Evening Star Newspaper, February 7, 1926, Page 41

EDITORIAL PAGE NATIONAL PROBLEMS SPECIAL FEATUPES EDITORIAL SECTION T he Sunday St Part 2—14 Pages WASHINGTON, D. C, SUNDAY MORNING, FEBRUARY 7, 1926. NEEDED REAPPORTIONING LIKELY TO BE POSTPONED Census Committee Has Invited Sponsors, Bills of Four & to Air Views. But Delay 1 BY WILL LTHOUGH committee, r. KENNEDY. the House throuzh its chair. man, Representative } Hart 1 Fenn of Conne . has in vited the spons © ‘the four sapportio ent bills t have been roduced to present the view be- fore the committee, there is a ve strong probability that the reappor tionment of Representatives in Con- sress among the 48 States will postponed until after the next decen- nial census in 1930, Many good r ONs i e 1louse toward s It is six y tluencing ion: t census, ext cen- census s not considered a or a relatively true compu of the population, because e was during the war a_disloc rton of population. with a decidedly strong shift to industriul cities from gricultural sections, and testimony has heen placed b > the census committee that some census enu- merators, being paid much per name, sat down by the roadside and made’ up lists out of their heads: There recently has been nprecedented shift in population, into Florida, out of near <tates but the Middle West u Ma and a reap- portionment law could not be rushed rough before candidates were nomi- in South Duakota, Tllinois, In- Pennsylvania, Oregon, North arolina. Towa, Florida, New Jer Maine, Minnesota an of which h fuly 1 Eight Legislatures Meet. Only eight State Leglslatures meet this year, so that even if a reapportion- ment law was passed by Congress tell- g each Stato how many Representa- s it could have in Congress on the its population bears to the total ates, only one- would have a and this includes n the 19 States in which a hange would be neces census figures if the present size the House is to be muintained; 1= st census in 1790, with the single -eption of the fifth census in 1830, the number of Representatives has heen increased—but Congress seems pretty well agrecd that the merical should not go r than it is at present, 435 mem- preferably 1d de- o States wonld epresentation—Callfornia 1, Michigan 2, New rth’ Carolina 1, Ohio (shington 1—the lowa, Kansa: Malne, Mis ska, Rhode Tsland and Vermont 1 each—have thus far been able to prevent reapportion- ient on a basis that would weaken heir numerical strength in the House. Three Congresses have already dodged the issue of reapportionment, which was due in the Sixty-sixth Con- zress. The Constitutlon, in Article 1, provides t eprescntatives and gain larger , Connecti Jersey 1, as 1 and ates that and Indiana, ky, Louisiana, N census | be " Committee Hearings. - nom- | ary under the | every reapportionment since the | now | equal representation in Cor me districts have a popula g large as others. But this is no {entirely the fault of Congress for fail {ure to reapportion. Many of the | States should redistrict to meet the situnation. Of course, it can be said | that they do not want to go to all | that work if <ongress is coming alons | soon and thelr number of con gressional districts. ake Mich The present | was based on an_illustration House of 435 members itio of one Repre- | sentative to e 11.877 of popula- |tion. If the House is continued at the same number of members the ratio must be one Representative to | ever: of population. But to- | day Representati John 8. Sosnow- i represents rict with a popu- | lation of 3 and Representative | | Clarence J. McLeod represents a dis rict with 2 population of 458.414; while ull other districts in the State have only about half as many citl- | | zens, and Representative Roy Woodruff’s district has a z {of only 198679 and Representative | John C. Ketcham's district has a popu- lation of only 199,504. has been only one suggestion as a reason for enlarging the | {size of the House. Members now are | assigned to several committees and | the committees are all so busy that it is a_very complicated task to arrange | for hearings or other committee meet- {ings &t a time that will not conflict {with some other hearing, which the member should attend. There are days when one member is supposed | to be In two or three committee meet- | |ings at the same time. The thought {is that with a larger House member- | { ship this work could be spread around | better. Of course, the loglcal answer | to that {s—don't have your commit- tees so large, and give each member | only one or two committes assign-| ments, Instead of four, five and six as at present. Representatives Bacon, New York; Fitzgerald, Ohio; Manlove, | Missouri; Perkins, New Jersey, and| Welsh, Pennsylvania, each has lx! | committee asignment: ) The fact that only eight States have their Legislatures in session this| vear—Kentucky, Loulslana, Massa- | Gsetts, | Mississippi, New Jersey, | New York, Rhode Island and Vir-| ginla—has an important bearing on ceapportionment. If the Legislatures are not in session to authorize redis- ricting, and there should be a change | n the number of Representatives pportioned to the State, the pro-| | cedure would probably be to elect all | |the members of Congress from such | “at large.” By such a pro-| dure it might easily happen that the entire State delegation would be | |either Republican or Democratie, | whereas, the several