Evening Star Newspaper, July 4, 1926, Page 38

THE SUNDAY STAR, WASHINGTON, D. C., JULY 4 COVERED TRAILS A Crime Which Would Yield a Fortune and Defy Solution Standish Planned—I fected, Yarn, Complete in T Magaziine, Which Wi the Very Last Wcid AYLORD STANDISI toned his furlined overc that the white t hosom beneath his dinner jacket would e less conspic uous, and stepped a lit the deep shadow of the near the curb. He guished-looking man. v > cropped mustache, guite gray at 35, a steel-gray eve, a colorless skin, and a smile that some clever deputante had id resembled the silver plate on a fin Ixcept for gliding limou: street with its some residences was e had moved for a moment light of the corner arc jamp in order to refer to his watch ) tree bene about 50 feei from but he had a clear ne where, on the street rur angles, the po 1 white promitence the br hg doo:way of the Stand Pnew that with his ussal custom, Irvin within a fev minutes would down the club steps and walk briskly toward this corner where his car was park And he knew, from repeated experiments with a stop watch, at exactly what point he should leave his shadow so s to meet Brent, s it by accident, at the outer rim of the cornier lamp's radiance. He stood and waited with chavacteristic cool ness and patienc left 1 he but- At an oceasional smoothly . the wide asphalted rows of hand the corn of visiol ing at risht threw into 1d steps and club w cordance Bre could feel through the folds of cloth the automatic revolver, capped with a Muaxim silencer, Ivi in the side pocket of his jacket * ¥ HE was voul because in his brilliant and orderly mind the perfectly details of hix plan stood out the tinctiveness of a bl If it did not work tonight. it k tomorrow night. or the dimner Jjoined with print “murder.’ that society ty ever his plan n step in mination to eriul luxu eall his pl he reaized it murd Of course would ca discovered the was me the loic: inexorable é-te his achieve ries and the due him. Irvin easily club ste g tow should 1 at the end of It to cross Standish would meet A} reali fleld of theors ¢ the acid ction. He had full ence outcome. For y long before his own plan had occurred to him, ‘as an amuse. ment he had made an exhaustive study of case premeditated homi cide, and he to the cc clusion that failure to cover up one’s tracks was always due eith to lack of skill or to overlooking some im portant detail in a time of nervous tension. In a word, it was due to stupidity. Standish had little tolera tlon for stupidity. He could not imagine an n upon which he might become so excited as to ove look a previously thought out detail The beauty of his present plan was its simplicity. It was so simple and obvious that no one b had_ever limu:hl of it. In all previous homi clde cases a motive was almost imme- diately apparent. And motive led to the culpgit. In his plan there s absolutely noth the forn motive to cor him with Brent. tall, thi came down the re. e club property the street diag begin walkin; flash Standish had left the % to be put to of a Irving He h that the any n where on com own limi had forn s Brent had interested the Consolid teel Foundries, its stock had shot suddenly skyw on the excha :ly by reason of Brent’s reputation ent was known never to interest himseif in a venture unless it promised large returns; and he had never scored failure. It Brent should suddeniy die (commit #uicide, for example) the Consolidated Steel Foundries stock would drop in the same rocket-like fashion that it had ascended. If one were to have secret advance notice of death he could sell Consolidated short on the exchange and clean up a fortune. This was one reason Brent. The second was that he and Brent had interests in common that might possibly suzeest a motive. He knew Brent and Brent knew him, quite casually. They would see each other occasionally the th across the room the club, that was all. the same woma played cavds or time since making mall busine and sold securities nd loaned ont 1 L. And then sent pl Irving a for selecting at They had even billlards to- gether. No one had ever seen them alone in conversation. There was ab- solutely no connection between them except the accidental fact that they happened to belong to the same club, * ok Kk K Brent hydrant reached the h s turned and came diagonally across the street to- ward the corner. At the same time Standish walked to the corner, turned left and crossed the street course met Brent's just where had planned. There was light enough for Brent to recognize him, but not enough for the two of them to be distinguishable from the club ch there!” he suid to Brent. s just thinking about you.” Brent swung to a stop in a fashion characteristically vigorous. “Aren't you interested in rare roins?" “It's my only hobby. terested in them, I about them. white ‘a the shortly. “How would yoit like to see a copper coin issued by some Egyptian emperor before the pyvramids? 1% is stamped with a pyramid in process of being built.” “There ain’t no such ~oin,” cuckled Brent. “If you've really got it, it's the discovery of the century. Where is 1t>" “At my office.” “When can 1 see it?