Evening Star Newspaper, September 19, 1926, Page 45

EDITORIAL SECTION he Sundwy S ", SUNDAY SEPTEMBER 19, EDITORFAL PAGE NATIONAL PROBLEMS SPECIAL FEATURES Society News Tar® 1926. Part 2—16 Pages G. O. P. SENATE CONTROL IMPERILED BY PRIMARIES Fight Made Closer byr Mény Battles. House Believed Safe for Republiéans. Wets Likely to Gain in Both Bodies. WASHINGTON, D. MORNING, SOVIET DEBT PAYMENT HINTS RAISE PROBLEMS Officials Puzzled to Find Means of Ac- cepting Overtures From Unrecog- nized Russian Government. BY HAROLD B. ROGERS NTIMATION that Soviet Russia seriously may take up the ques- tion of the $264.000.000 Russian debt to the United States has they are in agreement, as it has been by dis- sensions, when they could not agree, but "; has somehow preserved not so much a reality as a hope of evolution toward independence, toward real internationality. Certainly the League acquires a certain new importance and prestige, because with the ad- vent of Germany, and the acceptance of Lo- carno, it becomes inevitably the center of European diplomatic and political relations. Before Germany came it remained an associa- tion of victors. Its main task, however un- willingly assumed, was to preserve the decisions of the treaty of Versailles, and dependent agree- ments. But with the arrival of Germany, it BY FRANK H. SIMONDS. ENEVA.—There is perhaps no more difficult task than to try to separate the real from the apparent results of the latest meeting of the Assembly of the League of Nations. On the sur- face it must count @s a very great success for itself, a restoration in considerable payt of the prestige lost in the flasco of last March. In a very real sense the arrival of Germany as a great power, admitted by unanfmous vote, indicates the close, not of the period of but of the period in which the psy- - ‘of war continued to dominate national mentalities. Finally one must recognize in this had striven over five years to arrive at the same conclusion, it had expressed its concep- tlon in the famous protocol. Locarno was a sub- stitute for the League's method, made outside Geneva, for which the great powers, which had made it rather cavalierly, demanded that there should be League ratification. 3 The original conception of ‘the League was, manifestly, universality; it was to include all nations, with the clear conception that the Assembly should be the governing body, that in the Assembly the small powers by sheer weight of numbers would have the deciding vote. In Wilson's mind the Council, which was to be in a measure an upper house, was to be shown, was that the outstanding con- tracts were settled by pavment. can- cellation and other means ‘“‘without loss to American contractor: Th settlement.” according to Secretary Mellon, “I should say may BY G. GOULD LINCOLN. HE battle of the primaries is over. Republicans and Dem- ats are at last squared away for the race which s to Republican to succeed himself, the ists In his district having named another candidate. In all probability the Democrats will lessen the Republican major | the House, but will be unable to decide whether the former are toe retain their control of the Senate | and House, or are to organize either Senate or House or both. * A canvass of the situation, in view of the primary contests, discloses the following The Republicans will probably re. | tain control of the House thengh with & lescened majority. The fight for Senate control is ex tremely close, more so than hefore the | primaries were held, | The Republican progressive group | will gain strength in the next Senate | and House Wet strength both Houses. Opposition to the World Court will he stronger in the next Senate, but the pro.court Senators will still he in overwhelming majority, will be increased in Democrats Gein Some, What party advantage has de- weloped out of the primaries has been Democratic More particularly true s this in the race for Senate control The Democratic advantage lies in the bitterness which has heen engen a A among Republican factions in Colorado, Maryland. Oregon, Penn- avivania. Ilinois and New York. In the Empire State, it is true, the nomi- nations have not vet heen made for the Senate, hut the candidates will he selected at party conventions Septem bher It is well understood. how ever, that Senator mes \W. Wads worth Is to he renominated by the Republicans there, and that Justiee Robert F. Wagner wi be the choice of the Democrats, he trouble for the Republicans in New York lies in the split which has come hetween the wets and the drys. Senator Wads. worth's declaration against the eighteenth amendm has brought | the threat—which will he realized that Franklin W, ¢ tman, a hone- Ary Republican, will run on an inde. pendent ticket. thereby splitting the party vote in November. In addition to the bitterness which these State contests have evolved, the Republicans in at least two States, Tlinois and Pennsylvania, are much perturbed hecause of the revelations over campaign funds and expendi- | tures hefore the Senate investigating | committee. Few House Upsets. have heen few upsets for | of the House, either Repuh. | Democratic, who are seeking | to sucesed themselves, On the Repub. | ean side. however, the contests for senatorial nominations have resulted | In the displacement of veral Senators whn have heen re s stronz administration men. the case | Cartright. fcome 1t Three in House Beaten. The primary elections, so far as the House is concerned, have hrought few defeats of members who were up for renomination and re-election on either side. Among the Democrats who have ught to succeed themseives qnly three have been defeated for nomina tion, Representative Carter of Okla- homa, Representative Smithwick of Florida and Representative Upshaw of Georgia. The Carter district in Oklahoma has nominated Milburn Thomas L. Yon has heen nominated in the Smithwick Florida district, and Lester Steele defeated Upshaw for the nomination in Georgia. tepublicans