Evening Star Newspaper, July 1, 1923, Page 75

THE SUNDAY ST Library Positions With Adequate Pay ' Increase in Number, Declare Experts DORSEY W. HYDE, Jr., Pfesident, Distriet of Columbia Li- brary Associatio) T this time of the year the| young men and women Who compose the annual output of Washington's educational insti- tutions are trying to answer the ques- tion: ‘What shall I do now?" For some the question has already been solved. Because of specialized training, they are ready to start at the bottom of the ladder which leads to success in the legal, medical, engineering or other professions, but for perhaps a majorty of the graduates the question still remains to be answered. Have you ever stopped to think what would happen if all American boys should suddenly decide to enter « particular profession? That pro- fcsslon, of course, would soon be over- crowded and thers would not be enough work to go round. Not so any years ago this almost seemed be true of the engineering profes- ion. In many cases, there can be no doubt that many young men, who failed to capitalize their engineering training, have since risen to promi- nence as financlal advisers, as di tors in advertising and selling, statisticians, as llbrarians, and the Tike. The vement for ‘“vocational | guidance,” a produbt of recent years, | las arisen in response to the need for more information concerning the op- rortunities in the different fields of employment. In some cities an ef- fort has been made to build up a cen- | vocation bureau to help the oung men and women of the com- riunity to learn the scope of the dif- nt professions and callings, the quirements for personal success therein, and the opportunities and re- i vards of intelligent performance. More recently there has been a strong endency to delegate this task to local professional or vocational uroups and committees. which as- sume the responsibility for the ta! vocational guidance in a special as | | m tral * ECAUSE of the incheasing need for high-grade, trained employes in the library profession. the tommit- | tee on library training of the District | of Columbia Library Association, | Clara W, Herbert, chairman, has been , ‘rquested by the American Library \ssoclation to assume the responsi- Willty for furnishing information as to lbrary work and its opportunities to school graduates and others in the | city of Washington. This responsi- hility the committee has giadly ac- cepted, and all persons interested In the possibilities of library work are invited to confer with members of | the committee for any information they may desire. The names and addresses of the members of the committee are as fol- lows: Clara W. Herbert, assistant 1 brarian, public library+of the District | of Columbiz; Eilen A, Hedrick, ref-‘| erence librarian, Department of Agri- culture; Prof. Alfred F. W. George Washington University ence (. Bell, bureau of efli Dorothy DeMuth Watson, Normal School; Julia L. V. McCord, librarian, Geological Survey Library; Jo Morgan, National Educational ssociation, and Mrs. R. B. Howard. The committee has recently pub- lished a report on “Washington's Fa cilities for Training in Library S ence.” which describes In some detail the courses of instruction in Ifbrary | sclence offered by various agencies d institutions in Washington. This | port may be consulted at the public library, or purchased for cents from Mary G. Carpenter, care of the Mbrary of the Department of Agri- culture, The scope and opportunity of li- brary service is not generally unde: stood. The profession has developed | in recent years that it is : at this time to state how | ltbrary positions there are in | the United States. Librarians are or- nized in a great national assocla- tion, the American Library Assocla- | tion, with which are affillated large special organizations such as the Na- tional Special Libraries Association, | the Natlonal Association of State Li- braries. American Association of Law Libraries and the National | League of Library Commissions. In addition to these national bodles there are forty-three state library as- soctations. thirty-nine state library commissio more than a dozen sehools for training in library sclence, more than thirty city library associa- iions, and three well known library | journals of nation-wide circulation. The library schools are located in ! practically every section of the coun- | try and many give both winter and | summer courses. In the east there are library schools at Albany, Boston, Brooklyn, New York, Philadelphia, ete The motive force. which make for | personal and community development are education, information, recreation and inspiration. The function of the | libr: an is to set free these motive ' forces in so far as the stuff of which they are made can be obtained from hooks, printed records and ar and cccasional and period ture all kinds. task successfully the modern librar- |l 25 ian must be able to analyze the need |d for library servide in a given munity and to understand the charac- ter of this need as a basis for the intelligent <election