> Where is your office? What's the matter with going down there now? Standish had counted such typical impetuosity. “All right,” agreed Standish. His mind was engaged upon the next detail of his plan. Although ap- parently a minor feature, this had I'm not in- am raving mad Brent's teeth showed dusk as he laughted upon just really been the most difficult item in his entire scheme to figure out. The problem was that no one must see him and Brent enter the building or go up in tha eclevator together, or He Was Certain—An or 1nto come ! With his gloved | himself in | Brent's | They did not call upon | never | Was What Gaylord Jach Detail Was Per- Unusual his Issue of The Star's il Hold the Reader to |even get off the elevator on the same | oo T the walking toward office buikling, The cente ot street was not well lighted, andish was confident that they had not_been recognized 'Oh, by the way, i Standish, ’au.m.».m stopy have a rather begun impo m to get off, and 1 Wi Was going | to send it fr He took out them to Bre “Would you mind just going en up my offic old rellow. It's on the 1th floor at the e¢nd of the corri- It may take me a few minutes to compose this blooming. thing, but 'l promise not to keep you waiting.” He sumed acquiescence and started ward the lighted window of the ph office on the corner. Brent, with an “Oh, all v con- tinued toward the gffice building, twirling the keyring on his finger and whistling. As soon as Standish over his shoul der saw Brent disappear into the en trance of the building he turned and walked rapidly back to where, from | the pavement, he could see him pro- | ceed along the corridor and enter the felevator m the elub. his keys and handed * ok & X T that hour only one elevator was running. He watched from the st til it had returned from its journey to the eighth floor. The operator came out and sat down in a chair next to the watchman. Still Standish waited. If the hould ring, he ‘would know it was nt calling the operator for direc- tions to Standish's office, for. he had told Brent the eighth floor, whereas his office was on the ninth. But he gambled safely upon the sup position that Brent was wandering about at the end of the | floer corridor examining on the doors. | He referred to his watch, and at the | expiration of the periud that he had caleulated might safely be allowed he entered the building, went into the clevator a ud to the operator: lease.” as the lighted cage had de ter leaving him on the ninth ran down the 1irs to the or and found Brent just s the elevator bell. Awluily stupid of me, old chap,” apologize tng. “T have just moved to the ninth tloor, after several ars on this floor, and I can't seem get my low mind accustomed to the higher altitudes. T hurried down to find you. Shall we save time and walk up this one flight? They ascended the ninth floor and walked half way down | the corridor, where Brent gave over the keys and they entered Standish’s oifices In the first room on a gray rug| stood u stenographer’s mahogany desk in one corner and five mahog- any chairs against the walls. Tt was the reception room for the customers who seldom arrived. Standish opened the frosted-glass door. at the left and led the way into his private office, | switching on the light. It was a small lahogany bookcases with |zlass fromts lined the wall opposite the door and the wall on the left. In the corner was a bag of golf sticks. At the right against the single win- {dow, over which a green shade had | been completely drawn, a large flat mahogany double desk left space only for a comfortable chair facing the door and one on the opposite side. On the wall at the right of the door Lung a couple of framed woodcuts. “Have a_seat.” Standish indicated the chair facing the door so that he might approach Brent from his right | ide—the side from which Brent, being ighthanded, would shoot himself i he should commit suicide. Brent sat down, threw open his top- . and dropped his soft hat on the k. He was a rather handsome man, with curly iron-gray hair, the nose of a born leader, and prominent | brown eves. | Standish leisurely took off his over- the nam stairs to the | | coat. | “Have a cigar,” he suggested. He | pushed across the desk a humidor con- | taining his own monogrammed brand, ended at the factory according to I his own specifications.” “I can recom |mend ther | | [ was surprised at his own cool- | ness, So far from being nervous, | he experienced only a pleasant ex- { hilaration, quite novel to his cold and passionless nature. Nothing he had |ever done before had given him this thrilling sense of power. He was set- ting his lone skill against all the | forces of organized society. And he | would come off victor. For a moment he understood the blood lust of those perverts who are led annually to the electric chair. He could understand how they might kill, and then kil again, But that should not be his way. The gambler who tries to break the bank al s comes a cropper. He would quit on his one lucky play, and stay ahead of the game. Brent selected a cigar. *“Where is that coin?” he demanded. Standish drew open a drawer of the desk across from Brent and took out a small oblong box of sandalwood with Japanese inlaid work on the cover. Inside was a coin manufactured to his deslgn, answering the description that he had given Brent. But the chances were Brent would never see it. He had selected a box with a cover that | was very difficult to open, so as to occupy Brent's attentlon during the moment he needed to place the re- volver at exactly the correct angle against Brent's temple. Standish slipped his left hand into the pocket of his dinner jacket until he gripped the stock of the automatic. He picked up the sandalwood box with his right hand, and, stepping close to Brent's side, laid it down on the desk. “There vou are,” he said, in a steady voice Brent, with the unlighted cigar in his fingers, had difficulty in opening ‘the tight cover. Struggling with fit, he bent over till Standish could not see his hands, though he saw the shadowed hollow of his temple just in front of a patch of gray hair. With