Evening Star Newspaper, November 29, 1925, Page 55

3 INTEREST IN OIL LEASES - REVIVED BY Denial of Federal THE SUNDAY STAR, WASHINGTO D. C., NOVEMBER 29, 1925—PART o NEW U. S. SUIT Injunction Against tandard Oil Right to ‘Section 36’ Shows Whole Program BY G. GOULD LINCOL! HE recent decision of Chief Justice McCoy of the Su- preme Court of the District of Columbia upholding the right of the Interior De- partment to challenge the right of the Standard Oil Co. to “section 36, adjacent to Naval Ofl Reserve No. 1, brings again to public attention the entire controversy over leasing of the naval oil reserves in California and Wyoming by former Secretary Fall ot the Interior Department. How intimately this matter of section 36 is connected with the leases made by Secretary Fall to k. L. Doheny becomes apparent when “_i\ remembered that it was because of the Standard OIl wells in section 36 that there was danger o7 draining the oil from a large part of the Naval Oil Reserve No. 1 This drainage was put forward one T why the naval oil reserve must be’ leased It becomes incre: a factor in thes when it alled when Secretary of prior to the time leaxes to Mr. Doheny, dismissed an attempt on the part of the Govern- ment to establish a claim to section 35 4 inst the Standard Oil Co. It was charged by Senator Thomas J Walsh of Montana, on the' foor of the Senate during his sensational attack upon the leases of the naval 0il reserves, that the dismissal of the a pt on the part of the Gov- ernment to attack the title of the 3 idard Oil Co. to section 36 by tary Fall had made it possible to up one of the main reasons for leasing the naval oil reserve to Doheny History of Case Given. singly fmportant leasing cases that Mr. Fall, the Interior and ot making the er The the title to that came this upon serv Secret procee case involving section 36 and of the Standard Oil Co. vaiuabie producing land Chief Justice McCoy in manner Following the attac the leases of the naval oil re- s the Interior Department, under ry Work, has again started €S to obtain ror the Govern: ment possession of section 36. The Standard Oil Co. sought an injunc- tion to prevent the Government from continuing with this attack upon its title to land. This me n for a preliminary injunction was denied by Chief Justice McCoy. From his deci- sion it is expected the Standard Oil Co. will appeal to the Court of Ap- peals, and the case probably will be carried to the Supreme Court, either by the company or by the Govern- mient the case may be. before it is_finally determined Primarily, the case hinges on the question as to whether section 36 was known to be mineral lana in 1903 and prior thereto. 1f it held that it wa knowntobe mineral land then, the lan, would be considered part of the pub. lic domain in California, and not owned b the State of Califorr from which the title eventually wssed to the Standard Oil Co. The injunction asked by the company and denied by Chief Justice McCoy would prevent the Government from prose- cuting further its inquiry as to the known mineral character of the lands in 1903. The Chiet Justice held that this inquiry was proper and that a “court may interfere.” The proceedings were begun by the Interior Department after Congre: by joint resolution adopted February 1. 1924, had directed the department to do so. This resoiution was put before through during the height of the con- | the naval oil reserve Senator Walsh had made his charges with reference to the dismissal of the Government's proceedings by Secretary Fall in 1921, Controversy Is Old. The controversy over the mineral quality of the lands in section 36 and whether they were known prior to the approval of a survey approved in 1903 been waged intermittently for In the meantime the Standard has taken some $10,000,000 oil out of the section. The company was deeded the property by the State California in 1910, its agent having purchased it from a third party. Back in 1912 and 1913, while the Standurd was prospecting in this neighborhood, an agent of the Interior Department Studied the character of the lands and reported that they were mineral. He so reported to the Com- missioner of the General Land Office, troversy over leases and after ears. oil Co, worth of s | clair, Closely Linked. who, in turn, directed a hearing in the matter, and that the State of Cali- fornia ‘and the Standard Oil Co. be called. But there the matter rested | for years. It was in 1920 that it was | called to the attention of the Interior Department, and Assistant Secretary of the Interior Finney and the Com- missioner of the General Land Office sreed that the proceedings go for- ward. They turned the file over to the Department of Justice March 3, 1921, yand suggested a suit to enjoin the andard from taking the oil out of section 36. The upshot of the matter was that counsel for the Standard Ofl Co. went before Secretary Fall of the Interior Department and Secretary Fall dis- | nucsed the proceedings, holding that the title had passed to the Standard 1 0il Co. Probe Brought Suit. The present effort of the Govern | ment to establish its claim to section 36 grew out of the Senate investiga- tions of the leases of the naval ofl re- | serves made to Doheny and Sinclair. | The other ofl sui_s in connection with those leases hie moved along apace. The Governmeat won its case against Pan-American Oil, the Doheny inter- ests, in Lo: Angeles, where Judge Paul J. McCormick held there had been fraud in thc lease by Fall of Naval Oil Reserv:- No. 1. An appeal of .this case to t e Circuit Court sitting in an Francisco was argued October 5, and a d cision in that appeal is ex- | pected ia December. Whichever way it goesr, an appeal to the Supreme Court is in prospect. On the other hand, the Government lost its case against the Mammoth Oil Co., the Sinciair interests, in which it sought to show fraud in the lease of Teapot Dome, the naval oil reserve in Wyoming. Judge T. Blake Kennedy held in this case that fraud had not been shown and t the lease was beneficial to the Federal Government. The Government has filed notice of appeal in this case to the Circult Court of Appeals, and it probably will not be heard until the court meets in St. Paul in