of books, docu- | classific daily |is oSS 0 ¢ A DA AIA A D Graduates of Educational Institutions Are ¢ Informeal by Association That Demand at Q Present for Those Who Are Able Requirements Is Greater Than_Supply. MAIN CORRIDOR, FIRST FLOOR, LOOKING TOWARD READING to Meet 5 ROOM, IN GEOLOGICAL SURVEY LIBRARY. men collections Th materials in experienced tion brary knowledge fication of Congr and periodicals for the library purchase large the skill and te purchasing axent and resources of such as that and the same size? of published libraries calls for | What hnical methods of the i obtalned The | plants? cataloguing of li-| What calls for intimate | graces? schemes of library | What cities of the Library |laws? Dewey decimal | are the hav the compare with that In other cities of How large is the eye of an octopus? firms purchase from garbage seven e enacted How do vou distinguish the posi- system, as well as understanding of | tive wire from the negative? the subject matter of books and the | indexing methods of RfiADING ROOM OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY LIBRARY, IN- subjects may be made instantly avail- able to the library. * ok ox HE reference service of the mod- public illustration of unrealized opportunities for making acts work for us in the numberless To perform this | problemayof business and community careful collection and ng of a great varfety of works com- | of reference the reference librarian able to furnish at a moment's no- e the answer to such questions'as: Washington's ern Ry How does How do you whereby such [and gas meters? TERIOR DEPARTMENT BUILDING. will result library furnished a|gnd moneyto the the heretofore in itself. in- of a high order. tax rate read water, electric The librarian engaged In work of this kind has an opportunity to ren- der a service of definits value to every person in the community, which in saving time, persons aided. The public library of today has grown to such proportions that ad- ministration has become a problem The librarian and assist- ant llbrarian of a public library, and the heads of its different departments must possess executive qualifications These qualifications include the ability to plan a compre- hensive program of community the grease reduction Christian zoning energy brary service, to bullt up and suc- cesstully direct the activities of a large staff of professionally trained as well as clerical employes, to de- vise and supervise a proper system of budgetary control of library finances, and to bring the institution to its rightful position of prestige and use- fulness in the life of the community. The opportunities for library serv- ice are not confined to the public library. Experience has definitely shown that excesslve centralisation— in library work as in other fields— defeats its own object. Hence it has been found necessary to develop re- stricted collections of books and to serve the special needs of a given institution or clientele. Inm most American cities of any sise the lawyers and doctors have their special collections of professional lit- erature. This example is very gen- erally being followed by engineers, architects, educators, and other pro- fessional groups. In recent years the development of public lfbrary busi- ness branches has been rapid and such speclal business collections are now proving of practical aid to bust- ness men in Newark, N. J.; Minne- apolis, Minn.; Rochester, N. Y., and many other citles. Service to state and Municipal offictals by mesns of legislative reference libraxies and mu- nicipal reference libraries {s now very | generally blished in the various states, The librarian who enters these spe- clalized flelds of service will find in- creased opportunity for research, sta- tistical and bibliographical work. Success In the special library field calls for more advanced Initial train- ing In one particular field and a taste for intensive investigation and research. Contrasted with the public librar- ian, the speclal librarian aerves a more restricted clientele, but there are compenmting advantages in the greater degres .of recognition which may be obtained as the result of per- sonal contributions to the literature of the fleld in which he specializes. 9 PR HE special libraries of Washing- ton for the most part are those created to ald in the service of par- ticular government departments and bureaus. The number of commercial and industrial libraries Is not as large as In other cities where there may i be found special collections on such | subjects as finance, insurance, pub- | i utilities, accounting, advertising, | and on such specialized industries as { rubber, automobiles, explosives, lum- | ber, etc. Commercial and industrial librarfes such as these offer Interest- | ing possibilities for the development | ot a new type of information service | to business. 