practiced quickness Standish slipped out the automatic and held it at precisely the upward and slightly backward angle that Brent pould have held it if shooting himself. Then, without hesitation, he pulled the trigger. It was characteristic of Standish that, as the body sagged forward, he caught the limp head and laid it carefully on the desk. The report had been no louder than a smart clap of the hands. He switched off the light, then shot up the curtain and raised the window nd fanned the powder smoke out with a newspaper. He closed the window #and drew down the blind, then switched on the light again and went into the next room. There he lted. the hall door, sat down at ke stenographer's desk and endeav- A | shaky, his chin trembled. mg eighth- | | was | that s tained ored to read the newspaper while he waited for the watchman to make his rounds. The crucial part of his work accom plished, he found that his ner had been under more of u si n than he had known. His hands were Lle got up felt of nd paced the room, but his knes weak and he experienced a sen: nausea. The step: alonz the corridor. knob, “All voice man sounded and tried the of the wate A right!” cried Standish. His sounded shrill to him. and strange. He feli that the watchman ould not fail to detect the horrid significance o nts. ©UScuse meS' atchman mum bled. wanted to turn out the light: His footsteps shuflled away; sank into silence. - Standish looked at his watch. was 10 o'clock. It seemed to him that ages of stress and turmoil had intervened since he had waited under the oak tree at nine-thirty. The watchman always passed the eighth floor on his rounds about {0 o'clock. sStandish unbolted the door, let himself out into the quiet hall and went softly to the staircase near the elevators. Here he leaned over and looked down. It £ ook AFTER a few minutes the bent figure of the old watchman came into view benenth him and shuffled trom the eighth to the seventh floor. Five minutes longer and the okl man's hand could be seen on the ratling golng from the seventh to the sixth floor. The next phase of the plan was ready for execution. On the eighth floor, immediately below—the floor at which he cleverly had contrived to have the elevator man see Brent get offt—were the offices of Brent & Hibbs, attorneys. Brent, the lawyer, was Irving Brent's brother Standish turned and walked softly back to his office. He left the hail door open as he went in, took a pair of old kid gloves from his overcoat pocket and put them on. Then he picked up the automatic from the desk, and with his handkerchief and the soft gloves polished and no tingerprints, his pocket nd He put the pistol ir with some difficulty | got Brent up in his arms. HHe staggered out of the door and down the hall with his burden. Half way to the staircase he stopped and listened. The elevator was motion- less at the bottom of the shaft. He hurried past the elevators and stag- gered down the steps. His burden becoming almast unbearahl heavy, but he carried the lmp figure to the entrance door of Brent Hibbs, Here, with feverish relief, he laid it down and arranged it in the attitude he had previously determined upon—the left arm underneath, right arm extended. the right knee wn up. Then he twok the pis rom his pocket and put it in Brent right hand, folding the round it. After standing for a examining his handiwork and flew up to the ninth floor. Once in his office, he closed and boited the With minute care he made that the rooms and his desk re- no traces of what had hap- pened. He carefully and arranged his tie. Then he put on his topeoat, switched off the lights and went down the hall to the eleva tors and rang the bell. andish walked out of the building and went a block mp the street to where, earlier in the evening, he had parked his roadster. He climbed and started it and made his way 1o the garage in the rear of his apart ment. Here he put away the car and then entered the buflding and went moment and the sixth floor. He had concluded that nervous fatigue was the principal enemy of successful execution, S0, as part of his preconceived plan, he went into the bathroom and took 10 grains of veronal to make him sleep. undressed and put on a pair of blue linen pajamas, monogramed on the sleeve. He still felt wakeful. The tear of having overlooked' some im- portant detail hung over him like an evil bird of prey. He paced the parlor and the bedroom, going over every incldent again and again in his mind. Finally he went to the desk, and from a lower drawer took out five small check books of different colors and a pile of letters, some of them carbon copies. He referred to the in- considerable balances shown on the check stubs and re.read all the letters. With his acute foresight for every detail he had seen that it would not do to sell Consolidated Steel Foun- dries short in his own name, particu- larly at any time jmmediately prior to Brent's demise. Nor would it have heen advisable to make this sale in one lump or through one broker. It would have been a perfectly usual business venture, but Standish had preferred in the circumstances to follow the old adge and avold even the appearance of evil. * % k% MONTH or so before he had begun liquidating all of his assets, and the resulting cash he had depos- ited by mail in about equal amounts in five banks in different sections of the East. Each deposit had heen under a different name, and the rea- son he had advanced in each case was his intention soon to come to that town to live. He then had selected five different New York Stock Exchange brokers and at an interval of a day or so be- tween