Evening Star Newspaper, October 10, 1926, Page 51

RAIL LAW MAY PROMOTE ERA OF COMPANY UNIONS Predicted That “Big Four” Alone Will Be Able to Prese darity Under ROFOUND changes in the or- ganization of railroad workers are likely to result from the administration of the new law, which . has set up a_ Rallway Medijation Board in place of the old Railroad Labor Board. M Samuel E. Winslow of Worcester, Mass., former chairman of the House committee on interstate and forelgn, commerce. 18 recognized as an authority on all questions affecting common Promotion of system or unfons.” as against the interests of national unfons, are looked for by some authorities. This possible effect of the new law may have been visloned by some of those who were instrumental in having the statute enacted at the time it was under discussion before Congress, but it cer- tract general arten- words, it is a pretty big surprise to most people, even those directly affected. Argument Behind Theory. The reasoning hack of this theory s, briefly, as follows: Tnder the new law railroad labor disputes are supposed to be submitted first to adjustment boards representing both sides. If this process fails either or both sides can appeal to the Railway Mediation Board. But railroad labor organizations suddenly have found the question of how adjustment boards shall be organized a Ve dif- ficult problem. Representatives of a score of these organizations met here last week to consider this matter. The organizatfons, as a whole, would like national boards. but the rallroads generally desire system boards. - As a result, the stronger of the labor organizations will do busi- ress with the carriers through re- gional adjustment boards and the weaker unions through system hoards. This, at least, 1s the prediction of a natfonal authority on railroad labor conditions. “Unless T am away off the track,” he said, “the ‘Big Four' brotherhoods, alone of the national railroad labor or- ganizations, will be able to preserve their national solidarity under this new law. The others, however suc- cessful they may be in retaining the outward appearance of national or- ganizations, will really be broken up into system organizations of the com- pany unions.” 16 Rail Labor Groups. There are 16 national railroad labor ? The “Big Four" brotherhoods are those which repre gent the trainmen, the conductors, lo comotive engineers ind the enginerien and firemen. The “Big Four” carry on negotiations with the carrlers con- cerning labor questions through three reglonal adjustment boards cne with headquarters her cond with head quarters in New York and -the third at Chicago. This arrangement. which existed before the passage of the new law, will be continued The difficulty with some of the other organizations which would like to do heads the new board, and v | in New England. rve National Soli- New Statute. business through regional adjustment boards is that certain railroads do not recognize some of the national organi- zations, because - their workers . in several classifications are in company unions. These carriers would not take part, therefore, in the mieetings of adjustment boards which repre- sented the unions unrecognized by them. The trend toward promotion of sys- tem adjustment’ hoards and company unions is said to be especially marked The clerks on the Boston and Maine and New Haven Railroads, for example, have agreed to system boards. | " Difficulties Foreseen. The situation also has its difficul- | ties for the new Railway Mediation Board, whose first case involves wage increases for railroad workers on Eastern lines. When a case reaches the board the latter first attempts to ket both sides together and to agree mutually upon a settlement. If this fails, the board seeks to persuade both' sides to agree to arbitration by hoard of three, one representing each side and the third, or impartial arbitrator, appointed by the board. If this also fails and the board decides a strike or lockout may result which would constitute a public emergenc; because of its interruption to trans portation, the President would be so notified and he would appoint an emergency fact-finding board. If this hoard could not effect a settlement, its report would be published in an ef- fort to influence public opinion by lacing the responsibility. The Rail- { way Mediation Reard is strictly a me diator. without any mandatory power or authority to make any decision. The hoard has appointed-a subcom- mittee consisting of Chairman Wins- low and Commissioner Hanger to meet representatives in the Eastern car- riers’ case in New York next week. Preliminary conferences already have taken place botween the board and representatives of both sides. The bhoard’s policy in all its negotiations is to proceed without publicity. Suc in influencing a settlement in its first case will go far to establish the new board in the confidence of railroad managers gind workers. ‘Wage Demands Expected. A general movement among railroad workers for increased wages a re- sult of prosperous railroad conditions is reported. This means more work and more difficulties for the Winslow board. On top of this certain of the railroads conspicuon oppo- sition to the new i have not vet recognized it. it is understood, and there is said to be no clear way of making them do so. As a general proposition, however the board of which Winslow is chai; man has commanded the respect so of both railroad management and r: road labor organizations, and ha ziven evidence of a firm intention to ct as an impartial, judicial bods without the delayvs commonly assocl ated with judiciai procedure in this country. U. S. FAST LEARN ING ITS PART IN ROLE OF CREDITOR NATION BY E. H. H. SIMMONS. President of the New York Stock F.xchange. It was inevitable that sooner or later the United States would hecome @ great creditor nation. The practical effects of the war, however, were o force within a brief period an eco- nomic development in the United States, which under other ~um stances might well have required half century or more. And thi found and tremendous significant transformation of the international economic status of the United & has come suddenly upon a nation al- most wholly unpfepared for it by ex- perience, economic interest or tional outloc The present is, therefore, an age of transition. no less in the United