Evening Star Newspaper, December 19, 1926, Page 63

’ YALE WANTS $20,000,000 TO HELP STUDENT BODY Closer Contact With Teachers Is Essen- tial, Says President Angell—Larger Faculty Means HAT price college education? Not long ago James B. Duke gave $80,000,000 to Duke University in North Carolina. Harvard has re- cently rajsed $25,000,000 and is seek- ing several millions more. Prince- ton is in process of raising twenty | millions, Johns Hopkins is asking for | _fifty miilions, Pennsylvania for forty-| five millions, New York University for seventy-three millions and Yale for | twenty milllons. Has America gone | college-mad? ' What can the univer- sities do with all that money? Presi- dent James Rowland Angell has just answered the question for Yale. ale needs $20,000,000,” he said the other day when the question was put to him in his office at New Haven, “to make possible a closer and more inti- mate connection between the student | and the teacher. The student on the ground fs our one great obligation; he is the important element in the situa- tlon. It is our task to make the life here at Yale most helpful and most significant for him. “Education,” said President Angell, “is a personal process. The contact of young minds with mature ones, of questioning minds with those best fit- ted to supply, or at least to suggest, the answers, is the ‘one thing needful’ in the process of educatio Many Handsome Gifts. The rare generosity of the friends and admirers of Yale has given the university, he explained, a magnifi- cent outfit of buildings and material | equipment. When the new Sterling Library and other buildings now under | construction are completed, the Yale | plant will be unsurpassed. Its stu- dent body is made up of the best type of American vouth. The problem that confronts Yale is to maintain and steadily to improve the quality of the teaching that is given to these picked young men in this splendid plant. “We want,” declared the Yale presi- dent finer, not” a bigger, Yale. Quality, not quantity, is what we are after at New Haven. We do not be Jieve in mass production in education. We are concerned with the individual student. We are convinced that the best way to train him for life is to offer him contact with the best minds and the most inspiring personalities that we can gather together. To se- cure and keep such men for our fac- uity is an expensive process. The high cost of liviag and the Intense competition among_ colleges and uni- versities for the best men, to say nothing of the attractions offered by posjtions outside the educational fleld, make it so.” Yale turned away 769 candidates for the freshman class this year. These men were in large part excellent ma- terial of which any univrsity would be proud. Eighty of them had passed every examination and every test and were of the type that a few years ago would have been weicomed with open arms. They were refused admittance because the university will not yield to the lure of numbers. Each year some 500 men apply for admission to | the Yale sshool of Medicine, but onl 50 are admitted. Consequently there | are only 200 students in the whole | school, which might have 2,000 if all the applicants were admitted. In a day when more and more men are clamoring for university education, | Yale declares its purpose to give more education, but not to more men. Coaches and Professors. “What a great thing it would be.” #aid one Eli to another at the Yale Club in New York the other day, “if the faculty could give as much per- sonal attention to each student as ~oaches and trainers give to each foot ball player!” Something like that is just what Yale proposes to bring about. With a definitely restricted enrollment, some addition to the fac- ulty and certain modifications and Improvements of the teaching ar- rangements already under way. it will be possible to give the individual student the same Intimate personal attention that was once the rule. One innovation introduced at Yale, for the first time at any American university, is the organization of the Freshman Year asa full-fledged school in itself, through which every student of the college or the Sheffleld Scientific School must pass on his way to the sophomore year of his chosen school. There are about 850 freshmen. They live together in a group of freshman dormitories; they eat together in a freshman restaurant in the univer- sity dining hall they have their own dean and their own faculty. The student at Yale does not become a ‘ollege man or a Sheff man until he hecomes a sophomore. Until he chooses between the college and Sheff at the end of his first year, he is a freshman and nothing else. “The most important end sought in the creation of the Freshman Year,™ mays President Angell, “was the im- provement of teaching. We have se- cured that result by drafting into the faculty of the Freshman Year a large number of able and experienced teach- ers. Our effort is to secure for this critical period in the life of the uni- versity student men who have the magnetic qualities which appeal to young men, but who at the same time are scholars by training and by am- bition."” To get and keep money. That is why Yale is asking a million and a half, out of the $20,- 000,000 of the new endowment sought, a8 endowment for the freshman year. Counselor System Praised. tem established In connection with the f is an indispensable part of the experi- ment. That, too, costs money. The counselors” comprise 60 teachers of every rank from instructor to full professor. Fourteen or fifteen fresh- men are assigned at the begin- ning of the year to each counselor, who acts as guide, philosopher and friend to them. The coun selor, if he is the type of man de- scribed by Dr. Angell. takes his re #ponsibility seriously, but does not put too serious a note into his relations with his charges. His group of freshmen may contain men from Maine and New Mexico, from New York City and from Deer Run, from Groton and the Hill School, as well a8 from the high schoois of Wall Walla and Oskaloosa. They may in- clude born atbletes and natural stu- dents, good mixers and hermits, men of the world and fmmature ki The counselor’s task is to help them find themselves in their new surroundings It I8 to meet them informally outside the classroom, to suggest possibiliti and opportunities that Yale has to fer, to give - advice or subject from to love, from “heeling’ ews or playing the saxophone in the orchestra to the choice of courses for the next year, or the best book on the Linstein theorles. The counselor system