1t is stated on good authority that “library salaries have passed the low water mark of a calling that had to find itself and prove its place, and |are now on a par with those of the teachers, and similar workers.” The | trained librarian in public library work generally starts with a minl- mum salary of about $1,200 a year. The average salary of assistant | Hibrarians in 1921 was sald to be | about $2,000 a vear, but this figure is tncreasing. In the larger librarles assistant librarians and department heads make 33,000 and over a year. | The salarles of chlef librarians run as | high as $12,000 a year. In the special lbrary field the salaries average somewhat higher. the genefal range being from about $2,500 to 35,000 a year. A well known librarian has stated: |“It is absurd for a young man to | enter this profession unless he is at- tached to his fellow men. If he fs purely a maker of %things or seeks | only money, he does not belong. He | must have a sympathetic spirit and |a love for the community. “In addition to this broad humani- terfan spirit, the librartan of today | must be equipped with education and | tratning if he is to succeed in library | work. ~Prominent librartans have frequently stated In recent times that | they know of positions with salarles | from $4,000 to 36,000 a year, but that | they do not know of persons properly | qualified to fill such positions. For | some six years past, in fact, the de- |mand for trained Iibrarians has exceeded the supply of avallable | material. The scarcity of trained librarians is particularly noticeable in the busi- ness fleld, where opportunities are great, but where requirements are correspondingly high. The head of a nationally known advertising com pany announced recently that the ald of a special advertising library had opened their eyes to unrealized possi- bilities in the development of their service, and only a fow weeks ago the president of the American Bank- ers' Assoolation spoke . publicly on “The Need of a Library in the Finan- clal World." Great interest is manifested at the present time in the organization of special libraries in the flelds of bank- ing, finance, insurance, advertising and selling, manufacturing, and in connection with class and trade pub- llcations, newspapers and commer- clal intelligence services of various kinds. The demand for trained libra- { rlans to fill positions of this kind un- doubtedly will continue for some time - | to come. WASHINGTON, D. O, JULY 1, 1923—PART 5. 'Rum Runners Receive Small Pay And Danger Lurks at Every Stage Whisky Is Either Doctored on the Way Across the Ocean or Is Diluted at Some Port in West Indies—Prohibition Unit "Vlulcll Watches Ships Bearing Contraband Has Assistance of Other Government Forces—Officers Have Been Instructd to Fire on Vessels Which Are Caught Vio- lating Law and Refuse to Stop. ONE OF THE SPEED BOATS USED BY PROHIBITION FORCES TO CHASE THE RUM-RUNNERS. THIS TYPE OF BOAT MAKES FORTY MILES AN HOUR, AND THE “RUNNER” HAS LITTLE CHANCE. BY ARTHUR JAMES. { ITH the ever-increasing ac- | tivity of the agents of | the prohibition enforce- ¥ ment burecau and the de- pletion of the stock of genuine and spurious liquor in the United States, those who were determined to carry an the business of dealing in contra- ]demne the fact that many have an idea that the smugglers make vast ] purposs of boosting the trade in boot- | {leg stuff; put out, perhaps, not by it would not be wise for any smuggle: to try to down these man-birds. 1 sums of money, it is the men who |the rum runners of the sea, but by |rather imagine that they would re finance the venture that reap the,big | those on shore who want their pa- |celve the surprise of their lives share of the profits. ERE HIS person spoke of the work that had to be done on the way to this country, how they “doubled” the | trons to get the fdea that the stuff| they buy is part of the “Imported” stock. You can see how they take | every opportunity to prey on the| ulliblity of the public. | | “If the people who buy the stuff) band stuff turned their attention to|cargo by adding water to an already | ) ¢ ¢he bootlegger declares is part lands beyond the sea, and an exten- | sive busine: being over night. | There was also,a demand by those inferlor grade of Scotch, and how dutles of the ship bestdes. He disclosed how labels were faked | of a shipment that ‘was sent direct lMterally sprang Into |they had to attend to the manifold g . gooiand: could trace it back to | its point of manufacture, they would find that it might have been made in | who insisted on havink their liquor, |and how some of them were sprinkled | ; Lygely constructed still or in somo to be provided with what they termed | “imported stock.” This, coupled with the fact that many were willing to | pay a higher figure for the so-called | imported stuff, caused many an ad- venturous soul either to equip himself | with a rum-running fleet or to make a combination with some one that owned a ship or two. The result was that for months after the passage of | the Volstead act, the smugglers plied | their trade with 2 bravado that re- minded one of the buccaneer days, | when Capt. Kidd, Morgan and others trod the deck, pistols ahip and cut- | lase on goregous sashes. | The modern pirate does not dress as | did