Evening Star Newspaper, March 7, 1926, Page 47

TEN BILLIONS INVESTED ABROAD BY AMERICANS Representative Bur ton Sees Growth of Financial Interest Due to Natural Causes and . BALLINGER. by the Ameri t the rate of over dollars a year, a total investment of over ten a labyrinthine maze of \merican ownership and interests in d mines, great oil properties, vast ruit, rubber, sugar plantations, tele- phone, telegraph and railroad lines cxtending from jungles and swamps 0 deserts to the heart of Paris, Lon- don and the great metropolitan cen ters of the world, was the astonishing picture that was unfolded to me by Theodore Burton as I sat chatting with him in the Capitol. Representative Burton. member American debt-funding commi long a student of and partici pator in international affairs, has been itimately acquainted with the stupen evolution of America from the role of a poverty-stricken debtor na- tion of a century ago to the world's dominating fina . The prosaically ought the tips of his fingers together I began to draw out some of the information that he has amassed in srvice in public life and attention to business and BY WILLIS NVESTMENT people abroad billion gn lions, of 1 his close “How much money,” T asked. “have the American people invested abroad?” $10,105,000,000 Invested. American people, private in- vestors, had investments abroad on January 1, 1926, amounting approxi- mately to $10,405.000,000. Of this, i \ ents in Burope aggre £2.500,000.600: in Canada and foundland, 25,000,000; in America, $4.210.000.000; Asia Oceanta, £520,000,000; in 000,900, Of this total, $4.4 was in government and government =uaranteed oblizations, including loans political subdivisions and some in dustrial loans, mostly to railways; £5.975,000,000 in industrial securi and dirvect investments. It should be noted that investments Lurope are almost exclusively in oans, while in Canada and more es- pecially Latin America the largest liare is in property owned. The fol lowing is the estmated amount loans made in 19 Lurope, $662, 00: Asia, $66,902.000; Australia 000.000; Latin America (including West Indies), $199.402.200; Canada (in cluding Newfoundland), $185 total foreign loans, §1,189.2 ins for refunding are deducted. There has been a slackening in zov ernment log an increase in those municipalities and a still greater in industrial loans. original amount of indebted- ne the United States Government was $10.338,000.000. A very larze sum interest has accrued on the origi- amount. st New- in and Afr i N 10 increase “The, of nal wo Billions Before Wai Our foreign loans and investments L the wa January 1, 114, are gener ed at about (wo billions of dollar How much has been Mexico? “The amount of investments in Mex ico at the present time is estimated at one billion. Their value ha seriously impaired by damage during revolutionary and other disturban and hostile legislation. In the pre- war period Mexico stood first of all countries in our reign investments.” What country in South America has been most invested in? What country in Europe, in Africa, in the Central Americas states? “Among the South countries, Chile stands out pre-emi- nently in the matter of American in vestments. A large volume of loans 1o the governments (national, state municipal) of Argentina and /il have been placed in this coune but our direct investments in Chile more than offset this difference. Our mining investments in Chile are tremendous, such as with Chile Cop- per Co., Braden Copper, Santiago Min fng, Andes Copper Mining, Bethlehem Chile Iron Mines, the Anglo-Chilean Nitrate and Railway Co.. the nitrate properties of the du Ponts and W. R. e and other enterprises. Has Most. ar iy estir invested in American 1 German Lurope in Germir South Africa and the Belg Among Central American mala has led, with una second and third Americans many Russia ? erty interests in Russia prior to the Kerensky revolution in 917 have been estimated at ani it not all, of which has heen written off the books. “The leading manufacturing plants owned by Americans, or in which they had an interest, were those of the International Harvester Co. Sewing Machine ¢ Co. and the “In ment catest in Af ) Kongo. countries Costa Ric Property nter sts i “Our pr most iene , | volume Latin | been | £60,000,- | Not to War. The first two had a large of sales contracts outstand- ing. Mention should also be made of the funds of the National City Bank of New York and American insurance companies which were confiscated. de from property interests in . American citizens purchased 75,000,000 of dollar bonds of the im- al government sold here in 1916, which are, of course, in default. Within the past year or so American capital has been invested in Soviet Russia. A concession has been taken covering the immense manganese de- posits in the Ural Mountains. An annual royalty of several millions of dollars is “fixed, and a large invest- ment will be required to place the properties in good working condition. It is currently reported that a 50 per ent interest has been taken in the revived British Lena Gold Fields | Consolidated in Siberia by an Ameri- can_financial group. “Numerous «ther concessions have been granted or proposed which do not seem to have resulted in the in- vestment of any large amount of American capital. $700,000,000 More a Year. How much has been the rate of our annual foreign investment for the last 12 years? ver the 12-year period, 1925, inclusive, our foreign ments have increased about $5,500,- 000,000, or at the rate of nearly $700,- 000,000 per annum. During the last few years the net amount of new ir | vestment has averaged well over £1,000.000,000 (this, of course, includes foreign government and for- | cign_corporate sccurities issued here). ‘The increase in our Canadian and |Cuban investments was especially | marked in the vears 1914 to 1920—in the flotation of government loan: | the establishment of branch factories in Canada and in the acquisition of sugar properties in Cuba. Our in- vestments in Europe, which consist largely of government and corporate securities and to a relatively small de- gree of direct Investments, have in- creased very greatly in the last few years.” What is the