in the House who have icht renomination have been suc- cesaful with a few exceptions. A number of the Republican mem bers, however, have declined to he oandidates to succeed themselves. Particularly was this “true in the Pennsylvania delegation. The Democrats already have taken one seat now held by a Pennsylvania Republican. In the \twelfth congr ter, Republican, was defeated for re- nomination by John J. Casey, a Dem- ocrat, who won both Republican and Democratic nominations, thus insur- ing his election in November. Gain One in California. On the other hand, it appears that the Republicans have captured a Cal- ifornia_district until recently held by the Democrats. In the second Cali fornia district, represented for many vears by the late Representative Raker, Harry E. Englebright, Repub- lican, ‘was elected for the unexpired | term of Mr. Raker, which ends next ! March, and at the same time was nom- inated for the Seventieth Congress. It is expected he will he able to du. plicate his victory for the short term when the general election is held in November. - Changes among the Republican following: California— the senatorial nom: W. E. Evans received the Republican nomination. Tenth district: Representative Fred- ericks was not a candidate. .Joe Crail was nominated in his place. Fifth district: Representative Fla- herty died. Richard J. Welsh, Repub- Hean, was elected to fill the unexpired ter and was nominated for the Sev- entleth Congress. Tlinot: ative Fuller died. John T. Buckbie of McKinley, in 11§ who was de. feated hy Col. Frank L. Smith for the nemination. This was followed by the reverse of Senator (ieorge Wharton Pepper of Pennerlvania. who went down tn defeat in the three.cornered race with Representative Wiiliam .| Vare. the nominee, and Go Gifford Pinchot. I me the de. feat of Senator in Oregon by Frederick Stejwe Senator field ie row seeking to run as an in dependent in the November election, and if he does, it may so split the Re publican vote as to hring ahout the | election of Rert E. Haney, the Demo- | cratic nominee. In lIowa the late Senator Cummins met defeat at the hands of Col. Smith W. Brookhart. hitherto regarded as an insurgent Re. | publican, largely hecause the corn belt was not satisfied with the administra- | tlon's attitude toward farm relief. | More recently still, Senator Irving L. | Tenront was dafeated in the Republi ean primaries by € lTohn .I. Rlaine, A La Follette progessive, and finally Senator Rice W. Means lost out to Charles W. Waterman in the Colorado primaries. Maryland Race in Doubt, In Maryland, while Senator O, F Weller has won the Republican nomi- nation over Re ative John Philip Hill, the struggle has heen very hitter, and the trouhle will to wipe away the soreness and unite the Re. publicans sirongly hehind Weller., The Republicans have heen counting on winning in Oregon. Minois, Colo-. rada, New York and Pennsyivania. all of which gave hig Republican majori tles in the 1921 elections and all of which have een regarded as strongly | Republican Maryland, too, went Re. publican in the national election and elected Senator Weller in 1920, But to win in Marvland the Republicans must have their forces lined up solid Iy or rely upon a split in the Demo. cratic ranks. Representative Millard F. Tvdings has won the Democratic nemination the Senate in that State without epposition and it is to be supposed he will have the united Democracy hehind him. not to men. tlon the fact that he will he on the ticket with Gov. Albert C. Ritchie, who is expected to carry the Demo- eratie ticket to triumph along with him. 1t Oregon. New York. Colorado, Maryland should all elect Democratic Senators, and if llinofs should follow snlt, and possibly Massachusetts, the fat wonld bhe in the fire so far as Re publican control of the Senate Is concerned. For the Republicans have & good chance of losing in a number of other States. inciuding Arizona Nevada, Kentucky, Oklahoma. Mis sourf and Idaho present difficult battle grounda for the Republicans also. In all of these States the Republicans are fighting to retain senatorial seats. Nine. The Democrate must win nine Sen. ate seats away from the Republicans | to ebtain an actual majority in the upper House in the next Congress. 1t | they win eight. they will divide the Senate, with 47 Republicans and 1 Farmer-Labor Senator. leaving the | £ole Farmer Senator and Vice Presi dent Dawes to determine the fate of | Senate organization. If Senator | Shipstead of Minnesota. the Farmer- | Labor Senator, should vote with the Republicans, the Vice President, a Re publican, would cast the deciding vote in the Senate. If Senator Shipstead, | on the other hand. sheuld side with | e Democrats, the Democrats would fge, taking over the chairman- #ps of all the committees and elect fe officers of the Senate, including a ! president pro tempore. i Although the Democrats are claim. ing they will win control of the House, their chances do nnt seem so bright | as in the Senate. 1In the first place, the present makeup of the House 2 Repubiicane, including a dozen Insurgents from Wiscohsin and near by States. 