Evening Star Newspaper, February 28, 1926, Page 51

SAYS DRUGS CHIEF CAUSE OF APPALLING CRIME IN U. S. New York Official Believes Enough Narcotics Spirited In to Put Nation Asleep a BY WILLIS J. BALLINGER. UNDREDS of drug maniacs posed to corar cvery sort to grams of a tools of murderous crime touching shoulders eve Tions of unsuspect overshadowing ca i nited deri correction, exp: thousands of callously dis it crimes of obtain a few narcotic, the ring sssed this view to a3 1 engaged him in conversation as_he was emerging from the »my Tombs, where he had been in- vestigating some of those recently im- prisoned for offens and who were known drug addicts. or a long while people dering on the appalling of the United States. Plenty of e been suggested all the way om more ropes und electric chairs to the tenderest psyehoanalysis of the fender and the most humane and comfortable incarceration. 1 had heard that Mr. Wallis had an opinion as to the cause of crime. Drugs Chief Cause. Drugs are the main factor in crime.” he said in answer to my ques ‘Nearly 60 per cent of the in- in all of our penal and cor- institutions are users or drugs. The most murderous iminals is the drug flend. To obtain n few grains of his craved-fo (te he would leap into the mouth of a belching cannon or commit the foulest murder in the broadest Tizht. On him ¢ for the commission of th . When we o - that the United States uses more of deadly opiates than any of the leading nations of Eu- rope we begin to understand why there are more murders in a single \merican city than in all of western Turope. O £ maniaes are our yiost confirmed and danger crim- fnals,” ist have been ¥ crime re ord «ures hi s, us | : | umbers. { interested in | for many Appallin Wallis has heen the study humanity cars. He was chairman one of the riost important State welfare commit. tees of Ken As deputy police commissioner of New York, as United es commissioner immigration nd commissioner of correction of New ork he has had a wide experience with men and erime. What kind of dru usked? A. The two most deadly drugs used by eriminals are morphine and heroin. The latter is made of morphine, but it is four times as powerful. It makes murders over nigh and its addict o mit the crimes that are of hor- rible and revolting nature Q. Tlow many drug addicts do we have in the United States? \. A re survey by ure Department reports the United States. Some estimates go 4.000.600. New York City been consc vativel nated, has more than Q You speak of the Ur ng the largest user of o u tell me more about that? A. The amount of opium used by the leading nations of the world. ac cording to the latest statistics, is as | follows: The annual per capita con- | sumption in Italy is one grain; in Ger- | Jany, two grains: in England, three 5 in France, four grains; and in United States, which does not grow one commercial poppy or coca leaf, the enormous amount of eight grains per annum. The figures for the Tnited States based upon_official import figures, and do not take into consideration the extremely large hount of narcotic drugs smuggled Thus the United States uses ‘e the amount consumed officially ance, three times that used by ad, four times that used by Ger- and eight times the amount 1 by Ttaly. A, < are the worst, the Treas 000,000 in ont e | in. | i | | | | | Use on the Increase. imption of Futhermore, our cons A nd 1 is steadily on the ase, this in spite of the IHarrison narcotic act of 1914, which is conceded to be the most restrictive and punitive drug measure ever passed by any nation. The United district attorney or southern California has made the statement that 60 pe cent of the of the two Federal grand juries San Francisco and Los Angeles taken up with the cases of violation of | the Harrison uar s A welfare publication in California in the inter st of abolishing the drug evil states ““This so called ‘dope’ evil is spreading =0 rapldly, even among our children, that high school students and even pupils in the elementary grades are | falling prey to it through the agency | of the illicit peddier.” A recent re- | port of the Federal grand jury at Bl | Paso, Tex.. states: “It has come to | our observation that boys hetween | ihe ages of 12 and 13 years are heing | taught the use of narcotic dru | These bovs once in the grip of this | view sell the clothes their parents pro- \ vide for them, 1 and indulge in steal tes | | { | foul work. Weekf other petty crimes for the purpose of {obtaining funds to satisfy their crav- |ings. One boy has stated to officers that he has about 20 companions of his own age who are drug users. Another boy disclosed that he knew 4 playmates who were addicted like himself. Peddlers of drugs are giving them away to some children to create narcotic_addiction, thus enlarging the demand for their illicit traffic.” Q. Is a drug addict rapidly made? A. Very quickly. One only has to {indulge a few times to find himself in the toils of the habit. And the | horror of the malady is that there is no cure. 1 have never known of a case really cured. The craving may be allayed but never exterminated. A drug addict if unvestrained in his use of drugs lives only about four or five years. A drunkard may live to a ripe old age, but the drug slave is doomed quickly. And the partic- ular curse of our drug evil is that the average age of a drug addict is 2 vears. Smugglers Chief Source. Q. Where does our supply of drugs come from and how is it distributed since it is against the law to purvey narcotic A. The supply is entirely foreign. The drugs that are distributed to do the harmful work of developing drug maniacs are those which are smuggled Into the country. Drug smuggling is a profitable husiness. Ior a few grains of the craved-for narcotic per- sons afflicted will pay up to $25. ¥ quently a drug addict has to pay out this amount dalily