State: than in Europe. Amer it th crossroads of ange in her economic polic; and_interests. Her great internal task of coloniza- tion and development by no means finished, nor will it probably be for yet some generations. Nevertheless the United States is once again facing outward. The century-old spell of absorption in settling our great coun try {s not yet altogether broken, never- theless, it Is mingled with a broader vision of the modern world. and a wider_realization of the part which the United States must play in it. This viewpoint, so natural and tradi- tional to Europe, means with us the reversal of habits of thought and cus- toms which have dominated us for almost one hundred vears. Such shifts in natlonal viewpoints take tim Exactly what part the United Siates will play In the world of tomorrow de- pends on the collective wisdom of Burope as well as on our own. Surely it material prosperity is any necessary basls for this, the United States should fulfill a_constructive role as creditor nation in the coming years. an unylelding regime of Federal econ- omy so constantly maintained by President Coolidge and Mr. Mellon, the economic burdens of war in the United States are rapidly being abated, and tradi- | Under | taxation here is steadily lightening. | Had a less courageous and wise at. |titude regarding our Government | inancing been undertaken after the war the United States would by no { means be in the sound financial con- { dition which it at present enjoy: | Yet the role of creditor nation is ill very new to us, nor have we had time to learn much about it, in the in- tense haste and pressure of the past yaprecedented 10 years. So far sas | sound forejzn securities can be floated and sold in the Uhited States, the | process should serve to facilitate the | composure of the difficult financial | problems of many European govern- | ments, to provide European industr with much equipment and materials, and serve to restore in Europe as sat’ ctory conditions to the average and perhaps in time even more satlsfactory conditions—than those which obtained hefore 1914. It is par- ticularly necessary, T feel, for America to henefit in this work Ly the longer and ampler experience of the creditor nations of 1urope—particularly, of course, that of Great Britain. Already there has heen extensive in- vestment by small American investors in foreign government bonds, which has proved a very constructive and stabilizing factor to Continental na- tions. In the United States our large Government_war loan flotations tre- mendously broadened the investing public by creating a new class of security buyers. These new investors need the maximum protection which organized finance can throw about them, and in the United States much financial technique of a new order is needed to further such a policy. The American investor has already ceased to be a supporter only of the Amer- ican Government and American busi. ness enterprise. Properly led and properly safeguarded in his invest- ments, he can exert an even wider and more constructive influence in the restoration of economic prosperity abroad. (Copyright. 1926.) German Confiscation Referendum Demonstrates Republican Strength BY GEN. Commander of the, HENRY T. ALLEN. American Army on the Rhine. Since the revolution of November s in Germany have been more hectic than that on which the recent referendum vote for the conflscation of the roval estates took The clamor by the Commu. Soclalists and most of tha Democrats and Centrals for the ex- vropriation of the landed properties of four kings and of four times was manifested by the fact that three times the number of signatures re quired for holding a referendum wa.: obtained. The estimated value of the property that the 12,000,000 peti- tioners wanted surrendered to the state is §120.000,000. The text of the referendum, on which the Germans cast their votes, stated: “The German people, through popular initiative and referendum decree the following law—The entire fortune of the princ who have ruled in any of the German states until the revolution of 1918, as well as the entire fortune of the princely houses, thelr familles and family members, are confiscated without compensation in the interest of the general welfare. The confiscated property is to be used to ald the unemployed, the war invalids and the war widows and orphans. those dependent upon the public, the needy victims of inflation, the agri- cultural laborers, etc.” It would be needless to comment on the influ- | 1 distribution of the ence that such proceeds would have on a very large number of voters. As a result of the voting about 15,000,000 approved the confiscation, while only 500,000 opposed it. Under the terms of the law, a majority of | all the voters of the empire, or about 20,000,000, were necessary to make the vote effective in the Relchstag. Abstention of the opponents of con- fiscation defeated the measure, yet | the animosities and hatreds evoked v this election, as well as the issue stake, will make it noteworthy in the history of Republican Germany. The 15000000 votes in favor of taking the property of the former ruling heads without compensation | approximates the Republican party vote in the German presidential elec- tions in the Spring of 1925 when the | total vote cast was roughly 30,000,- 000, and is interpreted as a guar- antee of the continuing of the pres- ent regime, despite the failure of the measure to receive the required vote. The new compromise bill. already { presented in the Reichstag, s de- | veloping an unusual interest among | all parties, but whatever its fate the | langer accumulated during the refer- | {endum vote will continue in evi- | dence in the German Parliament. | Fortunately an equilibrium is being | established between the Right and Left parties. | All in'all, the republic seems to have come out of the issue thus far with a renewed hold. Confidence in its' stability is manifested by the very considerable advance in Ger- man securities of all kinds. 5.0 Short, But Sufficient. From the Boston Evening Transcript. “Tunney Mounts the Ladder of Fame.” And only a ten-round ladder at that, 7 | get BY HENRY W. BUNN. HE following is a brief sum- mary of the most important news of the world for the seven davs ending October 9: The British Empire.