153 Democrats, 1 Farmer. Laboer and 2 Soclalists. One of the Soclalists, Representative La Guardis of New York, !s now a candidate as & or for Demaocrats Need | sentative | Robert |named for the Honse. ! n member of the ' | House Representative | nominated in his place. Seventeenth district: Representa- tive Funk defeated for renomination by Homer W. Hall. Kansas—Seventh district: Represent- ative Tincher was not a candidate to | succeed himself and Clifford Hope was | nominated in his place. Kentucky—Tenth district: Repre- sentative Andrew J. Kirk was defeat- ed for renomination by Mrs. John W. Langley. Minnesota—Fourth district: sentative Keller was defeated for re- nomination by Melvin J. Maas. Missouri—Tenth district: Represent- ative Newton was not a candidate to succeed himself. Henry F. Niedring- haus was nominated. Fourteenth district: Representative Railey was not a candidate and Frank F. Adams was nominated. New Jersev—First district: Repre. Patterson was defeated for renomination and Charles A. Volv ton was named. Third district: Representative Ap- pleby was not a candidae for renomi nation and Harold G. Hoffman was Repre- | named in his place. Pennsylvania—First district: Repre- sentative Vare was nominated for the Senate. His brother-in-law, James M. Hazlett was nomirated for the House in his place. Twelfth district: Representative Carpenter was defeated for renomina- tion by John J. Casey, who also won the Democratic nomination. Thirteenth district: Representative Rrunn was defeated for renomination hy Cyrus M. Palmer. Fourteenth district: Representative Esterly ran for nomination for leu tenant governor and was G. Rushong was nominated for the House. ineteenth district: Representative Swartz was not a candidate for re. nomination and lsaac H. Douthrich was nominated in his place. Twentieth district: Representative Walter was not a_candidate for re. nomination and J. Russell Leech was nominated. Twenty-third district: Representar tive Swope was not a candidate for renomination and J. Mitchell Chase was nominated. Twenty-sixth district: Representas tive Phillips was an unsuccessful cane didate for the gubernatorial nomina- tion. J. Howard Swick was nomi- natei for the House. Thirty-fifth district: Representative Magee was defeated for renomination by Harry A. Estep. West Virginia—Fourth district: Rep- resentative Woodward was not a can- didate fo Hughes was named Maryland—Third district: Represent. | ative Hill ran for the senatorial nom- fnation and John 1. McGinity was The sole Republic from Texas, Wurzbach, was renominated. although he had the oppositian of Republican National Committeeman Creager and the State organization. No House Leaders Beaten. On neither side of the House cham- | ber have leaders and outstanding memhbers heen defeated for renomi- natien. to be re.elected Q. Tilson of Connecticut. majority leader of the House, and Representa- [tive Finis J. Garrett, minority leader, have been renominated by their re- dpective parties. Garrett had a stren- uous fight, but won out handily. Madden of Illinois. chairman of the appropriations committee; Green of lowa, chairman of the ways and means committee, also will be returned to the House in all probahility. The primaries out on many issues. most of local. although the vet and dry issue, the Waorld Court and the Ku Klux Klan have figured in some of the conteste The wets will have greater strength, it now appears. in both Senate and House {n the Seventieth Congress than (Ou.mnuod on Fourth Page.) Y sional district Representative (‘arpen- | candidates for the House include the | inth district: Represent- | ative Lineberger was a candidate for | ation and failed. | Twelfth district: Represent- | defeated. | renomination and James A. | Speaker Longworth of Ohio | has heen named again and is expected | Representative John | have been fought | them | Germany actually physically lost tacle and as a date in history the sion of the League is in a sense a sode, none the less it was and that not a few of the most loyal and measurably unselfish, and the best single guarantee of secu feel that this session marked the the Actually League found it; compelled to accept, the bargain fip se:Vice o the League, to ratify of seats within the Council of the by interested great powe s to nece: powers, not orly without previot * ok ok ok What has actually the moment—in Geneva, has been but a conception which has alw: _mure that within the League the would henceforth continue times outside the League. March represented the desperate, i the League to prevent the great the League, distributing its imp: or creating new posts within its to pay Loca ward peace, in that it witnessed t a long =pan of vears. It was a I ity lish European stability. But Locarno was somethjng else. 1 appearance on the twelfth anniversary year of the war, the close of the battle in which beginning of a new European page of history. Yet if,one must recognize that both as a spec- tions whose interest in the League is both vital smaller nations for whom the League is not a fleld for the play of national purposes, but dangerous, perhaps even a reactionary period. brief, but not insignificant resistance in March, reat powers for théir own interests, with only the League, but against its deepest desire. triumphed—at of the League, nor the purpose of the League, stinct in the phrase and idea, “the concert of Europe.” The return of Germany did not so much add strength to the League itself as in- their Furope as they have carried it on in pre-war In a word, fort on the part of the smaller nations within® the costs of thelr own agreements o was certainly a very great step to- an agreement which promised, and still prom- ises, to fortify Franco-German adjustment for ward toward bestowing upon.France the secur- without which it was impossible to re-estab- security, of the to contain representat the war, the the former to hold their seventh ses- brilllant epi- remains true member na- * ¥ most of the useful or necessary rity, felt and opening of a a seat because Poland Spain, the price to France self, after a auestioned that France or that the made by the Spanish powers. the bestowal influences to Lengue made ssary smaller us consent of small_pow least for not the spirit # they were agr ays heen happen-—paral in- d sued the polic through the Council, at the size rests. "here great powers control of last f hopeless ef- is great powers, France, and now Germany; the are hound t special powers using ortant posts, organization as the he making of bound to England: Switzerland, Holland, ong step for- normality. The League administrative rather than controlling. It wae powers, representatives also of the small states, latter to be allotted in something like rotation. In practice, not only has the Councl become the