to satisfy his ap- petite. Such an outlay for drugs means that the drug maniac must do anything to get money. Our wor: criminals have gone into the busine of selling narcotics and developing buyers of drugs. We are deluged by | slent and heartless armies of drug peddlers who are making war in the most horrible manner of®soclety. should have laws that would punish drastically drug peddiers and they should be enforced to the limit. Q. How is a drug addict made into la criminal? A. In the first place if one is a con- | firmed drug addict he must get money and get it plentifully because drugs sell very dear] Hence, in desperation, the drug addict takes a chance on crimes that the ordinary criminal would avoid. The murderer who does the deed in broad daylight or the bank robber who holds up the cashier at noon is invariably a drug addict. Only the craving of a drugged nature could inspire the courage necessary to do such reckless deeds. We all remem. ber the exposure of Chicago's crime ring that paid its assassins in nar- coties for the deeds they committed. Chicago is only typical of what may be found on a smalier scale in any other rge American city. Crime organiza- | tions, employing degenerate drug ad cts and coercing them to foul crimes by promising dope if successful in their efforts, are frequent. Dope is indispens- able to get certain crimes done. On degenerite dope maniac will do the It takes a deranged mind to do such deeds. The sane criminal shrinks from such atrocities. But the drug criminal doesn’t hesitate a mo- ment if the reward be only more dope. International Control Needed. Q. What is the cure for our dope plague? A. Laws strictly enforced against the dope peddler and an international rvegulation of the production of mnar- cotics. Get the countries wherein the plants that make the deadly drugs are grown to agree to regulate care- fully the sale and distribution of the drugs that are manufactured. Then let the United States Government wage unremitting war on dope smug- glers and treat them on the same plane as murderers in the severity of the penalty imposed and soon the evil will be controlled. Drugs must be con- trolled entirely and exclusively by the zovernments themselves, both as re- zards the growth and sale of the raw produc and _their manufactured preparations. Government control to cover medical prescriptions and scien- tific use of the habit-forming drugs would end the underworld illicit trafic. When we remember that the mount of morphine that is consumed nnually by the people of the United tates is sufficient were it dispensed the usual medical doses of one- eighth of a grain to every person in | America to put the whole Nation to | sleep for over eight days. the serious- ness of getting as quickly as possible {an international agreement on the regulation of opiates is imperative. Q. Have there been any attempts to rezulate drugs internationally? A. Yes, many. but every one has petered out without any definite or workable understanding. We must begin again and this time bring all the moral and diplomatic influence of the United States to bear to make an agreement successful. The drug evil 1s one that no one can gainsay. The fustice of its abolition is self-cvident. (Copyright. 19 in k Jusserand Comes to Financ (ontinued from Fi Page.) | front. But in spite of the most stren- nous zeal and an admirable ardor on he part of all, according to Gen.| T'ershing’s final report, only 300,000 | American troops had heen able to! reach France by the end of March, | 1918, and we had in the meantime | eontinued the fight. H Stress has often been liid nd once more quite recently, on the.unjust fate | of the American taxpayer, who, until the French. debts are paid, interest and all, has himself to carry the load of American debt, diminishing from | year to y but still heavier to the extent of the sums lent to France. Rut what would have been the fate| |of the same taxpayer. one may Defense of French al Policies and Underlakings f ask, if, after his country had entered the war, we had slackened in our effort become more parsimonious of our bivod, abstained from buying Ameri can shells with American borrowed money, awaiting the action of our as- sociates? No one in France could, of course, have favored any such plan; but how many more American lves and American billions would have had to be spent? thought might. not inappropriate- Iy, be given to those conditions when the question comes up of the definitive settlement of a debt contracted under such circumistances, a settlement which_falr-minded people will doubt- less hold should be decided ‘“in equity.” Texas, Arizona and California Get More Aliens Than 45 Other States in 15 Years During the last 15 years Texas, Ari-| gona and California have absorbed | yuore immigrants than the other 45 States, and the Far West today wit- nesses an increase in its colored popu- Jation far in advance of a normal growth, ‘This is the announcement of Eliot Mears, professor of economics ind ctor of the race relations survey headquarters at Stanford Uni- Prof. Mears has studied race several years. « i with versity yelations and problems Of the newcomers to the United States, 70 per cent of all who re- mained were Mexicans. *During this period more Japanese, Chinese, Ital- jans and Greeks left the country than arrived, while a net gain was sl by Canadians, Irish, Mexicans, dinavians and Scotch. In the past, Prof. Mears pointed out. | Orientals have settled | ¢ in Cali- fornia because of its proximity and the ease with which they could enter agricultural occupations. But now the Japanese and Chinese. while het ter truck gardeners than other ma tionals, are moving to the cities be- cause of their dissatisfaction with low farm wages. The Filipino is replacing the two major Oriental races at a rate surprls- ingly high. Prof. Mears