—The British coal miners have turned down, by a vote of 737,000 to 42,000, Mr. Baldwin's proposal contemplating a compromise between the method of national agreement (which the min- ers want) and the method of district agreements (which the owners want) lin wage determinations. Most friends of Britain will regret the miners’ action, since it opens up the probability, after a period of great bitterness not impossibly _involving disorders, of a complete present vic- tory for the owners, with ultimate sequences disastrous to the own- , to the industry, to the realm. As the strike continues, the Germans grow more and more confident (and with ever-increasing justification) of permanently holding _the —markets taken over from the British. Following the vote above noted, the delegates’ conference of the minors passed by a large majority a vicious resolution in favor of withdrawing the safety men from the mines. Pre- sumubly action in this sense will not be. taken without prior approval by the whole body of the miners. The Imperial Alrways Co. expects to operate. commencing January 1, a commercial airplane service, ~from Cairo, Egypt, te Karachi, India, via Bagdad and Basra (both in Irak or Mesopotamia), the enterprise to be subsidized during its first five years by the British government. The fare from Cairo to Karachi will be about $£360, this to cover meals and sleeping accommodations during the night stops. The British government is having “sky transports” built for use {on the frontiers of Irak. They will have a speed of 104 miles per hour, and each will be able to carry 23 fully armed and equipped soldiers besides its crew, gunracks and folding seats being provided. A squadron of these craft will be able to rush 200 soldiers to a danger spot in a few hours, as against several days using ordinary desert transport In almost every respect Canada is in a place of buovant prosperity. It is said that since the outbreak of the great war, United States invest- ments in Canada have increased by perecnt. During the last fiseal vear Canadian exports went up 26 per cent in value, imports 18 per cent, the favorable trade balance exceeding that of the previous year by 36 per cent. There was, moreover, a very encouraging increase in the earnings of the Canadiun Pacific Rallway and the Canadian National Railway The Hon. Vincent Massey has been designated as the first minister from da to the United States. Mr. ey will take up his residence at hington after his return to this | side of the water from London, where | he will participate in the imperial | conference to open October 19. The | Canada legation at Washington would | quite separate from the British Em- | and will deal with purely Can- rican relations, * ok ok X Belgium.—Very little is revealed to us of the process of development un- der the Belgian program of fiscal and financial rehabilitation guided by King Albert as economic dictator. The Belgian franc goes up and down in sympathetic relation to the French franc. Today we are told that theJcourse, grand effort for definite stabiliza- tion of the Belgian franc will be made at once with the aid of a foreign loan of the equivalent of $60,000,000 or more, at least half to be floated in New York; tomorrow it is announced that the operation is to be again post- poned pending the French effort of like nature. * ok ok K France and Germany.—No doubt Dr. Stressemann's assertion _at Geneva importing German innocence in re- gard to the origin of the war was merely an amiable by-product of a “bierabend,” but, in the interest of that Franco-German accord which Stresemany has declared to be the grand goal of his policy and the pas- sionate desire of his life, it were well that the logomachy so started should be ended at once. Stresemann had fhe unhappy Inspiration the other day to drag Mr. Coolidge into the contro- versy. He quoted Mr. Coolidge to the effect that it was Europe’s economic troubles that plunged the world jnto war. The proper comment on this is the tritest of truisms; namely, that a quotation apart from its complete text, or in a connection foreign to the ariff of the speaker or writer, is apt to be the most misleading thing in the world. But, the whole controversy is ster- ile and its prosecution can only dam- age the prospect of tRat Franco-Ger- man accord no doubt desired by Dr. Stresemann and by the great ma- jority of both the French and the German peoples. We must assume that Stresemann is merely awkward and not malev- olent; that there is no justification for the charge made by some of the French journalists that the sole ob- ject of Germany in joining the league Wwas to bore from within, to under- mine the treaty.” On that assumption of Stresemann’s good faith, a_state- ment made by him at the recent con- gress of the National People’s party is of extraordinary importance, in- dicating, as it does, that at last the People’s party (the party of the great industrialists) has definitely ~and irrevocably cast in its lot with the republic. “W& (of the People's party) loved the proud past of old Germany, but we did not close our eyes to the faults of the old system. (We were monarchists, indeed, but never Byzan- tines, and in the.new Germany the question of the form of government can never again be made an fssue.” He went on to chide bitterly the Nationalists for cherishing dreams of revenge and for obstructing his policy of rapprochement with France. Ue bitterly asserted that the Nationalists prayer ecach morning as ay our daily illusion.” Tle concluded: “T believe that Franco: German understanding is the key- stone to European understanding and pacification.” Certainly this formal and emphatic announcement of the People's party cceptance of the republic is a_de- velopment strongly making for realiza- tion of Franco-German accord. Pre- viously, though the Populists were known to be wavering on the issue of Republic versus Monarchy, it was customary to regard them as mon- archists; whence it was reckoned that 65 per cent of the Reichstag (including the Communists, not pro-monarchy, of but_antirepublic) were un- friendly to the republic. Now a large majority of the Reischstag are com- mitted to the republic; a_ fact to re- assure and conciliate the French. No doubt popular sentiment in Germany fairly corresponds to the Reischstag division. ¥ Has there been any other recent de- velopment strongly making for reall- zation of the