May | The Government lost, too, se against the Belridge | which Secretary Fall had sed a small strip of Naval Reserve No. 1 in lifornia to drill “offset” wells so as | to protect the ofl in the reserve from | drainage. This company drilled a | dozen wells. Judge W. B. Sheppard in Los Angeles held for the company. Cases on Calendar Here. The courts of the District of | Columbia still have several other ofl | cases before them. On April 3, 1925, Chief Justice Mc( dismissed the indictments brought against Fall and | Doheny charging bribery and con- | spiracy to detraud the Government, and the indictment of Fall and Sin- charging conspiracy, on the | ground that an agent of the Depart- | ment of Justice had been in the grand jury room when the indict- ments were obtained Because of the statute of limita- tions, it has been impossible to in- dict again Fall and Doheny on the bribery charge. However, indictment: | have been found again in the con- | spiracy charges against Fall and Do- | heny on the one hand and Fall and Sinelair on the other. { | The Government has appealed from | the decision of Chief Justice McCoy dismissing the indictments of “all nd Doheny on the bribery charge, and the appeal was argued Novem- ver 3. The Court of Appeals will | either hand down an opinion in this case December 7 or the matter will £o over until after the holi Arguments Due Soon. The defendants in the conspiracy cases have entered demurrers and their arguments will be heard in the District Supreme Court December 4. Since the institution of the various sults relating to the leases of the naval oil reserves to Doheny and Sin- | clair such operation of the oil wells as has been under way has been | under a recelvership representing the | Government and the lessors, with the |idea that there may be an adjust- ment made finally of the equitie: of the Government and the lessors {in the event the properties are turned back to the Government. New wells have not been drilled. At the same time further development by the Standard Oil Co. of section 36 has been halted, pending the final dispo- sition of the proceedings now under way. its Co.. to in iJ. S. ART AND NATURAL HISTORY INSTITUTIONS GIVEN HIGH RANK Two Museums in New Yor! World—Project Under Way to Portray All . k Classed With Any in Old Arts by Working Models. BY FELIX WARBURC Art and natural history are now represented in America by two institu- tions as great as any of the Old World —the Metropolitan Museum and_the Museum of Natural History in New York. More characteristically Ameri- can, however, would be the portrayal of our tremerdous agricultural, min- eral and industrial development. Belleving that the history of any art, science or industry can best be learned if its development is illus- trated_in an_objective manner, - the New York City Association for the Museums of the Peaceful Arts is plan- ning just such an institution, the history of every peaceful art— arts in every field of endedvor, except those connected with war—will be portrayed by working models. Such a museum will give not only the employer and the foreman but each workman a_ knowledge of and create an interest in his profession or trade, no matter how humble it may be. All the history, development and succes stages of the trade in which he or the material with which he works will be pictorially por- trayed. The history of transportation, from the days when man carried his own burdens to the present era of steam engines and airplanes, will be graphically shown by working models. The cement worker will have ex- plained to him the fundamentals of cement and mortars—how they are made and where obtained. Carpenters and cabinetmakers will have an op- portunity of seeing every sort of wood, whether it can be stained or ofled, whether it Is adapted to indoor or out- door work v a higher type of mechanic, artisan and handicraft- man will be developed, with_increased usefulness to the city, State and Nation. Many to Derive Benefit. “More than a million men in New Yerk would derive incalculable benefit from a group of such museums, where every kind of artisan or mechanic can see every known article, appliance or device in_ his particular line of indu try,” said Dr. George F. Kuns, pr dent of the New York association, in explaining its scope. “In such a mu- <eum each industry could be studied in its true proportions and the artistic beauty of each product be mastered. A glass tumbler may be worth only 5 5 oeuts, but it properly cut and en- where | 1l graved it becomes worth $100, $200 or even $500. The skill necessary to achieve such a feat is developed by contact with the industry concerned, and men and women learn most and best when they can examine things by way of recreation in their leisure time."" Permanent and varied exhibits will be included In the New York Museum in the following branches of the indus. trial and peaceful art Electricity, steam, astronomy and navigation, safety appliances, aviation, mechant: cal arts, agriculture, mining, labor, efficiency, historic records, health and hygiene, textiles, ceramics and clays, architecture, scenic embellishment, gardening, roads and road-building materials, commerce and trade, and printing and books. Estimate Cost at $20,000,000. The museum association, whose plans began as far back as 1914, but were summarily halted by the war, estimates that an eventual expendi- ture of $20,000,000 will be necessary in completing the gigantic project Dr. Oskar von Miller of Munich, now in charge of the railroad section for carrying out the provisions of the Dawes plan, and who is the founder and director of the sreat Munich Mu- seum of Sciences and Industries, is now in America, at the invitation of the New York museum association, to give his help and advice in the fur- therance of the New York Museum project, which it is hoped will do for America what the famous Munich Mu- seum has done for Europe. Water in Steeples. Being desirous of using the stesples of its unused churches as water towers, the village of Podmoshie, in the Dmitrovksy district just outside of Moscow, has applied to the Moscow Soviet for a ruling. The village au- thorities argue that such a utilitarian diversion would greatly