nature of our property investments abroad? Has most of this ownership been acquired since ar? rst facturing ic Co. 1914 to invest- in value, probably manu- plants for various articles, neluding packing plants—then, per haps in_order, oil properties, mines; telegraph, telephone and cable con struction: plantations for the raisi of sugar, fruit and rubber; railway electric power companies, While in | vestments commenced before the war | most of the properties have heen ac auired or greatly increased in value since the leginning of the war in 1914, Greatest Financial Powes Can it be truthfully said that we ve hecome the most powerful finan- ial nation of the world? “Unquestionably The estimate Harvey D. Fisk as to the comparative wealth of | the principal countries is, T think, as |accurate as any. It gives aggregate \ 1 | | s follows: | Country | United s 0 Amount 0.000.000.000 0.000.000.000 )0.000.000 000.000°000 000,000.000 Germany | Russia British | (total) | | 3. 149.000,000.000 “The change of the United States | front a debtor to a creditor nation oe- | curred about January 1, 1916. Tt must | De said that this change was not caused entirely by the great war though hastened by it no doubt “In view of the rapid accumula- tion of wealth from about the year 1897, the attainment of a creditor posi tion would have been only a question of romparativel few years after The war was a decided factor in ting a difference in wealth and in tion as a creditor nation as |compared with the nations of Europe. |1t the war had not occurred, there would have been an increase in wealth hoth in Furope and in the United ates, but the increase in the United ates would have heen much greater and more ramid. It is a mistake to think that our present commanding position is due to the war. When we count the cost to us of between 30 | and 40 billions—an estimate in the re port of the Secretary of the Treasu for 1920 gives the ¢ cluding foreign loans, 000—we must look elsewhere for the causes. Improved methods, the de velopment of new fields, the awakened spirit of the people, all the progressive features which characterize American industri , must be taken into ac- count as the main cause of our in- creased wealth. What has happened since 1914 is but a continuation, on a arger scale. of that which was mani- festly in evidence before that time.” ° Empire as $33.4 | Great Britain Is Gradually Nearing Two-Party Form of Government (Continued from First Page.) power which can hardly be exagger- ated, Jargely because he has done the thing which is called “‘muddling through.” hut in reality means avoid ing the inevitable by doing the imme diately obvious, The present British political cireum- stances supply one of the profound st examples of how democratic insti- 1utions should be worked which it is possible to imagine. No other coun fry in Europe has anything like the same capacity and as a result all the her countries are in extreme difficul- ties and democracy has more or less oken down or given way to ¢ shin. 1n our own country our democrucy functions magnificently because there no dangers and no difficulties of « wajor sort. But in Great Britain for a_full decade democracy has been functioning under the most extraord nary difficulties and it is now working in the face of problems which have brought down other democracies in the long past. In reality it is making over its party system, its economic system, its whole social and econ life conditions without any appar consclous effort or reasoned You have the impression tish politics in recent years which ne has following a man crossing a street in traflic. Instinctively he flodges. turns, retreats, advances, faces cast, west, north and south. At an given moment he may be moving away from his destination, but in the end quite plainly he is getting across the street and nearer the place for which he set out. Two Parties Inevitable. Britain must have a totally political adjustment with only two parties and those parties divided along lines of present not Victorian clevage. 1t is going to have them and they will the Tory and Labor parties. but it is essential that hoth of these parties shall be ruled by the moderates and dominated by reasonablencss, so. until Toth parties have demonstrated by their performance under these condi- tons, both remain minority partie I s e the real divi new u <fon | henceforth will be between Conserva- tive and Socialist, but a British So- cialist is rapldly becoming, as was in- evitable, a_purely British and native variety of Socialist. Moscow will not inspire or control the Labor party. But by exact contrast neither will Mussolini nor his methods dominate the Tory party. Mr. Baldwin has quite frequently to prove he is not Mussolini_just as Macdonald has to give proof that he is net a follower of Lenin. Mr. Baldwin and Mr. Macdonald have now to prevent their extremist from precipitating a class war by | forcing a coal strike. If either were | for a single moment suspected of having any such purpose his political fate would be sealed. But I am sure that there will not be a coal strike, because only a handful of extremists in either Tory or Labor mp have a real desire to precipitate it and the domination of either would destroy the party to which each nominally belongs. Lloyd George's Power Gon Lioyd George is finished, he has no | political home, mno refuge, his at- tempts to invent an issue are quite as fatuous and futile as some of the late Willam J. Bryan's attempts to paramount. And, in addition, while peopie continued to believe in Mr Bryan's sincerity no one now credits Lloyd George with any such quality. In sum, my impression this year, even more strongly than ever before, is that the British are “muddling through” successfully, at moments showing something like inspiration, Dboth in the face of their economic dif: ficulties and their political dangers. They are not likely to go to the “demnition bow wows,” either eco- nomically or politically. Very vast changes will surely come, but, while | the alternations are going on, if busi | ness is rot “as usual” there will be o suspension. It is perfectly true, I believe, that | the British wiil succeed much more | promptly in making over their politi cal than their industrial edifice, they | will recover politically hefore they re- er economlically, but certainly it L] ( i | 1) I'HE BY HENRY W. BUNN. HE following is a brief sum- mary of the most important news of the world for the seven days ended March 6: The League.