orders had transferred the funds from one bank to each broker. Each of them he ordered in a partic- ular sum named to sell Consolidated Steel Foundries at the market on a margin account to as full an amount as the certified check that he inclosed would permit. % Into this single throw he had put every cent he possessed. If the Con- solidated stock went off as he expect- ed at the news of Brent's death he would buy at the low prices, close out his accounts and would have a snug fortune to invest- in gilt-edged bonds for a luxurious future. He returned the check hooks and letters to the drawer, closed and lock- ed it. Then he went into the next room and climbed into bed. For half an hour he tossed restlessly, but gradually succumbed to a heavy slumber. » The next morning he awoke an hour later than usual with the sense of having had an unpleasant dream. ‘Then the happenings of the night before came over him with a sicken- ing rush. On his way to the cafe downstairs he picked up the morning newspaper outside his door. Headlines to the width of four col- umns informed the world that Irving Brent had been found dead at mid- night, clutching an automatic pistol, in the dark corridor outside his brother's law offices. ‘While waiting in the cafe of the apartment house for his toast and eggs Standish devoured the details that the newspapers lavished. cide seemed to be taken for grante But near the end of the account a small sub-headinig made his heart stand still. It read: “BROTHER SCOUTS SUICIDE THEORY.” ‘The reading of this had a effect upon Standish. He saw range mself the handle | arrel till he was sure it retained | & | the | ol | fingers | he wheeled | mopped his face | in | up in the elevator to his rooms on | He then | a tiny pale figure rending huge hond- lines that proclaimed hix own guflt, “Too bad about Mr. Brent, sir." Standish started violently. It wan the waiter at his elbow. “My brother was his chauffe He says he don't believe My shot_himself, sir. “Yes, yes. No. Perhaps not.” Standish pushed back his chudr, und, leaving his breakfast unfinished, went around to the garage kot out his car. He longed to ride and ride til he should reach a plaec where no one {knew him. But he recognized that this would be a mistake, 50 he bowled along instead to his stock broker's, When he had mailed his orders to the five brokers to sell Consolidated short he had at the same time in- structed them to buy in when the market had dropped 20 points. He had figured that it would drop much more than that, but 20 points would net him a handsome amount. He pushed into the room where two boys were marking columns of chulk figures on the blackboard as a man called them off from the ticker. Stand- ish joined the group in front- of the Consolidated Steel Foundries quota- tions, THE long row of figures that this stock was ve But to his astonishment it had gone off only 5 points. this to a stout man standing him. | I thought have caused | ventured. “So did everybo * ok K ox next te Brent's dea to break.' h would it Standish * agreed the vet. But it's unexpected *support at the We are waiting for a bul- receiving opening. letin." This important miscarriage of the principal aim of his plan, even though it might be only temporary, made him feel iil. He left the brokerage rooms and drove (o his offices. Here he found that the green curtain was still down in his private office. He shot it up, opened his scanty mail and dictated a few letters to his stenographer Unable to stand the strain of not know!ng what Consolidated stock was doing, he went out and drove again to his broke He could not believe the quotations that he saw marked up under Con olidated as he pushed into the crowd room. Tnstead of being 5 points {from the price at which he had sold | it Was now up 10 points. It had gone up 15 points within an hour. Instead of being ahead of the game, at these prices he had lost $10 on every share of stock. As he was working on a 20-point margin, half of his entire capital already had been wiped out. Ieeling numb to the finger-tips, he crossed the room and read the latest | bulletin. It said: Consolidated Stael is en was' Involved . the Consolid thix ciiae has ned deal ted gone rumor that dearly his _suicid wed e to Lty rumor 1s be au true. warth cted the Standish read no more. e turned nd dashed through the offices, nearly bowling over two dignifled customers. Across the street was a telegraph of. e. Careless of concealment, he ran | over and wrote off five telegran: to each of his brokers, signing them with his assumed names, He ordered them to buy. buy at mee, buy at the market. Anything 10 close out his account before the bal ance should be wiped off, leaving him penniless. 5 He felt that he could not bear the agony of watching the quotations | without knowing at what price his | brokers had been able to bu ,("hn\ht;‘d in his car and drove back to his office, overwrought. ile remembered that, | of all things, he must retain his poise. Two days before he had thought his nerves were of steel. Now his mind searched for some one he could g0 to for relaxation. But he could not decide. He had no genuine friends. e loved no one, he hated no one. It had been his plan of life. Emotion, he had claimed, confuses the judgment. ’ te dropped his head into his palms to try to quiet his racing thoughts. Just then he heard some one open the outside door and come in. He looked up into the eyes of Iry- ing Brent. For a_moment he could have screamed. Then he saw that the man was Irving Brent's brother, with the same prominent brown eyes. His inward tumult seemed about to shake him into pieces. But he got to his feet, and he heard his own voice speaking with astonishing calm. “Come in, Brent. Excuse my star- ing, but you looked so much like your brother T was startled. Come in and sit down.” * LTER BRENT came in and sat down in the chair across the desk from the one at which his brother had been shot. Shadows beneath his eyes and white, tense lines about his mouth showed the strain that he had been under. “I don't know whether you can help me, Standish,” he began slowly. “But the elevator man says you were here last night, and I thought perhaps you had seen Irving.” 