reduce the cost of the new water-works system. The provincial Soviet decided that as churches that are not used for divine services can be converted to secular purposes with the consent of their congregations, they might be embodied in the water system provided engineers pronounced them safe. ithe interests of Ulste BY WILLIS J. BALLINGER. HE Sherman anti-trust law runs counter to natural ard inevitable industrial devel- opment. _Canutelike, it seeks to shunt back waves of irresistible economic evolution. It is futile, costly in the waste it entails, demoralizing in its effect upon indus- try. It should be annulled.” Matthew Woll, vice president of the American Federation of Labor, utter- ed these words to me as he paced up and down the room. This vigorous reply to my question, “What should we do about the Sherman law? startled me. The industrial and po- litical development of the United States since the passage of the Sherman law loomed up like a vivid picture before my eyes as I irrepressibly remarked. Mr. Woll,” I sald, “the Sherman law was proposed by John Sherman to protect the people from the evils of monopoly, top-heavy concentration of wealth and the danger from money octopuses. It may be true that that law is only a reed In strength against big business, but is it not the only weapon the American people have against monopoly? You certainly know that since the Sherman law was pass- ed we have a greater trust problem than ever.” Production Ts Real Need. “I did not say that we have no trust problem,” smiled Woll. *I merely de. clare that we cannot solve it by en- forcing the Sherman law. That law is in conflict with economic laws that are too powerful to Be stopped. The Sherman law s based on the philoso. phy of a falsely conceived competitive system of production and distribution We imagine that there is some great virtue in competition between num- herless small husiness units and that the public will derive great resulting benefits. To the contrary, all great industrial developments have clearl shown that greater production is only possible with large units of production and distribution. Large scale produc- tion effects economies, reduces waste and overhead, all of which accrue to the public in time. The Sherman law has proved ftself futile in checking large scale business development. The greatest possible expansion of big busi- ness has followed the enactment of the Sherman law. I, therefore, think it reasonable to say that the law works against efficiency and econom in business and that it is a futile law. Demoralizes Business. “I say, furthermore. that the law demoralizes business. Many businesses today are thoroughly disorganized be cause competition has reached a point of destruction. There are compara- tively few Industries that are monopo- listic in character. The great major- ity of industrial enterprises are non monopolistic in character. By reason of the existence of the Sherman law and that attitude of the Department of Justice and the Federal Trade Com- mission, business has been prevented from, combatting the ills of competi tion. Every attempt at co-operation has been frowned upon by the Federal i BY HENRY W. BUNN. HE following mary ne: seven 28: The British Empire.—Twelve Brit- fsh communists charged with con- spiring to utter seditious libely and to seduce soldiers and sailors from their duty were found guilty by a jury. s a brief sum. of the world for the days ended November 7 to 6 months’ imprisonment (in all cases without labor). Unemployment in Britain and Northern Ireland has dropped by 128,000 in five weeks. Prof. John McNelll, the Irish Free State representative on the commis sion, appointed pursuant to the Lon- don treaty of 1921, which created the Free State, to delimit the boundary between the Free State and Ulster, has resigned from the commission. He asserts that he resigned because Article XII of the London treaty was not conformed to in determination of ! the line agreed on by the other two members of the commission (repre- senting the British government and respectively). That article prescribes that “The commission shall determine in ac- cerdance with the wishes of the in- habitants so far as may be com- patible with economic and geographic conditions” the boundary between the Free State and Ulster. It will be interesting to learn precisely how ithe commission went about to ascer- tain the wishes of the inhabitants. ‘The situation thus created holds the most unhappy possibllities. Does it mean that all the Irish fat's in the fire again? Before, something like a year ago, the boundary commission entered on its labors the British Privy Coun- | cil decided (pursuant to the advice of a judicial committee of its appointing) that a majority report of the commis- sion would be hinding and would, upon its official publication, become part of the London treaty Tpon Prof. McNeill's resignation the question asks itself: Would a report by the two remaining members of the commission (the majority but a rump) be binding? 1 understand that the two officers of the British crown have decided yes, and that the British cabi- net concurs in this finding. 1t should be recalled in this connec- tion that the so-called Ulster member of the commission does not directly represent the Ulster government. The government refused to appoint a mem- ber, wherefore the Westminster Par- ltlament passed a bill providing that “subject to confirmation of an agree- ment by the British Parliament and the Dail, the northern Irish govern- ment's power to appoint a commis- sioner shall be transferred to and ex- ercised by the British government, and for the purpose of the treaty any commissioner so appointed shall be deemed to be a commissioner appoint- ed by the northern Irish government."” The Dall voted agreement, and J. R. Fisher, an_excellent Ulsterman, was appointed by the British government as the Ulster representative, Justice Feetham of South Africa representing the British government. Naturally, the British government is loath to promulgate the report of the rump commission, fearing conse- quent resignation of ‘the Free State government and the devil and all to pay, and vigorous efforts are being made for a last-minute