Thoiry program? Not absolutely, but the latest dispatches indicate considerable betterment of the prospect of a development which is generally regarded as a necessary precondition of important progress to- ward such realization. I refer, of course, to the prospect of ratifica- tion of the Berenger treaty. It is intimated that, after sounding out sentiment among the people and among members of Parliament, Poin- care has resolved to ask Parliament to take action on the Berenger agree- ment on its reassembling late in Oc- tober, and that he is opposed to any alterations of or additions to the text and to formal “reservations,” but will not stand out against a preamble to the resolution of ratification setting forth, sav, the hope that the debt will never be commercialized, and that should transfer of payvments due threaten to have a seriously depress- ing effect on French exchange, or should Germany default, the United States would show indulgence, a statement, that is, that should save the face of Messieurs Marin, Frank- Kn-Boullon, Tardieu, etc., yet not nrejudice ratification by the United States Senate. The wording of such a_statement would obviously be an affair of extreme delicacy. but there seems to be substantial ground for hope that the curiously difficult busi- ness of a Franco-American debt agree- ment will ere long be consummated. I spoke of ratification of the Ber- enger agreement as a precondition of important progress toward realiza- tion of the Thoiry program. Accord ing to my analysis, which is only provisional (for the literature of the subject, though vast, is vague), the outstanding feature of the Thoiry pro- gram, roughly stated, calls for the following: On one side, release of Germany as rapidiy as possible from her re- maining servitudes under the Ver- sailles treaty, and the definite fixing of the reparations total at a sum far below any previously suggested. On the other, the speeding up of payment of the reduced total through marketing of the German raflway and industrial debentures, of the total face value of 16,000,000,000 gold marks ($4,000,000,000, now held by the agent gzeneral for reparations as security for reparations pay the proceeds to o to Germany's war creditors. Now the marketing of so L sum of bonds would have to be spread over a number of y ; absorption of the greater part by the New York market would have to be supposed. and the latter would needs presuppose the blessing of Washington upon the operation. The optimists see the following: Ratification of the Berenger agree- ment by the French Parliament, r fication of same by the United States $125,000,000. Senate, France and Germany there- upon standing arm in arm, impres- sively pledging permanent friendship and co-operation and appealing to the great republic across the water for its blessing on the Thoiry idea. Of course, the ohstacles confronting realization of the idea are many and most formidable; but the idea seems sound enough, assuming American cordiality and with the important reservation that the marketing of the bonds might have to be a great deal more gradual than the two gentle- men, eating their trout and sipping the good vintagé of Thoiry, foresaw on that beatific occasion. It seems to be a fair inference from reports that the Thoiry dumvirate contemplated a remaining reparations total of $4,000,000,000; the difference between the proceeds of the bond marketing and this total to be made up by reparation payments, old style, and that they contemplated abolish- ment of the remaining German servi- tudes in general correspondence with debt liquidation under the new ar- rangement. * K x % Germany.—Gen. Von Seeckt has re- signed as hief of the army com- mand” and though much against the grain (for the general is an extraordi- narily able soldier and has made the reischwehr what it is, an organization of extraordinhry efficiency), President Hindenburg has accepted the resigna- tion. It seems that the general weak- ly gave his consent to the participa- tion of young William Hohenzollern, son of the ex-Crown Prince, in_the army maneuvers of last month. Min- ister of Defense Gester learned of the business through ferocious comment in the Socialist press, and properly re- quired that the general should lose his official head for a blunder worse than a crime. The German balance of trade for was ‘unfavorable by the equiva- of $860,000,000. For the first half 926 the balance was favorable by 1 lent of ok ox K Miscellaneous.—The ~quarterly re- view published by the Swedish Board of Trade exhibits economic conditions in Sweden for the first half of this calendar year in a very happy light. Very true, in applica- tion to the Scandinavian countries, is the proverbial saying: “Happy the people whose annals are uninterest- ing.” The Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes has made her debut as a naval power. The first vessel of the new navy, a_3,000-on armed cruiser named the Dalmatia, arrived the other day in the harbor of Spa- lato, coming from Wilhelmshaven, where she was buflt. Little news from Greece, but that little happily indicating that Greece is really getting back to normal. Little news from Poland beyond the fact that Marshal Pilsudski suc- ceeded in forming a cabinet. The news from China does not bulk sufficient to call for much notice. Apparently a decisive struggle be- tween Sun Chuan Feng, super tuchun of the four “lower Yangtsze' prov- inces, and Chang Kal Shek, com- mander of the south China. forces, im- pends. Sun has won some minor suc- cesses, TRAVEL EITHER BY HILTON U. BROWN. You don't go first class on the railroads of You go ‘hard” or “soft.” means wooden benches with- out cushions. “Soft” calls for com- fortable seats with cushions. You can sleeping accommodations with either, but usially “hard” remains hard, softened perhaps with a pillow or blanket carried by the passengers. These “refinements” may, be had from the trainmen for a consideration. Soft” seats may be converted into leeping compartments (also for a con- siderdtion) with mattress, pillows, eets and blankets—two beds to the compartment without curtains. One is lucky if traveling alone to get an acceptable roommate on the bed oppo- site in his compartment. There are also on the through trains, as from Berlin to Warsaw or from Moscow to Leningrad, regular sleeping cars (spalni