said that while the smuggling in of Chinese and Japanese is being checked, this is of little nificance. It means only that those two sources are being checked, not that the illleit entry of other nationals is being stopped generally. Many Europeans enter along the Atlantic seaboard because of the ease with which they can be landed. As a soclal charge on_ California communities the Mexican has proved the greatest burden. He has no or- ganization and last Winter the Mexi- can colony at Los Angeles became so demoralized that other social work programs were temporarily set aside while aid was dispensed to the Mexi- cans. This is in sharp contrast to Japanese and Chinese communiti which seldom if ever seek aid from the whites. i) We | TTHE SUNDAY © most people who practice it religion is, I suppose, a matter of emotion more than of rea- son or of abstract faith. In- deed, 1 am not certain but that what we generally call faith is in itself merely an emotion. Perhaps two-thirds of the Christians in the United States belong to faiths which profess the doctrine of ar eternal hell for the wicked and un- cohverted. [ doubt if many among these millions of kindly peopie belleve such a hideous tenet. I doubt if they even try to reconcile it with the con- ception of a gentle Savior and an all- benevolent God. They keep in their hearts, as they worship, that part of the doctrine which harmonizes with that law of love which ix the essence of Christianity, and give mere lip serv- ice, in their creeds and confessions, to the rest. 4 Like most normal the religlous emotion. And my own response is to ritualism. The clear, cold spirituality which is the essence of Protestantism at its best, has for me on the emotional side but little thrill. On its worst side, T consider the antics of Billy Sunday and his kind a grotesque desecration. How- ever, emotion is one thing; reason and sense of divine order in the universe another. And with Heywood Broun T hold it tragicaily unfortunate that those sects whose practices most ap- peal to temperaments like mine hold tenets often most at variance with my knowledge of fact and my con ception of social justice, The “sense of sin,” to begin with. Never since I began to think for my- self have I felt that sense of sin ex- cept when I have done something un kind or cruel or unfair. That, of course, squares with the eleventh and commandment given by Jesus “that ye love one another.” s % * * people, 1 know by the If the mankind seems 1o tep by v life the redeemed own son’ The fallen race, acrifee of God’ accumulated wisdom ¢ proves anything at all. it prove that man has come up step from the first cell in whi stirred, through the creatures of slime, of the sea, he forests; through siug, fish, climbing brute, caveman, savage, barbarian, to what he is; perhaps as vet only a creature of the slime compared to what he will be. Man never fell; he has risen. If they told us that God sent His son to help lift a_rising race, I could be lieve them. Reason rejects the story of man’s fall. And if my intelligence, such as it is, cannot indorse these fundamental tenets, how could it ac- cept without reservation such minor MY RELIGION primeval’] STAR., WASHINGTON, 'D. ¢, FEBRUARY ARTICLE VIII BY WILL IRWIN Author of “Christ or Mars,” “The Next War,” “The House of Mystery,” co-author of the famous mystery play, “The Thirteenth Chair.” | | | WILL TRWIN doctrines as an authorit hood, divinely ordained suc which salvation depends, birth? Yet Jesus remains great fact of history. Man or God, He remade the world. My wife has in this serfes phrased my thought of Him better than I can, when she calls Him the Genius of Goodness. tive priest- aments on the Virgin as a fact; the know exactly For all that dignity expression which examplars poor re. of this we do vhat He taught of thought and makes the Gospels supreme of prose literature, they are porting. Concerning the histor not | most significant 1ite, from its tweltth to its thirty-second year, they are si- lent. Written long after the events oft- en from second-hand sources, mostly by men untrained in thought and ob- servation, very likely they misinterpret some of His most vital sayinzs. The corruption of His doctrines which has marked the whole history of Christian ity was probably apostle wrote. 3ut they did grasp the spirit of Him; and it regenerated them, as it was slowly to regenerate the world. T | spirit was love universal; not the old | exclusive love that depended solely on the lower emotion, but a high, spiritual T The Story the Week Has Told BY HENRY W. BUNN. HE following is a brief sum mary of the most important news of the world for the seven days ended Iebru- ary The British Empire.—The thres-day conference of the Liberal party re cently held in London to consider Lloyd George's scheme of land nation- alization and related proposals result ed in ‘compromise” resolutions: in other words, the scheme was not adopted. That scheme is based on the report of @ very able committee ren- dered after many wonths' intensive <tudy of all phases of the agricultural problem. It contemplates a quiet agrarian revolution, the state to be- come landlord and to distribute the land equitably, tenure to be the equiv alent of ownership o long as the land is properly lords lack the capital for cons b developments. With the state for landlord there would be no such lack. It is Lloyd George's idea that under his scheme Britain would become self sufficing in respect of absolutely es sential foodstuffs—would not in case of war be in danger of starvation, as during the Great War. There he many who say that Lloyd Cieorge was fighting at the conferen: for his political bacon—that defes he may be considered definitely down and out. It seems to me, to the con trary, that he is likely to be heard from to important effect so long as he retains his vigor. The land issue is worthy of his powers. Let us hope he has only just begun to fight, for there is no greater necessity for Brit- ain than the necessity of land reform, perhaps not quite so drastic as Liloyd George's scheme, but still very, very drastic. The budget of the Australian com- monwealth for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1926, calls for an expenditure of £56,619,000, the estimate of revenue being £57.574,000. The fiscal year 1925 ended with a surplus of bout £3,000,000, whereof £1,500,000 will be expended during the present fiscal year for naval construction and £750.