] hymie= A ment of mental hy;