coets money. The counsclors have been carrying on this work in addition to their regular teaching schedules. But this is undesirable, if the job of counsel ing 1s to be well and conscientiously done. A professor or instructor who ch men costs DAY BY WILLIS J. BALI.IN(EER. | | J ¥ nhigher education in America is | | breaking down, why fs it that of 1 ] the last five Presidents of the | 1 United States four wero college graduates and the other attended | college? |""Why is the president of the largest American bank today-—in fact, the fmpor- | Most powerful bank in the world—a | college graduate? Why {8 the president of the world's grestest corporation today—an Amert- can corporation—a college graduate? Why are our foremost lawyers, min- isters, financiers, even dramatists, col- lege graduates? More Expense. fore more endowment. “We consider it of special tance,” said Dr. Angell, “to make con- stant efforts to bulld up a strong staff | of able teachers for the freshman | year, composed especially of men who have the personal - qualifications to! serve as advisers to these new-fledged | Yale men just out of the preparatory STAR. WASH It costs on the average $5,000 to get a college diploma. A poor boy can get one for less and a rich boy can pay more. The cash value of this investment is put at $72,000. The net profit is $67,000. A college graduate gets 1400% return on his investment of College men have established themselves as leaders in all walks of life. The president of the General world—is a college graduate. The president of the world's largest bank is one. Judge Gary of Steel Corporation 18 another. In last four vears we have had thirteen new railroad presidents. Of the outgoing only two were college graduates; of the incoming seven Motors—largest corporation in ‘I get on in the world.” rshman year | school hatchery. This §s another rea- son why we must have more endow- ment for the freshman year.” Against Lockstep System. “The lockstep system of instruc- tion,” said President Angell. “is one of the most serious defects in Ameri- can university education. money to eliminate this serious evil The ‘lockstep’ keeps all the men In any given course moving at the pace set by the average student. It per- mits no more demand to be made on the bright boy than on the dullard. The dullard may have to run to keep up with the procession, but the bright boy cannot get ahead of the procession even If he wants to run. We must change all that.” Honors work is the method already introduced at Yale to break up this deadening system. The upper class- man of high standing is allowed to choose a fleld in which he wishes to speclalize. Under the guidance of an instructor he explores that fleld. He works at his own initiative and the amount of work he does depends upon his ability and his enthusiasm. When he needs advice, suggestions or spe- clal information he consults his men- tor. This may be once a week or it may be once a d: There is no limit v travel. ““Honors work, dent, “carries m said the Yale presl- its logical conclusion between the 1t will do closest possible contact teacher and the student. more than Ny we know to develop leaders. But it is expensive. A professor who was do- ing nothing else could handle at the most 20 honors men. To establish it on as broad a basis at Yale as we want to will mean the employment. of many more teachers, many of them in the higher ranks. To dg¢ this will in- evitably be costly Much Reading Required. Honors work means a lot of read- ing. The honors man does not get what he fs after, primarily, as does the regular student in the lecture room or the classroom. He must go to books—and hooks in large numbers. He will spend a large part of his working time in the library. The Sterling Memorial Library, now build- ing, which will be one of the finest things of its kind to be found any- where, will provide special facilities for honors work. There will be 400 stalls, in each of which a student can have his own desk for reading and study. The entire resources of the minimum of effort and trouble. “It will be a great workshop for scholars,” said President Angell, “as efficient as an up-to-date factory, and furnishing such facilities for work as Yale men have never known beforé. But the facilities will be of little use without an adequate staff of libra- rians, attendants and monitors. The men and women who make up .the stafft must be a carefully selected group, for in no small measure their duties will require both executive ability and scholarship. Such a staff will cost money. That is one of the main reasons w dowment of $3,500,000 for the library as a part of the endowment fund.” Ex-President Taft asked five years ago, “How do teachers live, anyway?" Tne question is still pertinent. “The Yale teacher,” said President Angell, “still plays a losing game with the cost of living. Salaries now average G0 per cent above the pre-war level, but the cost of living has in- creased still more. One year ago of- ficial figures of the United States De- partment of Labor showed that it was nearly 80 per cent above the level for 1913." Obviously the teacher’s salary, expressed in terms of purchasing power, is well below the pre-war scale. Nobody who knew the facts ever argued that that scale was high enough.” Yale does not intend, if it can help it, to let its standard of education suffer because of under payment of its teaching staff. Poorly paid teas ers will in the long run m: taught students. If it W devotion to an ideal and loyalty assumed obligation on the part of men on faculties this effect would al- ready have been felt in American col- leges and universities, Yale does not propose to have it felt at New Haven. “How would Yale man of the class of 1900, say,” asked President Angell, “like to have his son taught by an instructtor who is paid less than a plumber? We must be able to pay decent salaries in every grade, to promote men who have demon- strated that they belong in a higher rank, and to compete with other uni- versities, as well as with other call- ings, for the services of men of abil- ity and achievement.” Language Teaching Classes. One place where small divisions are imperative is in the department of Romance languages. This depart- ment s achieved striking results by ba its instruction on class- om tion, method to which classes are absolutely essential. From the outset men taking French or Spanish recite in these languages. Pride in their abil- ity to talk in a foreign tongue, how- ever haltingly, spurs them on, with with astonishing rapidity. The