settlement “out of court.”” The optimists are in- Ivoking “the spirit of Locarno.” It is a good spirit if it can put the éternal quietus on the Irish boundary question. The boundary question is not_the only question agitating the Free State. Pursuant to Article V of the London_treaty, a financlal commis- slon (whose arbitral award shall be binding) is at work to determine the Free State's proper share of the debt of the United Kingdom and of war pensions. The commission is to take into account-“any just claims on the part of the Free State by way of setoff or counter-claim,” and, of course, there are Free Staters who assert that under equitable process pursuant to this provision Great Brit- Ain would be found in debt to the Free State rather than the other way around. Unofficially, it has been more than once suggested that, it the British government would forgive the of the most important | and 5 were sentenced to 12 months, | BAD FOR CAPITAL; wry Millew MATTHEW WOLL. man of the American | Trade Commission. Where originally hoped that the Federal Trade Commission would be a help and aid to business, that commission has become an instrument of oppres- slon and repression. Cannot Be Enforced. Q. Do vou think the Sherman law | has ever ‘been enforced when you ar- | raign it as futile? A. I do not think it was ever capa- !ble of practical enforcement. It was | 0 rigid that no serious attempt was | made to_enforce it. The economic fal- |lacy underlying the Sherman law was recognized by the Supreme Court when it laid down “the rule of reason’ in its interpretation of the law in 1910 Competition is in its very nature self- |destructive. Perfect and enduring | competition would mean that units of business would have all to be kept the same in size and power. As soon as one unit gets larger than another the larger unit can effect economies which enable it to undersell its rival. This leads to trusts. Big business cannot | be kept down by enforcing competi- tion. Competition ends in big busi-| ness and consolidation is a natural| it was consequence. Q. Why do vou think that business Free State those obligations, and provided an ironclad agreement most generous to minorities were effected, the Free State might consent to ab- | rogation of Article XII, the boundary to be left as it is. * Erk France.—On November the Chamber refected, 278 to 275, Pain- leve's proposal to consolidate treasury | bonds at reduced interest, one of the most important articles of his bill looking to fiscal and financial stabili zation. Thereupon the Painleve gov- ernment resigned. No doubt pressure from bondholders caused the tempo- rary defection of members of the Left Cartel in number sufficient to defeat the proposal. President Doumergue now Invited Briand to form a cabinet. Feeling about, Briand discovered he could not break the Left Cartel, i.e.. induce the Radical Soclalists to adhere to a_cen- ter government. He then explored the possibility of a Left government, wherein the Unified Soclalists, i.e the genuine Simeon Pure Socialists, should participate, thus sharing re- sponsibility a thing they would not | do for Painleve or for Herriot before | him. Of course, it was his idea that their representation in the ministry should correspond to their numerical strength in the Left Cartel (they number 108 in a Chamber total of 584, the Left Cartel. numbering 302 or ' thereabout). “Charmed, to be sure,” responded the Unified Soctal- ists, “but only provided that 7 of the 14 ministers shall be Unified So- clalists, including the premier, the minister of finance and the minister of the interior.” Of course, Briand quit. Next Senator Doumer had a try, intending a center government, but he soon gave up. The Left Cartel wi not to be broken. Senator Dou- mer has had a distinguished public career. He was minister of finance back in 1895 and again in 1921 under Briand. In 1905 he was invited by | President Loubet to form a ministry, | but declined. He has been president of the Chamber and governor gen- eral of French Indo-China. After Doumer, Herriot, leader of the Radical Socialists (the most nu- merous left group corresponding in political complexion to the Moderates of the British Lahor party) entered the lists. The Unified Sociallsts told him they were ready to do either one of two things, to participate in a Left government, provided they were con- ceded a clearly dominating role there- in, or, while not participating, to pledge thelr support to a Left govern- ment which should swear allegiance to Unified Socialists’ doctrine, includ- ing the capital levy. (The Unifled | the English Soclalists correspond to the wild men BAD FOR LABCR The Sherman law proposed by Senator John Sherman J5 years ago has ben a subject of violent controversy since that time. It was suggested by Sherman but actually written by the ven- erable Senator Hoar of Massa- chusetts. Its aim was to check the rising tide of monopoly and to protect small business units and the public from the depre- dations of the trusts. Many leaders have seen a positive menace in the passing of indivi- dual ownership in business and the growth of corporation own- ership. Yet since the Sherman anti- trust law was passed corpora- tions have grown in number at the rate of 30 a day. Since it was passed most of the great so-called trusts have been organized: Thirty-five years after its passage we have Congress every session crusading against somec new trusts. Last session it was the electrical trust, the tobacco trust, the bakery trust. In the last 35 yecars many business men have demanded the modification of the anti-trust laws. The demand has been growing stronger lately. the hardihood to come out boldly for an outright repeal of them. Mr. Woll, a nationally known labor lcader—the platiorm spokes : Federation with an unqualified demand for the repeal of the Sherman law. But few have had of Labor—mnow comes forward consolidation and the checking of com- petition will mean lower prices to the consuming public? A. It is true that large combina- tions may use their power to exact extortionate prices. I believe, how- ever, that if large businesses were re. quired to give a public accounting of their business public opinion would soon exert pressure upon those concerns who were holding up the public. The function of the Federal Trade Commission should be to in- vestigate the profits and cost of pro-| duction of big business combines rather than to prevent consolidation. An inquisitorial body would be abso. lutely necessary. Q. Then I take it that your sub-| stitute for the Sherman law would be a Federal Trade Commission that would investigate unjust and extor- tionate earnings of large business con. cerns? Wants Better Regulation. A. Precisely. There is nothing harmfu} in u huge merger per se.