Evening Star Newspaper, July 1, 1923, Page 43

FRANCE MAY BE FORCED - | TO. YIELD BY ALLIES Specter of English, ‘Co-operation in Aiding Germany Is Faced. : - BY OLIVER OWEN KUHN. AN united political pressure of England, Italy end Belgium yet force modification of the French policy in regard to the Ruhr and reparations? A Ts such a union of nations possible in view of previous commitments to France? E Can France politically, economically und financially sall European seas without the assistance of other powers and ye} succeed in present enterprizes? In view of the <lowly ‘ervatalizine policles of France's ene-time allies. all tending toward modification of Poincare’s Ruhr enterprise and_the abandonment of France's grip upon the Rhineland through German pay- ment. with adecnats enarantens, the aforesald questlons come more and more ta the fore in the deliberations of all European cabinets. Nations Drawing Cloxer. That there ie a very definite trend sympathies—which may amalga- mate Into closer unity in all political endeavor on the continent—between Tingland. Belgium and Haly is taken for granted in view of events which have transpired since last January. Then it was that Polnca asnting frem the Wnglish viewnoint ntaganistic th Ruhr endeavor. in ted Nl policv of foreoful o n and economic exnansion within Germany proner, Enclamd _then fourht ~ Peincare's effort Ttaly. thourh for a momewt rivine tacit sanetion th-ourh th~ disnatch of Ttalian oMcars (o the Rubr. has sinea withdraswn her sunport. though at al¥ tHimes admittine that Germany should ha farced to mest adesuate FENATA- tiens pavmonts—sums which fn meas- uve vemav lnases cannad by (Germanv's many war-time perfidtes. Belginm dls- patched troops shoulder to shoulder THth ke Teaman and einen fhet time has joined in overv French effort to hring tHigher the seraws in erder to for manlc compliance with Poin- cavn Piatntos However. Beleium has fonnd that the enternrise has not pald. Rel- mfum's norts are growing more idle ae a reeult of the failuve of central uronean exnorts. Manv of the trada agreemants with Getmant negotiated fmmedlately after Versailles hate he- ama tnrasnons, Relelnm'e inaness in tead of heing auemented have been urther drained by excess oxnend tures necessary toward maintenance ~f troops in the Ruhr. In addition Belzium faces the necessity of calling mare traops to the eolors to augment those wheas terme of enllstment soon rxpire. Belgium has found the bur- den great that thos» rchools of nol thourht in Relgivm an- nen to the government have ot al e @it inecreasing nreceure to bring fon of the Puhr enter- | hout modifl prize In all jte featur eabinet st 1 Anvn nremis= who hae hee task af-forming a The Theunis i the Relginm ssigned” the new government | ‘Belgian and Tralian| of the new -Belgian cabinet is known and the new Belgian policy is an- rounced, there has been a’growing correspondence and subsequent bel ter understanding between..London, Brussels and Rome. According to advices which have reached Washington “there is every indication that unl the - French consent to a general survey of the whole situation Jgithin the immedi- ate future, the English. Ital- fans and Belgians will initiate a movement to settle their problems’ with Germany directly, but until they have urged the German go! ernment to announce a policy of rep- arations more accepiable to all na- tions. There are few delusions, haw- ever, that France will congent to take up the question of the repara- tions and the Rhineland and Ruhr occupation without some degree of loathness. {nasmuch as Poincare is In an extremely difficult position by virtue of the contrary curreh:s in French politics. Locheur and the moderates on the one hand lean jtoward the English method of get- i tng back to normalcy, but with full iprotection of French interests. On the other hand the Tardieu and the extreme natlonallsts are assalling Poincare for his lack of force in re- gard, to Germany. they demanding that' through immediate pressure Germany be eliminated from futurs caonsideration in so far as the safety of France is concerned. Threat to Poincare. It Poincare leans toward the plans of other allles to modify his Ruhr and reparations policles as enunci- ated in the past, then he lays himself open to the shafts of Tardieu and his ohorts. There is extreme doubt that the Locheur school is sufficient to sustain the hand of Poincare in case the nationalists are Ignored, which would mean in a crisis that the nationalists would assume con- trol upon Poincare's ouster and France would pursue a firmer policy than ever—one completely out of tune witl) the general European de- sire to get things going again. However, Polncare, it is believed. cannot long pursue his present course in case (ermany makes sgome real tender and the other allied m\tlnn:\{ openly exprese their conviction that’ this-offer is_a fair one. and certainly one warranting negotiation on the | part of all. Should France enter a| general allied conference and bolt {from ‘its general viewpoint then the { French would be left alone to pur- sie their ways, but over the protests of other powers. powers to which ¥France is indebted. It is hellb\'edi certaln that if Poincare does flout! Engllsh wishes agaln, France im- mediately will be informed that the British desire some agreement as to the .vast debt which France owes | England and in such case the hreak between the two probably would be complete, in so far as working to- gether in shaping future continental !'policies is concerned. France Wantx Co-Operation. undcubtedly must take cognizance of ! There is no question but that "The Story_ the Week Has Told BY, HENRY JUNN. , HEfollowing is 2 brief summary of the most important news: of the world for the seven days ended June 30 Great Britaln—On June ‘26 Premier Bald- win made an exceedingly Important statement in' the commons, whereof the following de- mands quotation:*. . 