dominating body, but it has twice been in- ¢creased in size by the bhestowal of seats upon states which for one reason or another were to the purposes of the great powers, Poland, for example, was to have because Spanish Poland so long as Poland was a French ally, transfer of Spain to a perma- nent or even semi-permanent seat would bring In_process of time there, has grown within the League a whole systel revolving both about the cleavage between the and the great, and also between those' nations which desired that should become something of itself, something of importapce and authority independent of the great powers, neither controlled by them when d, nor—as must more frequently when for the great powers, they have steadily pur- of dominating of the Council to suit their own thus seen a curious situation which there are now three sets of powers: he large powers by some form of Dargain, as Poland Belgium, and the states of the little entente are hound to France, Rritish dominions and finally Denmark, Norw Sweden, which are on their own, and for rea- <ons of highly enlightened selfishness. desire to make the League a reality beyond the con- trol of the great powers. So far the League has measurably been con- trolled by the British and the French, when ives of all the great cConclave. a seats permanently, the * % assented to Locarno. influence was worth and Britain. No one would cast her vote for tined more the side of the great fortn meet m of League politics the League to become they disagreed. As rope. Even the League the same time increas- in- ists as the now becomes in a real sense a pan-European raised delicate international ques- nd this character is certain to be enhanced by the inevitable coming of Russia sooner or later. For a long time to come foreign ministers of the great nations will come here at least an- nually to discuss matters of importance. can fairly exaggerate the importance to Europe of having such a place, the yalue which will belong to these meetings of public men, who have mever before, since the collapse of the post-Napoleonic system, had_any reason ‘for personal contact. Since the journal- ists will follow the statesmen, No one compelling Geneva is des- and more to be what it has already hecome in no small measure—a European meet- ing_ground. Statesmen and journalists in increasing num- ber, Europeans interested in public questions, together with vast armies of speclalists sum- moned to attend some examination of a prob- lem of international importance, Will hence- here. They will meet in #n atmos- phere which, however strange and at fimes fantasiic, makes international contacts easiest. * k * %X Europe Is finding Geneva not alore a place reacquainted after enforced separa- tions of the war and post-war periods, but also a place where there can be a degree of interna- tional association not before possible in Eu- on the recent important occasion the proceedings of the League were really not nearly so great a magnet to Ei ropean journal- certainty of contacts with states- men and men of their own profession from every European nation, It is true in the main in the Ttaly which tion, small most, Britain, Japan, fiat smaller powers, Porttgal disturbing states & are | like and the possible. Rut this has been in few that’ the hordes of v here as they would flock to any center of attrac- cumbered hotels, circumstances of business difficult, ing Americans coming curiosity seekers, a made up of but not all, imposing minority League enthusiasts, pacifists, internationalists, professors-—one must sa) have added a discordant and on the whole a it-——cranks, fanatics, element, if only because they en- owed streets an made all it not im- sightseeing, purely American touch the main exotic, has made the lives of those officials charged with distributing the available (Continued on Fourth Page) seats a__nightmare. It nas i = Loadings for First E Year on BY HARDEN COLFAX Measured by freight traftic being | handled by the raiiroads,’ this is the most active business vear in the his- tory of the United States. All previous | transportation records have been | smashed thus far. And as the carriers approach the season when in former vears erop movements plus coal movements plus ordinary traffic usually spelled car shortage. they have what promises to be an adequate supply of equipment | available to meet orders, with no in- dications of a famine in any district. Figures made available this week through reports submitted by the carrlers to the American Railway Assoclation and affiliated organizations Show that loadings of revenue freight in the first eight months of 1926 were 2 ead of those more than 3.2 per cent ah liche 4 per ifor the corresponding period of ! which in turn exceeded 1924 by | cent and 1923 by 2.7 per cent. Increased Activity Indicated. Were business conditions parallel | each year, there would be some in- | crease In freight movement each suc- | ceeding year due to growth in popu { lation, but the peaks and valleys of commerce throw such considerations out of joint. An increase of 1.153. 064 in the number of cars loaded with freight which pays jts way in the period from January 1 to September 4 | this year over the same perfod of 1925 which in itself was a remarkable indicates nothing less than greatly in- | ereased activity in business. | A% mo time during the World War ! were American railroads called upon | 10 handle the vast volume of freight now being transported. Indeed, war | records were low, compared to_those | established sin The peak of rail ! road freight movement, in what might i he termed the old days, was reached Auring the piping boom months of | 1920, the year the carriers were re- | turned by the Government to private | control and in which post-war infla- | tion stretched itself beyond the danger point and burst. Tn 1920 the railroads transported 145,118,000 cars of revenue freight. Re- adjustment during 1921 caused a drop to 39,323,000 cars. Partfal recovery in 11922 maw 43.207.000 cars loaded: much better times in 1923 brought a new high record of 49,812.000. There was a slight recession 10 48,544,000 in 1924; then along came 1925 with a leap to 51,177,000, 1t freight loadings continue during the last third of 1926 in proportion to | those of the firat elght months, it will |again mean that the raliroads will | transport this vear almost a half- | carload of freight for every man, woman and child in the United States. During the first 36 weeks this year the railroads loaded 35.859,000 with revenue freight. 