Evening Star Newspaper, November 4, 1923, Page 43

— ' ENORMOUS IMPORTS VITA - TOU. S. INDUSTRIAL SUCCESS National Foreign Trade Council Survey Reveals Dependence of Nation on World’s Raw Materials. BY BEN McKELWAY. HREE investigations instituted by Secretary Hoover and now under way, to determine how the United States may be wmade independent of forelgn monop- olles controling the production of tubber, steel and nitrates, add In- terest to the results of a survey re. rvently undertaken by the National “Vorelgn Trade Council concerning im- ports and the part they play in main- lalning the Unlted States as the rreatest workshop in the world. This investigation brings home tho fact that while the United States con- tinues to maintain a favorable bal- unce of trade, and while it possesses the largest and most varled assort- tnent of raw materials in the world, it is neceseary to import a steadily in- creasing quantity of supplies of every Tature from every corner of the globe, It factory wheels are to be kept in motion and milllons of industrial workers are to be kept in employ- tent. From this fact the National Forelgn Trade Council concludes there 5 no better indication of America's tTuture in the world of trade, and an icreasing import trade {8 u cause for ptimism to capital, labor und in- estor. Imports Exceed Billion. Tn 1922 this country combed the wworld’s flelds of production for raw materials to be used in manufactur- valued at approximately $1,161,- 27.967, or 37.33 per cent of the total mports for that year. In the same Sear this country purchased abroad rianufactured products, for use in surther manufacturing, valued at 45.920. or 17.63 per cent of_all handise imported. Together se two classes of Imports totaled .01 per cent of trade coming into \merica. The outstanding fact about “hese flgures, the foreign trade coun- «il coucluded, is that America, with ‘creased productive capacity of ap- roximately one-third over the pre- vaT year of 1913, is buying and will /atinue to buy an ever-increasing slume of the world's crude and Tougher materiale to be worked up to finished goods for consumption d_export. In 1 the natlon's business gained nearly $3.- 490,000,000 over: that of 1913, while reat Britain's increase was but $1,- ,000,000. late Summary of reports to the «<cnsus bureau by United States man- ufacturing establishments shows the value of thelr products aggregated 543,672,785,000 In 1921, %and that hese plants employed, ‘on an aver- age, more than 5,000,000 men, with thelr wages running Into hundreds £ milllons of dollars. For this same ear this country’s agricultural pro- “uction was valued at $12,492,000,000, and required the services of over 10,000,000 people. Without neccssary imports, the United States could not hold its position as the leading man- facturing nation of the world, while cretary Hoover's Investigation into ne nitrate and fertiliter problem ~hows that agriculture fu this coun- ry is, to & large extert. dependent 1pon {mports from one ct wntry alone. Products Absolute Need. With a view to getting at the facts irom baslc source regarding the sig- rificance of imports in their relution 1o American industries, the National ‘orelgn Trade Council asked a large number of domestic manufacturing concerns to list the materials of for- «lgn_origin which are essential and Yeipful in the manufacture of their products. The replies showed that many American industries could not exist without imports; that while “ne many of the basic materials were ob- | tained in the United States, certain sorelgn products were necessary to 1ound out the production. Some aanufacturers stat.d they were using :othing from abroad. An analysis f this last class of replies revealed that the materials used by these man- riracturers and regarded by them as W materials depended in their riginal process of manufacture on arfous forelgn materlals, without which they could not have been made. The advautage of a large import trude is illustrated by the National Jorelgn Trade Council, which points «ut that {n 1922, for instance, foreign yroducts and manufacturers, on ac- count of their sales to this country, yeceived money or goods in return nmounting to 3,112,648,000 American ollars. This not only engbled the reign producer or manufacturer to ay all the costs of conducting his taken for granted, but enabled him to finance the purchase of additional materials ' necessary to enlarge or even maintain his establishment. The transportation of these im- ports is an interesting slde light on the benefits derived from a large trade of this class. Last year, for instance, American ships carried 33.5 per cent of imports to this countr: imports valued at more than $900. 000,000. Inbound freight is essential to the operation of a successful American merchant marine, and_ a successful merchant marine benefits directly that vast American industry engaged in manufacturing steel shapes and plates, which build and re- pairs ships and which furnishes them with marine engines and other equip- ment. From the seaports and from across_the borders of Canada and New Mexico the rallroads carried imported products, adding to thelr business, calling for more equipment and construction. A vivid illustration of the depend- lence of American industries on im- | ports is seen In the steel industry, pop- ularly regarded, more than any other large industry in this country, as “gelf-contained.” In the industry as 2 whole, the forelgn trade council points out, twenty separate imported items, representing sixty countries, are used eitner in the composition of certaln types of steel or in their manufacture. Several of them are either not to be found in this coun- try, like tin, or are produced In insufficlent quantities, llke man- gunese, vanadium and nickel. All American steel manufacturers, it 1s pointed out, may not be so dependent on foreign importations, and, while certain classes of production might continue for an Indefinite perfod | without drawing on imports from abroad, the steel industry as a whole has expanded to such a point that outside supplies are necessary in the Irnlln!enanca of ‘operations steadlly, continuously, at a reasonable capac- ity and in fully rounded out lines. Tin Imperts Vi One great branch of the steel In- @ustry—the manufacture of tinplate— is virtually dependent on imports. Tin is used in countless forms, its manufacture employing thousands of workers. Yet in 1921 the United States produced only four tons. In the same year the United States in ported something like 70,000 tous. Census reports show that the tin in- dustry in this country alone wus