3 “In addition to meeting the' essentlal air power requirements of the navy, army, Indlan and overseas commitments, British air power myst include a- home defense air force of sufficlent strength adequately to prepare us against -attack by the strongest air force within stfiking distance of this country. In the first instance the home defense force , should consist of fifty-two squadrons. The Ye- sult of this proposal will be to add thirty- four squadrons to the authorized strength of the royal air force, The dctalls of organization are with a view to the possibility of subse- guent expansion, but before any development is put in hand’the question should be re-ex- amined in the light of the air strength of “foreign powers. \ “In_conformity with our obligation under the covenant of the league of nations, the Britlsh government would gladly co-operate with other governments in limiting the strength of air_armaments on lines similar to the treaty of Washington in the case of the Navy, and any such arrangement, it is needless to say, will govern the policy ‘of air extension sct ‘out in this statement.” Farly in 1923 the total British airplane strength was, 1 understand, 30 squadrons. Later, an addition of 18 wquadrons was author- ized for home defense. The proposed increase contemplates a total strength of 82 squadrons, - including 52 for home defense. But it Is un- derstood that the present French strength is 140 squadrons and that the French authorized program calls for u strength of 220 by the <nd_of 1925. By “strongest alr force within striking distance” of Britain the premlier is generally thought to have meant the French force, and one falls to understand how the proposed British force of 52 squadrons could be considered “adequate” ‘in the premisee. Possibly Mr. Baldwin considers quality rather than numbers, and is convinced that the latest British models are 8o greatly superior to anything designed by the French that the inferfority In numbers is thus compensated. Such a supposition, however, seems exceed- ingly dubious, and it may be that Mr. Bald- win's_proposal had in view for the present. not the one-power standard, but the limit of sion British public opinion “would stand Already there is great clamor against the proposal. The uneasiness of British states- men and military and naval men over French expansicn in the air is readily un- derstood. yar between France and Britaln is, to he sure, “unthinkable,” but man is such un ass that one must always reservé a place in_his_calculations for the “unthinkabl Mr. Baldwin's proposal that a halt be called n, the race’ in air armaments is clumsily worded. What is meant by the suggestion that limits be fixed along the lines of the Wash- ington conference on neval arms? If Mr, Bald- _ win means that aerial strengths should be determined on the same Tatio as that agreed . on at Washington for naval strengths, France, of course would not listen to such a propo- sition. If he means that a ratio should be adopted corresponding to existing aerial strengths, his declaration thdt Britain must e strong enough in the air to withstand any continental power would seem meaningless, unless Britain {s today actually stronger in the air than our Information allows us to suppose. French comment on AMr. Baldwin's proposal of. limitation of aertal armaments runs as follows: “French aerfal plans do not contemplate war with Britain, but are framed solely with ref- erence to Germany and Russia. The aerial problem is_entirely different from the naval problem. There is no longer any treaty re- striction on German output of commerclal airplanes, and commercial planes are con- vertible within u few hours into bombing planes. Moreover, within a few weeks a great fleet of fighting machines could be turned out by the 'German factori facturing éommercial 'plan. such & fleet could. be put In .commission in"much time, as, .without copstant and ri inspection, the parts might be secretly manu- facturéd, in violation of the Versallles treat: ready for rapid assemhlage. Or the machin might be manufactured in Russia, where th allied mandate df not run. France coul safely agree to limitation of her air forces only on cnn?mon of & British treaty en ment to ass(st her in case of attack by many and of British. co-operation fn enforc- ing the terms of the Versailles treat: day after Mr. Baldwin made his state- ment the French chamber voted a substantial addition to the original figures of the air budget. The 'minister. of .war, however, d clared that the request for the addition had no connection with Haldwin's statement, but was due to Germany's increased activity in av .ion. 4 ‘There is_another -possibility. ' It may be that Mr. Baldwin was thinking rather of Gofmany than of France in proposing an im- portant Increase of the British air forces. He may share the French conviction is a German air menace—not poten! but actually existent, now, today. This ix a_jewel of a question with man: facets, of which the most important is thi ‘'nat in the next great war the side ha: ing a marked preponderance In fighting planes at the outset will have a tremendous advan- tage, possibly a quickly decisive one. * k. %k Xk Chtna.