0, T was here till 10:30, but I didn't happen to pass him as I came in or went out.” “Did you see him yesterday at all?” “No. I'm sorry “When was the last time you saw him?" Standish thought for a moment. “About a week ago. At the club. But I did not see him then to speak to.” Bent got heavily to his feet. “I hope you realize how you have my sympathy,” said Standish. “If there is anything I can do—" Brent made a slight gesture, and with bowed head went out the door. The. hours that intervened before bedtime were blurred to Standish, like a moving picture that is run too fast. It was witih a tremendous relief that, in his rooms at 9 o’clock, he took an almost excessive dose of the sleep- ing tablets and fell into a drugged slumber. He arose late the next morning, breakfasted hastily and drove to the post office. = His five different lock-boxes each contained a letter from a stock-broker, He took out the letters and opened them one by one. Three of them told the same story. The market had scored so swiftly the brokers had been forced to close him out in order to protect themselves. The letters from the other two brokers were even worse. They had not been able to buy inside of his margin in the frantic bull market, so they inclosed a bill showing him the amount that he owed them. Not only had he lost every cent, he was a debtor. With white lips Standish put the letters in his pocket and drove hope- lessly to the local brokert . Although the market had been open only an hour sgreat things had happened. The rumor about Brent's speculations had turned out over night to be but a speculator’s canard, Consolidated Steel Foundries accord- ingly had collapsed. No one was buy- ing it and every one was trying to sell. It had gone off 60 points from yesterday’ high. If yesterday’s I happenings had not wiped him out Standish would this morning be gathering in his fortune. Standish sought the privacy of his offices. He went into the smaller room, sat in the chair where Irving Brent had sat, and laid his head in his arms. But as he rested there, life slowly * ok He remarked upon | . one | He realized that he was becoming | E ROBERT McBLAIR ordered itself in whowed a way nhead. At any rate, he now knew the worst. He had lost his money, but he had his health and strength. ‘There were many things for a man of his brains and his mind, and e heard the hall door open, and looked up. A broad thick man with n derby hat on the back of his head entered Mr. Standish?” he inqui Yes,” suld Standish coldly. 1 do for you? e man seratched his blue chin. Just want to ask you a few ques- tions. I don't expect to find out any- thing, you know, but we are still workin’ on that Brent affair. My name's Casey." Il be glad to tell I can, Mr. Casey.” § entirely himself. He knew that his teall was absolutely covered. “Have u seat, won't you? And have one of these clgars. “Mr, Standish,” the man took a cigar from the humidor with his left hand and rolled it between his fingers thoughtfully, “when was the time. you saw Mr. Irving Brent “A week or 10 days ago.. At club, You haven't seen him since then? y spoke with something of a brogue. NO. . “What you anything ndish was Mr. Standish—" whipped a_ revolver from his side pocket, and pointed it at Standish's stomach. I'll have to ask you to put your hands out while T slip on these | bracelets.” Standish was too surprised not to obey. Casey snapped on the hand cuffs, then assured himself that Standish concealed no weapons, “All right, Brown,” he called. A young fellow came in from the outer office, took up the desk tele- phone, and when his number had answered, said: *“This is Browr. wagon.' Cou'll smart for this mistake!” ith, and it's yourself that has the right to speak of smartin’ for mistakes,” retorted Casey. “If it hadn’t been for just one weeny little mistake, we never would have thought of you in a year of Sunda: it “May I ask what you are talking abou “Sure you may. Casey You can send the And T'll tell you, 1926 PART & too. But first let me take a bit of the pride out of you hy sayin' that we busted into your apartment this mor-rinin’. Standieh winced. “You did that?” Sure. And we found all your little check books and your neat little letters, showin’ how you was plannin’ to gamble on_ Brent's death a week before he died.” “How did vou happen to search my apartments?”’ asked Standish, white as a_sheet. “Well you Casey affably. may ask.” explained “You are the clever one. You picked 1 1o one could hool you up with. Not a clue in the world to lead to you. That's why I don't see how you was so foolish s to give him one of these fancy your monogram on the band and let him put it in his pocket just before you Kkilled him.” * ¥ * % TANDISH groaned aloud. As clear as day now he remembered that Irving Brent had not lighted his cigar. And, doubtless, in _order to free his fingers for opening the sandal- wood box containing the coin, he had thrust it into & pocket. “The cigar-maker told ordered this special brand,” went on Casey, cheerfully. “'So that led to you Then yesterday vou lied to Irving Brent's brother, and told him you hadn't seen Irving for a week. The us who | cigar was soft humidor. SHOT HIMSELF, SIR.” and fresh from the So then we knew we was on the right track.” C(asey's voica hardened. “You was in this building when Irving Brent was shot, you followed him in. You gave him a cigar. The next day you swore yoi hadn't seen him for a week. We find’ at your apartment tnat you've been usin’ five assumed names in order to make money out of Brent's deat: The orders to your brokers showe you expected Brent to die. You knew he was goin' to die this week. ‘The clamor of a whirring hurrying bell floated up from the street. “The wagon,” remarked Brown “You are clever,” concluded Cas as he stood aside to let his prisione precede Mim. “But the trouble you tried to bite off too big a hunk You tried to ger away with murder And it ain't being done this vear." (Copyright 1926.) History of the Flag Is Also History Of Growth of Spirit of Independence BY WILLIAM J. WHEATLEY. VERY Independence day, when | the anniversary of the Dec-| laration of Independence is | celebrated, is also the birthday | anniversary of each star rep- | resentative of another State added to the Union. For it was on this day, | in accordance with the provisfons | made by Congress, that a new star was added to the field of blue when. ever another State was admitted to the Union It was the Navy that first estab- | lished a uniform flag, having it some | years before a single flag was adopted for the Army, or, as a matter of fact, for the United States as a whole, and | during the Revolutionary period and subsequently there were many differ- ent designs for the national colors. .1t was not until 1834 that the Army prescribed the Sturs and Stripes be used to replace the garrison flag then in use. The flag that inspired the writing of “The Star Spangled Ban- ner” by Franci Scott Key was a flag of 15 stars and 15 stripes. The flag is the result of evolution, and the stripe idea did not come from the English, mother country, but rath- er from the Dutch, from which also came the word “stripe” and other related words, such as “flag.” “fiy.” “staff” and “bunting.” The evolution of the Stars and Stripes has been made the subject of an exhaustive study by Comdr. W, R. Furlong, U. S. Navy, a student of flag history and the Navy Depart- ment's representative on the Nation- al Flag Conference of 1924, which drafted the rules of flag etiquette. The result has been the perfection of | an exhibit of 19 flags which have been reproduced in their original sizes and colors and have been placed on display for the first time s a part of the v Department’s exhibit at the Philadelphia Sesquicentennial. The first of the serfes is the flag flown by the expedition which re- sulted in the discovery of the North American continent. This discovery flag is the simple but beautiful ban- ner of St. George's Cross, the ancient flag of England, a red cross on a white fleld. Under this flag the North American continent was discovered in 1497 by the Italian navigator, Giovin- ni Cabote (John Cabot), exploring for the King of England. By safling along -the coast for 1,000 miles, he lald the foundation for England’s claims in North America. The same flag_was later carried by Capt. John Smith’s ships to the settlement at Jamestown, Va., in 1607, and was carried in the Mayflower to the Plym- outh, Mass., settlement in 1620. * * X % ‘HE second flag is that from which is derived some of the nomen- clature of the present flag of the United States. It is the King’s col- ors or the Union Jack. This flag was designed in 1606 to symbolize the union of England and Scotland on the accession of King James to the throne of the United Kingdom in 1603. This union was shown by placing the ancient red English Cross of St. George over the white diagonal Scotch Cross of St. Andrew on a blue fleld. There are records of the use of this flag on the forts of the Unitéd States in 1679 and 1696. It was required in all the British dominions by act of Parliament in 1707. Three early flags which had an in- fluence on the design of the Stars and Stripes were the striped flags of the Dutch Republic. In our English- speaking America of today it is very often forgotten that for half a century before the English began colonizing the Middle Atlantic States the Dutch settled and governed New Nether- lands. This included the Dutch set- tlements in New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Delaware. These settlements were made under the Dutch flags. The Dutch flags shown as influencing the American flag in the formation of the stripes are the Dutch West India Co.’s three-striped flag of orange, white and blue; the United States of Netherlands flag, doubled, with six stripes of red, white and blue, and the Rotterdam flag of green and white stripes. ‘While the English were settling in Virginia and New England under the Cross of St. George and later under the Union Jack, the Dutch West India Co. was pouring Dutch, German and French Walloon settlers into the Mid- dle Atlantic States. Many of the set- tlers brought over to the Dutch set- tlements of New Netherlands had first lived for a number of vears in the Netherlands of Europe. Political and | religious persecution had forced them] from the Rhine Valley, from the north of France, and, in the case of the Pllgrims, from England. The stripes of the early Dutch flags ‘were red and white. They were seven in number, representing the seven Dutch states .that were declared inde- pendent in 1581, feder.ved into one THE ESTABLISHED FLAG OF THE UNITED STATES IN 1818. IT WAS THE