districts, if fairly | | voted, would split upon local prefer- |ences’ and o much healthier political | situation would result. Pennsvivanta |a couple of years ago remedled such | |w situation, and four Republican | | members previously elected “at large’ lhad their seats taken from them. neidentally, Pennsylvauta could well stand another redistricting. since the | district represented by Representative Louis T. McFadden has only 1 | President Coolidge Studying Reaction Of Public Sentiment on World Court BY J. RUSSELL YOUNG. HAT are the people back in the States really saying about America enter- ing the World Court? Just what will be the eftect of the Senate’s passage of the World Court resolution upon the Republican chances in the clections to be held next 1? Will this Issue be carried to the polls? How are those Republican Senators who voted for and ngainst the protocol who come up for « I going to fare when they rs of thewr States? ‘oolidge has been pondering over pertinent questions since th n rwhelmingly adopted the court reso lution. He tried at first to figure this out all by himself, or with the assistance of his most inti mate advisers, but he evidently did not find the answer, and the President is now inviting en lightenment from the outside. It has never been the Coolidge method to de lude himself and he has set about in an en deavor to learn the truth about the feelings of the voters. He is putting the question frankly t those who are prominent in his party's coun ils, and who have come to the White House sh from the States R in a position to have formed « jons as to the reaction in their respective sections since the Senate passed the Swanson resolution B N Naturally enough the President is receiving « wide variety of opinfons. Just how he is cata loguing these reflections he is not divulging. It is known that some of the opinions convey the impression that the party’s prospects in the coming elections are not any too bright as a result of the court. Some are known to have ziven the President a decidedly gloomy plcture Still others have expressed the thought that tho party has not in the least hurt its chances, anc that, if anything, the court matter will strength en it next Fail. The writer has talked with some of those with whom the President has discussed this problem. Their opinfons, along with those of party leaders and political observers fn Wash ington, would indicate that while there i3 ifttle Jikelihood of the World Court becoming a major issue in the coming campaign, there is no ques tlon about its figuring prominently in the frr pendng senatorfal primaries wheh are to be held from time to time before the November election: It is conceded by some of these political au thoritles who have talked with the President that more then one of the Republican Senators who voted for the court must face a reckoning at the polls. At the same time one or two of them who voted agalnst the court will have to do & lot of explaining between now and bal loting time. Senator George Moses of New Hampshire is one of the latter. * kX % It is the effect the court fight is guing to huve on the party Senators who supported the ad ministration by voting for the court in w President Coolidge is more deeply concer: His concern is more than merely casual, too. He is anxious to maintain a Republican ma Jority in the upper branch of Congress. He s not unmindful of the fact, either, that it was through his personal Influence that a number of those Republican Senators supported the Swanson resolution, and naturally enough he is anxious to arrive at an early and accurate estimation of the political situation generally throughout the country. It may be possible, ac cording to his way of thinking, that his per sonal popularity throughout the country is Bl strong enough to offset any formidably develop ed reaction as a result of the court. According to the expressed bellef of political observers who have recently visited the White House, the World Court vote 13 going to figure more or less prominently where at least 10 of the more than 20 Republican Senators who come up for re-election are concerned B The gencral opinlon is that root of Wisconsin, who personally ministration’s tight for the adoption of tho World Court resolution, is doomed. What little ance he had of succeeding himself in the enate was ruthlessly cast aside when he as- sumed this prominent role, is the way politic observers express themselves about his future. It is pointed out that the La Foliette machine had long since made ready to def until his World Court activitie themselves, it was deemed that he might have 2 slight chance to pull through because of his wide personal popularity in Wisconsin: But the itiment in Wisconsin is strongly against the court and league fssues, and when Lenroot took over the reins of leadership in the Senate battle it was supposed by many of his parf and of his personal following that he had given up all intention of running again. The rumor has heen current als dent Coolidge would take care of Senator Len root in a handsome manner in the event he did not care to run again. Immediately after the court victory the Senator himself endeav ored to set at rest all reports of this nature by issuing a statement to the effect that he was a cundidate to succeed himself * Kk ¥ Xk Iilinols s another State where the o issue {s likely