- 000 for highways. The gross nationai debt of Australia on June 30, 1925, was £431,000,000. The war debt has been reduced by £22,000,000 during the past three years. During each of the three ears ended with 1924 about 25,000 assisted | immigrants entered Australia. A vearly average of about 45,000 as- sted immigrants is expected during the next 10 years. The Australian government pro- poses to submit to the Commonwealth Parliament in the near future a five vear defense program which contem- plates construction of two cruisers, two long-radius submarines, one air plane carrier, a floating dock and oil denots and increases of personnel in the artillery air and tank services. An imperial conference of premiers has been summoned for October. Many grand matters of common fmperial concern await discussion, as the Locarno pacts, imperial defense, imperial preference and empire set-| tlements. * * France.—The Senate is still debat- ing the supplementary tax measure sent up from the Chamber. The franc ceased to toboggan as soon as the Senate manifested friend- liness to the fiscal program of the government. The balance of foreign trade for January was adverse. Worse and worse month after month since the tide turned. * ok ok Middle and Near East.—The perma- nent mandates commission of the League of Nations, sitting in Rome, has been holding a hearing on France’s management of her Syrian mandate, the French representatives having to answer a deal of criticism. The latter attributed the revolts against the French authorities in SyMa mainly to certain feudal chiefs, apprehensive that realization of the French policy would mean vanish- ment of their authority. They very justly invited attention to the extraordinary economic develop- ment of Syria under French super- vision educational expansion, road puilding, sanitary improvements and many other benefits. They protested, that ithe French authorities have made zond progress as could he expected worked. The present land- | derable | toward fitting the Syriuns for self- government. The report of the commission will Dbe awaited with interest. It seems un likely that the Syrian policy of the Briand government, or its execution | under Henri de Jouvenel, the high commissioner, appointed by Briand, will be found blameworthy in any and similarly as to she con Gouraud and Weygand as high commissioners. What we awa with curiosity is the*judgment of the commission on Gen. Sarrail. It is not necessury to assume, as many have done. that the commis- sion’s finding will be one of sheer condemnation. It is the general opin n that though a good soldier, Sar il proved utterly tactless as an ad itor. Did he? rrian mandate, & red, is one of quite peculiar | | | | reme difficulty The Irench high commissioner in Syrig, Henri de Jouvenel, who visited | Angora for the purpose, has rigned, on behalf of Irance. a treaty With Angora. According to certain sources, | France has by the ireaty stolen a | march on Great Britain. the treaty | tending to prejudice Franco-British velations in the Near and Middle Last serfously as did the treaty with ‘Angora negotiated for France by M. | Franklin-Bouillion in 16 But some | brief remarks by M. De. Jouvenel to an interviewer flatly contradicted such an interpretation. 1t is best 10 | avold the subject pending publication | of the agreement, which incidentally | requires to be ratifled. Nothing has been received supple mentary to the sensational dispatch of February 15, according to which Ibn Saud, Sultan of Nejd, had sent a force of 10,000 Wahhabites to the sistance of the Hauran against the French in which force, according to the patch, was on the date thereof in Transjordania. (territory under Brit- |ish mandate) nearing the Syrian bo der. It would seem proper to infer that the report was untrue. Japan.—I noted several weeks ago that Reijiro Wakatsuki had heen ap pointed premier ad_interim of Japan lon the death of Premier Kato. I lack information 2s to whether or not Wakatsuki (leader of the Kensei- ai party) has since been regularl appointed premier. One learns, how | ever, that he has persuaded the Sei- honto party, previously on the fence, definitely to support his gov- should_be | Jernment. If this is true it | sonable inference that he | will_be sure enough premier. We do not get as much information |as could be wished respecting cur- rent developments in Japan. It is hoped that the following notes care- fully culled from sundry sources, will be found of interest and value. The peace strength of the Japanese army is about 216,000; 450,000 con- seripts might be called up under the law; actuall bout 120,000 are called up. Authorities differ how large a fuily trained army Japan could put into the field at short notice; the maximum estimate is four and a half millions. Military drill is obliga- tory from the earliest years in the | prim chools of Japan, and in the higher schools military uniform is worn and rifle practice is conducted with great thoroughness. One thou- sand four hundred army officers ate on detail in the higher schools as mili- instructors. Japan's expenditure on her naval and military services is about a third of the national budget. Tt remains to see how much of a po | litieal change will result from last s extraordinary extension of the suffrage (4.000,000 to 15.000.0 Will “Shinto and Bushido” (“the way of the warric the doctrine develop ed within the last 30 years, inculeated {in the army and in the schools) be able to hold their own against the new | “dangerous thoughts?" In 1920 the population of Japan proper was 56.