wagon), equipped somewhat like Pullmans, only the beds are transverse in the car, and the compartment is entered from a side aisle, as in the English and French trains. Take soap and towels with you. The train towels are not always provided. Windows Barred to Robbers. They close the windows on these sleepers now. A tiny ventilator in the roof is made to satisfy any de- mand for air from European travelers or comfortably clothed Russians who patronize these traips. The window rule is a precaution against robbers. The other day as the train came up from the capital to Leningrad with open windows a thief in the night crawled in at an obscure station and stole every stitch of clothing belonging to a passenger who both “slumbered and slept” and also snored. When he was called for his station his loss was discovered. A woman in an adjoining compartment loaned him a skirt—all she could spare—and thus airily clothed he went out into the night (and, it 1s hoped, to home and friends). The result of his vigorous complaint was the order to lock car windows at night. The Soviet Union (U. 8. S. R.) has done rather well with its main lines of railway. Through service has been restored and the rolling stock has been improved in the last year. Ralilroad fares are not as high as in the United States, though “soft” and sleeping fa- cilities approximate those in the States. “Hard” is cheap, and it is all hard in local and suburban trains. Peasants are the commuters. They buy season tickets at low rates, and thousands of them ride the trains daily into the large citles. Without them the cities could not be provisioned. The Morning Milk Train. The “milk train” is not the express service known to American steam and electric transportation. Take, for ex- ample, one of the early morning trains into Leningrad. There will be 10 or 15 four wheels each: 14 hard benches h halt a car, each bench, by crowding, capable of holding five per- but built for four with an allow- ance for packages or breadth of beam. At every siop the milk (and often vege- table) producers get aboard with an in- credible number of milk cans (about 5 gallons to the can) and other farm products strapped, suspended and tied on their persons. The empty cartons alone would make a load—and impos- sible bulk—for untrained shoulders. These peasants are mostly women and girls, bui_men are always to be seen amonz them. They come into the car rattling and banging with from two to four milk cans, a sack Gf vegetables and perhaps two or three baskets or bags. Some have fewer, and some more, depending on the wealth and productivity of the peas- ant’s lands. TRAIN PASSENGERS IN RUSSIA ‘HARD’ OR ‘SOFT’ Latter Service Is ‘A La Pullman,’” But Peasants Use Wooden Berths—Windows Ordered Closed to Keep Robbers From Stealing Tourists’ Clothes. Some of the burden bearers are bare- footed men and women, but generally wear boots. Some are clothed partly in leather or other stout ap- parel proof against wear and weather. Some are bare-headed, but the women usually wear the headdress common to all Russia—a. white cloth tightly bound around the head and knotted at the ide. Sometimes, if the wearer is voung, she wears colors—mostly red— and not unbecoming. Passengers, Not Freight, Pay. These peasants know their business, too. They have regular customers. and the steam cars are no mystery or terror to them. They do not become anicky when the warning whistle They hustle past the train guards, showing their passbooks. In fact, the guards seem to know them and only take a cursory look at the tickets. = Returning homeward, these producers carry great loaves of bread from the bakeships, or perhaps water- melon in season, or other wares for which they have exchanged milk or potatoes. Thus the long trains are laden both ways and a profit is claimed by the state for the raflroads. It must come from the passenger service and the peasants, for the freight traffic is below pre-war normal. Northwestern Russia is a level plain, and long trains are pulled at good speed on roads traversing this district. The main line to Leningrad is also stralght and, of course, broad gauge. So therb is no lurching of the train, and excellent time is made. This is due to the last czar, it will be recalled, who, when called on to decide bethveen engineers who had surveyed the line to zigzag to established towns and to miss swamps and streams, said, “Bufld the line here.” And he drew a straight line to MosSCOW. Best Policy Is to Ignore BY COL. LEMUEL BOLLES Vice President of Fidac for the United § This Summer T went through parts of France that had been occupled by the German forces for almost the en- tire war, and in which German ceme- terles had been established. Nowhere was there the slightest evidence of |any desecration. During the war it was the same. I happened to be for some time in a part of France that had been overrun by the first German invasion, but from which subsequently the German_armies had been driven out. Hundreds of German graves were scattered over all the fields and meadows. These graves were aJl marked, and never once did I see any of them that had been in any way desecrated or mistreated. In many_instances they were carefully tended by the French villagers. Desecration Highly Improbable. ‘When ‘the graves of enemies fare not desecrated during the tense days of war, when feeling naturally runs high, it is an appalling thought that the graves of friends might be dese- crated, in time of peace. As a matter of fact, it just isn’t so. The same is true of much of the notorfety which has been given to alleged mistreatment of American tourists_in Paris and other parts of France.