DESIGN OF CAPT. S. C. REID, U. S. N. body known as the United Nether- lands, This was a departure, in that previously fla had represented kings or individuals. Colonists came to the Middle Atlan tic States 50 years later und Dutch threestriped flag of o white, and blue, or six-striped flag of white and blue. The Dutch India Co. practically monopo- lized the sea trade of the world for many vears prior to the rise of the British’ East India Co. American col- onists had hefore them the example of, and many of them lived under, the Dutch Republic. As Rotterdam was one of the places of assembly of emigrants prior to sailing to America, its flag is taken as an example of the many-striped flags of the states and cities of the Netherlands. The Rotterdam flag has 11 green and white stripes. It was in use in the 17th 1Sth and 19th centuries; and emigrants of today will see the same colors, green and white, used in the house colors of the Holland-America. line. History records that Willlam Penn traveled in the Valley of the Rhine, meeting and talking with members of the religious sects that were similar in their bellefs to his Quakers. It is not strange, then, that so many of these persecuted German sects should have come via the Netherlands to peo- g, Tenn's colony and to prosper der its tolerance. These people were familiar with the striped Nether- lands flags, under which they lived for a time and under which they safled to America. The Dutch were finally succeeded in the sea trade of the world by the English East Indla Co. This com- pany carried a striped flag. In some old prints it is shown sometimes as a nine-striped flag, again as 10-striped, and in a book dated 1704 the flag of this company had 13 red and white stripes with a small St. George's cross in the upper corner, next the staff. This flag was well known to Young America which lived chiefly on the seacoast and whose trade was carried on in ships. W THE flag generally used in the col- onfes was the English red ensign with a cross of St. George in the upper corner next the staff. Some- times variations were made in this flag to distinguish colonial vessels from English vessels by placing a pine tree or a globe, representing the new world, in the first quarter framed by the cross. Another variation was the omission of the cross and the re- tention of the white field of the canton, or the replacing of the cross by a pine tree. It was not until the days of the Revolution that the Colonies began to look for something radically dif- ferent from the British flag. This period produced the pine tree and the rattlesnake flags of various designs and the flags of individual design car- ried by the various colonial troops. Alterations were made in the British red ensign by placing words on the fly such as “Liberty and Union.” Sixteen of the most interesting of the Revolutionary War flags are repro- duced in the exhibit, but these had little influence on the design of the Stars and Stripes. However, in the Revolution the Stars and Stripes were evolved. When Washingtor left Philadeiphia in 1773, en route to take command of the Army at Cambridge, he was escorted out of the city by the Philadelphia Troop of Light Horse, known to have accom- panied him as far as Newark, N. J. The beautiful yellow silk standard of this troop carried in fits upper cor- ner, next the staff, a small union of 13 stripes in silver and light blue. Another symbol in this beautiful flag consisted of 13 ribhons radiating from like the spokes of a wheel. The ribbons were united at the hub in one knot. . Stars figured in the union of the flag which was carried in 1775 on the schooner Lee by a Massachusetts skip- per, Capt. Manle! schooner Lee, operating as one of Commodore Hop: kins' squadron, captured the Naney h supplies for the British army, November 19, 17 The 13 white stars on a blue union of her flag. The stars were ar- ranged in five horizontal parallel rows and were five-pointed. In the blue fly of the flag was a white anchor with the word “hope” above it: The flag was later used as the flag of Rhode Island troops in the battles of Brandy- wine, Trenton and Yorktown, but on the troop flag the stars were of gilt on « light blue canton. Following the early use of the Eng- lish ensign, which carried the St. George cross in the canton, there came into use in the colonies, in the eighteenth century, the red British ensign, carrying the union jack in the canton. This British ensign was al- tered after the Revolution had begun by placing 13 stripes in the fly of the flag under the British union jack. This flag, called the Grand Union flag, was hoisted by Lieut. John Paul Jones December 3, 1775, in the newly formed American fleet off Philadel- phia, and on January 1 or 2, 1776, it was hoisted over the newly organized American Army at Washington's headquarters in Cambridge. The flag was referred to in corre- spondence of the day as the “Ameri- can colors.” It is Interesting to note that although these American colors ‘were hoisted and used six months be- fore the Declaration of Independence, they still carried the British union jack in the corner. The 13 united colonies were depicted in the 13 stripes of the fleld. Although fighting for their rights, the 13 united colonies had not vet entirely broken away from the 'l:]rltlsh unifon. This may have been e reason for calling the flag the Grand Union. 