- 000,000 (in 1871 it was 33.000.000): of | Korea, 17.000,000; of Formosa, 4,000, 000: of the Japanese Empire. there- fore, 77,000,000. In 1925 the nppula tion of proper was 59,700,000, an increase of 6.75 per cent in five vears, the average annual increase being 750,000, According to the Japanese year book of 19 the birth rate declined from 1,000 in 1915 to 32.2 in 1918, ind the death rate increased from 20.5 in 1915 in 1918 (the lower of the two is a terrible death rate). Says Mr. Ellsworth Huntington: “Ex- cept for a very few countries (includ- ing Spain. Hungary and Chile) Japan has the worst health among compara- tively advanced nations, and she is almost unique in the increase of her death rate.” Japan has reason to fear disastrous reduction of her export of silk (her chief export item) through increase of production of artificial silk. Should the Seyukai party recover the power, no doubt the premier would be Gen! Baron Tanaka, head of that part He is emphatically a man to be reck- is a rea < or soon BY ROBERT UNDERWOOD JOHNSON, Former Ambaszador to Italy. Some one has said that the surest way to expose a fallacious proposition is to ask the proposer to give par- ticulars. One wishes that Mussolini had been more specific in the opinion he expressed the other day that the democracy of the United States is more apparent than real and that it functions well only because of our immense natural resources which per- mit a huge and constant waste of energles. And his argument was, per contra, that Italy, havinz meager resources and a rapidly increasing population, could not afford to lose any economic battle. That American democracy functions well is a conclusion from which we | ourselves are always making rebates. One need not recant his belief that on the whole the democratic system is likely to prove in the long run the best for all peoples in order to admit that what we attaln of security and happiness by governmental protec- tion—or, let us say. governmental ab- stinence—is had at a frightful ex- pense of waste. Many years ago in my ode “The Voice of Webster” .1 spoke of “Greed and Sloth and Waste. The sateless gorgons of democracy. ‘With us the shoe of necessity has not yet begun to pinch, as it has in Italy, to which nature has denied so much. Often cur administration, by reason of greed and sloth, is shame- fully “unbusinesslike,” conspicuou: 1v %o In the seandalous conduct of iMussolini’s Challenge to American Democracy Opens Mooted Question | municipal affairs— a failure from the economic point of view upon which our friendliest foreign critics, as Lord Bryce, have candidly commented. Heretofore it has been chiefly a waste of money and energy, but increasingly it is becoming also a waste of human life. What have those who sneer at Mussolini’s un-American methods to say of the daily sunlit banditry of New York, or of the traceless disap- pearance of thousands of persons from its homes and streets! An isolated abduction and murder like that of Matteotti in Rome accentuates the relative safety of life in Italy—espe- cially since the advent of Mussolini. Mussolini bélieves that his people anot be left alone, but must be zuided into the most rigid economies— that her problems of population and agriculture and industry and emigra- tion require a strong hand as well as a clear mind. He is deeply con- cerned about emigration, and well he may be in a land in parts of which the births are to the deaths as three to one. As I said in Rome on the occasion of my official farewell, Italy has but one problem: the physical, moral and intellectual training of her children. Her great asset is her labor. To this, for the, time, we have virtually closed our market. But when the enormous waste from strikes sinks into our national con- sciousness. we may change our policy and show a kindlier feeling for the honest, peaceable, healthy and indus- trious laborers that come to us from Italy foot before the first | vearly | < to | 28, 1926—PART 2. WHAT IT MEANS TO ME love for all mankind and for all cre- ation. Here and there in the pagan world before Him there must have been those who felt this truth. Hls was, however, the first voice that pro- claimed it to the whole world; the first mind that conceived it as the central fact of religion. * ¥ k % I belieye in God; at least, 1 think, most of the time. One's faith would be a dead, unprogressive thing did it not one tear down the structure to the ground now and then and build a new. Possibly this belief is merely an instinct. And_ vet only a God, whether a personality or an abstrac- tion, quite explains to me the mystery of the universe. Meditation over evo- lution, strangely, perhaps, has done more than anything else to confirm this bellef by the processes of reason. T suppose that no scientific man of any standing doubts nowadays that the evolutionary theory best explains creation. But the cause for evolution? One bv one natural selection, muta- tions, heredity of acquired character- istics have lost standing with biologists as the central explanation. That this majestic procession from lower to higher forms happened they feel cer- tain; what caused it to happen is much more a mystery today than when Darwin _announced his confident theory. Now that missing factor—is it not perhaps the true miracle, the hand of God? I belleve by instinct in immortality. But here, I must speak with even less certainty; for perhaps my long- ings color my reason. I want so much to believe in it! All my days—even my hardest days—I have