di- vided between twenty-four cstablish- ] ments, employing 3,122 wage earncrs and representing invested capital of $34,315,06 Tnsepurably interlocked with the steel industry is the great machine industry which manufactures the au- | tomobile, agricultural _implements, foundry and machine tools, hardware, building construction materials and countless other products, all depend- ent upon steel. Take the automobile industry alone. Into their manufac- ture goes foreign and domestic alumi- num, imported cattle hides for leather cushions, automobile tires and in- numerable alloy steels, invariably re- | quiring the use of imported ores. There are 1,974 establishiments mak- ing automobiles in this country, em- ploying 69,119 persons. The value of the machines manufactured In 1921 was $408,016,332. Many Other Imports. Reams could be written, and reams | have been written, about the depend- ence of agricuiture, with all the ramifications of that great indust upon imported nitrates for fertillze: But agriculture does not stand alone. The basis of the pottery ndustry is kaolin clay, and the production of kaolin clay, and the production ere of iron plumbing fixtures Americans use sssorted pig-iron, imported in large quantities. In the manufacture of fruit jars, glass specialties, opal and amber ware for packers and drug- gists, foreign sources are drawn upon ito an important degree. The rubber industry, with its scores of branches, depends entirely upon a forelgn sup- ply. The textile industries are de- pendent to a large degree on im- ports. Silk manufacturers draw their entire supply from forelgn countries, {while the wool industry draws from 45 to 50 per cent of its raw materia! trom other countries. Cotton, th third branch of the textile industry, | draws virtually all of fts raw ma- terial from this country. Crude drugs and herbs are purchased by Ameri- can munufacturers from all parts of the world, few of which grow, or can be produced in the United States. Some of the replies to the question- naire submitted by the forelgn trade councll summarize commodities for which manufacturers are dependent upon their imports as follows: As- phalt, candles, chewing gum, incan- descent gas mantles, insulated wire usiness, with a reasonable fit ‘and cables, and prec oui one: Great Value of Vaccines in Combatting Influenza Is Brought Out in Reports Without In ony way detracting from the value of the experiments writh Influenza vaccine carried out re- «~ently at Fort Myer, Dr. G. H. Sher- suan of Detroit, who has ploneered In tiis fleld for twenty years, calls the sttentlon of the medical profession nd of the public to his experiences ulong similar lines. ‘From the attitude assumed by the dical profession at the time of the | nfluenza epidemic during the was tavs Dr. Sherman, “it is apparent that o definite policy in regard to efficient treatment had been generally recog- nized. If the favorable results, which ‘were obtained from the use of vac- «cine, both prophylactically and the- rapeutically had been presented sta- tistically on a larger scale, a great service would have been rendered to rhol medical profession and the public ot large. {le the primary etiologlc factor in this epldemic was not established, Lacterial findings in post mortems and cultures taken from the sick showed that pneumococc!, strepto- ocel, Influenza bacilli and other or- anisms responsible for respiratory seases—pneumonia, empyema, etc.— re the real terminal infecting or- zanisms, which were responsible for “he fatal terminations. From our ex- periences with the use of bacteriai vaccines in the treatment of pneumo- ia, bronchio-pneumontia, bronchitis nd colds covering a period of over en years, in which these same or- Zanlsms were found, we felt when this epldemic came upon us that <ombined ccine containing the principal prevailing organisms would De as efficient in the treatment and prevention of these infections we hiad experienced on previous occaslons and accordingly recommended this snethod. Our early experiences dur- ing this epidemic were most gratity- ing.. Only Five Contracted Flu. “Out of approximately 9,000 per- cons _recelving . three inoculations, only five were reported to have con- ‘racted infiuenza during the height of the epidemic. Much has been said sbout the good showing which every preventive measure made when ap- Dlled after the high peak of the epi- demic had been reached. It 1s of par- tlculsr interest, therefore, to_ note t these prophylactic Inoculations re applied during the early stage: ot the fpldeml:h v‘ en the epidemic was rapidly on the increase. 'Tb:’ results obtained from the vac. which we furnished during t warly stages of the epidemid in the Philadelphis amn’é‘h would _show t this is not absolutely nece 3 the orgenisms employed reparation of this vaccine were b ¥-olated during the winter of 1917- 228 ors = ad such a ligh tality from pneumonia due to the various types of pneumococcl, hae. molitic streptococci and influenza bacilli. We soon added strains of the gr&v-flln[ organisms to our eing ut could find no evidence that bet- ter results were being obtained from vaccines contalning these organisms. The results were so pronounced that no one/can question the effici- ency of this treatment when applied early after giving it a fair trlal, but the efficiency of a remedy can only be made convincing to those who have not used it by presenting a large series of cases treated by the pro- posed method. This was undertaken by mailing a large number of ques- tionnaires with the Bacterfal Therap- s The questionnaire was arranged to provide reports: (a) on prophylactic immunization against influenza and pneumonia; (b) the therapeutic use of vaccines in influenza; (c) the thera- peutic use of vaccines in pneumonia and (d) the therapeutic use of vac- cines in influenza in pregnancy. “We have the reports from thirty- nine doctors on prophylactic inocu- lations in 41,260 cases receiving from one to féur inoculations. Of these 963 contracted influenza, 16 developed pneumonta and 23 dled, making a mortality rate of 0.67 per one thou and prophylactically inoculated. Our reports show a decided advantage for prophylactic immunization in epi- demic Influenza, the death rate being 0.57 per 1,000, as compared with a mortality rate ran%lng anywhere from 6 to 25 per 1.000 inhabitants {n various parts of the country among those mot immunized. Rosenow re- ports the results from prophylactic immunization with his vaccine -dur- ing the recent influenza epidemic in which he shows that the mortality rate among the 26,348 recelving one inoculation was 3 per 1,000; among the 23,348 recelving two inoculations, 2.62 per 1,000; among the 93.476 re- ceiving three inocuiations, 1.43 per 1,000, as compared with 345,133 re- celving no prophylactic inoculations, ;r'l):oeon the mortality was 8.66 per fluen: is presented by Dr. W, H. ‘Wood of Cleveland, Ohio. We had for several years systematically im- munized “the employes of the com- pany to protect them against respira- tory inmfectlons, colds, pneumonia, ete. The results from these inocul: tions were so satisfactory that when this influenza epidemic made its ap- g: rance in this country he at once Ipronhylmlc value of vaccines in in- to immunize the 2,000 employes _a large portion of the members of their families, making a total of over 3,000 persons immunized. Of these he says that less than 1 per cent contracted thie disease, and none died. zl'l:ru‘h his foresight Dr. Wood an- oipated the epldemio and vented it.among ?hoge’ under hie l‘n’:nedh!