3.473.000 less than the total for the full 12 months of 1921, Taking car loadings as a measur- ing rod, business in this vear of grace Is almost 50 per cent more ac- | tive than in the year of depression, | 1921, The showing Is made more remark- able by the fact that not only are more cars heing loaded with freight this vear than ever hefore, but each car is being loaded more heavily on the average, so that the tonnage in- crease is greater than the car figures alone indicate. A remarkable showing {s being made by the movement of general merchandise in_less than carload lots and by traffic in miscellaneous freight, in carload shipments, these two classifications including general manufactured products. Both are far ahead of any previous year on record thus far Biggest Week Recently. ' Coal, coke and ore have been load- cars | That is only | NCREASE OF FREIGHT TRAFFIC INDICATES BUSINESS GAINS| ight Months of 1926 Surpass Those for Same Period of Any Record. the lowest in five years. The grain and grain products loadings have exceeded any recent year excepting 1922, The week ended September 4 show. ed the highest revenue car loadings of treight of any week in any Raflroad management is growing in efficiency or these records could | not have been set. The daily average movement of cars is 2.7 miles longer than even last vear. Cars are being handled through terminals, loaded and unloaded quicker. More use is being made of locomotives, with a reduction in fuel consumption at the same time. Yet the railroads, the average, are not earning the per cent return on their investment fixed by the Interstate Commerce Commis- slon as “fair.” Latest figures show that for the first seven months this vear class 1 raflroads had a return at the annual rate of 5.06 per cent. That the record movement of freight this vear means something to th carriers, however, is shown by thi fact that for the same period of 19 the rate of return was 4.56 per cent. (Convrizht. 1926.) 'LADY ASTOR NOTES PREJUDICE - AGAINST WOMEN IN PUBLIC LIFE Declares Feminine Sex Is Able to Cope Like Meni With Legislative Problems and Rejoices Over Success Already Achieved. BY LADY NANCY LANGHORNE ASTOR, American-born_Member of the British Parliament, Women give me great cause for re- jolcing. And T believe In time they will make the world a place of far mare rejoicing than it is now. Women have had the vote in Eng- land only eight vears and only seven in America. 1 have neen in Parlia- ment seven years—and for three years I was the only woman—I can't say de- spised and rejected, but often "sur- prised and dejected. Surprise at our legislators' respect for prejudice and dejected at their subconscious preju- dice against women in public life; but they have acquitted themselves like men and are almost cheerfully re- signed to their fate. And yvet when I look back over my seven years in Par- Jiament and think what changes the vote has made in England, I am not discouraged. Of course, it wasn't the fact of my being in Parliament that made the change. The change was made by the thinking women on the ontside, thinking with the vote. We have passed more legislation in BY ROBT. UNDERW0OD JOHNSON, Former American Ambassador to Italy. When Mussolini became premier of Italy and began the policy of what may be called a ruthless enforcement. of common sense, there were many— and these not only prophets of evil, but his own partisans—who felt that his crucial test was to come in his dealing with the problem of the Si-| cilia Mafia. For more than a generation the island had heen in the political and | economic grasp of thme.secret power, an invisible kingdom, mysterious and malign, that dominated not only elec- tions but the everyday affairs of a timid population, which after hun dreds of vears has not thrawn off the superstitions of the middle ages. Nothing that has been charged against the Ku Klux Klan is more than moonlight to the black and sin- ister record of the Mafia. Twenty yvears ago a leading citizen of the island tnld me that it avas hopeless to expect the release of its strangle-hold | upon the peasants, It was the defender of criminals and the intimidator of judges; it imposed | conditions on the cultivation and tha male of farms: it controlled markets and the security of the highways and played with public order for its own | joccult purposes, issuing its baleful | {and whimeical decrees anonymousl: To the peasant of Sicily, the terror of Etna was not more profound or| constant, and for this cause that part | of Italy has long presented a case of | arrested development. | When Mussolini had made his | march of demonstration to Rome, the | Mafla saw a new era, and endeavored | to extend its operations by infiltration into the ranks of the Fascisti, and it | is doubtless to this element that are idue most of the e es that have | embarrassed the premier. In order to | show that he repudiated the alliance, 1he hunted out and arrested the most | prominent of the midnight conspira- tors and orgzanized a swift and s | tematic campaign against the order. | | cash. MUSSOLINI THROWS OFF YOKE OF SICILY’S NOTORIOUS MAFIA Former U. S. Envoy Tells How Italian Premier Repudiated Unwelcomed Alliance, Freeing Populace From Dreaded Invisible Power. allegiance the terrified farmers and townsfolk. In the “battle for food,” which Mus- solini has set on foot in order that Ttaly may be self-sustaining, he