num- has nearly tripled under the new sy: tem, though than befa Advanced courses in Yale wants | to the speed at which the honors man | the Yale principle of maintaining the | other singla thing | Hbrary will be at his disposal with a | v we are seeking en- | ber of students taking these courses the work is far harder That is Chauncey M. Depew’s ver- dict on the worth of a college educa- tion and a reply to a recent sensa- tional indictment of our colleges. | Last week Roger Babson, one of the most highly respected, sanest and most eagerly listened to thinkers in America—a very conservative man, | accustomed to weigh his words—told me that higher education in America had broken down, and that unless conditions changed our colleges, un- der the spell of raccoon coats, big business foot ball, fraternities and proms, would be supplylng the nation with only sluggards, snobs, athletic morons and amusement-crazy youths. “Our colleges must make an’ about- { face at once or higher education is doomed.” he sald, perhaps recalling the prophecy of the British novelist, H. G. \ells, that a century from now | Harvard, Yale and Princeton would have been discarded by the sensible parent as the helght of Intellectual uselessness. A Real Veteran. Chauncey M. Depew is a coliege graduate of 70 years ago. When the great Whig party was launching its last candidate and the mighty tongue of Webster -had just been stilled in death, Mr. Depew entered Yale Col- lege, 1852 In public life for many vears, serving for 12 of these as United States Senator, one of the big business men of the nation, noted wit and afterdinner speaker, ‘regent of New York State University and mem- ber of the Yale Corporation, and to- day chairman of the board of one of our most powerful rallroad systems at 93 years young. Mr. Depew has en- | joved unusual opportunities to Jook | the nation over in its expansion and to know a great deal about the prog- vess of education in America. While 1 chatted with him I couldn’t stop reflecting, “He knew the great | emanctpator, heard Ingersoll's famous ‘plumed knight and armed warrior’ | speech, heard Henry Ward Beecher, William Lloyd Garrison, Wendell Phil- | lips lecture at Yale, knew intimately such figures of the past as Horace | Greeley, Willam M. Evarts, Roscoe | Conkling, Rufus Choate and every | President since 1860. | “Senator Depew,” I said, “Mr. Bab- | won says that our colleges are not pro- | ducing, not supplying the nation with | a proper quota of leaders. He feels | that our future leaders in America are | today out on the streets selling papers | or peddling their wares through train aisles. What do you think about that | charge?” T asked. . i College and Politics. “Well,” smiled Senator Depew, “‘the | way to get at the truth of that charge | 1s to make a brief survey of the Na- | tion. Hand me that blue book,” he | requested. I reached for a copy of the Con- | gressional Record of the Sixty-ninth Congress—the last Congress. g | " “This,” said Senator Depew, “will | tell what colieges are doing for poli- | ties. Let’s see if many of our public | men are college graduates.” | Here is what we fount | Nearly two-thirds of the Senate are BY HENRY W. BUNN. HE following is a brief sum- mary of the most important of the world for the seven days ended December 18. (My digest, in last Sunday’s issue, of the President's message to Congress having crowded out notice of several matters of importance, some of those matters receive belated | notice hereinatter.) | R Great Britain.—Two British medical | professors have accomplished a won- | derful feat of organic chemistry by | synthetically producing thyroxin, the hormone produced by the thyroid gland. Absence or imperfect func- tioning of the thyroid is responsible | for stunted growth and cretinism, and feeding with the gland itself or the thyroxin extracted therefrom has been the standard treatment since the func- tion of the gland was ascertained. But the avallable natural supply of the soverelgn remedy being obviously extremely limited, the treatment was applicable in only a small minority of cases. There should from now on be no more cretins or Tom Thumbs, | * k %k X France—I cannot forbear a word | about Claude Monet, whose death I | recorded baldly last week. To speak | of him as “the father of impression- {em" is but a crude characterization. J{e was, rather the apostle of light. He studied as none before him had done the variations in the aspects of | things under varying conditions of light, and exquisitely conveyed to canvas the results of his marvelous powers of observation. He added a great new domain to the Kingdom of Painting. You might say he multi- plied by teaching that new use of the the result that they make progress | eyes. On December 5 the entire popu- lation of the little seaport topm of Auray, in Brittany, turned out to celebrate the landing there 150 years before, of Benjamin Franklin en route were Our greatest dramatist. college graduates or have attended a college. Nearly two-thirds of the House are college graduates or have attended college. The President of the United States, Vice President, eight out of ten cab- inet officers, the Speaker of the House, and all the members of the Supreme Court are college graduates. “So much for the {nfluence of col- leges on our political leaders,” sald Senator Depew, as he closed the book. Then suddenly he switched positions with me. He became Interrogator, while I did the answering. “Whom do you think {s our greatest banker?” he asked. “Plerpont Morgan, undoubtedly,” I answered. “Well, he is a college graduate,” the Senator replied. “Whom do you think is our great- est dramatist Jugene O'Neil,” I answered. “He is a college graduate, too. “Whom do you think are our fore- most lawyers' “Charles Evans Hughes, John W. Davis, Elihu Root, Senator Borah, Senator Reed of Missourl and George W. Wickersham,” I answered. ‘“They are college graduates, all of them,” said the Senator. “Whom do you think are our lead- ing ministers’ “Fosdick, Cadman or Coffin." “College graduates, too,” smiled the Senator. “You see,” sald the Senator, ‘“col- leges are turning out leaders. Those Two-thirds of House and Senate are college graduates. All members of the Supreme Court, the President, Vice President, eight of the ten present cabinet officrs are college graduates. who attack our colleges today are not lobking at results which are visible all about us. 4 “A great many people are still won- dering if a college education greatly helps a man to attain high position in the world of business. Some time ago 1 clipped out of the paper an ar- ticle on this very query, ‘Does a Col- lege Education Pay?’ He concluded that a college man had 800 times the chance of distinguishing himself that one with only an elementary education has. “He pointed out thdt in the last four years no fewer than 13 rallroads have elected new presidents. Of the out- going president only two were college men. Of the incoming, seven were col- lege graduates. “The Raillway Age commented on this: “‘The chances of non-college men to come to the, top in rallroading are declining.’ “One writer said that less than one per cent of the American men have been college . graduates. Yet this small percentage has suplied 569% of our Presidents. 36% of the members of Congress. 47% of the Speakers of the House. An investigation by Boston Univer- sity Business School placed the cash value of a college education at $72,000; the average yearly incoms of the untrained man at $1,200 per annum, that of the high school grad- uate at $2,200, while that of the college graduate was put at $6,000. “Princeton University analyzed the A great increase in the use of pul- verized coal by American industries is predicted by H. A. Schaffer, con- servation engineer of the Portland Cement Assoclation. Mr. Schaffer bases his statement on the develop- ment of a new method of conveying which permits the carrylng of pow- dered coal about the manufacturing plant almost as though it were a Tiquid. The use of the easily ignited pulver- ized coal is not a new thing, but its success in the past has been limited by the rather clumsy machinery for carrying it frgm the grinding mills to the place of burning, Mr. Schaffer points out. Screw conveyor.and ele- vator systems have been proved more or less inefficient because of the mul- tiplicity of drives required to operate the various sections, which are of a limited length. “By means of the new method pow- dered coal may be easily introduced Guglielmo Marconl, waiting fn a room of a disused barracks on Signal Hill, St. Johns, Newfoundland, received the first wigeless signal transmitted across the ocean. “It is” says the great scientist, “‘a pleasing coincidence that almost exactly on the twenty- fifth anniversary ‘of the transmission of the first wireless transoceanic sig- nal' T have brought to frultion an- other far-reaching development in long-distance wireless communica- tion by the establishment of short- wave | stations, which practically constitutes a revolution in wireless communication.” And now, good peo- ple, for television. * k kX Lithuania.—Dispatches state that Lithuania has a dictator in the person of ex-President Smetana, who on Friday, supported by the army, or the greater part thereof, seized the pow- er, casting Premier Slezevicius and his cabinet into quod. Explanations differ as to the motives impelling Smetana to this course, but the most generally accepted one is that the chief motive was detestation of the Muscovite orfentation of the Sleze- viclus government. Further comment on this business had best be post- poned until the dust has subsided and the fact can be isolated from the mass of rumors. * % k X Geneva.—-So another obstacle block- ing the path to the millenfum has been leveled. The Council of the League of Nations met at Geneva on December 6 and adjourned December 11, having spent the interval almost exclusively in discussion of two ques- tlons; should a date be set for with- drawal from Germany of the Interal- ied Commission of Military Control, and, if so, what date? What should be the nature of League supervision to supercede that by the Interallied Commission, when or if the latter should be withdrawn? The Council found an answer to the latter ques- tion, deciding that a standing commit- tee of experts headed by a French Big Increase in Use of Pulverized Coal By American Industries Predicted into any existing plants_where high heats are required,” said Mr. Schaffer. “A screw pump equipped with a com- pressed-air shaft forces the coal along the pipe line, which may be curved around the plant at will. Changes in the height of the pipe line do not lessen the efficiency. The internal friction of the pulverized coal amounts to almost nothing, since each little grain is inclosed in an envelope of air. Consequently the black powder flows smoothly along for distances even greater than those required by the enormous industries of today.” Ireland’s Saorstat {s busy with its arrangements for paying off its debt to the United States. In 1920 the Irish Republican party floated in America a loan in aid of its movement, repayable when a republic was estab- lished. It issued a second loan at the end of the following year. The Legislature has authorized the finance minister to pay off these loans. which: date military supervision of Germany will be as just determined by the Council (see above). Meantime diplomatic negotations will continue on the questions of the fortifications and war material. Should the nego- tiations fail the League Council will settle the questions. Pending settle- ment of the question of the fortifica- tlons, work thereon will cease. Each of .the governments - represented in the Ambassadors’ conference may at- tach & special technical expert to its at Berlin. one must suppose that un- less the Germans are quite incredibl malign and subtle most of the pother that ended in the agreement was in the nature of elaborate face saving. Stresemann was enabled to “go home with the bacon” in the form of abolition of interallied military con- trol. While to his countrymen he should minimize the concessions in the comparison with the great boon won only after desperate struggle, and should show how those conces- sions smooth the path to far greater allied concessions ‘“as regards the Rhineland, etc.,” Briand, in justifying himself to his countrymen, would magnify the concessions and felicitate the world on_the new evidence that the spirits of Locarno and Tholry still live. As to Stresemann's concession of spectal military attaches he humor- ously added that for good measure. No informed person imagines that those warriors will learn much. The really important issue was that of the export of war material. No one could suppose that would be allowed to continue; the problem was to let Stresemann’_down gently, with as little loss of face as possible. Ap- parently those gentlemen at Geneva did their work ingeniously, humor- ously and well. * ¥ K ok United States—On December 9 the House passed, 295 to 39, the bill pro- viding salary Increases for Federal