_o care.” H | texe’ Intornational THE SUNDAY \ HE following {e a brief summary of the most important news of the world for the seven days ended November I: ***i Great Britaln—Bonar La¥ is dead and, as is meet, will be lald to rest in the Abbey. If it is true, as has been stateil, that he knew he had cancer, when, in respcnse to the evident wish of the country, ho undertook the pre- miership In October of lust year, his accept- ance of the office was a gh‘l’lcwl’htlc plece of quiet herolsm. It has béen widely asserted that he lacked brilllancy. I were more proper to say that he eschewed fireworks and avolded the lure of the epigram. There was a man, avery inch. : : The British government jis planning assist- ance in the sum of £50,009,000 to public and private undertakings in ofder to reduce un- employment. Some of theimoney will bo ex- pended for public work on: roads and bridges. some will go to local administrations for im- provements, some to the Pallroads, etc. The number of registefed unemploved in Britain at the end of August was 1,266,000— less by 80,000 than 4 year:before, but greater by 31,000 than at the end Gf July, 1922, Though there s a shortage of skilled labor in the building trades, the building trades unions continue their attitide toward ex-serv- ice men, refusing to assist: in trhining them to recruit their ranks. : # ok —It is all arfanged. The reparu- tions commission is to appoint & committee of oxperts—American, Briti3h, French, Itallan, Belgian and Japanese—iz o., the commission will formelly make the appointments, but the several governments will make the designa- tions; which committee:will ascertaln Ger- meny's capacity to pay epardions; i e., her present capacity; her cagacity for a very few vears ahead; will draw: up a plan of, pay- ments, no doubt to include a loan to Germany, and will work out a program of German financial and fiscal reforms, with a view to restoration of German {redit and the trans- formation of potential rapacity to pay into real capacity to pay. The reparations commission will be at liberty to accept or raject the committce's recommendations in whble or in part. ~ Poincare attached certain conditions to his 1cceptance of the committee idea, as to which conditions we lack officlal information; but in view of recent utterances of his it cannot Dbe doubted that at the least Poincare stipu- lated that the reparaiions total should be taboo and that the Tommitte. must take “judicial notice” of coritinued Franco-Belglan occupation of the Ruh: No doubt the Frenck member of the com- mittee will urge home those considerations on which M. Poincare Eas harped in his “Sun- duy sermons.”—(talks :to_the dead) as Lord Curzon calls them—the; 1,600.000 French dead; namely, that the question of French capacity to forego payment i£ of equal importance with the question of German capacity to pay, and that German capacity to pay Is a function of the German will to pay. It is said that a joint formal invitation from the British, French, Itplian and Belglan gov- ernments will soon be bn its way to Washing- ton. But what s this? It is buzzed about that the American govzrnment will not accept Polncare’s circumscriptions, to which the Brit- ish consented only bechuse of their passionate desire of American pafticipation in the mess, however limited. H Tt should be remarkéd that participation by our government, should there be such, will be pecultar. The designation by our government of the American member of the committee, or its sanction of the choice, must be unoffictal, d presumably the American member would have no contact with cur State Department. ‘The American goveinment logically hoids that there 1s no connaction between German capacity to pay and (he allied debts to the United States. With no less logic the French and Itallans contend fhat thero is the most STAR, WASHINGTO. vital connection between debts of the allies to the United States and the capacity of the allies to forego German payments. Therefore, in Polncare’s view, his taboo on considera- tion of the reparations total cleanly offsets Mr. Hughes' ‘taboo on consideration of tho allied debts. The basis of Poincare's taboo is that it is°impossible to estimate German capacity to pay except for a short distance ahead, and that it would be absurd to bgse the total reparations figure on an estimate of pres- ent capacity. Poincare's {nsistance that the committee's findings shall presuppose, continuance of Franco-Belgian occupation of the Ruhr has the_following basi The Ruhr enterprise, says Poincare, was for the purpose of creating a German will to pay. ‘To relinquish that guarantee would be, in fact, to abandon all; the German will to pay would evaporate. The developments of the week within tho reich have been such as fo allay the worst apprehensions. I do not discover from the aispatches indications of starvation or of seri- ous outbreaks in the R;,fl - The negotiations between the occupying’ authorities and the Ruhr industrial magnates are progressing, with good promise that soon practically all the plants will be at work again, and on the French terms. Though there has been ‘1o direct contact hetween the German govern- ment and the occupying authorities, it is un- derstood that the magnates who have signed agreements with the French have done so with the full knowledge and consent of Berlin and that other agreements, if made as expect- ed, will presuppose Stresemann's approval. Stresemann may find it politically necessary from time to time to hurl defiance in the open, but behind the scenes he makes the neces sary conceseions. ‘he Saxon menace has been “liquidated,” at least for the present. The coalition com- munistic-socialist ministry