has now an effective ally in this one-time province of the Saracens. Sicily’'s 4,000.000 of inhabitants—about a twelfth of the population of the king- dom—have heretofore produced about an eighth of its wheat. Under the new conditions of security and inspiration they may now he depended on to in crease this proportion substantially. Thus they will contribute not only to the salvation of themselves but of the whole peninsula. However shocking to our easy-go- ing administration of law may appear | =ome of the methods of Italy's Na- poleon, it must be conceded, as recent travelers testify, that he is working wonders in the realization of a better state of affairs for his country. One knows not which o admire ‘more the imagination that conceives, or power that executes, such colossal re- sults. Ruby With Porl;ait Inside Amazes India Real rubies, sparkling like drops of pigeon's blood, are beautiful jewels. But when one discloses inside a por- trait made not by human hand but by nature it is unique and of sur- passing value. Such a ruby has been found by a member of the Bengal legislative council. The natives consider it a gift of God and the jewel assumes an importance that cannot be estimated in terms of The stone is not large, but inside the outer surface, deep down behind a scarlet cloud, appears a tiny image of a man, dressed in white with a darkish brown face and deep brown | The man is seen wearing a|which the earth flattens on the side white puggree (part of the national i which heads toward the nebular star ! dress of the Hindus) and the rest of |this planet may encounter some time | his body is covered by deep folds of during the next million or so astro. | eyes. a garment of silken white. The more closely the gem is ex-| the last four years dealing with the hetterment of women and children than have ever been passed in two generations heretofore. Remember what a short time it Is since we had the vote and remember the apathy of the majority of the people. Doesn’t Believe Life Is Mere Chance. And yet we are progressing. Some | people think too fast. They are afraid. | T am not afraid. | lieve that life is chance. lieve that it was chance that made England fight for political freedom. 1 don’t believe that the American War of Independence was chance. It was not chance that made King John sign the Magna Charta. It was the spirit stirring in man. What a desperate, fatalistic, hope- less, helpless kind of doctrine is this doctrine of chance! How different from the dectrine of Christ--which says that the Kingdom of God is with- in us, and it is ours to work out our own salvation. I don't helieve that demacracy is chance, but it will never get a chance unless it is worked on Christian lines. Tt is true that it is far from perfect, but it is far more perfect than autacracy. Let's just look into the world to- day. Do vou belleve it Is chance that the English-speaking countries are the only great countries in which democ- racy is succeeding today? Is it chance that democracy is succeeding only in the countries where men have fought and won religions and political lib- erty? Democracy has fafled in Spain and Ttaly and Greece. [t has not been a conspicuous success fn France. It is only just heing tried in Germany, and one prays that it will succeed, and as for Russia, it has never heen tried there. Democracy's very existence depends on character, and character depends on thinking for vourself, but not of yourself, and I believe that it is wom- en who are going to make the world safe for democracy—though uncom fortable for the machine of demoec. racy. Democracy must have a machine— I realize that—but what I want to see is women avolding any machine that will turn them out according to the pattern selected by party leaders, if in their own hearts they—the women -—suspect that the pattern has heen selected to fit party needs rather than public good. Machine Politician Ousted. The machine politician doesn't like women. They can't be counted on: they are an unknown quantity, they So it would seem that women still up to their old trick of keep. ing men guessing. Well, it is better to keep them guessing than to be led blindly by them. And women are not as uncertain as gome men would have vou think. For instance, no matter what else 1s said about prohibition, you hear on all sides that women wii never go back on it. Surely they are showing political slability and vision on that subject. They are thinking of a world ahead—one which has been rid of rum runners and law breakers, in which children can grow up with a reason. able chance of not knowing,the evils of drink. They are thinking. (Copyright. 1026.) . {Earth’s Radius Shorter, Says German Professor 1 don't he | | Prof. Leo Courvoisier of Germany has published a theory aceording to | nomical vears. It wouid seem that the constellation | : ed in larger aquantities during the ' As in the case of the expulsion of the | amined the more the fmage comes |of. which the earth is a part moves first eight any corresponding period. excepting that of 1923. Forest about equal to the 1924 period, but behind 1923 and 1925. The livestock products are | months of 1926 than in |bolshevists, it was a case of fighting |out in detail. i fire with fire, and his vigilantes have succeeded in breaking up the vendetta and with it the Mafia itself by the simple expedient of executing the The ruby was sent to the director of the geological depart- ment in India, who pronounced it a real ruby of high value. He could not explain the portrait and se called movement has been- lagging, -being | law, and thus bringing back to their |it a freak of nature without a parallsl, N | toward Capella at the rate of 500 miles |a second. Prof. Courvoisier declares that he has measured the shortening of the earth’s radius from the flatten- Because 1 don’t be- | tions, understood to be giving admin- istration officials pause. Suppose that the present govern- ment at Moscow. which has never been