—A curious phenome- non that—the hectic condition of BEu- {rope for a fortnight or so past over the proposal that at the same time {that Germany, having been admitted to the league, should take her seal as a permanent member of the league council (in accordance with the origi- nal plan of the council and with a definite promise made to Germany by the allied representatives at Locarno) permanent seats on the council should be given to one or more other nation: It is indeed curiously in- teresting development viewed from all sorts of angles. The statesman, imoralist, the phychologist, carnoist, the real politiker, may each have something plausible to say in this connection. Bul when all have sounded off and their winged words have joined the winds, one observes dominating the field of Logomachy, as the fortress Karytena dominates the Arcadian Plain, the allimportant fact, namely, that Germany holds the cards, Germany's position is set forth as follows by the German chancellor, Dr. Luthe: In all the discussions of Gerni entry into the league it was sel dent for us that no important changes whatever were to be made within the league before our entr This wa self-evident as the assignment to Ger many of a permanent seat on the council. Any changa in the council before our entry would place us in a politically impossible position.” Quite so. To be sure, the argu- ntents for enlarging the membership of the council so as to include one or more nations besides Germany are powerful, and the allies might reason- ably have stipulated in that sense at Locarno; but for the allies on the ver eve of the meeting of league assem bly and council to admit Germany to put it up to Germany that acquis tion by her of a council seat must be ) conditioned would not look like ir dealing. And T make no doubt that all the council delegates look at it that way. That Briand so sees it may be read between the lines of his dvocacy of Polish claims to a seat. r Austen Chamberlain put the thing in just the right way, as follows, in a speech to the Commons on Thursday “If T might rightly understand the causes of the anxiety that has been shown and the mind of the British nation, it is not that we are unalter- ably opposed to any change of the council or any addition to it, nor that we desire here and now a priori tc {reject a particular claim without dis ion, but it is due to surprise at having these questions opened now fear lest through opening these ques. tions vou endanger the resuits of Locarno. and perhaps. above all, tc the sense that there is something in the air which is not fair play.” That's it. Allied faith, like Caesar's wife, must not merely be clear; it must not be suspect. As a matter of fact, this hullabaloo seems to have been raised by two sets of people. the one set in a sudden blue funk the politician, the the Lo- lest Germany as member ! SUNDAY STAR. WASHING of the council might try to “start something,” proposing therefore & counterpoise by way of further en- larging the council membership; the other set, very properly touched on the point of honor, in a blue funk lest the council fail to deal honorably with Germany. As a_matter of fact, an adjustment s probably being ~arranged very amicably today. The Locarno prin- cipals are having a private meeting at Geneva prior to the meeting of as- sembly and council. One doubts that any pressure will be put on the Ger- mans, but conceivably the latter might make a magnanimous gesture and consent to some compromise which, while not cerogating from Germany’s dignity, might ease mat- ters for certain governments. Within a few d: this strange episode will be of the past; an episode so curiously signifying the extreme nervous tension ‘accompanying for- mal allied acquiescence in resumption by Germany of the position in Kuro pean councils to which (assuming her good faith) she is entitled by reason of her greatness. As Briand himself | recently observed, “If one sets out to lr;nkf peace, one must not be afraid of it.” France.—On Mond: mentary tax bill, looking wholesome, brisk and rosy, the same buxom voung thing that M. Doumer, finance minister, commended to the chumber so many weeks ago, but which the chamber sent up to the senate in an_extremely dilapidated, almost ex- piring condition, this bill, completely restored and rehabilitated, was re turned to the chamber; but already it is in a pitiable condition again from maltreatment, fir: by the chamber finance commission and later by the body of the chamber. The chamber ratified the Locarno 413 to 71, about 100 National- ists_abstaining. The discussion was on the highest plane and showed the chamber at its best in striking contrast with that chamber at its worst, when discuss- ing fiscal or financial matter The general conclusion reflected in the vote was that the treaties point the way to that moral disarmament which must precede actual disarma ment, if only that way may be taken and that (more immediately impor- tant) they make certain at last Brit ish support of I'rance. should Ger many agsress, the which certainly makes the likelihood of German ag gression negligible. It is progosed to add tp the Acad- emy of Fine Arts of France a section to be concerned solely with feminine fashions and habilatory interests. Significantly Abd-EL-Krim, the Riff hero, has begun to harass the French and Spanish again, but it is unlik that for some weeks ahead weather conditions will permit of operations on a considerable scale, P the supple- Germany.