to become the controlling f. Senator McKinley, one of the “old guard’ the Senate, already has been served ne that he 1s to be opposced at the Republican primaries to be held In that State in April. ke supported the court, and because of this former Representative nk Smith has MeKinley that the issue is sald that p that Presi for the nomination and will be the World Court It vious line-ups in Illinois ha tered in this fight that the situation fusing even to veterans of in State, One thing I8 certain, and that is that wator MeKinley's pro-court mensely unpopular and has en return to the Senate—something sssible a few weeks ago. Senator M is worried over the reports he has ed and he makes no effort to concedl his feelings. However, he ix a shrewd and ceasoned political veteran. Hle has for years been perfecting « strong organization, and he is going to make & herofc fight. It is being whispered around tk e the more pronounced anti-court Senators n ®o into Illinols to ke some ches Smith. There Is sibility that the primarfes in be turned in sext_battleground of the World Court o Issue seemed P for April o the tance from pro-court Senators tof tate for him. * ¥ expressed by otie a enator Butler of M setts, chairman of the Republican committee and personal friend of Pr Coolldge, 1s Roing to be greatly embarrass because of hi vote on the court. Thls ques- tion is not likely to present itself in the pri- mary, but at the election in November. It s The opinlon horities that thought that the anti-court voters in the Fay State will flock to the Democratic candidate, who at this time looks like former Senator David 1. Walsh. Every one who has lLeen asked about this coming battle states that it will be a close one, and that Butler's chances of coming back to the Senate, despite the per- sonal support of the President, are none too bright. The case of Senator Curtis of Kansas is ditficult to dispose of. The consensus of opin- fon r ding this veteran Senator is that the court will not figure to any extent in his cam paign for reelection. Although Kansas is re- being generally opposed to the court, thought that Senator Curtis’ vote chances. Hc is personally pop- te. Besides this, his prominence pecause of his being the Repub- eader in that body carrfes much w with the Kansas voters. Moreover, tizured very prominently in bringing forth the rastic set of reservations regarding the court resolution, which may serve to his ad vantage in the event the court question looms up in his fight Out in Idaho it is natural to suppose that the court is not any too popular because of Senator Borah’s intense opposition. There- fore, it is thought that Senator Gooding is not £oing to have the easiest sort of sailing when the tim nes because of his vote for the court ok o Senator Stantleld of Oregon is represented us belng on the anxious bench as a result of his court vote. The same may be sald of Senator Shortridge of California, but political authorities from that State say that the John son followers had long since tralned the guns on him and that a bitter combat was awalt!n him ut the primaries, regardless of how he voted on the c Senator Cameron of Art zona may be v classified. What oppo sition he will have to get the party nomination developed long before the World Court figh: in the * ok x rs Watson and Robinson, it is thought ve both been benefited by their vote against court. The feeling in Indiana has been 1v anti-court, and it believed they ped opp n at the primaries be their stand against the court. Thers some who contend that had either voted the court he would have Leen opposed for nomination by former Senator Albert J Beveridge, who Is a most pronounced anti-court * Kk x ator Willlams of Missc to the Senate to fill the vacancy caused death of Senator Spencer, is sald to tly strengthened his position b; took in opposition to the t there is a_decided dislike fo t In Missouri and the feeling among Lere is that Willlams has en his chances. Senator Harreld's vote against the court may result in his landing some antileague De ats in Oklahoma when he goes befor the voters next Fall. However, at the best p-hill fight to return to the oma s normally a Democratic However, he Is very hopeful, and his that his anti-court stand wiil be atest assets in the coming cam ri, who was ap at ate friend other Republican Senators who come for re-election next Fall are not ltkely to ar anvthing from the court, either at themw vrimaries or at the election. UNIFORMITY OF TAX COLLECTIONS ADVOCATED BY SENATOR COUZENS| Urges Publication of Returns U pon Which Collector | Communities Which Rese RITCHIE SAYS VOLSTEAD ACT LACKS IONAL SANCTION | nt Law Cannot Be Clubbed 'DISARMAMENT U. S. IDEAL; " BARGAIN BAG FOR EUROPE | | Totally | relations Different ide of Water Complicates Attitudes on Each Situation Badly. BY FRANK H. SIMONDS. OTHING seems more patent now than that period o trust markedly striking interest not alone in European questions, but in Amer{ can co-operation with Europe. Not since the Washington conference, and possibly not since the Parls peace conference itself, has thera been such readiness to consides Americ with Europe on the basis of_co-operation. Not merely has it boon demonstrat ed that a large majority of the Senate 18 in favor of American adherence to the World Court, but the sending of an American delegation to the