Jjudicial officers, and, having been passed by the Senate at the last ses- careers of its graduates of 1915 and found that ten years later the average income of members of the class was over $7,000. I have heard that William Lyon Phelps sald at a Phi Beta Kappa dinner that as far as he knew no Yale Phi Betta Kappa man had ever been a fallure in life. A good record in college hecomes a prétty good insurance that one will I noticed the famillar key of scholarship dangling from the watch chain of Senator Depew—-displayed so prominently that one could not help but infer that of the many deco- rations that have been showered upon him in the course of his fllustrious career the honor of being a Phl Beta | Kappa man is very dear to his heart. “A college education pays both in cash and culture. Our colleges are certainly supply the nation with lead- ers,” concluded the Senator. Defends Foot Ball. “But, Senator Depew, what do you think about the charge that big busi- ness foot ball is ruining our colleges intellectually, or that boys in college are deficient in character training?" “I don't beljeve it.” Senator Depew replled promptly. “Our colleges are making money out of foot ball, but that money is used to promote ath- letics for all the students. It {s foot ball that pays the way of other sports and makes it possibie to supply the equipment for interclass sports. If foot ball didn’t pay for that, tuition bills might have to. Furthermore, our foot ball players must keep up in their lessons. Thelr intellectual develop- ment is not suspended during the foot ball season. Only a year or so back wasn't the captain of the Yale foot ball team taken off the team be- cause his marks were low? No, the foot ball tail is not wagging the dog of education.” “But what about the charges that our colleges are too full of social dis- tractions and amusement—that these evil influences are developing, on the wholesale, snobs and sluggards?” I asked. “I haven't found it so With the THREE INDUSTRIES HERE Factory Rank BY WILL P. KENNEDY. 'HEN industries are mention- ed the minds of men auto- matically vision Pittsburgh or Detroit or Bridgeport, and yet right here in Wash- ington we have three outstanding in- dustrial plants that, for importance of service rendered. are not matched | anywhere else in the world—the Bu- reau of Engraving and Printing and the Government Printing Office, which stand peerless as the largest printing establishments in the world, and the Naval Gun Factory, at the Washing- ton Navy Yard, which is the Navy’ unique plant turning out intricate mechanism for the Nation's defense. These three plants, employing more than 12,000 persors, show that while the National Capital is not an indus- trial city in which the atmosphere is beclouded with smoke and beautiful bulldings and monuments thereby de- faced, and though we are free from the shame of attenuated and emaci- ated and pinched features of prema- turely old child laborers, we do have here the highest class of mechanical labor, skilled artisans, doing superior work. For size, number of employes and value of output, the Bureau of En- graving and Printing is the world’s premier printing establishment. Its principal product is negotiable paper of high monetary value. There are 5,161 employes, representing 22 trades, which run the range from the ordi- nary mechanic, such as a bricklayer, plumber and gasfitter, to those in which a small number of especially clever craftsmen are employed, such as plate printers, transferers and eu- | gravers. Under Expert Management. It is' not generally known that 60 per cent of the bank note engravers of the world are employed in this one college men 1 have met,” “replied Senator Depew. “A very substantial percentage of the boys attending college today In the country are work- ing their way through. This applies especially to Yale, Harvard and Princeton. That fact shoudd counter- act the many false rumors that the big universities afford education only for the rich. Life More Interesting. “Boys are just as serious today as they were in my day. The only differ- ence is that they have more to think about today. Higher education today is infinitely better and furnishes more opportunities for life than it did when I entered college 70 years ago. “When I graduated from college, it was either the law, the ministry or medicine for the graduate. To- day there are 3,000 occupations open to the college graduate. Life is fuller today than it was 70 years ago. Boys are working just as hard, thinking just as much about their futures, as the students of 70 years ago. But modern life is much more complicated. We can’t be so prosperous and not want to play a little. Our colleges are not amusement crazy. Life in col- lege has merely become more inter- esting. But so Has life in general. “‘Our colleges are making men, and useful men. Our colleges are supply- ing the Nation with leaders. Our colleges are not amusement parks nor incubators of snobe or sluggards. nd Spanish are conducted|to Paris as commissioner from our like courses in English literature. In| confederation of thirteen States. It one French course 19 plays are read | {s probably true that Franklin is a slon, the bill went to the President. general should hold itself in readiness It calls for increases as follows: Sal- to enter Germany and make a speclal in the first semester and 10 novels in the second. The average assign- ment in a novel is between 60 and| 90 pages. Recitations, themes and aminations are all conducted in rench and Spanish, and_students |are being graduated from Yale who not only read these languages with joyment and apprectation, but| ave the confidence to speak them. While these noteworthy results are partly due to a remarkable corps of | language teachers, the indispensable | factor 1s a class of not more than 20 | men. mall dlvisions mean more teachers; more teachers mean more | money. Yol does mot propose to stand | still,” said President Angell, with em- ! phasis. “A university which is not| perpetually improving is, if not dead, at least in mortal danger. The most vital point for improvement is in the quality of its teaching. So Yale is| asking not one dollar for buildings, | but $20,000,000 for better education. | We must pay more nearly adequate salaries to our teachers, we must sub-| stantially enlarge our faculty, we must provide the larger staff de-| manded by our new library. We must provide it with adequate funds for! acts as a counselor should have a Jighter teaching schedule than he did hefore the system was introduced This means a larger freshman facul- 1y, and eve dditign 1o the Taculty wmeans mor penditure and there- the purchase of needed books. Only the best is good enough for Yale men We intend to give them the very hest education in the world. All| that will mo! ~ Hence the endowment fund camphign.” greater name to conjure within ¥rance than among us. Franklin arrived in Paris December 22. * ok k% Germany.