—The General Chamber of Commerce of China met at Shanghal on June 23 and resolved as following: Deprecating forelgn intervention In China, appealing to the provincial authorities to take effective measures for protection of lives and ‘property, especially those of forelgner: declaring the present posture of affairs at Peking (the attempt of a few understudies of the resigned cabinet to carry on a gov- ernment without premler or president) to be unconstitutional; denouncing parliament as unworthy of respect and proposing a “people’s administrative conference” to deal with the critical problems of the hour. By a_ “people’s. administrative conference” Is meant, 1 suppose, the same thing as the na- tional convention, long ago advocated by Wu Pel Fu. If a body truly representative of the intelligent and patriotic public ~opinion of China could be assembled and secured against interference by the joint guaranty of Wu Pel Fu and Tsoa Kun, it might save the tottering state and lay firm foundations for a tem of government workable because conformable to the natlonal genius. 1t may be, however, that the time is not ripe for that happy co summation; that a further perigd of anarchy is essential. -1t is only twelve years since the Manchus were overthrown. The process of transformation now taking place in China is a tremendous affalr—perhaps more tremen- dous and important than any other the world has known. Evidently the American Association of China and the American Chamber of Commerce of Shanghai are impatient that the process should be £0 slow, for they cable Secretary Hughes, recémmending: (1.) Suspension of all benefits to China un- der the Washington conference; v nirmine of the Chinese troops and their return to their homes (presumably un- S AGiN st tury supervision), and placing of Chinese finances under forelgn supervision; (3.) Placing of forelgn guards on the lines of communication, both land and water: (4.) Placing of foreign garrisons through- out_China; (3.) Suepension of indemnity installments Chinese student: 1 (5.) Co-operation with Great Britaln providing remedies for pressnt conditions, Others, like Bertrand Russell, the phil opher, and one who knows his China, counsel “hands off," urging that a considerable pres- sure on China would be likely to have one or the other of the following effects: (1) The thorough industralization and wesfernization of China, which in their n would mean China’s ruin and oure: -previous]y ‘manu. o porhabe application of Boxer to the education . of in opi €2.)° A reaction to an. intense anti-foreign con| tism. ¢ problem of China 1s surely the greatest problem before the world today. > LI United States of Ameriea—A pair of boll weevils have 12,600,000 children in a season. Last March President Harding declared that “the war'on the ‘weevil hag been a steadily losing one.” In 1920. South Carolina’s cotton crop amounted to 1,650,000 bales; in 1921 to less than 700,000; in 1922, to about 500,000. The weevil has put Mexico out of business-as an important producer of cotton. The ineffable little pest now infests all the cotton states of the south. 1In_ 1921 it destroyed crops corresponding to 6,277,000 bales: in 1922, cor- responding to 6,000,000 bales. Dr. Hutchinson, head of /the national campaign against the weevll, contends that spraying with calcium arsenate is the only effective mode of dealing. But the cost thereof Is considerable, and somo say that, unless great care is used, the cotton plant fs injured. It is indeed a life-and- death struggle between the boll weevil and the cotton-industry. The President’s plan for grouping the rail- _rouds of the country into a few systems each under a common management, contemplates that “the whole shall be under rigid govern- ment supervision, the larger systems to be 8o constituted that ‘the weaker and unprofitable lines would be able to lean upon the financial strength of the stronger and profitable ones until the growth of the country makes them all earn a just return upon capital invested.” President Harding Will submit to the Senate when it reconvenes a_five-power convention (the United States, Great Britain, France, Italy and Japan) to govern the use of air- craft and radio in time of war. The conven- tion is based on the recommendation of a com- miesion of jurists representing the five powers above named, appointed pursuant to a resolu- tion of the Washington conference. The antl-evolutionists have won out in Florids and Oklahoma, and they are drivin ha: Texas, Minnesota, Tennessee and Wes: Virginia. In Florida and Okishoma the teach ing of anything that sgvors of Darwinism is practicaily prohibited {n the public schools or,_other publicly-supported fastitutions. -~ The Department of Agriculture finds that. during 1922 approximately 2,000,000 persoms left farms in the United States to live in the citles or towns, and that about 880,000. left towns or cities for farms. The excess of births over deaths on the farms was about 860,000, 8o that the net decrease of the agri- cultural population of the country was approximately 460,000, . * % * % Miscellaneous.