pre- liminary arms conference in Geneva in February has not even aroused the familiar protests from thoss who re main extreme isolationists. Broadly speaking, it seems fair to say that suspicion and dis [there {3 at the moment a general | are going back to { hand, Lt exc { be relativel i ever difficult European | which would meke his view: readiness to make & new experiment in the matter of co-operating with Europe; to make the arms conference which s to_come, not the preliminary but the real conference, somethinz of A test, of an object I that such co-operation is pos tmpossible, as the case may be. Offers Difficult Problem. Since, If only to a limited degree and to consider & single protlem. we Surope, the i portance of the conferencs iself influencing our later course and ing our future policy toward I pean questions and conferenco must be obviously great. On the other the mere fact that the prob- lem of limitations of armaments s in the main European is going to make tvely difficult for tribute anything of valus to resu without becoming more or less gerously involved fn political and purely European political adjustment The late President Wilson went tc Paris convinced that the makirg of @ just and permanent peace wouid simple, bec se what- might be raised by the politicians, whom he dis trusted, he had only to appeal over the heads of the politicians to the various publics to get response personal the Luro and confouski and destroy the United | States i at last, after a long | us to con-| s into every With us the of armaments 1% ; with Eu rhaps of Europe, showing a | tlons by re ests and cond posed to euch that an arms confe; be cne more pluce ts ma o i3 bound t. ere the collisfor ftself felt e, which keep they re to thelr se The | conside: | gard then | curity, are | bound’ to | 1 Umitatior ter-offensive in the n limitation. ~ But the fsh. | having prefound reasons for de; the reduction of { have similar r reduce their fleets. | una to increase |every reason for {of reduction of for the same reas: 1s politic; | with re | poltic 1se Germany, army, i ng the limit nd_ of navies her reaso) British reaso pect to continental armies i Will Be Market Place. Every European conferen ean nations a_bargat is a undertake to To do invoc place sell de have re any mo useful natfons buy cheap sort to the principle whi their cat | small peace conference arms con flort of the ench was to en support for the p 1 ds each countr | success wa the fall ¢ Poincire. Wash ‘| pean politictans who undertook to eb- | struct. Nothing was more famillar Amerfcans who like myself were {1y dd appeal to the Italian people on | sia i Parls conference than the & coming from Mr. Wilson’s closest friends that he had but to appeal to the French public, for example, to bring about the downfall of ceau. It was with this ide in his mind that Mr. Wilson ultimate. the Fiume issue, asking them to sup- port his views against thosa of Sonino and Orlando. known now. Sonino and Orlando quit Paris, the Itallan people rallfed to thefr views, not to those of Mr. Wil- son, with a passion which was bewll- dering to those who shared Mr. Wil- son’s expectation. And in due course of time Fiume passed to ‘Will Encounter Conflicts. The result is, of course, | an even more abysn France in Syria. In the Paris confe aid not wi mandate mis and hop trolled Arat between the There British into the the Fre Mr. Wilson's ause the | pecultar sacre, |but because |l~‘rhn-‘!' in Syria, | Britatn both drev | with scause | Italy But | the case of syria nce the to obtain the It was nor believed in the 14 points S ish Has Determined Levy, to Halt Evil of Unequal De- cisions and Unfairness to Payers. Into Taking It, Maryland Governor As Would Put It Up to States. population, while that of Repre: e tive Edmund N. Carpenter has 580, 991 population. { Four Bills Considered. Now, when our delegation goes to|the any new arms conference, nothing is | sur in more inevitable than that it will en-|the div taxes sh be apportioned | among the several St which may | be included within this Union, accord- i their respectlve numbers. * ® ¢ The actual enumeration shall ne made * * * within every subse- juent term of 10 years.” In the Sixty-seventh Congress a bill was re- ported providing for increasing the from 435 members t that time it was shown additional 25 members at least $300,000 & year, and since then alaries have been increased 33 1.3 per cent Becoming Unwieldy in the Sixty-eighth Congr :arles, and then in th tee decided not out a bill. Members have come to realize that te House is becoming unwieldy in the members are now crowded and are about to authorize the erec- tion of a new office building to give hem adequate space, and they quite determined against increasing *he number of members. But to lown to 435 rs or less, rreserve equal ntation fc the people, 9 & have to & other This would ates, dis congressional defined herg have the fota mean turbing a total « districts as io mnot like listurbed. Of course, it is ionment Is needed us pro 0 Constitution, because as it is now i0 citizens have not proportionately true th legislation | The four bills being considered by the census committee are sponsored by Representative Roy G. Fitzgerald, | Republican, Ohlo; _ Representative | Henry E. Barbour, Republican, Cali- | fornia; Representative Clarence J. MeLeod, Ref Michigan, Reprosents