—On Triday the “Little Coalition” government (People’s par- ty, Democrats, Centrists), headed by Chancellor Marx, was defeated, 249 to 171, on a lack of confldence motion offered by the Soctalists. For some time the Socialists, under the leader- ship of Dr. Schneldemann, one-time chancellor, had been violently attack- ing the government, chiefly on ac- count of the minister of defense, Dr. Gessler, whom they charged with making the Reichswehran instrument of reaction. The Nationalists sup- ported the motion on quite different | grounds, hoping for. a Right govern- ment. The Marx government, of course, resigned, and the resignation has been accepted, but it will carry on pending formation of a new gov- ernment, which is not likely to take place for some weeks. Having over- thrown the government, the Reichs- tag adjourned to January 19. Here is a situation of very great interest and importance. Supposea Right gov- ernment; would that mean prejudice to the recent agfeements struck at Geneva, to development pursuant to Thoiry ? * Haly.—December 12 was the twen investigation whenever ordered to do 80 by the Council upon lodgment of specific allegation of German offend- ing under the disarmament provisions of the treaty. “See article 213 of the treaty.” The Council of Ambassadors at Paris, acquiescing in representations by Marshal Foch, informed the League Council that it could mnot recommend withdrawal of the Interal- lied Commission, seeing that German fulfiliment of the disarmament clauses of the treaty was lacking in two im- portant particulars; two instances of flagrant positive offending. Namely, certain fortifications “‘at Koenigsburg, Kuestrein and elsewhere” over against Poland had been greatly added to and improved, and Germany had been and was exporting very considerable quantities of partly finished war ma- terfal—especially to Russia and Sweden—the latter obviously a species of evasion with unlimited pos- sibilities unless effectively dealt with. The League Council, as a council, threw up their hands in despair and adjourned, but the most important of the Council members, ‘“namely, the representatives of France, Great Brit- ain, Germany, Italy, Belglum and Ja- pan,” stayed on at Geneva in confer- ence, and within 24 hours had achieved a settlement as follow: The Interallicd Commission of Mili- tary Control will he withdrawn from J ! ty-fitth anniversary of the day that Germany on January 31, next, from ary of Chiet Justice of the Supreme Court from $15,00 to $20,500 a year; of associate justices, from $14,500 to $20,000; of circuit judges, from’ $8,500 to $12,500; of District judges from $7,600 to $10,000. Corresponding in- creases are granted to judges of the Court of Claims and of the District of Columbia Court of Appeals and to members of the board of general ap- praisers at New York. The treaty which proposes to out- law the use of poison gas In interna- tional warfare and which was signed |&! at Geneva by representatives of 30 nations has been referred back by the Senate foreign relations com- mittee for an indefinite period; and the general opinfon is that the Senate and the treaty will never meet again. It is of note that Gen. Pershing declared himself in favor of the treaty. House and Senate have voted to drop impeachment proceedings against former Federal District Judge George W. English, who resigned under charges. E. C. Plummer, vice chairman of the United States Shipping Board, testified before a Senate committee the other day that there was a loss of $3,456,000 in operation of the United States lines in 1924 and that opera- thereof would show a. loss for 6 of about $1,496,000. He declared la subsidy of some sort to be neces- sary for development of the American Education is all right in America. If I had a boy, I would send him to college and give him a great oppor- tunity.” (Copyright. 1926.) | The Story the Week Has Told mercantile marine and that Govern- ment operation of commercial ship- ping is inevitably inefficient and un- economical in comparison with private operation. The annual report of the Secretary of Agriculture points out that there was u net reduction of 479,000 in our farming population in the year Despite the slump in cotton prices because of the super-bumper crop apd that in some States the Spring wheat crop was poor, the agricultural situ- ation as a whole, says the Secretary, showed further ' moderate improve- ment during 1926. In especial, live stock raisers d dairymen had a good year. Winter wheat made a good showing and ‘“underlying con- ditfons in the corn belt” looked up. In the corn belt there is a tendency toward a better balance between corn production and hog production, an excellent sign. The sheep industry is enjoying its fifth consecutive good year. The 1926 wheat crop of 840,- 000,000 bushels is larger by 174,000,000 bushels than that of 1925, as against a_decline of 130,000,000 bushels in the Eurqpean crop. The Secretary strongly urges “big business” organization for the agri- cultural industry to effect the required ‘Washington plant, 50 per cent of the transferers and 70 per cent of the plate printers. Right here it should be emphasized that this great indus- trial plant is under expert manage- ment, for, while A. W. Hall, the direc- tor, is not a technical man, he has at least two of his asslstants who came up from the ranks of mechan- ical labor. John J. Deviny, who is in charge of production, entered the bureau as an | apprentice. He scraped out ink buck- | ets and washed rags, and gradually worked his way up. He has been honored by being elected international | president of the Printing Plant Execu- tives’ Assoclation of the World—the | highest office obtainable in his lin> of | work. Another assistant director is H. Preston Dawson, a practical engraver, | who was formerly superintendent of | the engraving division and who has spent his lifetime in the business and is now in charge of service. Such administrative officers have proved to be inspirational to em- ployes, besldes getting most efficient | {service from the plant, because every lone, all up and down the line, knows the business from the ground up. The