| It is Kow the big combine uses its| power that is of concern. We must | let big business combine and cease to make the act of consolidation a crime in itself and make our test of of the British Labor party) and Her riot quit. Briand again, now the situ- ation had framed itself (no doubt with the assistance of silent maneuvers by | Briand) so as to permit of a center government. The Radical Soclalists wearfed out by the intransigence and impudence of their wild brethren (whose real afm was to force Doumer- gue to call on M. Blum to form a pure Unified Sociallst governmenty, smashed | the Left Cartel. As I write there seems no question but that Briand will suc- ceed in forming a center government backed by a majority made up in chief of Radical Socfalists, his own Natlonal Radicals (corresponding to Liberals) and leftward members of the right. Louis Louch- eur is slated for finance minister and Briand himself.for the foreign port- folio. A ek Italy.—Last week a Communist deputy was telling the Camera of his lack of sympathy with the tremendous demonstrations of joy on account of Mussolini’s escape from assassination when Deputy Farfnacci, secretary gen- eral of the Facist party, dove for him shouting. “If you speak thus of our duce, we reply like this,” struck him across the mouth. Then ¥acist_deputies flew in a body on the little Communist group and, to the ac- companiment of kicks and blows, liters ally threw them out of the hall. Then the Facist deputies voted a monument at Mantua to the gentle Vergil. On Friday the Camera passed almost unanimousiy a bill providing for abo- lition of the town councils as at pres- ent constituted, 1. e., of local self- government, In Italian municipalities of less than 5,000 population, and for administration of such municipalities by royal commissioners with the me- dieval title of podesta, this function- ary to be assisted by a merely advi- sory council appointed by local occu- pational interests. * ok k¥ Mosul.—The league council sub- mitted to the World Court two ques- tions, as follows: 1. Is decision by the council on the Mosul question in accordance with the Lausanne treaty (between Tur- key .and the allies) to be considered as arbitral award, or only as mediation or recommendation? 2. If the former, must that decision be unanimous, or will a majority vote suffice? The World Court has replied as fol- lows: 1. The decision of the council is to be considered as an arbitral award, absolutely binding. 2. The award must be by unanimous “the votes of representa- vote, but BY DUDLEY FIELD MALONE. Of the Scopes Counsel In the Dayton Evolu- tion Case. | _The announcement that Vanderbilt University, at Nashville, Tenn., will raise a fund of $4,000,000 to increase its facilities for the teaching of science is inspiring news to the coun- try. I have always maintained that the movement of the Tory mind in sclence and religion, which culmin- ated In the dramatic trial at Dayton, was not descriptive of the attitude of the new South toward true sclence and true religion. The movement in the South against the teaching of evolution has not been dictated by the fundamentalists, but by the liberalists. There are milllons of fundamentalists who believe in the divinity of God and in miracles, but who do mnot accept a literal interpre- tation of the OIld Testament as a standard of knowledge in a course of science. Sclence lives only on established facts. And theology must constantly broaden our faith in God to match the revealed reality of nature's proc- esses. Let our country be a country of faith in God, but let us reverence the many ways through which our fellow citizens worship Him. Infidelity will not come from the study of science or of constantly re- » Move of Tennessee College to Increase . Science Teaching Facilities Praised vealed facts. Infidelity will come to haunt the aisles of faith only when children, grown to maturity, realize that they have been denied access to full knowledge by any church or dogma. Prof. Conklin of Princeton has wisely said of the theory of evo- lution: “If evolution is false, it can- not be saved by science; if it is true. it cannot be destroyed by theology.” And may I add—If God be God, He will not be disturbed by the truth? The great people of the South are as devoted to progress and the pur- suit of knowledge as the people of the other States. The constitution of Ten- nessee, for instance, specifically sets forth that it is the policy of the Com- monwealth to “cherish.literature and sclence.” The great newspapers, the universities not controlled by a com bination of politics and theology, thoughtful men and women, and the youth of the new South just risen to increasing power from the hates and horrors of the Civil War will wel- come the news that Vanderbilt Uni- versity speaks out its challenge to ignorance and fanaticism. This cou- rageous plan to bring the truth to all the young people of Tennessee is a more perfect index of the purpose and the mind of the Southern people than all the hectic incidents of the Dayton trial. the | | posed consolidation 1 Labor Leader Scores Anti-Trust Law illegality of big business enterprises whether or not the public is being gouged by unfair prices. The policy of rallroad consolidation advocated by President Coolldge shows that the fallaby of competition has been seen through. Q. Will not huge consolidations of business concerns result in Soclalism? One of the plans of the Socialist party is to permit blg business to consoli- date and then to have the people step in and take over the industrial world. A. No, I don't look for Soclalism. By regulating big business