loved life and this world in which my life has been set. That I must go out on a final spasm of agony to annihilation seems an intolerable thought PR On this point T should like to believe with the modern spiritualists. They hold, I understand, that life here and hereafter is a_continuous chain. We take to the other world what of grace and spiritual beauty we have earned here. If we have grown—and most of us have—we keep on growing. Tt is 4 better existence over there; but in its first stages, not yet perfect. There as here, the sons and daughters of God have the high privilege of work- ing to make it perfect. Our bewild ered and groping souls will know at last what the world and eternity mean, and have sure reason, where now they have only hope. In that sense, it wiil be rest and peace. But we shall also continue to struggle: and existence without struggle is in itself annihila- |tion. I should like to believe that; | perhiaps, before 1 die, 1 shall. (Copyright, 1926.) is a non-aggressive would thoroughly oned with. He militarist, ie., he inculeate the “military virtues,” but would not use the army and mavy aggressively, Some, however, define him as a militarist in a less pleasing sense, declaring that he strongly ad- vocates ends menacing to world peace 4 close drawing together of Japan, Russia and China, Commercial, industrial and finan- cial conditions in Japan have been unsatisfactory, in some respects rather alarmingly 0, latest advices, how ever, being somewhat reassuring. In- ‘Gustrial and agrarian discontents in crease menacingly. The army, how ever, seems to be “sound.” 1n_embryo fascist movement. The number of Japanese in south Manchuria is only about 134,000, in the Philippines, 12,000 ¥ | 1 | | United States of America.—On Tues day the House approved, without change, 354 to 28, the conference re port on the tax-reduction bill: on Wednesday the Senate approved it 61 to likewise without alteration; on ¥ the President signed the bill. Quick work My understanding is that the con ferees contemplated in their compro inise, deficits in both the calendar vears 192 and 19 measure calling for a tof tion of $387.811.000 in of $343,000,000 in 19 easury esti | mates), whereas, Secretary Mellon had estimated the safe limit of reduction | at_$330,000,000. 1t would seem, however, that later Treasury estimates justify the belief that there will be surpluses in both calendar years sufficient to cover the reductions enacted, provided appro- priations are kept within the budget tax reduc 26 and one ht, the Senate rejected the report of the judiciary committee, which called in question the “vigor and good faith of the Department of Justice' in respect of investigating the alleg tions of “contemptuous disregard” by the Aluminum Co. of America, of an injunction issued by a Federal court besides other matters best forgotten. 1t would seem, too, that a resolution “authorizing” the President to ap. point special counsel to prosecute the aluminum company which it had been proposed to offer will not be offered. The unpleasant aluminum episode. therefore, seems to be over. Bert E. Haney, Democrat. has re signed as commissioner of the United States Shipping Board Johns Hoplkins is to drop its under | graduate department and return to its original plan, confining itself to grad. uate work. ~ The House immigration committee informs us that there are about 250,000 aliens illegally domiciled in this country and that they are being deported at the rate of about 700 per month and at a cost to the Govern- ment of §89 per head. g pparently, more unskilled have et !hanipmered this 1:01:?::: since our new immi vent B T migration act went L I B Notes.—Bloodless Polish-Lithuani frontier broils are agai roTteds Silly. staff. ‘¢ again reported. Apparently Wu Pei Fu is maki headway slowly toward pekmgarl:«::;fi the Yangtse region. Apparently Chang Tso Lin is making headway less slowly than his old enemy, Wu toward Peking from the north. Ap. parently, too, Shen Si and Shan Si provinces have thrown in their lot with Wu Pei Fu, the which, if true (as a look at the map will quickly demonstrate) is important. But it is all quite obsoure. e expedition to Yucatan headed by Dr. Herbert J. Spinden of the Peabody Museum of Harvard Uni- versity and Gregory Mason, one-time editor of the Outlook, is having re- markable success. Ruined Mavan settlements being discovered at every turn. The expectation of life in the United States is nearly 51 vears, as against 44 in Ttaly and 23 in India. Says Prof. Bast: “When a country is filled to the saturation point it can take care of just so many life- years. If the number of individuals becomes greater the expectation of life must become less.” are N TRAIN-CONTROL DEVICES NOW NEARLY INSTALLED Mean Outlay of $50,000,000, Which There is | the compromise | Railroads Would Rather Have Spent on Eliminating Grade Crossings. BY WALTER R. McCALLUM. OVING ponderously, but none the less carefully, the rail roads of the Nation are slowly coming up to the mark in their efforts to re- duce toll of life taken in railroad acci- dents by installing mechanical engi- neers to stop trains when they enter areas of danger. “This accident again calls attention to the necessity for the use of an automatic train control device which will intervene to stop a traln when an engineman for any reason disregards the stop indication of an automatic block signal. Had an adequate anto- matie train control device been in use at this point this accident would have been averted.” With these declarations the Inter state Commerce Commission concludes nearly every accident report, basing its findings on the facts ascertained by inspectors on the spot. Every r port of the commission on train wrecks involving the failure of the engineman to observe signal indic tions for any cause whatsoever has ended with the