—On the Pope's letter of June 27, regarding the reparations question, T shall not comment, except by way of observing that the Germans, letting the wish' be father to the thought, have given it an interpretation not intended by his holiness. On June 29, upon the occasion of the voting by the French stnate of the credits of the Ruhr occupation asked for by the government, Polncare made one of his best speeches, and Yoincare's best is very good, indeed. Practically no_news from Laussanne this 4+ week, and none from Bulgaria. Dr. Tikhon, recently deposed from the office of patriarch of Russia by the “all-Russian church council,” has signed a curious confes- slon of sin agalnst the sovie; light, and has (presumably in consequence) been released trom confinement. It is, nevertheless, an- nounced that he will be tried by the soviet supreme court on the charge of counter-revo- Tutionary activities. But may we not expect tnat the soviet government will make a mag- nificent gesture 6f magnanimity by pardoning 4im without trial or after trial and convie- tion? One is curious about the circumstances of_the confession. The Mussulman congress held at Tirana. Albunia, recently voted to repudiate the caliph J3pointéd by the Angora assembly and that Albania should be autonomous in respect of religion; also to abolish polynm?'. religious iblutions, and wearing of the veil. The cvolution now taking place in Albania is of rare interest to the philosophic observer. -, i U. S. BUSINESS GENERALLY * Evidence of This Fact Is to Be Fonng’i':. in Operations of the Federal Trade, Commission. BY BEN McKELWAY. = - ELIVERING the Supreme Court's declsion three years ago in the first case brought before that tribunal .involv- ing an order of the Federal Trade Commlssion, Mr. Justice McReynolds sald in. part: “The words ‘unfair method of competition’ are not de- fined by the statute, and their exact meaning is in dispute. It is for the courts, not the commission, ultimately to determine as matter of law what they include. It s an interesting fact that the commission, and not the courts, is defining over and over every day just what constitutes an “unfair method of competition” and that the commis- | sion, in common parlance, 1s “getting ‘away with it.” Statistics at the com- mission indicate that American busi- ness as a whole is willing to let well enough alone, take the word of the Federal Trade Commission If an' “un- | falr method -of competition” is | charged against it, and drop that | method like a hot cake. { Duties of Commission. | Going back a moment to the act { which created the Federal Trade Commission and defined its dutles, one of its more important functions is set down as follows: “To prevent i persons, partnerships or corporations . ee of competition.” And further along in the act: “The aim of the comimis- sion is to ald all honorable and honest from using unfair methods | solf, or words to that effect, and g§, set ‘another cash girl. Makes Thorough Inquiry. © But if “A's’ complaint sounds rea, sonable, the commission writes a lefry ter to “B” informing him the coms plaint has been made. In-many cases “B" will come post haste to the com-. mission and say he's sorry and It won't happen again. In tis case the: complaint becomes a closed incident’> But should “B” say he hadp't been doing what “A" charged him with dofng, or admit that he was doing 1t, raying at the same time it was per= fectly right and proper that should do it, the commls: one of its trained investigators’ and to “B" and getg ai the facts first hand. the investigetor writing out his whole report cf the matter with recommendations. These recommendations and the report Ees before a board of review, composed of two lawyers and an egonomist, which prepares again anoth&r report withe recommendations, which are taken to, one of the five commissioners who* compose 7 the Federal Trade Commi sion. This commissioner - studles the report-of the board of review. malkes his own recommendations ‘and pre< sents them before the full commiss slon. Up to this time there has beeu no publicity attached to the proceed- ing and every step-is regarded as con-: fidential and private. The full commission will either dfi., mias Mr. “A’s” complaint or else sertw Mr. “B” with a formal order of comi plaint from the commission. Thi, time, notice, the commission, and not Mr. “A” takes the burden of the coms* plainant. And this time full publict is given the matter. Mr. “B” re-. celves in his morning’s mail a notice: from the commiesion that he is for- mally charged with resorting to vt . falr ‘methods in competition with his business by keeping competition fairyrival Mr. “A” and he is given notice and open to all, instead of unfair and oppressive. Within'its fleld lies the trade of the whole country in its larger (interstate and foreign) as- pects, 1. e.