the terrors of the Heas of olden days. Nelther does he hold up mer- | chantmen or other vessels bent on peaceful misslons of commercial in- | tent. Rather he slinks Into un- | guarded ports, after making a brave | show while safely outside of the three-mile limit, for as brazen as they are they do not care to take any more chances than are necessary. | For a number of months they man- aged to slip into places where the pro- hidbition officers did not have any | lookouts, places that could be reached only by using some sort of light craft They ran into creeks, bayous and small rivers, but Commissioner Haynes and his assistants soon took steps that put an end to this sort of work. The head of the prohibition forces enlisted the aid of the Treasury De- partment, with the result that rev- | enue cutters, boats of the Coast! Guard ‘and customs craft were pressed | into service, and then the war was | on in earnest, for. with these vessels, the prohibition agents could run | down average-speed vessels and cap- | ture crew and contents of the ship. Like seizures made of the automobiles that were used for the transportation of liquor, the government took the | craft. Then they were tied up to a | dock. If they were not released under | bond they were s0ld as are the motor | cars that are captured by the dry agents. * * %k Ok HE fight botween the rum runners and the government has been an interesting one and it has emphasized the fact that the officials in charge of enforcing the elghteenth amend- ment are determined that the law shall be obeyed, no matter what con- fronts them. It is generally admitted that a ves- eel, outside of the three-mile limit, may carry as much liquor as its owner desires, for this country has no juris- distion beyond that point. Conse- quently the vessels that brought the contraband from foreign shores used to sit just outside of that limit and laugh at the government agents. In fact, they used to offer them a drink and, they did not make any attempt to disguise their cargo. They oounted upon trahsferring their cases of whisky, gin, etc.,, to small, but fleet vessels, and then, under cover of night, would “run for it trusting to darkness. Sometimes, in the early days of sea rurh running, they used to send a ve: wel outside of the three-mile limit be captured, because itiwas carrying nothing In the way of contraband oargo, the idea being to divert, the attention of the officers from a sec- | ond vessel, which really carried a load of Scotch or something of like char- acter. This ruse did not work very often, for there are some rather | canny men in the service of the gov- ernment and they soon found a way to circumvent the smugglers. It was not so long ago that one of these smugglers was picked up after having been lost in a fog for three days. His vessel was dirty, his food was not the sort that would appeal to the appetite of a hungry pig, the water that he carried in his cask was foul and {ll-smelling, and the tale of hardships that he re- counted was such that made even the officers shudder. with sea water to give them the ap- pearance of age and of having trav- cled a great distance by sea. As he told the story, one could imagine some person who had bought the stuff tell- ing, with great gusto, how he had had it imported for his “personal use.” This same man stated that the a: erage rum runner soon gets sick and tired of the dangers angs poor food, and that very few of them ever stay in the game for any great length of time. He said he was disgusted with a business that paid so little for the risks that were run, and declared that when he was out of his present Dre- dlcament he would ship for home and follow the sea in a decent sort of a way. Nearly every one in this country has read of the “highjackers” the men who hold up automobiles that are carrying illegal liquors, who, at the point of pistols, stop the automobiles and by strong-arm methods appro- priate for their own use the contents of the machines. There are numerous stories of this sort of hold-ups, and while it 1 nogenerally known, there exists a band of sea rovers who make it a business to attack these rum- laden vessels and engage them in bas tle. The fights that have taken place have resulted in more than one cargo, nt to our three-mile limit from for- eign shores, being selzed by sea rovers and transferred to vessels of pirates wlho prey upon other pirates * Another factor that has caused de- pression in the spirits of the men who engage in the smuggling game is the constant fear that some one of Un- cle Sam's force will take a pot shot at them with one of those good-sized guns they have on board and send the erring crew to Davy Jones' lock- er, the dreaded haven of all who sall the seas. \ It must ever be borne in mind that when any vessel is stop by a duly accredited officer of the law, If the master of the .ship does not comply with the order, he is in danger of having a shot sent across his bows, and that if then he does not come to a full stop, he is very likely to receive another that will, the chances are, disable his