paper money turned out by th2 Bureau of Engraving and Printing is the best in the world. There is less of it counterfeited than any other paper money. Also, we have more paper money in circulation in Amer- ica than in any other country. All of this is attributable” to the excellence of the product—due to the process and to the skill of the craftsmen who ap- ply the process. The work of the bureau’s engravers is so delicate, and with the cream of the craft employed there, that out- side efforts to duplicate the work are €0 clumsy in comparison as to be soon detected as counterfeit. Most of the attempts to counterfeit are photo- mechanical. It is difficult to reproduce the steel plate intaglio process of en- graving and printing by photo-me- chanical means. It is inadequate for reproductipn purposes. Various Types Employed. In the making of the original die from which steel plates are made dif- ferent types of engravers are employ- ed, no one of whom is competent to match the work of the other crafts- | men. One makes the portrait, another the block lettering, another the scroll work, another the signatures. So the net result is that the face of a dollar bill represents the highly specialized work of some half dozen exxpert en- gravers, and there s no one engraver, even in this Federal bureau, who ha the skill to reproduce one of these bills. In addition to our own supply of paper money, it may be interesting to note that 84 per cent of all the paper money used in other countries is made in the United States in private con- cerns. With the cream of the craft employed in the Bureau of Engraving and Printing, it can be readily seen why our paper money is the best in all civilization. Again, in the matter of ink is em- phasized the superiority of this plant’s product. It makss the ink it uses and it uses the stupendous' amount of 53 tons a week. It has to have peculiar propert§es, which cause it to stand in rellef from the paper, thus producing a cameo impression. It must have qualities that render it immune to economies in production and distribu- tion. ‘There should be a separate or- ganization for each basic farm prod- uct. The problem of surplus is to be solved through control of production and co-operative marketing. The membership of co-operatives Is three times what it was in 1915. In 1915 the business of co-operative assocla- tions had the total value of $635,800,- 000; the 1925 total was about $2.400,000,000. ‘The Secretary describes the rubber- growing experiment by our Depart- ment of Agriculture in Halti. The average production per tree is found to equal that in the Fast Indles. ““There i3 no question as to the feasi- bility of commercial production of rubber in Haiti if a suitable system can be established.” This year's award of the Woodrow ‘Winson Foundation, of which Norman H. Davis is president, carrying a medal and the sum of $25,000, goes to Ellhu Root, in recognition of his labors toward world peace, culminating in his pre-eminent contribution toward establishment of the World Couart. ‘THis is the second award by the foun- dation. The first went to Lord Robert Cecil in 1924. There was no award last year. The Nobel peace prize for 1926 has been made jointly to M. Briand and r. Stressemann. The Nobel prize for 1925 has been jointly awarded to Gen. Dawes and Sir Austen Cham- berlain. Besides the Nobel prize in recogni- tion of work furthering world peace and brotherhood, there are annual Nobel prizes for achievements in physical science, in chemistry, in medi- cal science and physiology and for the ‘r(nnst remarkable idealistic literary work. Alfred Nobel, who died in 1896, left the bulk of his fortune of the equiva- trust for the five prizes. vented dynamite, blasting gelatin and sundry other detonating or explo- sive combinations. just in the to pay oft’ ick of time to enable him e mortgage on his Nor- One of the four prize |employ: iwes, water, €0 that it will not blur when wet. In other words, it must be of an outstanding, permanent, lasting char- acter. In other supplies, as in the matter of ink, the Bureau of Engraving and Printing 1s almost entirely self-sus- taining. This has to be so, because if there was any temporary suspen- sion of the Bureau's production, due to failure to receive needed supplies, it would have a very serious and adverse effect on the financial business of the country. Probably the greatest portrait en- graver who ever lived devoted his ex- traordinary talents to beautification of the currency of the United States. This was the late F. C. Smillle. An- other pertrait engraver of surpassing ability was the late Lorenzo Hatch. ‘Women Also Engaged. About 3,000 women are giving Uncle AMONG GREATEST IN U. S. Engraving and Printing Bureau, Govern- ment Printing Office and Naval Gun With Biggest. $3.200,000 for something like 2 tons. Fifteen tons of metal are used dally on typesetting machines. A special plant_has a monthly output of 11,500 pounds of paste, flexible glue and gums. A ‘While this great industrial plant called a printing office, there are a great many employes there who are not engaged in the printing business For instance, thers are closé to. .1' acres of floor space in the Governme Printing Office, which naturally ca! for employes to keep it in conditior The superintendent of construction and maintenance, who is a graduate of the \Massachusetts Inatitute - of ‘Technology, has charge of the care of buildings, and under him are drafis men, machinists, electriclans, carpe: ters, blacksmiths, tile setters, pipe fit ters, sheet metal workers, plumbers and electrical engineers. In addition to these trades and pr fessions, the plant also has linotyps and monotype operators, linotype and monotype machinists, Ludlow ma chine operators, proofreaders, book- binders, pressmen, stereotypers, elec trotypers, photo-engravers, paper cut ters, expert accountants and book- keepers, stenographers and typists and clerical help of all descriptions. A complete laboratory is maintained for the testing of all stock, material and supplies used. Under the direc tion of a chief of tests, who has charga of this laboratory, practically all of the ink used in the Government Print ing Office is manufactured. In addi tion, this laboratory has undertaken the manufacture of writing, mimeo graph and multigraph inks for use by other Executive Departments in the Capital. Here are also manufactured rollers for presses in the Government Printing Office, which number abou: 4,000 per year. Prints All Postal Cards. All postal cards used in the United tes are printed in the Government Printing Office. Three recently i stalled presses turn out an average of 6,400 cards per minute. It also prints all the money orders, an average of more than 190,000,000 forms printed yearly. In fact, the Postoffice Depart ment is one of the best patrons of this plant, which delivered to that depart- ment 1,608,000,000 post cards during l.h_e past year, using approximately 6,500,000 pounds of cream bristol stock. More than 320,000,000 money orders, each with a potential value of $100, were printed last year, and not a single money order has been lost or stolen during the 19 years this plant has been doing the job. The Postoffice Department also or- dered 182,000,000 "registered, insured and C. O. D. mail notices, more than 30,000.000 registry receipt cards, 35. 