—The latest statistics in dicate a slight general improvement the cconomic situation: bankrupt sies fewer, a little less unempl ment, | production slizhtly up. The ~Reick zovernment is bustling itself encr. getically to boost trade with Russia The Reichstag has just passed a gov- ernment bill to the following effect The Reich government is to guaran: tee up to 35 per cent Russian pay )y | show N, D. €, MARCH 7, ments for importations from Germany up to a total value of 300.000,000 marks. Machinery will be the chief item of the German exports. The credits to Russia are to be for six, nine and ten months. The annual Leipzig fair is on, far the oldest function of the sort in the world, This year’s fair beats all rec- ords for size and variety, the most notable exhibitions being those of American automobiles, Russian furs and German radio. In the fair of 1914 there were 4,250 exhibitors; this year there are 12,000. Hundreds of buildings house the exhibits. Germany, despite a mo mentary present slump, is definitely on the up curve. * ¥ ok K Italy.—In a recent letter to Cardinal Gasparri, the papal sceretary of state, the Pope announced refusal to recog nize, should they be enacted, certair reform” proposals favorable to the Vatican, affecting the relations be- tween church and state, which a special commission appointed by Mus- solini_of three government officials and three prelates had drawn up and which Mussolini was about to submit to Parliament for enactment. The Pope declares that Parliament has no right to enact legislation af- fecting the church without previous agreement thereto of the holy see and dubs these proposals and sundry acts and gestures of Mussolini, ostensibly indicative of benevolence toward the Vatican, merely “blandishments,” not iouching the essence of the problem of the relations between Quirinal and Vatican. The Pope’s letter is vari- ously interpreted. Perhaps the most widely accepted | interpretation is that which finds ir it a veiled invitation to Mussolini to bid higher, to offer to return to the Vatican the most considerable part of the temporal power whereof it wi deprived in 1870. There appears to be no justification for thinking that anything less would be considered by the Vatican as acceptable solution of “the Roman question.” The foreign minister of Greece has been calling on Mussolini, whence more gossip. At the least, so 'tis argued, with a dictator as boss of the in both countries, T Greece should understand e: better than of old. China.~-One hears that four tions of the Quominchun (the tional People’s Army” of China) are engaged in desperate fighting, one ir Honan Province against Wu Pei Fu, two in northern Chili against armie: of Chang Tso Lin ing from Manchurian (one under Chang Tso | Lin's son), and a fourth in southern Chili_against the combined forces o the Tuchun of Shantung and Gen. L Ching Ling, who some months ago was ousted by Fenz Yu Hsiang rrom Tuchunship of Chili Province. Feng seems to be more less directing from Jehol in Chili the movements of the Kuominchun forces. Apparently Wu and Chang are co-operating, and it looks like a licking for Fen: | * Americ | | | United a.— The | House 1 sed, 383 to 13, the | Watson-Pa bill, which contem plates abolition of the Railroad Labor Board and propo: peace plan® £ admirable plan yet con-| {to the 1926—PART 2. ceived for maintaining peaceful rela- tions in a great industry. Practically all the railroads have turned down the demands of the train men and conductors for wage in creases. The prospect of legislation in the} present session of Congress looking to the speeding up of railroad con solidations {s becoming “small by de- grees and beautifully less.” 3 The Interstate Commerce Commis- sion has turned down, by a vote ol 7 to 1, the application of the Van Sweringen interests for authority to undertake the proposed ““Nickel Plate consolidation, to include the Nickel Plate, the Chesapeake and Ohio, the Hocking Valley, the Erie and the| Pere Marquette railways, totaling i over 9,000 mile of roadway and to- gether worth about $1.250,000,000, ac- cording to the commission’s valuation. The financial plans for the proposed merger are very severely criticizec by the commission; in particular, as! to treatment of certain stockholders, the dominating interests being a cused of employing very high-handed methods. It is permissible for the applicants to renew application afte. ! revision of the features found objec tionable. From a purely transporta tion standpoint, the proposals are found to be not inimical to the public interest The National Food Products Cor poration has consented to a Federal court decree which restrains the de- fendants from creating or operating a food trust of any character. “The corporation agrees to disgorge itsell of the offending security holdings.” The Chicago Better Government Assoclation has appealed to Congres for help in the fight to bring the law less elements in Chicago under con- trol. Gilbert Murray, poetry at Oxtord living Regiug professor of . one of the foremost exponents of the humanitie: and one of the most felicitous of translators from the Greek, is to_oc cupy for a space the Charles Eliot Norton chair of poetry at Harvard rvard and Amer e to be con- sratulated. One recalls that in the middle of the last century a still greater Englishman, Arthur Hugh Clough, a very genuine creative poet resided for some months in Cam Dridge, lecturing at Harvard. Our State Department has replied itest Mexican note. One hea with satisfaction that very soon now all the correspondence to date be- tween the two governments respect ing the recent Mexlcan oil and pe- troleum legislation will be published. i i Miscellaneous.