above quotation. Tt ix all in the interest of greater safety for travelers by rail. 1f there were no possibility of train wrecks the rail- roads themselves would have to sus- pend the insurance facilities they ex- tend to their patrons. Roads Slow to Act. Even though it is now more than three years since the Interstate Com- merce Commission entered its first order directed to 45 major rail car riers ordering them to proceed imme dlately with installation of automatic train control devices, the roads have been slow in meeting the situation. They are not altogether at fault, however, for the same period during which they have been required to in- stall automatic train control or train- stop devices has also been for them a I perfod of great financial stringency Just beginning to recover financially trol, the roads have only within the past year completely regained their earning power when compared With expenditures for maintenance. The raflroads went slow for some time after publication of the original order of the commission dealing with i ontrol. They knew it was new their then financial situation feared many of the weaker roads would be rendered financially helpless and perhaps forced into receivership under this new and heavy burden laid upon them. For the American way Association points out that com plete installation of train control de vices on American railroads would cost the staggering total of $50.000,000 a great deal smalier. 10 be sure. than the cost of eliminating all grade crossings, but still not an amount to be sniffed at and contemptuously tossed aside. » the roads. fearing the effe this new and untried safety devi told the commission that train control was not vet perfected and that thev (the railroads) didn't want to be made the goat for expensive and lengthy experimental and development try outs. These representations were made in good faith made seri ously. for the roads hoped to secure a delay that would enable them to get on their financial feet, In the tace of this the commission, backed by the quite evident determination of Congress to provide sufe rail trans portation for Americans when wrote the transportation act of 19 didn’t back down an inch. Appe: for delay were granted in only a few scattered Instances. \When they were granted they had to be ued for a very urgent u Second Order Issued. Then came for the railroads {other added blow, testifying still fur ther to the intention of the comn son and Congress to safeguard pas- { senger travel on the rail sy the nation. The first order 45 roads. A few months later commission issued a second order ap- plying to 41 roads, from w hich no re- lief in the v { postponement since been gi nd which is today absolutely binding. So train control is today an esiab lished fact. The mechanical engineer is to take the place of the fallibie hu man railroads and notwithstanding perfectly valid objections. To date the road in getting under way, judged purely by the figures in the case. Yet rail- roads, like other great organizations sometimes move slowly. Train con- trol devices had either been installed or were under construction on Janu- ary 1 on 7.169 miles of line out of a total of 7,749 miles. Twenty-six rail- roads have actually completed the work out of the total of 45 roads in cluded in the first order of the com- mission. The remaining roads have the work under way and are soing ahead with it as rapidly as possible. Many of them ling to the American Railway Association. making intensive efforts to catch up on their delinguencies of the vast | it ) an affected their from the period of Federal rail con-| Rail- | L Seek Block S, ems of the has factor over the protest of the have been slow | are | | and push ahead to completion and in dorsement by the commission of thel: Leflons toward meeting the wish of the {‘commission ond Congress. The roads |on January 1, 1926, bad installed on about 90 per cent of the track mileage covered'in the first order for recognized train.control device. They moved much faster in the lasi few months than during the firs vear and a half, for their train-con trol installation on August 1, 1925. covered only 65 per cent of the roads named in the original order, requir ing them to have their installations in by January 1, 1925 | All the 45 roads have selected the | type of device they will eventually {install in conformity with the coni | mission’s order. On only four of them | have the installations been inspected and officially indorsed by the commis | sion. Al the installations must re | ceive the commission’s formal “O. K - lin time. Work Done Faster tisticians of the railroads have estimated the carriers proceeded with | train-control_installations at the rate of about 2,300 miles a4 vear up to August 1, 192 If this is true they went m h faster hetween August | and January 1, 1 for 25 per cent {of their installations were completed mn that period. Only within the past few days the commission, persisting in its cam paign ‘of education, and repeating its words of warning. has called atten tion agaln to the need of train-control installation. The commission sed exactly the quotations used in many other accident reports in its report on the accident which claimed 10 lives on the Pennsylvania Railroad near Monmouth, N. J., early in November. “Had an adequate automatic train control device been in use at this point this accident would have been averted.” The report placed the blame squarely on the engineman of u Pennsylvania express train who falled to obey and observe the indi cations of automatic block ~signals which were partially obscured by fog In other words, the commission be lieves that the mechanical engineer train control would have stepped fin the moment the train entered the dangerous ar taken the place o | the human who failed to see the danger signals and stopped the or