along sound economic lines we will retain all the Inftiative and enterprise of private management and vet prices will be fair and just. Under such an arrangement there could be no argu- ment advanced for the people owning the industries. Q. Why s labor interested pealing the Sherman law? A. Because, as I have said, it sees the waste of competition and the fu- tility of the law. But perhaps most important, labor has been hit by the anti-trust laws itself. Labor unioks and farmers' co-operatives, intended to be exempt from anti-trust laws, have been caught within their meshes. Furthermore, labor has realized that what _is harmful to capital is also harmful to labor. When capital be- comes bankrupt and an establish. ment closes its doors the laborers are hit also. Hence, labor has come to sympathize with capital in its oppo. sition to the destructiveness of com petition. Q. Then you think that competi- tion has fafled” La Follette often sald that competition was never given a chance. < Competition Can’t Work. A. Well, T don’t think that com- petition ever could be given a fair chance from its very nature. There can be no successful competition unless the units of competition are all of the same size and power and remain that way. Competition sooner or later causes the stronger to rise, and they in turn weed out their smaller opponents. Perhaps one su- preme giant of business outfights all the rest and then we have what is designated as a trust. Large business comblnes and mergers inevitably sult from competition. Competition cannot possibly prevent large consoli- dations. We must stop thinking of big business concerns as being na tional goblins simply because they are large in size. Let them be as big as they want to. The public’s alarm should be in the profits that they make, and not in the size of the agency that makes the profits. The public is waking up. In public regu- lation of public utilities, in the pro- of the railroads by the present administration, in the Webb-Pomerene act which permits businesses dolng a forefgn business to combine o as to combat the ad- vantages of foreign producers. the new spirit of co-operation in industry is evineing itself. in re- tives of the parties to the dispute are not to be counted in ascertaining whether there is unanimity.” Well, rather, as to the last moron’ would 'so adjudge. A Even a China.—The dispatches indicate that what with_ defeats and defections. Chang Tso-Lin (super tuchun of Man: churia and grand champion of the provisional government at Peking headed by Tuan Chi Jui) no longer dis- poses of troops or exercises power outside Manchuria and Manchuria_itself his control is des- perately imperiled, his chief lieuten- ant having revolted from him and clvil war raging for the mastery of Manchuria. The situation of Tuan Chi Jui's gov- ernment is inexpressibly delicate. Troops of Gen. Feng Yu Hsfang hold the metropolitan area and reports in- timate a strong probability that old Tuan will soon be ousted. (But for reasons I must omit here, I think it equally probable that Tuan will be allowed, perhaps even constrained, to retain his job for a while. his gov. ernment, however, being purged of Chang and Anfu men.) Assume Chang | finished or in eclipse and Tuan out, what next? Without more information than we have as to the strength and the program of Wu Pei lations with Feng Yu Hsiang, specu- lation were futfle. It is a good guess that Chang's misfortunes, like those of “little Hsu" in 1920, are largely due to nationalist propaganda. * X X % Chile.—On November 21 the Chilean delegation was withdrawn from the Tacna-Arica plebiscite commission and a note from the Chilean government to Gen. Pershing, chairman of the commission, announcing the with- drawal, made certain demands that must be complied with before re- newal of Chilean participation in the work of the commission. On Monday, in a speech at the funeral of a Chilean carabinero murdered at a border post on the 20th, Senor Alessardri, recently president of Chile, delicately observed that ‘those charged with carrying the olive branch as messengers of the great people of the United States, instead of bringing peace seem to have car- ried out a program bringing conflict and hatred between the two peoples they were to join with the holy bonds of fraternity and love.” Full information of this curious business will be awaited with interest. Obviously the work of the commission is embarrassed. ¥ Ok ¥ ¥ United States of America.—The Smithsonian Institution is appealing to the public for $10,000,000 to add to its present endowment, the annual income from which is only $65,800. Consldering the great amount of scientific work of the first order ac- complished by the institution, it is astonishing to learn that its income is so small. No doubt the amount asked for will be subscribed at once. The institution has in contemplation 16 major projects for research look- ing to useful results, which it lacks funds to undertake. 1 postpone comment on Gov.. Pin- chot's efforts toward ending the coal strike. s * ok ok % Miscellaneous.—The Reichstag has passed, 291 to 174, the government's bill providing for ratification of the Locarno instruments and entrance of Germany into the League of Nations. The reinforced French appear to be getting insurgency in control in Syria. 