000,000 return receipt cards, §0,000,000 special delivery receipts, 22,000,000 change of address slips, 5,000,000 re- mittance letters and 11,000,000 folders. ‘To produce 401,000 agricultural yea: books annually the following material is uses 7.350 vards of vellum for cov ering purposes, 167,500 pounds of binder board for cases, 4,100,000 sheets of super-calendered paper, 9,618,000 sheets of machine-finish paper, 100,500 sheets of machine finish for waste leaves and 580 spools of thread. Income tax blanks call for 30 dif ferent forms, for which 31,000,000 blanks are printed on blue, white, vel- low and salmon-colored paper; 3,5 | 538 heets of paper in different sizes are used to allow our patriots involun tarily to support the Government. An apprentice school has been es. tablished in which 200 young men are * receiving intensive training, under competent instructors, as printers, bookbinders, pressmen, machinists, photo-engravers, electrotype and stere- otype finishers and electrotype mold- ers. The public printer, George H. Car- ter, is the world's largest bookseller, distributing 60,000,000 publications yearly, and maintaing a stock of 30,- 000,000 which includes almost every subject of human interegt. The re- ceipts from sales amount to more than a half million dollars a year. Here is the most complete file of Govern- ment publications. numbering 350,000, and the largest library of its kind in existence. 5 A daily newspaper Is printed here also, covering the verbatim proceed- ings of the prevous day in Congress. On one occasion 140 pages of this Congressjonoal Record were cast into stereotype plates in 128 minutes. The Congresslonal Record made 12 volumes of more than 1,000 pages each last vear, and cost nearly a half million dollars—to be exact, §47 5. Health Agencies Established. . To take care of such a large work ing force in a humanitarian way modern health and social agencies have been established within the plant. There s a hospital in which an average of 16,000 treatments are given to injured or sick employes yearly by two physiclans and three nurses in attendance. The emploves own and direct the operation of a cafeteria which seats 1.000 persons at one time and serves 3,000 meals every working day. To this are attached for recreational purposes a large hall bowling alleys, shower baths, reading and rest rooms. Harding Hall has a seating capacity of 1,200, with aw artistic stage. ~Here employes and their families enjoy moving pictures, entertalnments and lectures. Unusually interesting machinery and processes are seen in the bindery. A casemaking machine, to make clot! covers for books, handles a roll of bookcloth approximately 300 yards long, cut to the desired width, passes it through a glue pot which evenly spreads a coat of glue on the Furface, to which a pair of boards are-ae curately set; the cloth turned over the edge and the completed covers d livered at the rate of approximately 30 per minute. Presses to stamp the gold or colored lettering on the sides and backs of cloth book covers are equipped, with an attachment that feeds the gold leat across the cover, saving the opera tions of preparing the cases, cutting Sam very skillful and efficient service |and laying the gold, and cleaning off in the Bureau of Engraving and Print- | the surplus after the stamping, all of ing, as counters and examiners, han-'| which are hand operations. dling money, postage stamps and other money-value paper. By the process employed on this press the ‘Women are | gold leaf, which has been laid on rolls also skilifully engaged in the actual [of thin paper approximately 100 feet work of making money as plate print- | long of any desired width, is automat- ers’ assistants, ‘There ically drawn through the press urtll 1s a growing knowledgs | the stamping is accomplished, the among the public about this intensely ! wasth being rewound and saved. interesting Government industrial Another machine automatically plant, due to the fact that people from |gathers and assembles the foided all over the Union are now visiting the | sheets of the book. side-stitching the money printery at the rate of 285,000 [ same with wire and attaching a cov: a year. There are now more visitors [ with glue. ‘These machines will As. to the Bureau than to any other Gov- | Semble a book as thick as an inch: ang ernment building, not excepting the |& half and dellver copies at the,rate Capitol or White House. The Easter Monday throng broke all one-day rec- ords—5,198 persons. To handle such a crowd without interference with the of approximately 45 per mingte, Paper-Ruling Machines. ~-;<vws A dual or double paper ruling wa- work of the more than 5,000 employes | ¢hine rules lines and patterns of most a gallery runway has been specially |1 built for use by the sightseers. ntricate designs lengthwise and cross- wise of the sheet at one operation at Our other gigantic printshop that |& very rapld speed. The machine is lent of nearly nine million dollars in|dwarfs anything else in the world is |equipped with an automatic feeder, $12,000,000 plant is entirely inade- quate, and for which Congress has al- Nobel in-|the Government Printing Office, whose | Which passes the sheets under the ruling pens. . Another machine folds a large dou- ready authorized extensive additions. [ble sheet, assembles the two parts, The prize money comes to Briand [ The equipment alone is valued at |Stitching the same into a paper cover $3,000,000. The annual cost of opera- | tion is $12,000,000. Thera.are 4.100 The paper biil N)n- last year was , representing some 30 trades, | of doesn’t meed the money | with a vearly pay roll of $8,250,000. | M n one operation. The process of marbling the edges oks is a very old and clever 04 of coloring with desizns which