rushing train with its human freight | The Monmouth accident was particu |1arly herrible, but without the fire hazard common in the days of wooden coaches. The cars destroved | were of steel construction. but wers ushed under the head-end impact and one car virtually telescoped frov end to®end There control is angles to Some are many installation men believe in the infallibility human element, notwit standinz Iming testimony that he “Railroad men,” the commis “unanimous advoe: the extension of the block signal sy tem, to keep pace with tie increase of traffic on divisions where that £vs tem is not now installed or wher: additional protection is mecessary [They also as a unit admit the nced {'of a suitable train stop on certain | other divisions where traffic dens |is greater and perhaps oper: ting ¢ Qditions more difficult to guard agains | possible failure to obser ignal in dication; vailroad of the th savs t vstems. On the other hand. the carriers be lieve accidents are so few and would | e measurably fewer if block signals were in general use instead of only hout 50 per cent of the passenge: | trackage in the United tes, that the spending of $50,000,000. the amount estimated to carry out the | provisions of the twin orders of the | commission, would better be done on block signal systems. They add that in accidents z much fewer than grade- )esing accidents and point 1o estimates that upwards of $20,000,000 000 would be required to eliminate llj the grade ecrossir over railroad tracks in the U ted States. The aver of train »r train stop installations, the commis n says, ranges from $1,020 to §1 the ramp type equipment per c stive: from $1,300 to 0 for the nductive type. and fre ) for the contr e control for cor intermittent 100 to $3.5 duetive type. “The importance of continued effor to eliminate as far as possible pre ventable accidents, with their loss o life, injury to persons and destruction | of property. by the installation of au tomatic train stop or train contro devices can hardly be overestimated.” the commission de s “With the increased appropriation which the Congress has now made available this | work is being vigorously prosecuted | The rail regulatory body adds. witl meaning clear to all, that of the col lisions investigated in 1925, 68.5 pe: cent were preventable accidents, ir which the killed and injured repre sent 76.1 per cent and respectively, of the total ¢ Al collisions investizated. BY FRANK W. BALLOU, Our American school sydtem is largely traditional in its emphasis and content. We bhorrowed the elementary hool from Prussia. Our secondary hools have developed largely as schools preparing for higher educa tion. In response to urgent needs we have thrown the junior high school in between the old eleméntary school and the old high school. There has been a tendency to develop each of these segments of the school system somewhat independently of the other: There has been a tendency to empha size each branch of study as a thing in itself, not as closely correlated as it should be with other subjects of study and with everyday life outside the school. Ushering in of New Day. The science of education is usher- ing in a new day. At the meeting of the department of superintendence, there was careful consideration of our administrative units of education. The purpose and work of the ele- mentary school. consisting of grades one to six, was discussed by outstand- ing leaders in education. Another group of leaders discussed the objec- tives and organization of the junior high school, consisting of grades seven, eight ang nine. Still another group gave careful consideration to the problems of senior high schools, consisting of grades ten, eleven and twelve. Other sessions of this great meeting discussed several important phases of education that relate to the | whole range of the child's life. The beginnings of a real science of education has developed almost en tirely during the last quarter of a century. Developments in other flelds of science have made possible a great increase in the knowledge which is | used in everyday life. They have made possible many human achieve- ments heretofore not considered sible. Ballou Sees Americ “Traditional” in Emphasis and Content an School System One needs merely mobiles, radio. ai the rapid sweep of progress that has occurred during the past few years making himself master of the law hemistry, physics and human na man is rapidly conguering the Inanimate forces of the earth. He i at the same time demonstrating the world is wor of law {0 mention auto Janes to <uggest st art of God's world, is sub ject to the laws of the universe. He develops in accordance with laws which are a part of the divine order of things. Children acquire knowl edge, build skills, and develop atti | tudes, appreciations and ideals, accord ing to principles which can be dis covered by careful scientific and technical study. The biggest contri bution of the vears ahead will be the rich fruitage which results when the sclentific attitude #nd the scientific technique are brought into the daily work of the teacher as they have beei brought into the work of the chemist the physician and the engineer. Th science of education is producing new curriculum, a eurriculum which is built around needs of child life: « curriculum which springs from the faith that the best way to train a chill to live tomorrow is to guide him in living wisely and fully today. (Copyright, 1926.) $100,000,000 for Bob: | England’s “bobbing” or “shingling" bill amounts te £21,000,000 a year than $100,000,000. At least some statisticlans charge that amount to Dame Fashion's account as repre senting the increased amount of busi ness hair dressers have done since shingling bhecame the style. It stimated that about 30, per cent o the women in England have ad their q‘ulr shingled. | | more i