vessel if not sink it, 5o ¢he life of the rum runner is far from agreeable. * ok ok x HE prohibition officials are not downcast when now and then a vessel menages to escape through the lines, for they realize that the sea traffic is getting smaller and smaller. Col. James E. Jones, assistant pro- hibition commissioner, in discussing this phase of the. department's ac- tivitles, sald: “The maritime rum smugglers have really’a hard time of it. They face death every time they try to get through our lines. They are often forced, for days and days, to lle outside the three-mile limit. Very often their food ration becomes pitifully small, They are ever men- aced by passing ships, for the ma- jority of the smugglers try to ride without lights, and this, of course, adde to the danger of being run down by some passing vessel. -They are not wonderfully housed, they suffer from the cold and rain, there is no romance in their lives, and they do not get the big money that lots of people imagine they do. Contrary to the popular impres- sion, the bigger ships do not try to make the mainland. They content themselves with lying outside the | three-mile limit and transferring | their cargo, or at least a part of it, to the smaller vessels, They do this | far the reason that if the big ship that has brought the liquor to this country were to attempt to land, it would mean certain capture and an entire loss, so they put about forty or fifty cases on a smaller vessel and try to. make a run for it. Part of their reason is that It is harder to pick up a small vessel during the hours of darkness and also because it 4s easfer to handle the smaller craft. “At this time I want to say that many of the stories that have been This man told of the many long hours that he lay waiting to get a signal from the “lookout” that the “coast was olear.” He told of the many days that he was compelled to tack ‘and roll about, of food wetting shorter each /day, of povr pay, for ‘ b e put out by the sea bootleggers about million-dollar cargoes .are beautiful pleces of flction. While I am not in a position to speak authoritatively, I am rather of the opinion that many of these stories fn put out for the commanded to | | A1thy cellar, and that instead of being | the pure stuff, it was merely a con- cootion that was hastily thrown to. gether for the sole purpose of being s0ld to what some call ‘the one-time | buyer’; that is, the fellow who likes | to have something in his cellar that looks as if it had come from the other side of the ocean. “The bootlegger knows that after | & taste of the stuff the customer will buy no more, for he will realize that | he has been properly ‘bunked’ It | is this class of buyers that the boot- | legger tries to find, for he is never | | troubled by them, they take thelr loss | and say nothing to any one, and they are not lke the regular customers who put up & kick f they think they have been handed an inferior quality of stuff. * X % * CQOME people have gathered the tmpression that our men and those co-operating with us have been told that we must be nice and gentle | with these sea smugglers, but I want to say that our men have received orders to shoot whenver It is neces- | sary, and if you think they will not carry out their orders, you are very | much mistaken. They are a brave lot of men, and the fact that they may be killed by the rum runners does not appear to enter their heads at all. They know what is expected of them and they carry out their orders | to the letter. | “In this work we are using a few | vessels of our own, as well as revenue cutters, boats that are the property | of the customs service, and some others that are owned by the govern- ment. It i3 not possible with our present force, to throw a complete cordon around every port in the| United States, but we are covering many places, and each day the worlk of the sea rover Is getting more strenuous.” When asked about the principal | ports from which this contraband | stuff is shipped, Col. Jones said: - “A great deal of the stuff that the smuggels carry is put on board their vessels at some port in the West In- dies. This is a well-known distribut- ing point for them, and if you should happen to be In one of the well-| known ports, you would see that the | cases from abroad are landed there | and then they go ‘into retirement’ for a while. It does not take any great stretch of imagination to figure out why this 1s so, for the great bulk of stuff that is sent from abroad is ‘doc- tored” before it is repacked In cases for the smugglers to handle. I have no doubt that most of the stuff is “ixed’ before it reaches the West In- dles, but on the other hand a lot of it 1s readulterated after it reaches the point of general distribution. “Very little of the whisky that is brought in could properly be termed good stuff. Some of it i= doctored so as to make three quarts out of two, others go far beyond that, and some | of them make it four to one. A lot| of the so-called imported Scotch | whisky that is.bragged about by the bootlegger is made out of an inferior | grade