Blanton, ([N:nuh'r.n. Texas. | Fitzgerald's is a freak bill “to carry out the provisions of Article 1 of the Constitution.” and provides that afte “the President faling for 5 of Rep- resentatives, shall notify the several s of the number to which each cntitled by the Constitution, and such apportionment shall obtain untii | the next decennial enumeration or census or until the total number of Representatives to be elected is changed.” The Barbour bill is for a House of 435 members, as at present, and pro- vides for elections at large of the ad- ditional 12 members in the 8 States entitled to them under that ratio. The McLeod bill is also for a House of 435 members and for election |large of additional members in Stat thus entitled, but it has a novel fe in congressional represent e provides that if the Legisl | ture fails to redistrict or is mot in | session, the governor, secretary | Stato and attorney general bo empow- cred to redistrict the State. The Blanton bill would cut the size of the House from 435 to 304 mem- bers. crease tion. Women More Irritable Than Men, £} “Knee-Jerk, Seci fhat women more irritable than men has been generally admit- red, but a woman physiologist now s brought definite proof that this Miss Emlly Wiliams of the University of Tllinois it by of the knee-je d 70 women. Thi: prove means t Miss . reliablo 1 body tome and n proved to be the high- it was found, and ex- cceded the men by 42 per cent in the tistance kicked. When a sharp blow @ little less than 2 ounces was ap- i to the knee ligament, the men ed to an average helght of not quite 14 inches, but the women to more than 19 inches. The men, how- ver, were more irregular, for bot ihie highest and lowest kickers were tound among them. The knee-jerk vas absent in men much more fre- (uently than in women. “The knee-jerk is now used to diag- nose injuries to the spinal cord,” Miss Williams explained. “In the disease known 3 locomotor ataxia, certain nerve tracta are injured and the jerk is lessened or lost altogether, depend- ing on the severity of the disease. The same is true in infantile paralysis. According to the results of various investigators, practically any varia- ion in the general bodily-tone or irri- rability will be shown in the knee- jerk. “One investi found the erk was affected exer cold vaths, food, music and mental activ e sbeesyed. thag that or by test on 63| entific Test, Shows greatly increased the response. Two others, in studying the factors which increase and lessen the knee-jerk, noticed that any painful stimulation of the nerves, as by pinching, burn- ing, freezing, electric shock, or ex- posure of the eyes to the glare of a burning magnesium wire increased the distance of the kick. Exiles Take Heart. Russian exiles in the Baltic States are much exercised over the recent Communist congress in Moscow. The | soctal revolutionaries, in particular, be- lieve that their hour may be approach- |ing. They always worked especially among the peasantry and it is the peasantry who are now forcing ‘modifications on the Communist party. The fact that small men dared get up, contradict the leaders and fight for their own views at the Communist congress is regarded here as most significant. “They are no longer afraid of the G. P. U. (the political police),” sald one old revolutionary. “That meaus everything.” i — Women Affect Chains. In Paris a curfous caprice of fem- inine fashion is illustrated in the jew- elers’ windows. The long pearl neck- lace, formerly much favored by swart women, has developed into a@ b chain which, in cvervthing but weight, resembles the sort of thing: . and | ture for States that would suffer a de- | ot | ! BY JAMES COUZENS, Senator From Michigas At this time one of the outstanding subjects of legislation, at least as evi- ! denced by the great newspapers of the country, Is tax reduction. Statements {are made that there is a universal pub- {lic demand for such reductlon, all of which, of course, is not true, because only @ few million out of one hundred | and ten million people are really inter- ted in the reduction of income tax. en to those who are expecting di ct benefit from the propos tion in Federal income tax | greater inter we have | form method the taxes lunder the pre: than a re- duction In rats This brings me to state some of the cbservations I have made as a result of being chatrman of the select com- mittes of the Senate that for some time back has been investigating the Bureau of Internal Revenue. The records show that only 151 per cent of the rulings and decisions of the bureau have ever been published. | This leaves 841; per cent of the rulings land regulations that the public has rever been informed means that a decision may be reac in one case which establishes a princi- | ple and resuits in great financial bene- ifit to the taxpayer, or to the Govern- | ment to the detriment of the taxpayer. In another case presenting the same identical facts u different decision is rendered, resulting in the very reverse of the results that were obtained in the prior decision. For example, the United States Steel Corporation had its amortization of war plant facil- |ities decided on a basis more favor- ! able to it than was decided in the case of the Bethlehem Steel Corporation. The details of these cases are too lengthy to incorporate in this article, but they are available to any one