was requested to resign, and, refusing, was ousted by the relschéwehr general commanding in Saxony. A federal civil commissioner was dispatched to Dresden, who reconvened the Saxon dlet, per- suaded it to elect a new minister-presideént of moderate soclalist views and returned to Ber- lin. The communistic disturbances have been put down by reichswehr detachments. Perhaps Stresemann would, if he could, deal ag firmly with Bavaria as he has dealt’ with Saxony, but he can’t. The Bavarian govern- ment continues to refuse acknowledgement of the authority of the reich defense minister over the Bavarian reichswehr contingent. Bavaria does not propose secession from tho reich, but she proposes to have her own way within the reich and that her preposterous interpretations of state rights shall obtain. The socialist members of the reichstag made certain demands on Stresemann, failing a sat- isfactory answer to which, they declared, the soclalist members of the cabinet would re- sign. They demanded an end to the “state of emergency” that Stresemann ease up ou Saxony and press hard on Bavaria, and that mensures be taken to compel farmers to sell their produce. Stresemann refused to comply, and Friday the socialist ministers resigned. This 1s & development of gravest importanc What kind of cabinet or no-cabinet govern- ment next? The Palatinate republic it seems was still- born. The Rhineland republic lives, but, as T see it gaspingly. On the day the industrial- ists have all given In the submission on that day the Rhineland republic will furnish work for the undertaker. (News arrives that the separatists are fighting among themselves. oubtless the end is vary near.) * ¥ % % Italy.—Mussolin has decreed a reduction by 00 per cent of the number of drinking places in Italy, besides considerably reducing the length of the drinking day. The decree fs much resented, as there is very little drunk- cnness in Italy. Perhaps Mussolini did not reflect how many a dictator has come a crop- per in the effort to regulate the habits of‘his subjects. But Mussolini does mot reflect, he talks and acts. Mussollini's attitude toward parliament con- tinues Cromwelllan. “Parliament is thers,” says he, as quoted by the Assoclated Press. “It exists. '1 use it whenever necessary." “I am an optimist” he declares, “for old Europe. It is capable of re-establighment, but the means whereby this will be obtalned form & great gubject and would occupy much time in the telling.” Russla.—We get less and less definite news from Russia. Early crop estimates were very optimistic, forecasting a considerable surplus for export, but later reports falsified this optimism, some even expressing fear that there might be a recurrence of famine in some districts, especially should the government continue its cruel policy of export of grain despite famine within the land. I have no recent dependable Information on this im- portant head; but I note two reports of Octo- ber 17, one announcing the formation of a Russo-British grain export company, backed + by leading British banks, the other reporting an agreement between the Russlan and Nor- weglan governments, under which Norway en- gages to Import grain this year exclusively from Russia. Reports on the general economic situation, on how fares the new currency issue (chervonetz, or however it should be spelled), on the squabbles of the churches, and on other matters, are too vague for notice in a sum- wary which aims to be exact. ¥ %k k % United States of Ameriea.—The imperial conterence of premiers of the British empire, now in session in London, has approved the draft of a treaty between the British and American governments referred to it by the British government, whereby the British gov- ornment would concedo to American federal officlals the privilege of searching and detain- ing within an “hour’s” sailing distance of the American shore any British vessels sus- pected of smuggling liquor into American ter- ritorfal waters. The United States govern- ment would at the same time speclally affirm the prineiple of the three-mile limit, as ap- plying to maritime rights generally, and would vermit British ships to bring liquor into Amerlcan territorial waters under seal, en- abling the bar to do business going eastward. Why, it may be asked, the variable “hour's salling distance,” Instead of the twelve-mile imit requested by Secretary Hughes? The answer Is a little curious. Only the other day ‘Tehitcherin asked for a twelve-mile limit to apply to British fishing vessels off the Mur- mansk coast, and Lord Curzon sat upon him most crushingly, not to say Curzonishly. Now to grant a tweive-mile limit to our govern- ment a few minutes later, even for the pur- pose contemplated, would certainly look like discrimination, and Tchitcherin can be awful nasty on occasions. But the privilege being conveyed in the euphemistic language chosen, even though in some cases the limit might work out as fifteen miles or more, there can be no talk of discrimination. There must be some singular charm about us, that every one should be so anxlous to please us. There is still the United States Senate to reckon with and then perhaps others; for some do say that the ban on bringing liquor into our territorial waters is constitutional and can be removed only by o constitutional ok k% : Miscellaneous.—It {s reported that the Trench government {s about to extend credits totaling the equivalent of $90,000,000 to Poland, Jugoslavia, Czechoslovakia and Rumania—not monery, be it noted, but credits to be expended in France, largely for military equipment. Still no news of Spaln or the Flume ques- tion and none from China. Turkey s now a republic, but a tempered enthusiasm would seem to be the ticket, pend- ing a careful examination of the new con- stitution. v China also {s a republic, with an ex-huckster as president. Germany also is a republic, with a dictator. Russia also calls herself a re- public. There are republics and republics. The Turks say_they find their models here in the U. A. Which medels? “Under which king, bezonian? Live or die.” AS,A UNION MAN SEES IT BY JAMES M. LYNCH, ormer President of the ntoraational Typographical U EHIND every great movement | there is a compelling force, and behind the American Fed- eration of Labor 18 the exec utive councll. This counch is the most powerful body in the labor world today and its direcilng force is Samuel Gompers. < You ask for proof of tals state- ment, just as you wanted Jproof for my assertion that the federation it- eelf was one big unfon? » Well, that s one of the phrposes of these articles, to furnish pfoof. The