—The _ whole British realm breathlessly awaits publication of the report of the Royal Coal Com. mission, promised for this week. 1 stated in a previous summary that *“commissions within limit of rank the new royal Ind navy will be open to Indians. There i to be no limit as to rank. When the Dalia Lama of Tibet con: tracted for an electric light plant to furnish _illumination for his palace 1 Potala Hill in Lhasa. the “forbid den city,” he failed sufficiently to reckon with the Tibetan Conserva tives. The caravan conveying chinery was held up in a mountain pass, the party the machinery smashed over a precipice. | the ma Himalayan murdered and hurled ments—Calls Atte BY REV. DR. JOSEPH SILVERMAN, Rabbi Emeritus, Temple Emanu-El of New York. Recently it was seriously proposed to introduce the Ten Commandments into the curriculum of the public schools, and thus make the teaching | of the Decalogue a matter of compul- | sory routine. The sponsors of this | movement had given the subject little | consideration and were unprepared for the avalanche of strong opposition which it invited. What a naive sug- gestion! It doss credit to the inno- cence rather than the intelligence of the proponents and their clerical back ers, As well try to stop the onrush | of Niagara with vour hand as to halt | the present cyclone of criminality with a recital of the ten cajegorical impera- tives to little children God did not give those fundamental principles of theojogy and righteous ness to innocent babes. He did not reveal them silently or in a_“still small voice.” He gave them on Mount | nai in the midst of thunders and lightning, as if to awaken Israel and the world forever to the importance and significance of those great com- mands. Ten Commandments. In brief, they may be summarized thus: First. Thou shalt have no other God | but Jehovah. econd. Thou { worship idols. Third. Thou ame of God shalt not make or shalt not misuse the is also true that they will never per- mit their economic problems to be made insoluble by political chaos. And as a last word, it is worth re- membering that seen frem America Great Britain may seem “down and out,” but seen from KEurope it ap- pears victorious and dominant Only Danger Is Sudden Crisis. Every time I have come to England since the war I have been more strongly impressed with the enormous instinet which is the real force in British political life. There is a_sense of measure and of balance. Parties may publicly proclaim the most radical or the most reactionary programs. The respective presses may thunder in a fashion which frequently deludes the alien into believing that Britain is on the edge of the abyss. Indeed Iinglishmen do actually take a cer tain pleasure in announcing that this is the fact. But underneath this outward sem- blance of profound and chaotic divi-| sion there are an essential unity and common standpoint which actually de- htermine the course of events. Only a sudden and unforeseen crisis can for the moment upset this balance. The threat of a coal strike last Summer crisis, yet in the end the subsidy was the answer. Politically, using the term in its! broadest sense, Britain is as far from decadence as ever in her political hi tor On the whole,”her economic in- stinct is less good than her political, because for more than two generations before the World War she had no_ real competition. Her economic readjust- ment will, therefore, in my judgment, be less rapid than her political, she will make more mistakes, and, what is perhaps worse, she will waste much more time in doing anything. Politic- ally she is dynamic and economically not merely static, but perhaps lethar- gic. But that in the end the same genfus of the race will produce similar re- sults seems inevitable . in view of present British spirit and the really enormous reservoirs of resources, ex- perience and knowledge. Meanwhi Britain seems to me the most stim lating study in democracy now visible on this planet. (o aht. 1926, RABBI SCORES PLAN DECALOGUE IN SCHOOLS OF U. S. lin | school system. TO TEACH | Suggests Teaching Federal and State Law Rather Than Arousing Sentiment Over Ten Command- mpt Un-American. Fourth. Thou shalt keep the sev- enth day holy in memory of the six s of creation and the exodus from Thou shalt honor thy p xth. Thou shalt not murder. Seventh. Thou shalt not comniit adultery. Eighth. Thou shalt not steal. Ninth. Thou shalt not lie. Tenth. Thou shalt not cover. Great words! Simple yet enigmat- ical. in a measure: =0 much so that God thought it necessary to define, in set terms, six of these commandmen Exodus, xx, and Deuteronomy, v, lest they he misunderstood i That code is the essence of the Jew- | ish religion and, if Christianit i) by technical interpretation of the Trin- | ity, accept it also, then by teaching this code in the public schools we | would be teaching, not a non-secre tarian ethics, but a monotheistic theo- logy plus a moral code whose sanction rests on belief in the word of God Must Be Confined. 1 believe the teaching of that code is rational and necessary, but in these United States it must, by virtue of our State and Federal constitutions, be confined to the churches. syna- zogues and homes. Such instruction that involves theology and religion should not be foisted on our public It would change the | essential character of, the people’ schools and turn them into parochial schools, make them an adjunct, as it were, of the churches and synagogues. That must never be done in this country, as it would violate th fundamental principal of our Consti- tution, the separation of church from rents. introduce the decalogue as a compulsory part, of the school curri- culum would be to invite endless religious discussion that would re- sult in religious prejudice and, per- haps. bitterness. It would become the entering wedge for sectarianism. The decalogue would be made the excuse for teaching the Beatitudes. Why not? If a chapter from the Old Testament is permissible,” why not also one or more from the New? If Jehovah can be taught in the schools why not Jesus? And then, wh selections from the Koran, the Vedas and from the Christian Science Bible (Mrs. Eddy's key to the Seriptures)? Therefore, T s: it is best: it is truly American to let the churches | take care of religion, and to confine the public schools to secular educa- tion—to the three “R’s” and the sciences and the arts. We must not violate religion for the sake of religion. We must not break the commandments for the sake of the commandments. Instead of teaching in the schools the Ten Commandments, which in- volve religion and theology, let there be a united effort throughout the country to teach a graded course in Federal and State law in all schools and colleges, both private and public, to the end that our young people shall grow up thoroughly grounded in the principles and practices of Amer- jcanism. Let the schools turn out patriotic and law-abiding Americans and we shall not need to fear that they will transgress the Ten Com- mandmen But to superimpose the decalogue on the schools would be to violate true Americanism. (Copyright, 1926.) I In