® The French people are our friend The problems of re-establishment since the war are only less burden- some to them than was the war it- self. They are striving valiantly toward re-establishment. Their poli- ticians have not helped them much under the circumstances. As a mat- ter of fact, politiclans seldom are Better Statewide Co-Ordination Asked To Stem Criminal Wave, Says Writer BY CHARLES A. BOSTON. The Department of Justice has re- cently announced that the increased use of automobiles and trucks has in- created commercial frauds through- out the country by permitting the spiriting away of goods in the night- time to distant localities under con- ditions which baffle the most careful work of investigators. Such facilities are also ready at hand for the success of organized law violations through fraudulent bankruptcies. Unfortunately, our processes of criminal law have not advanced with our inventions to promote speedy escape (notwithstanding the telephone, the radio and the finger print). The ingenuity of our lawmakers does not parallel the ingenuity of our pure or our applied scientists and our me- chanlcal skill. Crime as Business. One pauses to wonder, facetiously, whether it would not have been a profitable adventure if our founders had provided rewards for the encour- agement of devisers of methods to de- tect and bring criminals to punitive justice, as well as for the promotion of the progress of gcience and the usefui arts, or even whether an effec- tive method of criminal justice would not be a new’ and useful invention or | discovery under existing law. When one begins to study the crime of the past and to contrast it with the present it seems that there is a di: proportionate increase in those crimes which require ingenuity and organiza- There are those emotionalists who con- trasted with crimes @s an impulse. . There are those emotiinalists who con- tend, occasionally, that society Is re- sponsible for the offender who has had no chance because of poverty and ignorance. But, however one may be inclined to regard those offenders who are driven by necessity to trangress the rules which deny the gratification of thelr necessity, no such excuse can be plausibly urged in favor of those who delibetately organize for crime as a business; there is a fundamentally substantial difference between . un- fortunates and the enemies of the so- clal order who designedly live for prey. Co-ordination of Police. One with whom I have recently talked, in commenting upon the no- torious discrepancy between crime in England and crime here, attributed it, not so much to homogeneity and heterogeneity of population as to dif- ference in co-ordination between police authorities. I am not familiar with the centralization of police control in [England, but we all know how imag- inary geographical lines, both local and State, curtail any possibility of eff:cll\'e co-ordination in police con- trol. A partial remedy for our conditions is the necessity for State-wide co- ordination of our agencies for han- | dling crime. It has ceased to be a jlocal problem and has become at Ileast a State-wide problem, and it should be handled accordingly. In the meantime, if it be true, as oftey contended, that it is better that one thousand guilty should escape than that one innocent man should suffer, we appear to be realizing the fruits of that suggestion. (Copyright. 1926.) VETERAN SEEé FRENCH PEOPLE AS FRIENDLY TOWARD AMERICA U. S. Citizens Can Afford to Be Patient, He Says, and Evidences of Irritation, Should They Appear. very helpful in grave emergencies. This condition is not confined to France. Discusses Debt Pact. The question of the debt settle- ment affects the French vitally. The government which negotiated the Mellon-Berenger agreement has passed out of office, in our own Congress there was considerable debats prior to ratification. Varying phases -of public opinion had to be considered. The same is true on the other side of the water. As one Frenchman put it to me: “Our situation closely ap- proximates that which existed in the United States when the Versailles peace treaty was under di Your Congre: senting your peo- ple. discussed . _There was much debate, some favorable and some unfavorable, but it was your right, as decislons under democratic forms of government must always be arrived at by a full and frank expression of the opinions of the peo- ple through thelr representatives. “We did not construe in those days things which we could not understand as unfriendly to us. To- day we have a great question before our Chamber of Deputies—a question which affects vitally not only the present generation, but our children and grandchildren. Before it can be ratified it must be debated and our people must have an opportunity to express themselves on every phase of this agreement. We hope that you in America will understand that in the debate of this question, dis- agreements with the terms of the accord do not indicate an unkind- ness upon the part of our people or upon the part of our government toward our friends in America.” Hope of Average Frenchman. 1 firmly believe that this statement represents the hope of the average Frenchman. - Recently, much prominence was given to the mutilation of the monu- ment to the American volunteers in the Place des Etats Unis. This was the act of a demented Russian refugee. How many people know that the damage is being repaired by an association of wounded French veterans at thelr own expense as an evidence of their feelings toward their American comrades? Americans can well afford to be considerate and patient, and the best policy is to ignore evidences of irri- tation should they appear. There are always two sides to every question, and with our friends it is never a mistake to place the best possible construction on_some- thing we might not understand, until we are perfectly certain that we have all of the facts. (Copyright. 1926.) University of Hawaii " Aided by Rockefeller Announcement_has been made that the Rockefeller Foundation has given the University of Hawaii up to $20,000 a year for a period of five years. The fund is “for research in the biological, mental and social characteristics of the peoples of Hawail.” Thus Hawali, known as the “melting pot of the Pa- cific,” becomes, too, the laboratory for the study of Pacific peoples, for nearly every race around this great ocean is represented in the elements being fused in this “melting pot.” The gift followed the visit there a few months ago of Edwin R. Embree, director of the division of studies of the founda- tion. Mr. Embree's several visits to Hawail and frequent contacts with some of Hawail's resident sclentists éonvinced him that studies might be made there not merely of importance to the Pacific but to the entize world. HUGHES MOVES NEARER TO WORLD COURT POST s Appointment by President to Arbitration: Tribunal at The 3 Hague Enhances His Chance of Being Judge. BY WILLIAM RUFUS SCOTT. Y_appointing Charles Evans Hughes a member of the Permanent Court of Arbitra- tion at The Hague, President