other purpose is that there,may be a correct understanding by the public of the labor movement on the North American continent. : Samuel Gompers s a clgarmaker, the first vice president of tae Cigar- makers' International Union. There was a time when this unlon was one of thp most powerful in tke list of internationals, but socialism, pro- hibition and tobacco —corporations have sapped its vitality. But that has nothing to do with the effect- iveness of Samuel Gompegs. It “so happened that he was apprenticed to the trade of making ciga¥s; if he had been apprenticed in Eis youth with any of the other trades of his day he would also have beeR & prom- inent figure in the labor movement and he would today be president of the federation. He has dominated the organised labor movemest, he has dominated the conventions of the fed- eration and he dominates iis execu- tive council. His pollcy has been comsistent evér since I have knowin him, and that is for more tkan thirty years. e Steers Clear of Entangi>ment He has fought socialism during all this time, and he has ugo:ed the labor movement away from-all en- tangling alllances, international, eco- nomic and political. Today he is tho one great outstanding .figure in the labor movement. Other leaders arise and flash across thé sky of labor because of some great strike and then they are out of th news of the day. Samuel Gompers: is news cvery day and has been Yor more than a decade. He is the mdst adroit politiclan in. the movemen: and he is one of its most courageous men. 1 hold no brief for Samuel :Gompers. During my career in the mévement I opposed him more often thin I sup- ported him, but whether we disagree with him or not, and there are many leaders and others in sympdthy with the movement who disagree with him, and sharply, we must:set down the facts. ' Samuel Gompers has never disavowed the faith that £3 In him. On any occasion that has demanded he has ed the rights of labor according to his lights. He& has been emphatic in doing 80, ané thus he has made enemies in high places. That has never deterred :him, has never = discouraged him. { He “has forged shead, his confidente in the triumph of the cause he Yepresents flluminating his every a>tion and his every move. The Cigarmakers’ International Union has a:tptal vote in the federation conventiofis of 320! Others in Oficial List. James Duncan, the first ¥ice presi- dent, is, with the exceptfon of Mr. Gompers, the ranking officer both as to place and length &f service, and 1s one of the best krcwn laber men on, the continent. He is the executive officer of ‘the Granite Cut- and in federation conventions this union has 100 votes. Joseph ,F. Valentine is second vice president. Mr. Valentine is pres! dent of the nternational Moulders Union of North America, and this union has 265 votes. Frank Dufty, secretary of th | United Brotherhood of Carpenters and | Joiners of America, is the third vice president, and his union casts 3,138 votes in conventions. | _Willlam Green, secretary of the United Workers of America, is the | federation's fourth vice president, and his union has 3,729 vote: W. D. Mahon, president of the | Amalgamated Assoclation of Street |and Electric Rallway Employes of | America, was the fifth vice president and 1,000 votes wre credited to his union. He has resigned because of 111-health. T. A. Rickert, president of the Tnited Garment Workers' Union of America, is sixth vice president, with 475 votes for his union. Jacob Fiacher, secretary of the Journeymen Barbers’ International Union, I8 seventh vice president, and his union has 452 votes. Matthew Woll, elghth vice pre dent, is the président of the Interna- tional Photo-Engravers’ Union of North America, with sixty-five votes. Martin F. Ryan, president of the Brotherhood of Railway Carmen of America, is the vice resident se- lected by the executive council to fill the vacancy caused by the resig- | nation of Mr. Mahon. His organiza- | tlon has 1,717 votes. Daniel J. Tobin, the treasurer, Teamsters, Chauffeurs; Stablemen and Helpers’ Union of America, and this union has 764 votes. Frank Morrison, one of the dele- gates from the International Typo- graphical Union, is the federation's secretary, and this union has 689 votes. Vote for Each 100 Members. Each affiliated union has one vote in conventions for each 100 members, and thers was a total vote in the convention of June of last year of 31,465, divided between 408 dele- gates. Of this total vote unions with officers of’ the federation had ~10,997, something more than one-third of the voting strength. owever, it must be remembered that this voting strength has a greater potency than ! one-third, for the reason that it may and often does act togsther. It has been pointed out that the American Federation of Labor is one i big union, and of greater strength as a big union and with ter Influ. ence than the “One Big Union” of the idealists and the dreamers could {ever hope to have. One would be a | unfon of workers in_industries and particular factories, mills or mines, while the other is & union of crafts. These crafts are organized into unions and they have a community of interest represented by the trades they follow, and they work through the federation as a great clearing house. Pawer of Exccutive Council. The executive council of the fed- eration. is powerful because it rep- resents the great body of organized wage ecarners and because its indi- vidual members represent the great- est and best in the movement. This council is In a position to see that the moyement itself goes on along lines that are correct and that rrm: ise the itest advancement. It can set the stamp of its dis- val on' radicalism and its vari- subdivisions of “isma” The fed eration and its council is m op) force to | the president of the International| | chairman of the committee on ad-| country. The regretable thing is|planation will probably have little ef- that in the great work the federation is doing it should be blindly and bit- terly combated by assoclations of employers. And this opposition gets | nowhere and accomplishes nothing more than to keep industry continu- i1ly disturbed, and to foment and | keep alive class hatred and class warfare. If there was co-operation, friendly and far-seeing, this country { would be far and away the greatest and the most prosperous industrial nation the world has ever known, and this prosperity and nation-lead- ing pre-eminence would not be trace- jable to war paralysis in other na- tions and continents. The executive council s powerful enough and resourceful enough to | carry its policies through federation