London there is a full symphony | orchestra recruited from members of | the Labor party. It was organized hvl | ment. CAPPER WARNS A( INCREASE IN GAINST STEADY U. S. EMPLOYES Declares Time May Come When Half of Citizens Will Be on Government Pay Roll—Says Proportion Exceeds 1 to 10. BY ARTHUH CAl | Senator From ER, Kansas, Ts there a time coming when ever: citizen will have one officeholder to support? The idea is extravagant, but its realization is not impossible. When our forefathers set up thi Government 130 years ago, they were | content with few governmental frills. | The times being simple, a comple: government was not required. So they. got along quite well with one public official to every 1.000 adults. Then came years of increased mo- | mentum and complexity in_ci tion and government. This is bound | to be the case in a world that is mak- ine progress from stage coaches to| flving machines, from candlelight to electric illumination, from face-to-fage | converse to radic By 1860 this 1-t0-1,000 ratio in o ficcholders had increased to 1 to 100. | In the late 805 and early 90s the proportion was 1 to 10. Today it must be greater, however incredible the thought may seem. All May Be on Pay Roll. Just how long will it take to put everybody on the public pay roll? How many more boards, bureaus, commissions and new officials must be created from school district to White House to bring this about? Not many. This is the situation back of Presi- dent Coolidge's recommendation that government be reorganized and sim- plified. To do this, red tape must be eliminated and duplicating bureaus and bureaucrats be scrapped—others merged and combined. We now have 94 of these subdivisions of govern- Twenty years ago there were only 14. Less governmental machinery, but more efficient government and better centralized government, is our need. We must find the way to it. Among other things, that calls for a better system than our political method of putting a lot of untrained greenhorns into office every two or four years and firing all those who have meanwhile been learning the dnt'ss of their offices at the expense of the taxpayer and have shown their fitness or incompetence for public service. Would Limit Boards. Then, here at Washington, we have 2 number of independent administra- tive board that are little govern- ments—governments within govern- ment—like the United States Ship- ping Board, which recently defied the President. Some of them contain an unnecessary number of men and are answerable to nobody in particular, even themselves. ‘With such boards the responsibility for performing what they are supposed to do is divided. No one person is accountable. : ‘This principle is wrong. What is everybody's business is nobody’s business and doesn't get done or is poorly and wastefully done. Responsibility should be centered, not cattered, Every good business house knows that rule and practices it. The work of these boards should be delegated to one man wherever possible, or should be merged with one of the 10 governmental departments where responsibility is centered in a Secretary. Some of them might even be put out of business entirely. A committee of two members from cach house, with a chairman appointed by the President, will probably be given authority by the present Con- gress to submit reccommendations to the President for simplifying, com- bining, or dispensing with any part | Harding. and not with Congress. That saves time and unnecessary legislation. Bills providing for such a committee have heen introduced in both houses. A similar study was made by a commission appointed by President It made a report to Con- s which is likely to prove useful 1o the new committee notwithstand- ing a good many changes for the Deiter have been made in the means time. In his budget Coolidge made W0-million-dollar surplus pected for the fiscal year government's expenses for * estimated at $3 89 $3.741,787,000 for increase of 135 gre message known th Presidens while a was ex- 1927, the that year 07,9, as this fisonl million dol t ¥ Linst an The cost of Federal Government in creased from a billion dollars a vear in 1905 to more than 31 billions in In' his message President said: “We have about reached the time when the legitimate business of government cannot be carried on at a less expenditure . the operating costs have been reduced to nearly minimum. The normal expansion the business of the Government in keeping pace with the growing Nation will involve added expenditure from year to year.” We cannot expect nor have much less government, but we can have less | cumbersome governmental machinery and can have less expense through eliminating bureaucracy and red tape thestwins which create useless work, unnecessary seat-warmers and useless personnel, ‘all of which are at the expense of the taxpayer. And this ap- plies also to our city, county and State governments. i If not the route to lower taxes in the future, this is the route to much less higher taxes in time to come, (Copyright, 1926.) Ttalian Debt Gifts Hardly “Voluntary” to Congress the of Nearly fourfifths of Ttaly's first payment to the United States under the obligations of the Washington debt settlement has been subscribed according to official announcement. Many complain, however, that the con- tribution of $4,000,000 of the $5.000,000 due was not as voluntary as repre- sented. All members of the Fascist trade unions (and nearly all manual and_professional workers must be members if they wish to hold their jobs) were assessed a predetermined amount. The requisitions were ex- tended even to the younger pupils in the public schools. The story that an army of “dollar a year” men had vol- unteered to pay a dollar annually to- ward the American debt has had no confirmation, and was apparently the invention of some ardent Italian news. vaper man. Fined for Not Voting. At the last revision of the Dutch constitution a_special article adopted made it obligatory for citizens to vote at parliamentary elections. Last July many thousands of voters failed to vote. In Amsterdam about 15,000 re- frained from voting. After having been summoned before the Amsterdam burgomaster those who Herbert Morrison, secretary