3 The permanent wave is of the past already among the old forgotten far- off things; the permanent swirl is now the ticket. The new mode is at once more merciful and less kind than the old. It deprives man of the delightful spectacle of the line of beauty, but, on the other hand, it conceals the absence of that line. Some say it heralds the return of long hair. Dangerous Toasting. From the Detroit New: There is no such thing as drinking to one’s own health in latter-day liquor. that within | 'u and his re- | 3 [END OF “FLAMING COFFIN” Dangerous Tricks BY FREDERICK R. NEELY. HE end of the “flaming coffin” era of aircraft is in sight! In years to come pilots of America’s air force (whether it be united or as at present constituted) will look with amaze- ment on the old DeHavilland 4-B that Capt. St. Clair Streett flew from New York to Alaska and return and the Douglas world cruiser Chicago that Capt. Lowell H. Smith ploted around the world as they repose in the Na- tional Museum here. They will won- der how not only these two men, but thousands of others who flew during and after the war, ever escaped death. The ground work for an ideal plane equipped with devices that will guar- antee u heretofore unheard of safety factor now is being lald by aero nautical research institutions and the alrcraft industry. This plane is not {of the type pictured by the fantastic- minded " persons with little or no knowledge of aircraft design, con- struction or aerodynamics. There is nothing tangible as vet about this | plane, none has heen produced that the average man, with a few min- utes instruction, can take up and fiy. Yet it is in the making. Mitchell Bared Danger. The industry, in co-operation with various governmental institutions, has developed many improvements and plans either actually or on paper. but the task is to assemble these pleces into an efficient afrplane. It is not possible to g0 to an airplane sitting on the ground, hang numerous instru ments and devices on it and expect an _improvement in its performance and an increase in its safety factor. These changes must be made in the drafting room. Col. William Mitchell. during his testimony in his own behalf before the Army general court-martial, star- tled the layman, who has been led to belleve the plane has reached its maxi- mum development, with a sweeping condemnation of the safety factor of the craft In use by the services today. While specifically referring to two types—the war-built DeHavilland ob- servation and the Curtiss JN train- iing planes—he made it clear his ob- Jections to these planes applied to others as well. In other words, he declared the service craft of today embodles merely the base or founda tion for an ideal plane Military planes today can be handled jonly by extraordinary men. The plane | doesn’t fly—it {s flown and it is not a question of handling controls and allowing the force of the engine to pull the ship through the afr. It is a foregone conclusion that a ground man could not get into a plane for the first time, take it off, iy around the alrdrome and land it again without damage to the craft or himself. Months and months of theoretical and practical training acquire this feat, and even then a student, with suffi- clent information in his head, kills himself on his first flight. All because the plane as constituted today is the base or foundation, the general idea and scheme of man-flight. Many Safety Devices Col. Mitchell emphasized in his testimony that if the aviators killed in crashes, even where there was no structural or mechanical failure, had had equipment embodying a few of several known safety devices, 3 probably would be alive tods devices are many, some are practical, have been tried and proven true. others never have been off the ground. but In theory they are excellent. Two_obstacles stand out for con- quest by the designer and builder of alrplanes, the stall in the air and the fire on crashing. These two alone would almost bring the plane up to 1950 standards, conservative airmen belleve. Time after time a plane has crashed and on the impact with the ground the pllot’s head has been thrown onto the cockpit edge, render- ing him unconsclous for a few min- utes. Where no fire occurs he is none the worse off for the accident. On other occaslons, he fis rendered senseless temporarly by the crash, but at the same instant the high-test aviation gasoline explodes, the plane is a roaring furnace and even with help close by he cannot be removed An airplane has a certain flying speed, or a speed sufficient to carry it through the air. When it falls below that flgure, say 60 miles an hour, the apparently feather-like object imme- diately 18 converted into thousands of pounds of iron. steel, wood, fabric {and human weight. Its natural tend- ency is to plunge downward, and by the construction of the craft it spins. Expert aviators can “cut the motor' at 10,000 feet or less, allow the plane to fall into a spin, and by the mo- mentum it gains on the fall recover sufficient flying speed to pull it out and glide safely to earth. But with 500 or even 1,000 feet between the plane and the ground when a stall occurs, and with no motor to bring 1 back the lost speed, doom is writien across the ground immediately Faulty Equipment. Many of the accidents and fatali- ties recalled to Col. Mitchell by the prosecution during the cross-exami- nation were due to stalls, spins, TYPE OF PLANES IN SIGHT Safety Devices Being Perfected for All of Aircraft—New Fokker Flies Itself. crashes and fires, but even though there was no evidence of mechan fcal or structural failure, the accused officer stoutly maintained “fault equipment.” 'He meant by that, his friends emphasize, that had the wings been fitted with slots, flaps or other devices to continue the flying speed almost to a standstill, the crass would not have occurred, because i1 stead of the plane “spinning in,” it merely would drop its nose down at a gliding angle and land safely. Fu ther, the isolation of the gasoline tank from the-motor or its attachment to the plane so it could be dropped when a serious forced landing ap. peared imminent, or the location of the tanks in the wings, all have been suggested cures for the fire haz zard. In commercial planes, where speed and maneuverability a paramount, these could and have adopted in many cases. But application to military planes present constructed seriously their value. An alrplane to be efficient as sleek as a race horse. not be any unnecessar: truding from any these cause *d speed and man; as their impair must he There should obstacles pro rt of the plane. £" and reduce the ‘erability The sub. stitution of a small thin pair of wheels for the regular service and the removal of windshields the closing up of open spaces in joints add as high as 20 miles an hour speed to a plane. Therefore, it is evider that an ordinary DeHavilland pia equipped with the multitude of e vices condue to greater safet perhaps would render it almost less as a military plane. These tures must be incorporated in plane while it is on paper Cutting Out Stall The stall is the source crashes and to recover safely an ability if not an instinct “to fly Stalls can occur high in the air o close to the ground. Most stalls, either due to pilot or motor, come on the take-off when the plane is a few hundred feet altitude and on a climb, In the inclining position with the nose up, if the motor quits dead and the pllot is not quick enough there nothing to save him from a spin and crash. Non-stallable devices would prevent this There is a the stall of an airpla ment of an automobile up hil motorist running at a 35-mile on level ground takes increasing the power of the car will slq fea requires between he move It speed hill without motor down and if the g very acute and long the auter eventually will come to a stop same applies to the plane. If on the climbing take-off the motc es below its normal power, the speed of the climb is reduced until it flving speed. 