recognized by the United States, should follow up indications that the deht may be an eably order of husi- ness, how would this Government he able to receive such overtures? On the other hand, how could the ad ministration turn a deaf ear to offers from those now: in charge of a coun- try into which was poured loans of millions of gond American dollars bor. rowed from American taxpayers. These questions have heen going the rounds of officfal Washington with regularity since the first dispatches from Moscow intimated that the un- recognized Soviet would likely con- sider soon among other financial af- fairs the Kerensky debt to this Gov ernment, but would probably not hold itself responsibly for any of the old Czaristic obligations. Officials Are Undecided. Plainly officfals have come to no clear cut and definite answer in their own minds to, the unusu:1 problems which thus have been raised inform- ally. Tt is believed the administration is wondering when there may he forthcoming through some devious channel a more formal overture than was carried over press wi So far, it is understood, there have heen no formal approaches. Rut the administration realizes that heneath the surface of the ques- tions immediately raised by the trou- blesome possibility of having to deal with a debtor which is not even recognized, lies the more serfous mat- ter of recognition of the Soviet itself. The administration is flatly on rec- ord against recognition of the present government at Moscow at this time. Sentiment_in favor of such a move in favor of the Soviet has been reach ing the stdge of Increased agitation. The unofficial commission. headed by Sherwood Eddy, recently returned. urging acceptance of the Soviet into the family of recognized nations. Senator Borah, Republican, of Idaho, chairman of the Senate committee on foreign relations, has come out strongly In favor of recognition, and there are some business influences at work toward that end. with a view to improving trade relations with that vast part of the world. Debt Only One 3 Rut so far there has heen no mate- rial change in the attitude of this Government toward the principles he hind the Soviet to which the United States ohjects, and which were set forth clearly by President Coolidge before (‘ongress, and by the Secretary | of State. The debt is hut one of the | points at 10 Many related questions arise: What Kind of a debt is it that Russia owes? What efforts if any have heen made to meet it? What ahout the millions of dollars in contracts with Ameri- can business concerns during war—have they heen cleaged up? And of special interest to Washing- | tonians, what is the present status of the large Russian embasss the Racquet Club on Sixteenth street, where closed doors silently hear wit- ness to the day when once there were diplomatic relations between the two great nations, hefore the doors were closed? In view of the informal dec- laration from Moscow that only the debts of the provisional or Kerensky government would be considered. but not the debts of the Czar, it is of di- rect interest to the American tax- paver to know that all of the money loaned to Russfa by the United States went o the so-called Kerensy govern- ment, so that should negotiations he opened up through some channels, the loans would be in line for con: sideration under the preliminary terms laid down by Moscow. First Draft in July. The overthrow of the czar took place in the Spring of 1917, and it was In May of that yvear, according to Treasury records, that the first credit of $100,000,000 was established. The Russians did not draw from the American till, however, until July of that vear, when the first sum changed bands in the amount of $35.000,000, This is the first of a series of ad- vances in cash which totaled $187. 7 These funds advanced to Russia. it has heen explained by Sec retary Mellon in official explanations to the Secretary of State, were all forwarded under authority of the Liberty bond acts, with the approval of the President, and “for the pur- pose of more effectually providing for the national security and defense and prosecuting the war." No loans were made by the Treas- ury to the provisional government after the fall of that regime to the Soviet early in November, 1917, with the exception of an advance of $1,329, 750 on November 15, of that vear, the proceeds of which were simultane- ously applied by the Russians to the payment of interest to the Govern ment of the United States. Signed by Bakhmeteff. The lnans were accomplished along ines similar to all others advanced to the allies, and the obligations of the recognized provisional government of Russia still repose in the Treasury todav, with the clear-cut signatire of Borie Bakhmeteff, who was the last recognized Russian Ambassador Mr. Bakhmeteff later resigned, and. according to unofficlal information reaching Washington, is understond to be In private business in New York City. He was recognized as Am- bassador up to June 30, 1322 Before he quit his p however, Mr. Bakhmeteff succeeded, in co-op- eratfon with his government, in clear- ing the question of the many con tractural obligations of Russian inter. sts in the United States through | establishment in the National City Bank of New York of a so-called “liquidation account.” To this ac- | count were applied the Russian gov. ernment’s available assets in this country, so that the interests of American manufacturers and con- tractors and the United States Gov- ernment itself might be protected. This money was to he devoted to the general liquidation of Russian obli- gations in this country. | This plan for clearing up the private business involving Russia in fthe United States. according to the best information gleaned from “‘pertinent records,” wag successful through eo- operation of the Ambassador, repre. gentatives of the Department of | in | the | adjoining | well be regarded as a noteworthy achievement in view of the extent of the labilities invelved in such con- tracts and the comparatively limited amount of ¢ available here o the Russian government for use in respect thereto. Total dishurse- ments out of the liquidation account were ahout £76.000,000. This liquidation aceount was closed out March 4. 