5 - No flag was authorized by act of Congress until nearly a year after the Declaration _of Independance. That the Grand Unfon flag was little used in the Army is seen from the many flags of other designs which were carried by the troops. In the Navy, on account of the necessity of telling a friend from a foe by his colors, the same flag was used generally by all the Congress ships. In 1775 va usually the Pine Tree flag: in 1 until June 14, 1777, it was the Grand Union flag; after June 14, 17 the Stars and Stripes. Privs carried striped and rattlesnake flags of various designs. The Congress ships are shown with a striped jack with a rattlesnake on it, and the State avies made some slight departyre om the flag of the Congress ship: * ok ok x| ENERALLY speaking, on account of the practical use made of the flag as a means of recognition, naval ships of any one period carried the same flag. The need of a uniform flag for the Navy forced the adoption of a national flag. That is why the resolu- tion for the adoption of the Stars and Strines appeard among the resolu- tions of the marine committee on | June 14, 1777. From the prominence of the color green in Revolutionary War flags it would not have been surprising if that color had found its way into the flag of the United States of America. One of the most striking flags of the Revolutionary\ War to symbolize the ¥ jcircle of 13 links was a circle of ton formed the | Unlon of the 13 colonies was a flag with a green fly, with a union of white on which was a circle of 13 links in an endless chain. Outisde the 13 hands or matled emerging from clouds and grasping the 13 links. In the center of the circia of links was a green pine tree on « blue field. This flag was carried by a Newburyport Mass., company. In 1684, nearly 100 vears hefore the Revolution, the flag of the Newburyport. Mass., Company of Foot Troops had green as the color of the fly, but the canton then carried the Cross of St. George instead of the 13 links and hands. Green was the color of the pine tree flag and of the liberty tree flags of Revolutionary days. in 1776, April, the Massachusetts { Council prescribed green and white as thu uniform of the officers in their sea service. In the same year the marine committee of the Continental Congress in Philadelphia resolved that the uniform of marine officers be a green coat, white walstcoat and breeches edged with green. The Culpeper Minute Men wore green hunting shirts, and a standard of the Georgia rangers in the latter part of the war carried green and white stripes. But when it came to adopting the Stars and Stripes, the green was dropped and the various flags of red, white and blue that had been fa- miliar to American colonists for overa hundred years exercised the prevailing influence in the design of the Stars and Stripes. On the Rough Journal of Congress, June 14, 1777, there appeared the res- olution that gave the United States the Stars and Stripes. 1t reads “Resolved, That the flag of the 12 United States be 13 stripes, alternate red and white; that the Union be 13 stars, white in a blue fleld, repre senting a new constellation.” There is no written record of anyv discussion of the design. nor are there any cotemporary writings on the subject that have been found. The resolution adopting the flag appears or a page of the Rough Journal of Congress among a whole page of reso- lutions presented by the marine com- mittee on the subject of the Navy. Previous to the adoption of this flag the one familiar to the marine com- mittee was the Grand Union flag of 13 stripes, which was raised at Phila- delphia over the new American fleet and at.Cambridge over the new Con- tinental Army. It was only neces- sary in this flag to drop the British Union and adopt the 13 stars of the armed schooner Lee. On the same page with the flag and other marine committee resolu- tions appears the resolution appeint- ing John Paul Jones to the command of the Ranger. Jones was presented a flag by some ladies of Philadelphia and soon afterward he had the Stars and Stripes flying at sea. Cotemporary {llustrations of Jones' ships and the description of the new flag when it appeared in Europe show that the early Navy flags arranged the stars in horizontal parallel rows. Due to their number, the stars were staggered; that is, the stars of one row were placed opposite the spaces of the stars in the next row, so that they looked like a ‘“constellation” in the heavens, as the resolution had described them. In one ship they were in flve rows, in another in three rows. Soon the ingenuity of individuals was displayed in the arrangement of the stars in unofficial flags. In the museum at Salem, Mass., cotem- porary prints show five illustrations of merchant ships from 1795 to 1805 with stars arranged in a square, and seven illustrations of merchant ships from 1828 to 1844 with the stars in a eircle. Other arrangements in merchant ships. or in unofficial use on shore placed the stars in one large star, in a diamond. On May 18, 1818, the Navy com- missioners issued an order placing the stars in accoradnce with the Navy custom of parallel horizontal rows and with the stars of the second and fourth yows moved to the right one-half star space. The order was signed by Commodore Jahn Rogers, president of the Navy commissiopars, Six months later hes issued a change in the arrangement of the stars, ap- proved by the President of the United States. This order required the stars to be arranged both in vertical and horizontal parallel rows. Since the act of 1818 establishing the flag, the number of States has more than doubled and stars have been added accordingly [ DXZZINESS i entirely unrelated to any diseasé of the glands of in ternal secretion, recent experiments have shown. It has previously been thought that some trouble with these might be an important factor in causing vertigo.