Coolidge has given fresh evi- dence of this Government's devotion to the principle of arbitration of in- ternational disputes at a time when American adherence to the World Court is in doubt. The selection of such’ an outstand- ing jurist as Mr. Hughes convinces other nations of that devotion, just as the appoinment of a comparatively unknown person would have been construed as a move to minimize the arbitral agency at The Hague. Moreover, in his post at The Hague, Mr. Hughes is placed in more direct line for election as a judge of the World Court if the members of the League of Nations, which elect the World Court judges, should find it necessary to replace the present American judge, John Bassett Moore. As both of these tribunals are at The Hague, some confusion of them may result, though they are distinct in their functions while being his- torically developed from the same de- sire of the nations to adjudicate dis- putes. Outgrowth of Parleys. The Permanent Court of Arbitra- tion, to which Mr. Hughes is appoint- ed, was the outgrowth of conferences in 1899 and 1907. It consists simply of a panel of judges nominated by the nations as a_group from which any nations so inclined may select arbitrators. There is nothing com- pulsory about it and there is no ju- dicial procedure in the strict sense of the word. The so-called World Court, lished in 1921, under the prov of Article XIV of the covenant of the League of Nations, is emphatically a judicial tribunal, intended to have all the authority that is lacking in the Court of Arbitration. The World Court was expected virtually to re- place the Court of Arbitration, although the latter was not abolished and may continue indefinitely for use of those nations not desiring to re- sort to the World Court. The reason Mr. Hughes, as a mem- ber of the Court of Arbitration, is more eligible to be elected a judse on the World Court is found in the fact that the constitution of the World Court_provides that nominations of candidates for World Court judgeships shall ordinarily be by the members of the Court of Arbitration. . ‘While Mr. Hughes is well known to the membe of this court, his new, direct relation to them will improve his chances of being nominated for any future vacancy on the Morld Court. In that event he would be nominated by one of the foreign groups in the Court of Arbitration rather than by the American group. A Friendly Gesture. When the League of Nations elected the judges of the World Court for the first time John Bassett Moore, an American member of the Court of Ar- bitration, was elected to the World Court, despite the fact that the United States was neither a member of the League nor of the World Court. Mr. Moore's election was a gesture of friendliness to the United States in the hope that ultimately this Nation would adhere to the World Court and possibly join the League. From every indication Mr. Moore has proven a most acceptable judge on the World Court, so that at the end of his nine-year term he may be re- elected by the League if he consents and if at the time the League mem- bers still consider an American jurist is desirable on the court. In the case of his resignation or a vacancy for any other reason, Mr. Hughes would be in line, a# would Elihu Root, also a member of the Court of Arbitra- tion, but whose age might cause him to_decline the honor. President Coolidze has ample prece- dent in loyally supporting the ideal of arbitration of international disputes by appointing the foremost American lawyers to the Court of Arbitration. Every American President in the last 30 years has advocated arbitration as an American ideal. President Me- Kinley, in his first inaugural address in 1897, said that thesleading feature of American foreign policy throughout our entire national ory has been our insistence on “the adjustment of difficulties by judicial methods rather than by force of arms."” McKinley Urged Tribunal. When the Czar of Russia called the first conference at The Hague, in 1899, to create some kind of arbitral agency, President McKinley instructed the American delegation to act upon) *the long-continued and widespread in-'s terest ampng the people of the Uniteds: States in’ the establishment of an ir-). ternational tribunal.” Furthermore, he directed the delegation to proposey a plan for a tribunal to which the na: tions might submit “all questions of _ disagreement between them, excepting such as may relate to or involve thelr » independence or territorial in- This fiyst Hague conference did net« go as far as the American delegatior desired. It modified the American* plan and drew up a convention for the pacific settlement of international dis putes, under which was established the Permanent Court of Arbitration. . The Americans reported the opinion that this court was a “thoroughly, practical beginning,” which woul serve as “the germ out of which o~ better and better system will be gradi- ally evolved.” The Court of Arbitration was organ ized in 1900 and in 1902 the United States submitted its first case to it through President Roosevelt, involving a dispute with Mexico. But many na tions, including the United States, were not tisfled to rest with this achievement. Second Hague Conference. 1907 the second Hague confer-* ence was convoked, and again the * American_delegation, on instructions 4 from President Roosevelt, worked for the establishment of *“a permanent’ tribunal composed of judges who ure Judicial officers and nothing else, who * are paid adequate salaries and who , have no other occupation., and who will devcte their entire time to the * trial and decision of international causes by judicial methods and under a sense of judiclal responsibility.” The British and German delegations supported the United States in this stand, but again only partial success: was achieved. The chief stumbling- block was in creating a method of electing the judges. The great powers could not then bring themselves to give the small nations an equal voice. , The American delegation finally v ported that “the foundations of a Per- manent Court have been broadly ands firmly lald. . . . A little time, a_lttle - patience, and the great work Is a complished.” Tt had been planned to hold a third Hague Conference in 1915, but the World War broke out and abruptly _ ended that plan.