who wants to verify this statement. I could go on and recite dozens of such instances. Decislons Not Precedent. There are decislons rendered by the solicitor and heads of departments which specifically state that this de- cision must not be used by the engl- neers and auditors as a precedent in other cases. In other words, this Tueans that this case is specially given a favorable decislon, but the same favorable decision must not be applied in any other case. The testimony discloses that an ofl well or & mine may be valued for one stockholder for the purpose of collect- ing income tax on his profit when he sells out, and given an entirely differ- ent value to another stockholder. In some cases we have found existing in the bureau four and five valuations on the same piece of property. This means that there is no index or sys- tem that will prevent different valu- ations belng placed by different engl- neers on the same identical property. Volumes might be written about this, but I desire to point out that it is the lack of system, the lack of organiza- tion, the lack of rules and regulations for the staff itself, and the lack of publication of rulings arrived at, that has caused the almost indescribable mess that NOW exists in the bureal, and has resulted in the unjust appli- cation of the statute to some and more favorable application to others. Perhaps the taxpayers, their at- torneys and auditors may best under- stand what T am endeavoring to point out by relating i conversation be- Lween & promiuent attorney and my- olico the Glhek aYsil | he sald: “I have for seven years been handling cases fn the Bureau of In- ternal Revenue, and in nearly every case I have had a feeling that some- body else was getting something that | T Qid not get. I have presented argu- | ments for my clients and have con- | vinced them of my clients’ contentions with the result that I got the favor. able ruling I desired. But when I have asked the officer in the bureau |if he were going to open up all other | tax cases and give them the same de- cisfon he held up his hands in holy Lorror and said, “That’s an impossibi task.' That in itself suggested to me it taxpayers were raising questions and_getting favorable decisions that I cught to have, | skeptical about whether I have gotten for my clients all that they were en- titled to have.” Situation Unwholesome. This is certainly an unwholesomie situation and one which should im- mediately be remedied. The result | has been the loss to the Government | of hundreds of millions of dollars and | the excessive taxation of many indi- vlduals who have not been so adept or so well represented in their cases before the bureau. This is not the kind of Government we expect— where it is assumed that there shall be equality among all of the citizens. The remedy i{s to make section 2§ f the proposed new revenue act read: | “Returns upon which the tax has been determined by the Commissioner shall constitute public records.” That, really, is all that is necessary. It does not mean any publication of individual tax returns. It does not mean the carrying out of the very absurd statute now on the books of publishing the amount of taxes paid by individuals. There is a great con- fusion as between publicity of tax re- turns and accessibility of tax returns. ‘The mere accessibility of tax returns insures honesty of administration, at least to a much greater degree than now exists, and does not make avalil- able for publication in the newspapers any such ridiculous lists as have been published by some of them. (Copyright. 1626.) Last of Dying Race Exhibited in London To London has come a strange little girl—Emilia Vasquez. She is 13 years old and is belleved to be the last survivor of the curlous “Maya civilization of Central America, par- ticularly of British Honduras. Little Emilla came as semething of a sensa- tion in a British museum lecture. A famous _archeologist, Dr. Mitchell Hedges, had just returned from Hon- duras, and in his lecture he used many ian!em slides, models and physical ob- jects. ‘Then he produced a live specimen of the Maya themselves. Emilia, with brown face and squat little body, stood before the students on the platform. Until a few years ago she lived in a village built in the crater of an ex- tinct volcano near Lubaantum, the wonderful ancient city discovered in recent excavations. The girl was found by archeologists, and the wife of an English planter promised to take care of her. Then Dr. Hedges made arrangements to bring her to Eng- land. ~She is o representative of one of the most anclent clvilizations - RORR i and so I am very | BY ALBERT C. RITCHIE, Governor of Maryland. To over-centralization 1s largely due | the modern motion that law, instead of being a system to protect life, liberty |#nd propert rer o scheme for | soctal con to secure the | moral we , and | generally to secure it by forcing upon jall the people what some of the peo- | ple think their wellbet ir | When you set up ti |ernment as o parens their own notlon own moral ideas into general legal {precepts. Hence the numerous laws which undertake to regulate human corduct, without due regard to whether they are effective to do this or not, and without regard to whether the same purpose could not be better accomplished without any law at all The life of the law is its enforc ment. No law is in fact & law unle it can be enforced. A law restricting personal freedom cannot be enforced until the moral precepts and con- science of those to whom the law ap- plies approve it. Such a law must re- {flect the convictions of soclety. Tts |appeal must be answered by the will to obey. Must Have Public Support. Whenever a law not measuring up to this standard is made applicable throughout a country which contains communities in which the people, or & majority of the people, refuse to give it social sanction, then that law will not be observed and cannot be enforced in those communities. When a law does violence to the individual consclence it will not be observed. When it does violence to the social consclence it will not be enforced. One would think the fifteenth amend- ment was sufficlent proof of this. There is no doubt that the majority of the people of the States as a whole favor the enfranchisement of the negro, and the law of the land en- franchises him. But conditions and 1 local opinion in the States of the South | are against it. The law has no social . sanction there. Hence it is not ob- |served and becomes simply a dead i Tetter. !"Take the case of national prohibi- tion and the Volstead act. Here is a wast social experiment, undertaking to standardize by law the personal habits of all the people in all the States, and inaugurated at a time when the people of each State were engaged in working out the problem for themselves, through local prohibi- tion in those States where that re- ceived the sanction of society, and through measures which either had attained temperance or were rapidly attaining temperance in States where it did not. Restriction of Liberty. Moreoveg, the experiment was un- dertaken b¥ means of a law which, whatever may be its appeal to the people of some States, lacks entirely the sanction of popular approval in other States. Here was a law not in defense of liberty but in restriction of it. So long as it exists, it should, of course, be upheld and respected, but Jjust as good citizens in the South feel that refusal to obey the fifteenth amendment involves no moral issue and is no violation of thelr individual consclence, so do many feel about the nslate thelr The result {s obvious to all honest |and fairminded men who are not afrald to look facts in the face. Pro- hibition enforcement has broken down, and the experiment is responsible for |# disrespect for law and a degree of ctual Jawlessness and corruption 1s appalling | 1t the imputation that. those | who recognize the truth of this, and fwant to find a way to remedy it, are in erious way considered ing in regard for law and order. s 110 disrespect for law or soc involved in protesting sound 1z I have for law and order {would not now be my volce sed in protest. Volstead act because it lacks social sanction, &nd so is not and cannot be enforced; and because it promotes dis- order and not order. Cannot Apply Yardstick. This great problem cannot be set- tled by trying to standardize human | conduct. yardstick cannot be ap- plied to it throughout the country. The communities which resent this law cannot be clubbed into taking it. My own view is that until the senti- ment of the country enables a change in the eighteenth amendment the sub- [Ject should be turned back by Con- lgress to the States, and each State, | within constitutional limitations, given {the right and the responsiblilty of settling it in accordance with the will of its own people. Certainly we have before us a situ- ation that calls for sane and coura- geous action. We are confronted by a condition and not a theory. The best intelligence of the country must be rallied to deal with this problem in a practical, a sensible and an honest way. (Copyright. 1926.) $120,000,000 Left in Italy by Foreign Visitors One hundred and twelye thousand Americans visited Italy in 1924, ac- cording to Italy’s official tourist bureau. That year's total number of visitors—835,000—was probably in- creased to more than 1,000,000 in 1925, accerding to the Rome Piccolo. Of the 1924 visitors the largest pro- portion — 186,000 — were Germans, while 122,000 were English and 75,- 000 French. All of them together left $120,000,- 000 in Italy—covering more than half the country’s adverse trade-balance. The most popular month for tourists is April, but August—Italy’s hottest month—comes second. This is partly because Italain heat is by no means So severe as many foreigners sup- pose, and also because in Midsum- mer thousands of school teachers and other employes have thelr vacations. Hamburg Aids Artists, Hamburg is justifying its reputa- tion as one of the most enlightened cities of the world. The Senate re- cently voted 30,000 marks (nominally $7,140) to help needy artists. Now 20,000 marks (84,760) will be given to helpless poets and musicians, In an impoverished country like Ger- many "mfi is “;te class that suffers perhaps the most, since one has mopay 1o ‘PR 0B-6XMN _ ri r ainst an un- | Were it not for the regard | Because of that regard I protest the | | | | | demic. counter, not the mere diversities of opinion’ which represent differences in personal views without regard to nationality, but the conflicts between interests which are based upon fun- damental considerations. This is the more inevitable since for ourselves the limitation of arma- ments St not absolutel political question