1In the air the pilot can pull back on the control stick slightly and the air speed indicator will drop from 10 to 20 miles instantly. If he continues to keep the controls in this position and does mnot increase t power of the motor, the 1 will drop slower and slower until the plane comes to a virtual standstill and ther falls off out of control. If, while fly ing along level, he pushes forward quarter of an inch. the speed jump to a corresponding or figure. The main difficulty with students is to prevent them from zetting into a stall and the resultant spin. If student cannot keep an eagle eve on the altitude meter, the air speed indi cator and the horizon the same time to check his level fiving. invar bly the plane will nose up of its owr accord close £y spe highe Plane Flies Itself. Anthony H. G. Fokker, the n Dutch airplane designer and bullder recently producted a three-engined monoplane with a passenger capaclty of 10. The aerodynamical constructio of the wing is such that the plan takes off in an incredibly short field and if pulled up into a stall in the air, merely drops into an opposite angle position and picks up the neces sary fiying speed again. This plane files itself. It also has a very sl landing speed Planes de or hizh speed mu have a small wing surface to elim ate drag. The wings keep it in air. If the area is small the ship must be shot through the air faster and consequently must come into land at a faster speed. The French “Fer bois,” holder of the official maximum threekilometer speed record of miles per hour, lands at 120 miles a: hour. ~ Large thick wings give high lifting power, but their construction sacrifices speed The time is not far distant when these various devices for safety will have passed the experimental stage and will be incorporated in new air craft. The ideal plane then will have Short take-off distance; high speed in the air; non-stall: low landing speed and guarantee of no fire on crashing That at present is the most aviatorss desire. They are ot afraid of the planes that do not embody these fea tures because of confidence in their abllity to keep them in the air and land them safely in all emergenci But flving still is out of reach of the layman under these conditions A senate of education, unique in teaching, and composed of represen- tatives of industry and of schools and colleges In every State, will aid in carrying out radical reforms in science teaching during the coming academic year, it is announced by the commit- tee on chemical education of the American Chemical Soclety. The agencies responsible for the training of the youth of the country must, Prof. Neil E. Gordon of the University of Maryland, said, keep in step to meet the revolutionary sclen- tific changes that are at hand. Organization of teachers of chem- istry has been completed in practic- ally all the States. Prof. Gordon re- ported to the soclety, and during 192 1926 a Natlon-wide campalgn to ralse the level of instruction will be pushed. Grave defects in the present system are said to exist. Unique Senate of Education to Aid In Radical Reform of Science Courses Co-ordination between schools a1l colleges is declared to be imeffectiva while the present school courses if chemistry are lagging behind the swift development of chemical science in the economy of the nation. The senate of education, it was explained, is designed to bring about essential intimacy of contact between the in dustries and the schools and colleges Changes in teaching were declared to be necessary in order that the schools may enable boys and girls to become intelligent readers in this “age of chemistry,” and so to equip those who are to become chemists that they will he more readily ad justed to the requirements of the col lege, which in turn, must reshape its teaching program, particularly re search, to accomplish greater har mony with the industrial and every day life. Instead of fouling streams, the waste from Swedish paper pulp mills is expected henceforth to help keep dust out of the air. Though the air in Stockholm is on the average ten times as free from dust as that of London in a heavy fog. for instance, 2 campaign has been started to make | it as nearfy dust-free as possible, and in this a valuable ally has been found in the sulphite lye which the pulp | mills of Sweden have hitherto poured | away as worthless waste. | This Summer all the macadamized | or unpaved roadways and streets in Stockholm have been sprayed with the Iye, to which lime water has been added to make it less soluble in rain. +The city authorities of Malmoe and » Paper Mill Waste Product Proves Valuable Aid in Anti-Dust Campaign other places have also the sulphite lye by the carload to use it on the roads. and a separate com- pany has been formed to exploit the new dust-binding material The measurements of dust particles in the air have been made by the me- teorologlsts, and the Swedish govern ment’s officfal weather man, Prof. An- ders K. Angstrom, has calculated that on the average the air in Stockholm contains 4,000 dust particles per cubic centimeter, while in London the usual figure is 10,000, and in heavy ‘“pea soup” fogs runs up to 50,000. The number of dust particles inhaled each minute by a person walking through a London Winter fog has thus beagy estimated at 450,000,000, begun to buy