conventions when there is opposition. In addition to thg voting strength of the unions, of wiich the members of the council are also officer: of these officers is the chairman of | Has AWd of Able Parliamentarian. | James Duncan, a parliamentarian and debater of great abllity, has been for years the chalrman of the convention's committes ‘ on resolu- tions, and John P. Frey of the mold- ers has been its secretary. Because of the long experience of these two men the policy of the federation has in the main been consistent.” The idealists and the dreamers do not fare well at the hands of this com- mittee. Thomas A. Rickert is the | Justment, the committee that handles all of the disputes between affiliated unions as to Jurisdiction over work, the question that has caused more trouble in the union and on the job in_the last twenty years than all the other problems combined. The facts herein set forth are of- fered as additional proof that the American Federation of Labor is One Big Union, that its functions and policies broaden as the needs demand, and that its executive council is not the least of the reasons that make of this combination of unions a power in the land. A convention of the American Fed- eration of Labor is as open as a pub- lic mass meeting. The attendancs is limited only by the capacity of the meeting place. There is nothing to conceal and there has never been an attempt at concealment. Humeorous Incident Olted. One of the humorous incldents at every federation convention is the | industry of reporting the proceedings i for individual employers and employ- ers’ assoclations by private detective agenties. The industry takes on it- self two phases, one the summarizing of the events, speeches, resolution etc., with especial refefence to the ivities of the delegates who take ':C;nmlnonz place, and the other the | Supplying of the printed dally pro- ceedings, always ready for distribu- tion on the morning of each succeed- ing convention day. It usually represented by the sleuths that this is & dificult and dangerous job and pay ls demanded in ratio to theé sumed degree of bravery required by tHe task. The humor is in the fact that any one may attend the sessions of-the convention and that the only| requirement is that of good behavior, the same as with any deliberative be The proceedings may be had without undue effort and certainly without danger or risk. No expense i{s mecessary, for the secreta: 11 forward the record of the daily do- ings on request..' After the conven- tion, thre corrected -daily record in book form may be obtained from the foderation headquarters in wnm-eg- E each one | | some powerful convention csmmlnea.;‘r% ESpatticn it Sl Dishesrn a8 g i A fect on the receipts of the detective agencles who specfalize in labor mat- ters. There will still be gullible em- ployers who eannot be made to be- lieve that labor is not a conspiracy conducted secretly and behind closed doore. Evidently, they prefer to shiver. Business in Form of Reselutions. ‘The business of a federation con- vention is brought before it by reso- lutions and reports of officers and etanding committees. These resolu- tions and reports are considered by convention committees, who in turn report to the convention, and there must be a report on every matter so referred. There {s no such thing in a federation convention as killing resolutions in committee, This is the right of representation ‘and the right of petition In the highest de- backs in that there is & flood of rasolutions of all kinds and character, and frequently immediately after their introduction the impression goes out to the world that they have been approved by the convention, when, as a matter of fact, the in- | troducer has but exercised his privi- lege, and that means nothing at all s0 far as the attitude of the gather- ing s concerned. At the June con- vention® of the federation last year in Cincinnati about 125 resolutidns and special committee reports were considered, taking up two weeks of time and then, in order to avold go- ing into the third week, a number of resolutions and committee reports were referred to the executive council for consideration. This method of conducting business is also followed in other labor conventions. Very few of them are conducted behind closed doors. P ‘This freedom of resolution intro- duction {s usually abused, in that un- necessary and irrelevant matters are thus brought forward. Unnecessary, because acted upon at previous con- ventions, and irrelevant because they have no association with labor. The record is lumbered up. It has fre- quently been suggested that prior to each convention an agenda should be prepared by the council and that discussion and action should be con- fined to matters included in this ad- vance program, except that by unani- mous consent or by a three-fourths vote mew proposals may be brought forward or attention secured for emergency questions arising after the agenda had been prepared. It eseems, however, this is a form of censorship that so far has not com- mended itself to a majority of the convention. Conservation of tim and the desirabllity for fuller dis cussion of vitally important matters mbl|¥ ‘make some such method advis. able. 0 Vete of Bedy Totals 31,383, At the last convention there were 287 delegates representing ninety-five national and - international unions, with 31,283 votes; five departments, with five delegates and five votes thirty state federations, with thirty delegates and thirty votes; ninety- one. central hodies, with ninety-one delegates and ninety-one - votes; thirty-nine- local unlons, chartered directly by the federation, with thirty-ning delegates and fifty-two votes; fivé fraternal organizations with six delegates and four votes. A total of 468 delegates and 31465 votes, one vote for each 100 members of the national and international unions, and one vote for each of the other organizations represented, with the exception of the directly chart- ered hunl nnl‘o.ru. which have one vote for eash ‘members or ‘major fractiop thereof The esix fraternal = ALL AMERICAN RIGHTS AT TANGIERS ASSURED Wisht;s of Consideration by All Nations Will Be Given So-Called Medi- terranean Powers. BY FREDERICK CUNLIFFE-OWEN, Gl C. B, E. T is thanks to the United States that Italy’s volce will be heard at the final settlement of the| thorny problem In connection with the future of Tanglers. For the past ten days the representatives of the three powers more immediately concerned, namely, Great Britain, France and Spain, have been in ses- sion at the foreign office in London, with the object of negotiating some