1921, and the halance of $70.426.34 was pald to this Government on account of in- terest on the Russian debt. It was further agreed at the time of clos- ing out the account. however. that sums which might still accrue to the Russians, here, from the remaining business of liquidation should like- wise be turned over to the American Treasury. Such sums to the ag- gregate amount of $337.766.73 have actually heen pald since that time. and have heen applied on interest. The funds, it is understood here, were realized chiefly from further sales of the Russian government's property. The kind of bills in this country met by the liquidation account in- cluded those for supplies, transpor- tation, storage, inspection. {nterest on loans made hy the Government and on private loans floated in this country, salarfes and upkeep of the Russian embassy here, and con- sulates and other Russian institu- tions in the U'nited States and: other miscellaneous accounts. $264,676,710 Still Due. In addition, however, to the origi: nal cash advances to the provision- al government of Russia. the United States, through Herhert Hoover, made advances in the form of food and surplus supplies on credit for relief | work. These totaled $406,082.30. nd were extended under a special act of Congress in 1918, concerning sale of suppli This sum has been added to the original total cash ad- vances of more than $187.000,000 to make a total principal indebtedness of $192,601,297.37. Accrued interest amounts to more than $72,000.000, thus bringing the total debt of Rus- sia. according to the latest Treasury statement, as of July 1, of this year, up to the figure of $264,676,710.05. There has heen pald in one form or another total interest of $7.052.530.53. Thus stands the obligation in dol- lars and cents hetween the ['nited States and Russia. but the question of international relations hetween these two powers today is far more zerions than the sole matter of the unpaid deht, and invelves principles which, | according to President Conlidge and his Secretary of State, still stand in the way. “There would sesm to he at this time no reason for negotiations,” mald the Secretary of State in a statement {in December, 1923, the most recent formal presentation of the Govern- ment's policy. He was answering by public _statement a cable overture from Tchitcherin, at Moscow. “The American Government.” continued the Secretary, “as the President said in his message to Congress, is not proposing to barter away its princl- ples. If the Soviet authorities are ready to restore the confiscated prep- erty’ of American citizens or make effective compensatjon, they can do so. If the Soviet authorities are ready to repeal their decree repudiating Rus- sia’s obligations to this country and appropriately recognize them. they can do so. It requires no conference or negotiations 10 accomplish these results, which can and should be achieved at Moscow as evidence of good faith. Propaganda Is Scored. ““The American Government has not incurred liabilities to Russia or repu- diated obligations. Most serious is the continued propaganda to overthrow the institutions of this country. This Government can enter into no nego- tiatlons until these efforts directed from Moscow are ahandoned.’ Rut it is known that the adminia- tration has heen keenly Interested In the advices coming out of Moscow that the Soviet might open negotia- tions on their debt. At the same time, {in view of the clearly defined position against recognition, the Involved prab- lem presents itself as to how any ne- gotiations might be handled. The American Debt Commission. for Instance, was formed for the business of dealihg direct with representatives of foreign debtors, but its authority apparently does not extend beyond the pale of those powers which are duly recognized. Total of $11,461,694,977 Settled. So far the American Debt Com- mission has succeeded in signing agreements for funding of $11.481,- 694,977.19, out of the total of $11,- 792,863,916.03 owed hy foreign powers, The French agreement, however, in- volving more than $4,000,000,000, has not vet been ratified by either the American Senate or French Parlia- ment, although it has received the approval of the House of Representa- tives here. The Russian debt Is by far the largest of these remaining te he re funded. Austria, which 331.- 199409280, has recalved from Con | gress a 20-year moratorium. Armenia | dnes not exist as acnation. Gresce | owes $15,375.000 and Nicaragua $31.- 83299, Out of the complicated situation between Russia and the United States there remains, howsver. one link. It {s Serge Ughet, iisted in the State Department diplomatic blue book under the single word “Russia.” His title is given as | “Financial_Attache.” and his office address 247 Park avenue, New York. | It was Mr. Ughet who negotiated | the loans on food supplies which | went to South Russia for relief. It is Mr. Ughet on whose shoulders rest the practical business of caring for Russian interests in the United States. He is the custodian of the Russian Embassy Building, which is without an amhassador. | Should Russia he in as such rnest_about paving her debt to the United States, there seems (o exist an earnest hope that in some fashion a means may be found to get together over the broad chasm twhich now separates the two countries. for a discussion of debts at least. Whether a settlement | of finances between the two powers | would lead to full recognition of the Soviet later on is a question which ed side and found i to amount te State, of the Treasurv and the War|nane can answar now. The twe view. about-40 fees. T A Industriés Board. The result, it is | | points are still far apart.