of the!of the National Government's machin-)are unable to produce satisfactory ex- party, and it is the first orchestra | with ‘a personnel of that thar ever organized in London. er with the President, as it should be, or reducing its personnel. Power [cuses for staying away from the polls | upper layer: acter, to act on these sugzestions will be left ;are to be tried and each may have to | area t puy a peralty of o guilders (§2 | study by h i gone 1000 | work-week Lafficted by private citizens and corporations, | LABOR UNION LEADER BITTER FOE OF STRIKES Crime—Defends Collective Bar- gaining by Employers. OU hear a lot of loose talk about union labor and labor unions. every now and then, says Weigs O. Frost, writing in" the New Orleans States. You hear union labor leaders pictured as loose-mouthed demagogues by some; as belligerant, loud-talking grafters by others. " The anthracite coal strike has | brought on a lot of such talk— more in | the North than in the South—but a | lot of it. | New Orleans has seen labor leaders of varving culiber. This past week | New Orleans saw a labor leader worth | any man's measured consideration and | He s a labor leader who has nailed his flag to the mast to battle for the | principle that there shall be no strike union. “A strike is a crime,” He has voiced the doctrine “Organization is vital to bo: employer and employe. If labor or- canizes, labor cannot logically oppose emplo; organizing. bargaining, brings the I sults for foth. When accepts the right possible r the employe: of employers and | workmen both to organize; when the | him. | is will-| of the hall with no injuries but that has | bleeding employer, if conciliation fails ing to arbitrate—that employer s far as any American tifuie unionist has any right to expect him to go. He is George L. Berr the Initrnational Printing Pressmen and Assistants’ Union of North Amer ict. At the age of 42 he is one of America’s.most amazing union leaders; and a remarkably powerful one. . president of Drew Gompers’ Scort Nineteen vears ago, when he v only a lad of 23, they eiected him presi dent of that union. He had a headfull of ideas and ideals. He laid them be. fore Samuel Gompers. And Gompers laughed at him as a . impractical youngster. So Berry inside his own union. It 16,000 members when he started. It has 50,000 members toda Its assets were $24,000 when he started. They are more than $3.000 The average wage of its as $2.6 day when | It is $8.50 a day. today. It was 60 hours long when he started. Its work-week is 44 hours long today. Up at the town of Pres men's Home. Hawkins County, Tenr the Tennessee mountain county. wher ieorge L. Berry was born. that union has a great training school, with $500. 000 worth of machinery installed in it It has a modern tuberculos arium where any of its members are treated free. home for aged member farm, a dairy, a_flour mill tle compact” nation all in itself, ipporting. Every citizen is a press man. Berry and his men built that town. “There.” says President Berry, - proof that co-operation pays bett than helligeraney.” His union members member start It 1 It is a lit sel agree with him. | Born in Log Cabin, an amazing man, this Georze . . Big-framed, big-fisted, keen Jlue-gray of eve, with a thinker's fore- ead and a fighter's jaw He is of old pioneer Scotch-American . Ten brothers of the Berry fa ily, born in Hamilton. Scotland. came to America back in pioneer days and | settled in Virginia, to branch out ali over the new countr George L. | Berry was born in 1884 in a log cabin Yup in the mountains of Hawkins { County, Tenn. | Tt is a remarkable training he has {had. At 17 he joined the gold rush linto Nevad: | Three years he spent as a miner. | Then he went to San Frane | For two years he was with the Sun zine. He had been a farmer ant. a banker and a news; nd successfull to a com ! fortable degrece at all of these jobs. { But_print shop_holds his love. And in 11907 at New York they elected him president of the International Pr men. | New York. scene of his fiyst rise t | power among the trade unionists | America, was the scene of one of his | greatest battles. Every one even re motely connected with the printinz L. E I ed. President Berry, familiar with every detail of that situation, took the n heard the men had walked out. he He strike—to next train for New York when went to fight against the break it! nerve. that New York George Berry Collective | his partisans | rush men, for | | Berry | labor | his fr | cratic | Berry ¢. | peditionary ¥ trades remembers the great pressmen’s strike of 1 in New York orize i Berry's part in that was epic. The Pressmen’s Uni New York held n in in its membership some fine men badly rt Brings in Outside Workers. Single handed, absolutely alone, he walked into a union hall in \New York to tell his own crowd they were in the wrong and he was going to fight them to a finish. That took There were 2,700 members union out on strike, many of ther and told them embittered, rose they were wrong. “It you boys don't right to work,” he said, “I'm gc to bring n pressmen from all over the coun try and break up this strike.” There was a stir on the floor. The floor leader for the president of the New York union, with a group surged forward in at George Berry. And George Berry stepped forward to meet it Of course, they could have rushed Jut they didn't. He walked out surely go set of knuckles. Ife went to his hotel. Te sent telegrams Into New York came some 600 press s men were backing George to the Iimit. In two weeks broken up the great strike Berry he had | Thoroughly he spanked those strikers hecause they were in the Wrong. hey had broken their contract.” he explains simply. And George L. is as keen for the keeping of contract as any captain of a signed S| big business in America Boosted for Big Job. Rather an unusual man. this George L. Berry; rather an unusual leader. At the last national ratic convention in New York »nds put him up for the Demo- nomination for Vice President of the United Si as running mate with Davis. For a while Berry had more votes than Gov. Bryan of Ne braska. Eventually Bryan got it by an edge of 3 votes Labor men on the inside of the polities of