un- derstanding of the question, andshave turned, especlally since Italy's bom- bardment of Corfu, a deaf ear to her persistent demands for the right to elgn nations, great and small, and to public opinion everywhere abroac as well as In the United States. Understanding Reached. If France, Great Britain and Spair after the most protracted negotia tlons, have resolutoly opposed Mus solini’s demand for the admission of Italy to thelr deliberations on a foot ing of equality, it is because thes have now, to ali intents and purposes arrived at an understanding in keep Ing with the vlews of the Unltcd States, and which they have ever: reason to belleve would be adjourn ed Indefiniteiy if they were to defe to the pretensions of Mussolinl press what he declares to be the sit at the conferences in London on the same footing as that of the threo other powers. She insisted that, as one of the principal Mediterranean nations, she was entitled to intervene in any arrangement affecting that great inland sea. But Great Britaln and France contended that Tanglers was not on the Mediterranean, but outside its western entrance, and that the differences and disputes to which the city has already given rise were quite troublesome enough without augmenting them by bringing Italy into the conference, especially in view of the aggressive foreign poli- cles of Premier Mussolini and his action, not long ago, in landing a detachment of Itallan marines at Tanglers, in deflance of all existing arrangements, on the pretext that their_presence was necessary to pro- tect Itallan interests in thls virtually internationalized city and its en- vironments. Old Treaty Cited. While it was admitted that Italy was largely represented among the torelgn population at Tanglers, she ‘|was reminded of the fact that she had, by means of g treaty with France, concluded some twelve vears or more ago, renounced her right to intervene in any fashlon in the Morocco problem, in return for France's undertaking to abstain from loffering any opposition to Italy’s in- vasion and conquest of Tripoli, that, too, at a moment when King Victor Emanuel and his government were encountering much diplomatic economic obstruction from Germany to the enterprise, and armed re- sistance, abetted and supported by Berlin, on_the part of the Ottoman Empire. To thls Mussolini replied that the pledges then given by Italy were restricted wholly to the French portion of Morocco, and not to Tan- glers, which had been, to zll Intents and purposes, internationalized by the Congress of Algeciras. In that congress of the European great powers the United States took 'rt, represented by Henry White, then amuassauor to France. It is on the strength of his having been a signatory to the treaty of Algeciras, for the internationalization of Tan- glers and for the future of Morocco, that the United States government ome time ago addressed & request o .Great Britain, France and to 6pain, that in any’ settlement of the ‘ngiers {ssue the American open- door policy should be safeguarded. The governments to whom this communication from Washington was addressed at once realized the im- portance of the Indorsement and ap- proval of the United States in any settlement that they might arrive at and the additional weight which it would carry In the eyes of the remainder of the world. Conse- quently, they “have announced that whatever agreement they may reach in the course of their deliberations, at which the wishes of not only the United States but also of Italy, Greece, Japan, Turkey and also ‘other nations will receive due considera- tion, will be ultimately submitted to a plenary internatlonal conference for. signature and final agreement, “in which the votes of the majority will carry the da: It s assumed that if France and Great Britain and Spain and Greece— that is to say, the majority of the Mediterranean powers—coms to an agreement which has the approval and Indorsement of the United States, whose interest in the lssue is purely economic, her trade with Morocco, ranking in importdhce immediately next to that of France and Great Britain, Premler Mussolini will not wish to place himself once more in opposition to the majority of the for- Wheeler Foresees To Close Dry | 1 (Continued from First Page.) ance within a given time. It would ibe a great saving to the federal gov- ! ernment and would help bring about a better enforcement of the law. “A resolution introduced at the last session will doubtless be reintroduced, authorizing the President under certaln conditions to use some of the ships of the Navy in activities. of the ships of the Navy in the en- forcement of the laws under certain conditions, but prohibition is not named | in any of these laws. It will therefore doubtless require legisiation to author- ize it. 12-Mile Limit Laws. “The adoption of the twelve-mile 1imit will doubtless depend largely upon the decision of the courts concerning the existing twelve-mile-limit laws. these are upheld and construed so that they can be enforced effectively new legislation may not be necessary. If the courts hold that Congress cannot extend the three-mile limit to twelve miles it would be useless to introduce such legislation. ‘An increased appropriation for the enforcement of prohibition will be red. ““The dry forces will solldly oppose ! delegates represented the British Trades and Labor Congress, the Canadian Trades and Labor Congrest | the Mexican Federation of Labor, the Women's International Union Label League and the National Women's Trade Union League of America. There are many epeeches at fed- eration conventions and they cover a variety of subjects. Some of these talks take on the dignity of orations and lectures, especially those of President Gompers, whose long asso- clation with labor a _member of his local union and an official of the federation, combined with a magnetic personality and a wide vocabulary, enables him to speak eloquently and with authority. There are other dele- gates, adherents of various schools of théught, whose gift of expression makes of them entertaining expo- nents of their philosophies. All in all, federation conventlons are labor colleges. Above all, they are not se- cret in any sense of the word. They make mistakes, ves; they gre human institutions. They maintain that they are striving for the happiness and the progress of the people and, there- fore, for the welfare of Mexico, the United States and Canada. You may not assent to this, but if that is your frame of mind ft i8 not irrevocable. Before you declde that it is final it might be of educational value to read a volume of the proceedings