volved. Take the cas: many must in come to Geneva purpose to undertake to impo: her conquerors the sa in armaments c upon her b She canmot mies, but quite patently she c cape’ the disadvantages under she labors, as the single great po actually disarmed in the midst of states which by contrast remain measurably armed. The full conse- quences of defeat will be escaped if she can disarm her neighbors, and particularly France and Poland. Nothing would be more easy, then, than for Germany to enlist the sup- port of an American delegation which is aiming at contributing to consi erable reduction of armies, but this support would in reality be the sup- port not of a principle of disarmamel but actually of a German policy escape from the most disagreeabl perhaps the most intolerabie of all t restrictions placed upon her by d feat. of Germany nature of th her to Dispute Over Submarine. Again, nothing would be simpler than for our delegation to become in- volved in the long-standing dispute be- tween the French and the British over the submarine. France, Italy and a number of the smaller countries are yund to refuse to consider the ban- ning of the submarine as a weapon | of war. That is because they regard it, given the state of their treasuries and of their resources, as the single weapon for naval defense which is available. The British, on the con- trary, are just as sure to press for the banning of this weapon, because it Is the single threat to their naval su- premacy and security in Europe. Mr. Hughes, during the Washing- ton conference, like Mr. Wilson at| Paris, with the best intentions in the world found himself suddenly bécome the victim of a European quarrel be- tween France and Britain which had been going on for two years. Believ- ing that the question of naval limita- tion was an absolute questlon, not in the main a political issue, he suddenly saw his conference transformed into something like a bear garden, in which the disputes between the French and | British threatened to wreck every- thing. And In the end he failed, as did Mr. ‘Wilson in the Fiume matter, because public sentiment in France supported Briand and the stand the French rep- resentatives had taken in the matter of the submarine. Because we seemed to support the British position against the French, the resentment of France was so universal that it ‘was years before the French Parlia- ment would ratify the limited agree- ments made at Washington, and French resentment has survived so completely that it is wholly doubtful it France could be persuaded to come to another Washington conference. All Sorts of Complications. Now, when we return to a lSuro- peun_discussion there is again all the old danger that our devotion to an of “Umitation ef An arms conference at Europe is represented will be only Incldentally a meeting to consider the limitation of ar; It will be & new eting of all diverse and conflicting i elements. We 1l be again In the vortex of tradt 1 and inevitable collist 1 intere very state presente. urally powerfy; var ga of and will endeavor to get 1t by ad hat part n ns of na vital o there r sure t Join th ‘uxh‘umn s eans that they will | seek to enlist our support nominally for an abs t principle, but actually for a political end, namely, to abolish that weapon which, in case of a new war, might be as dangerous to the British security as it was in the last _[ do not mean to suggest that there is something diabolically wicked i i urse. Nothing of tk t well be a question l_x for them ag: was in Briton | mere duty to as it ore any p: matter ¢ same w ind work about a sit shall once n th her conquerors She will argus for | disarmament in the broadest tense | because she fs disarmed, and cculd jonly be armed again when Fr |and_Polish armies were reduced te |levels corresponding with 1 Bu such a reduction would actually re sult in enhancing, not reducing, Gér jman armaments. France, Poland, Czechoslovakia, al the armed nations with very real res sons for maintalning their arms ments at the levels fixed by the own estimates of their dangers, will obviously meet American argument for the limitation of armam X the demand for American guarantees in case the reduction is followed by attack. What is more, they will cer tainly join the American delegates {in_any ‘campalgn to bring down th | British naval strength in the field of | cruisers, for example. | armie {and bring { which German fon equality | the World v “In Confusing Position. Our delegates, then, are bound |be in the rather confusing position l'of finding themselves supported or certain items in any disarmament program by one or more rations, while opposed on other items by the same nations. Mr. Wilsen had just that experience when he found that turn and turn about he faced either the enthusiastic acceptance or the | passionate rejection of some of his fourteen points. He was further em barrassed by the totally different in terpretation given to several of the fourteen points by the respective nationalities. One is accustomed to read in many American journals that “the way to disarm is to disarm.” This wholly simple formula is going to make the problem of our delegation at any arms conference excessively difficults |to explain at home, because, in reality, nothing is less exact fron the Iuropean standpoint. No Liuro pean nation today maintains an army, (Coutinued on Third -