- By the end of the World War, however, the mood of the natfons for pacific settlement of « disputes was such a8 to result in the formation of the League of ions, and vocates of a World Court found opportunity to insert in the covenant ~ of the League a provision for estab- lishing the long-desired World Court, | Court Task Begun. —a The Council of the League of Na-, tions in 1920 began the task of estab- lishing a court by naming a commit- tee of legal experts to draft its consti- tution, and paid a tribute to the United « States by naming Elihu Root to the, committee. Thus from the beginning of efforts to create a world court dowr * to the actual drafting of a constitution for the World Court there been.. American counsel and support. p Mr. Root is credited with the sug-’ gestion that finally overcame the diffi- ! culty .of electing judges to the court.. He ~proposed that nominations. of judges be by the national groups in* the original Court of Arbitratofy, * and that the Assembly and the Couneil- of the League should elect judges from nominations. In case of a nation mot represented in the Court of Arbitra- tion panel, nominations shall be made * by .a group of four of the leading jurists or experts in international law, in their own boundaries. Judges' Qualifications. The qualifications of judges of the World Court are that they shall be se-* lected “regardless of their nationality from amongz persons of high moral, character, who possess qualifications required by their respective countries " for appointment to the highest judicial office, or are jurisconsults of recog-+ nized competence In international . aw." President Coolidge. in notifying the world of the appointment of Mr. Hughes to the Court of Arbitration, cited that he was “formerly Secretary , of State of the United i ate judge of the Supreme Court of the' United “States and governor of thes In Wherefore it is evident that Mr. Hughes meets the qualifieations and sustains the caliber of Amerfcan par-« ticipation in the long struggle to sub- stitute arbitration for force of arms in settling international disputes. Horsepower New Goal- of Germany, Replacing Monarchist Faith in Army‘ (Continued from First Page.) no German public man has been a$ strong at home as the present for- eign minister. Despite stories frequently seen in the press and the sometimes absurd utterances of old soldiers and extreme monarchists, there is no influential group in any party which desires to fight the war over again, which is chauvinistic in the old sense. Risk of Daring Move. At this time the two main groups of parties are so equ: balanced and the mass of the German people so completely resolved upon peace, that it would be suicide for either to adopt or favor disturbing methods, If big business sought with the aid of the old monarchists to, revive old methods and ideas, botlf would lose control to men who would not alone bring in peaceful ideas, but also radi- cal domestic programs, which would spell financial disaster for business. The™act is, I believe, that_after a period of storm and stress, Germany has found a state of balance which on the whole about fits her condition and her desires. She is republican, but she is conservative, she is peace- ful, but on the whole not ready to fling herself into far-reaching social re- forms. She depends tipon her eco- nomic radicals to preserve the repub- lic against any monarchist effort, but she is enlisting her monarchists to re- straip her radicals from any Moscow experiment. One profoundly important element in the German comeback is the ac- quisition of the political structure which suits the nation. This phase of the business of reconstruction has been disposed of, it no longer involves worry. Government is in competent hands, the machine is working nor- mally, the great explosive period of politics, domestic politics, is over. The constitution may and probably will be amended In the direction of jin- creasing the power of the executive. But this is incidental. Business now feels itself free to concentrate its attention upon bhusiness, politics no longer constitutes a menace. The work- ing man, on the other hand, is not too unhappy or too miserable.” His condition is difficult, there is much unemployment andi the dole is small, but, on the whole, he has hope, he is not bitter at his employers and he is not thinking of striking. In a word, G;?nnuny has liquidated politically, financially as she has liquidated and morally. She has found her feet, devised a system which suits her and works, a s n which, in my judgment, will last long. The past is past, the break: has no become definitive. The Bou bons might easily come back to France before the Hohenzollerns r occupy their old places in German: But because Germany has liquidated, stabilized, readjusted,” because she ha reached a state of balance, of calm, of sanity, because she has escaped from the worst consequences of de feat and eliminated the worst ob- stacles to recovery she has hetome— and will become, in my judgment, more and more—a potent factor in Europe, politically and economically. German domestic politics no_longer have any world significance. But the underlying unity in the new Ger- many, the unmistakable determina- tion to come back, which has mada the readjustment possible, will have new surprises for the world before long—and I do not think the gur- prises will be violent or martial. The idea that Germany won the war is, 1 think, absurd, but the posstbility that Germany may yet win the peace must henceforth “be reckoned with. But her victory will be won with other weapons than those which lost her the world conflict and may well be expressed in terms of horsepower rather than world power. (Copyrizht. 1926.) iMalnutrition Blamed For Adult Disea: According to figures published by the People's League of Health, under the King's patronage, 82 per cent of the recruits for the British army in 1924 were rejected as unfit and only 5 per cent of the men examined for the police force were found able to reach the standard required. iy These defects are attributed to m: nutrition in childhvod. The report points out that one of every seven men of working age dles of tubercy; losis. One million children in the United Kingdom in 1917—the latest e riod for which figures are availabletw were 0 physically and mentally. defagn tive as to be unresponsive to educa- tion. o