of a federation convention. Then, what- ever your conclusion may be, you will have the data with which to defend 1t \In' many crafts there are a number vtrfllvmn-. such as in the printing. % E 5 and } prohibition _enforcement , There is precefient for use | speclal interests of his country f Morocco, with the avowed object exacting compensation elsewhere his consent to the three-power agree- ment. To have ylelded to his clalms would have protracted indefinitely the settlement of this troublesome issuc As the matter stands now, whilc Great Britain, France and Spajn wil! fve amiable consideration to ‘Italy’s nterests as a so-called Mediterranea: power—although Tangiers I, strict! speaking, not on the Mediterranear but outside the westcrn entranc she will be mercly asked to take po in the plenary conference of forelg Inalions which will be summoned i1 due course to give its approval to tl |55 “tripartite. agreement for' wh the upproval of the overwhelmi: maj of the other forelgn tions w already assured. 1 Open Door Provided For. The agreement in question provide an open door at Tanglers for the trade of all countrles, with an {nter national and impartial administration of the customs. It also provides for the commercial communication witl: the interfor, for the completion o) the rallroad to Fez and the construc tion of an adequate harbor at Pan giers. It makes full provision for the real internationalization of the port, the railroad services, the police, th: sanitary and the municipal adminis tration under the nominal suzerainty of the Sultan of Morocco, whose au thority fn Tanglers will be restrictec purely to his own subjects in matter unconnected with the internations! regime. Although the sultan, in tr principal portion of his empire—th is to say, in the French sphere o Morocco—Is really subject to the co jtrol of the French resident gener: {Marshal Lyautey, the agreement & ready reached eliminates the dane: .to Great Britain and to Spain of t [de facto autonomy of Tangiers beir in any way Impaired by France's domination of the swzerain—that is to say, of the sultan—who is representec at 'Tanglers for purely native mat- ters by a governor, just in the same way that he is represented by u species of viceroy in the Spanisi sphere, where the special rights the crown of Spain have been recog nized by the foreign powers for cer turies. “Statute of Tanglers.” As far 'back as the beginning o 1514 France and England had nego- tiated a treaty, or conventlon, knowy as the “statute of Tanglers,” thc final ratification of which by Spain was only prevented by the outbreal of the great war. This “statute,” nov maintained and amplified, contatned among other things, a hard and fas® guarantee by France that nothing should be done by her or by any for- elgn power to fortify Tanglers, or to convert it into a submarine base, or. indeed, to construct any sort of of- fensive of defensive works along_ th. stretch of coast extending from Mel- lila, on the eastern extremity of th Spanish zone, to the mouth of the | River Zebu, on the Atlantic, far to the south of Tanzlers and well withix the limits of the French zone. order to still further cement the v lidity of the agrcements betwee France and Great Britain and be tween both th countries and Spain it had been suggested that the absc lute neutrality of Tangiers might b further enhanced Ly the protectlo of the league of nations in the ever of war. But Premier Mussolini La just furnished evidence in connectl; with the bombardment of Corfu of th impotency and worthlessness of th protection of the league of natfon: and has thus deprived the virtual tri- partite agreement about Tangler: of the additional safeguard which it might otherwise have been expected to possess in the eyes of the world. " Many New Laws Enforcement Gaps tany so-called light wine and bees amendments or other resolutions in creasing the alcoholic content of per mitted beverages. As long as more tha: two-thirds of the states maintain the one-half of one per cent standard Con- gress cannot legalize what such state: prohibit. To legislate for a minority o the states and encourage lawlessnes: in the majority of the states by such attempted legislation is indefensible. “If the wets_ introduce a resolutior to investigate the prohibition unit with the manifest intent to discredit its ac tivities it will be fought vigorously b: the drys. Secref service operatives have | been at work for many months tryine to dig up something that would justify |an investigation. The whole purpos: of the Investigation outlined by th: wets is to discredit prohibition and It~ enforcement. If they have anything re- liable against any of the enforcement agents they can get justice from the department and the removal of the cor rupt agents without any congressiona! action. If they attempt to secure suck removal and cannot get action then there might be a justification for laying the matter before Congress. “Every effort to decentralize the ac- tivities of the prohibition .unit mean. the demoralization of its activitles anc will be opposed by the friends of law enforcement.” industry, in which five unions have Juriediction. Preceding and during federation conventions thers are con ventions and conferences of craft that operate,in a single Industry, ane here agein we have the one big unio: idea in a different form. At thes: conferences differences are ironed out or rules agreed to that are designed to prevent disputes and promote thc best Interests of the wagé earners di- rectly affected. By reason of thesc gatherings many embryo jurisdiction- al clashes are avolded. The daye therefore, are taken by the big con- vention, the nights by the trade con- ventions, All In all, .there are tw« busy weeks, and in addition the in- ternational officers continue the busi ness of their international unions in offices located in the hotels and other convenient places. For this purpés: clerks and stenographers are trans ferred from the main offices,'and th- federation convention city become: for the time being the capital city o | . There are also the lobbyist and the politicians, all interested some phase of the labor question v in the promotion of some particulal ambition. Altogether there are - large number of attehdants, and ever: one of them has some mission or som: interest that makes, for him at least a vital and pulsing convention period. while throughout the North American continent there are millions of toli- ers, interested or apathetic, whos: future will be affected in some degre: by the deliberations that are in “ ress the convention oity of the Ane! Federation of Lako: 5