of alcohol and then doctored up to give thp Wppearance of genuine stuff. They use coloring matter and | & certain thing to give it that smoky | taste. Some have used creosote, | which, of course, {s a wonderful thing | for the delicate membrane of the| | stomach. | “Of course, if a person stops to think, he will realize that very few | cases of liquor before the Volstead act | went into effect were so carried as| to permit their coming in contact with | the salt water, yet there are those who will buy this stwff, and when they are told that it is pre-war stuff, they belleve It, because some one has soaked the labels in salt water. * %X ¥ K ¢ F late we have found it most desirable to use airplanes for scouting purposes, and it s really | surprising how quickly one of these alr scouts can pick up a rum runner. ‘There is no chance af the latter at- tacking the planes, for thqy can fly at & helght that prevents any arma- ment of the smuggler's vessel from reaching them with shot or shell, and T might say in thie connection that } “You wanted to know if, in our optnion, the distillers of Europe are ending over what one might term their good stuff; that is, the better quality of liquor, and in answer to that question I might say it is my belfef that the makers of whisky etc., are not as particular about th stuff they =ell to the rum runner as they are to the folks that purchase their product at home. Those who purchase their wares at home are in a position to discontinue the use of a certain brand if they do not mot find it up to the accustomed stand- ard, and to serve notice on the manu- facturer that they will have no more of his product, but the producers ealize that after th 11 their wares to those who deal in this fllicit stuff, they have no of preventing the sea smuggler from doing as he will with the liquor, and probably g0 on the theory that anything that ‘can be gotten away with® will do for the rum runner. “Prior to the enactment of the Vol- stead act, a number of those who dealt in whiksy in large quantities sent large consignments of whiskies abroad, in hopes that they would be chance | able to dispose of their wares on the other side, but they found that there was very little, If any, market for their stuff, and we have numerous requests that the liquor that was sent abroad before the prohibition act went into force be permitted to enter this country and be placed in bonded warehouses. ok ok €N\ TO. T would not say that the 1N ife of a rum runner ts the most joyous existence in the world. They, and now I am speaking of the men with whom we have talked, do not make anywhere near as much as peo- ple have an idea they do, and the danger they run should not be mini- mized. They have to take their chances with death and may meet an untimely end at any time. “We are getting the upper hand of the situation, and as time goes on I am positive the people will appre- ciate the fact that we are not only trying to do our duty in the matter of the enforcement of the law, but are also trying to keep people from being poisoned. If the public would take time to figure out that it is next to fmpossible to get good whisky without a physiclan's pre- scription, it would save not only health, but also many dollars. ow, another word about these men who try to smuggle in liquor. There are some that undoubtedly slip past us, but dom't belleve all you read or hear about good whisky being brought in by the great shipload. It is bootlegger propaganda, pure and simpl Prows on Locomotives. JOR many vears attempts have been made to get rid of a part of the resistance which a railway train encounters in rushing through the air, It is easy to understand that the pressure on the front of a swiftly moving locomotive, which equals the force of a strong gale of wind,- can only be overcome by an expenditure of energy greater than would other- wise be required to run the trafn, If that pressure could be removed, or considerably decreased, less coal would have to be burned Experiments to diminish th> pres sure were begun many years ago, and in some cases a practical outcome has been reached, One plan adopted is very simple, and involves inclined planes attached to the fore end of the engine in such a way that Instead of a square front it presents to the air a sharp prow, like that of a ship. It might be thought that little would be gained in this way, but re- peated trials have shown that in some cases as much as 10 or 12 per cent can thus be saved in the cown- sumption of coal, and the average saving amounts to about 5 per cent. This {8 g0 important an item that « large number of locomotives on one system have been fitted with the device. When the wind is blowing directly in the face of the engine the resist- ance to be overcome is, of course, much increased, and the value of a prow-shaped front Is proporiionately greater. In some of the experiments it was shown that by the combincd efiec of placing Inclined planes in front apd filling up the spaces between the spokes of the wheels, one-half of thi alr resistance could bhe done with. awsy