the American Federation of Labor say there was a time when Berry's friends had more votes than Demio | Sam Gompers lined up in the Amer Federation of Labor to make president, but when Berry arned of it, it is said, he made them ke his name down. His job with | the pressmen’s union happens to the work he likes. In the World War George L. Berry went overseas with the American Ex rees. He came out major of engineers. Tle of the founders of the American Legion, attending the first ference in Pa He is past na vice commander of the leglon the was war Is a Crime. crime,” he of a strike, the lockout—they long before the Stril “A strike is a “The employers' f workers' fear of paralyze both sides actual strike or lockout takes place The losses du the preparations for a pending strike or lockout are avy often as the losses of the strike or lockout in themselves It is unfortunate when workers look at the employer as their enemy. He is their partner. We workers are as much interested in the suc of a business as our employers. Trade unionism that fights new inventions. that cuts down production, is bound to fail, but it will succeed when trade unionism is tempered with American idealism and efficiency merican workers must realize that there is more happiness amons workers in this country than any where clse in the world. America is not obsessed with the fanatic idea of fiscation of the other man pre gmen must realize that we \liminate the right of ownership by individuals or groups and protect our own interests. our own union we pressmen realize that surplus money nothing unless it is working. We invest our surplus and we get interest on the investment. If that is our legitimate ambition as workers, it is also the right of our employers. And that feeling is the antidote for Communism 1 Sovietism.” is insists Bureau of Standard Ilusions of shadows on 16 it color do to What appear you? is a | | ! a fact other e nd shadows known to observers. Priest Bureau of has been ing this and similar phenomena. One illusion which he has observed is that on a cloudy day, with snow {on the ground, the snow will anpear white and the sky gray, even though measurements with photomete prove that the sky is much the |brighter. If a person is allowed to {look at an arvea of snow or sky with- the | study- depending on lit as white or which he thinks Mr. st now case Ea) it is. I snow [ color of | clear | eff sunlit day, with biue skies, the cast | ceve well | that reful | inated, out his knowing which it is, he sees|the conditions s found that the |the idess of perception suggested similar with regard to the!Helmholtz. Ex pert Ex plains hadows Cast on Snow shadows. The greatest obtained while the conscious of the snov if the consciousnes be reduced or elin by looking at the vie camera ground =lass, the more marked. “Distant snos id My. P ¥ assun charac ‘equivocal per altern: noments now as white snow Dban in shadow and now blue lak without any change in objective con ditions.” Mr. Priest illusion on the "t is not er is fully and snow er it is on e fect i hanks, the illnsory tigures,’ being st ré sived of in is unable to expla 1 grounds, or retina, the sensi He suggests in accord with b, 1y f the tive lining of the eye however, that they ar “ Volga Habitation by prehistoric people as far back as 100,000 years ago of a site Russia, is revealed 1 of Miss Vera P. Misinova, and seribed by her in a report received Dr. George Grant MacCurdy, professe of anthropology at Yale University and director of the American for Prehi - Research. The place investi inova is known as Postnikova, and is important because of the sequence of ancient cultures found there. It is lo cated at the junction .of a ravine, known as the Postnikov, with the Volga. This seems to have made it desirable habitation from very early times. % On the top are remains of the late iron age, dating from about 500 B. C. Dr. MacCurdy explained, but on dig ging down there were found remains of human habitations in the bronz age, probably dating from about 2500 B. C. to 12 B. C. Under this layer were found relics from the early neo- lithie period, such as flaked arrow- heads, but no pottery or polished stone implements were present. This layer probably dates back to about 5000 B. C. to 15,000 B. C. A curious feature of the place, ac. cording to Dr. MacCurdy, is that the de. of rubble, with waterworn fragments of limestone, but devoid of any prod- Uets of human workmanship. Yet under this was found a layer probably belonging to the paleolithic. or old stone age, which dates back from 25,000 to 100,000 years. This containe Specimens of cruder chipping thafr the and, he says. is of the rest. inova and he: test Miss M smiall band layer under this was merely a deposit | } on the Volga River near Samara, in | Gunimers in the field.” - the researches | Cu Site Inhabited in Old Stone Age, 100,600 Years Ago, Found by Excavator of fellow students deserve the greatest credit for what they have been able to omplish during the last fen said Dr. Mac . “Last Summer they covered more than 800 miles in the nortl western part of the Samara district on foot.” . """“IOlficial Is 100 Years ated by Miss Mis- | Late Tracing Crime Many hours were spent by a health inspector in Hanley, an industrial town in the English midlands, after he had read in the local newspaper that an inhuman father in the potteries dis trict had turned his 11-vear-old son out of doors to die of exposure in an unfinished building The inspector searched during the better part of a day and found no trace of either father or son. Then he went to the office of the newspaper that had published the report. “The police know nothing of this case,” he sald, “and it is very important for me to get the facts.”” The newspaper re plied that there was good reason for the ignorance of the police. The item had been reprinted from the news paper’s file of 1826. The inspector was just 100 years lite. . A course in marriage relations has been started by the Y. M. C. A. at Jersey City J. The aim of the course is to give constructive training to bridegrooms and prospective bride groome. The hope is to aveid mis takes in marriage relatlons rather than to seek t 5 them later, .