\the extraction of raw ma- | distribution Sye To show that the Federal Trade Commission is putting its own inter- pretation on what constitutes unfair methods In competition, of 3,179 ap- plications for action by the commis- sion against firms alleged to be { engaging in unfair methods of compe- | tition, the commission has lssued for- mal orders to cease aul aesist in 543 cases. Out of the 528 wroers of the commission, ouly turiy-elght have appealed through the courts, the bal- ance having been obeyed by the re- ondents without further contro- I versy. Chance to Win in Court. The history of the cases which have | gotten into court might tend to show a wezkness of the commission. For of those appealed to the circuit courts, eleven have been won by the commission and twenty-four have {been won by the respondents, Of ‘lerlal. thelr manufacture, sale and o { those appealed to the Supreme Court, jcommission he is right. i | the lineral demands that Beletum pro- caed along lines more tolerable in forc- ing Germanic capitulation, " Hughes' Plan Sounds Good. retary Hughes to permit a commis- slon of neutral naticnals to fix Gens lity o pdy. coupled with the demand that Germany bo per- mitted to rise again industrially +hrough removal of Ruhr and Rhines, land etcupational forces, sounds good. When Pelglum saw Bonar ‘Law in-| ittate efforts looking toward a set- | tlement Belglum vcicad her hope that there would be success. When Stanley Baldwin stepped into power In England with the announced pur- pose of brihzing sbout a fair but neverthaless sensible solution of the whole reparations problem rotlceabla how quickly Pelijan sen- | timent veered in the direction of Fngland. and particularly after Poln- care’s prompt rejection of the next | to last German offer. At the solicitation of England Germany made a mew (her last) pre posal, Thich invelved annual pa: ments of about $300,000.000 until the | reparations levy has been settled. Relgium regards thix sum as a start- ing point for negotiations, so does ! Taly and so does Engiand. ' Only the French call for complete rejection. In the meantime Premier Baldwin | has sounded. Poinc: out on the. question of holding another allled supreme council for the perpose of welghing the whole reparations Juestion with the view of united de- mands on Germany, but demands!| more In accordance with Germany’s ability to pay. In this conference Englan@l would .take up the ques- tlon of abandoment of the Ruhr en- terprise and the question of inter- national ydebts with the view of reaching ‘some adjustment. Baldwin Not Encouragzed. Answers' from Qual d'Orsay have not- been such as to give Baldwin much encouragement. While Poin- caré is reported to have been mark- ing time to avold anything loaking like a deadlock until the complexion many's i [InE In the saddle so hard at the mo- To Belxian ears the plan of Sec-|ment that the more modern elements jis sufficient to collect {Rubr. ‘an act which In itselt_woul { that France wants fhe co-operation of all her war-time allies. But the na- tionalistic school of thought is rid- dare not ralse- thelr . volces in the direction of any settlement that Is not tinged with irbn. All Frane according to the latest dispatche: belleves that the rule of iron alone reparations. But If the Cermans through allied influence make a definite offer which is even more liberal than that of| it s sufiiciently good to recognize, then ,there would be grave doubt that Poincare could resist negotia- tion.~ Particularly would this: be true in view of the possible subsequent | Flthdrawal of Belglans from the | i be a repudiation| of the French| theory that force Yalone can exact| those amounts due from Germany. Should Belzian break this far with | France. sie must. by virtue of her| economic and financial situation, find support clsewhere and she knows the onlv nation in Furope equipped o aid Belginm {s England. Italy is in a similar situation and it is belisved that an alliance of the three yuwers. to make - their own terms with Geérmany is not only pos- sible ‘but likely in case France con- tinues to ignore the wishes of other nations and cling to more nationalis- | tie politieal tieories. Furthermore, with the aid of one- time enemies, Germany can recover to a point of paying French repara- tlons, recover to a point: that she once ‘more. will be a big, thriving na- tion, one that the French might con- sider 2 menace to French purposes throughout Europe. A recovered Germany working fn co-operation with France's one-time allles is not a pretty- picture for French statesmen to contemplate, |and it dispatches from London may be credited, England believes it will be this potentiality more than any ather that will force France into an allled council with. subsequent modi- flcation of her present policy, pro- vided, of course, Germany makes more concessions. 3 Not Enough Mechanics to Do s Constructisli Work Under Way| (Continued from First Page) | have his buflding fintshed by that | date, he cannot get goqd tenants, but must be satisfied with'the leftovers. So the contractor has- to get the building finished, no matter ‘what he has %o.pay the craftsmen. Then, xd}oy the Individual home owner us insists on having repair work done in the fall or spring. This work could be Just as well throughout the year. The paint man- ufacturers used to ‘advértise—“paint in the spring,” but now they are ad: vertising “‘paint throughout the yea and inside painting can be dane just as well in the winter as in’ the spring. The common leasing date evil also disturbs the economic situation in this way-—the National Capital i5 a good example—tenants who furnish their own coal, In emall houses are not golng to buy. coal in the sumimer months and store it till they know where they are going to live. So that, if the common leasing date is sbolished It will not only ease up on the congested bullding period but alse on the coal problem. > Thus, it will be seen, that in'bu ing and. repair work, we have crcating a peak load in the bullding tiadee. - Also it is self-evident that we cannot do much more bulldlng since we are.already -using all - the material at hand. - * < .Bome future rellef is .inevitable from sthe system of apprentice train- ing schools which certain industries, such as paint‘and plumbing manufac- wrirs and the ‘brickmukers, have | cities. scattered’, started in co-operation with school authorities. Such schools for ap- prentices have now been started in more than . sixty of our principal Tor example, a:permanent national plan was evolved at.a con- ference in Cleveland on June 5. to provide ‘the construction industry with sufficient bricklayers., This con- ference wae called by the Common Brick Manufacturers’ Assoclation and was attended by euch Intere masonry construction contractors’ sociations, building employers® asso- clations, Natlonal Association of Build Exchanges, members of the International Bricklayers' Unlon, .the federal director of ‘vocational edyea- tion under , the Smith-Hughes act, publig and’trade school representa- tives = and - representatives .of . the Anferican Institute o Architects, 2 ;vnu.‘ to Lengthen Season. e greatest reMef fs e Le through lengthening of the b‘u’n’dcll:i seadon. Secretary Hoover is working ¥ith the various branches of the buildiig Industry to show that it is f common Interest to the crafts ¢m- ployed, to the' contractors, to .the TOperty owner, to the general gublic, ® argues‘tl steady employment, even at a much lower and stabl} wage e, 18 Infinitely more irable to che craftsman and all others and for the economie welfare of the country. Another relief effort of Secretery Hoovet's is now being tried out. ~He instituted the.board of\ furtsdiottonal awdrds. That board conatsts of peps resentatives of labor, architects, con- tractors, builders’ ~ ox and other parties at inte: Where questions of urisdiction, as between sheet-metal workers or nters, or between .any two of th crafts, ‘arise, instead of - work, each craft continues’at until this board makes its d Heretofore, g0 clomely does eac! follow enothés iy work- on- &-building- thal June 9, and other allles_insist that; _ UNCLE SAM IS TEACHING CHILDREN ‘HOW TO PLAY FEWER IDLE IN EUROPE, { i | OFFICIAL REPORTS SHOW Manpal of Instruetions From Departm'entvflmprovement in Industrial Situation of Lalfor Gives Valuable Advice HE United States goyernment has ever in mind that the children of today will be the cltizens who are to guide the destinies of the nation’s future, and therefore it is' keeping -a watchful eve on matters pertaining to the welfare of the Ameri- can youth. Tnder the dircetion of Miss Grace Abbott, the children's bureau, a part of the Department of Labor, is looking ont for their welfare, “All work and no play makes.Jack 2 dull boy” is an old and familiar saying, therefore play is one of the things that the children's bureau is interested in. Play, however, like everything else must be conducted properly and the games must be of the sort and vawiety to induce the-bringing forward of the finer qualities in the nation’s boys and girls. Realizing this, Martha Travilla Speakman of the staff of children’s bureau has prepared for the government a manual on organized play. Grading of Games. One of the great things that teacherk should-be impressed with is the fact! that games must be graded and that to ! Tife. become interested and d€rive enjoyment and benefit from the gama the children must properly understand it points out AMiss Speakman. For instance, in order t "bring the method of proper recrea. ton into effect. Mies Speakman says that little children find the greatest pleasure in playing simple games— pames of ‘make-belleve and repetition, Sider children demand games that are more complicated and individual, while SHIl_ older chilren take .pleasure in playing team fime:, ‘where competition catest feature. K B poen found after study that first it is essential to select the ames for the right children and then 10 see that all the children are Ancluded in the games, the object of which should running, e to awaken the youngsters' sense o(!“mu.,,,; for Playground Supervisors. probably the most important ypart,of the game with the children, who are at the most The teacher of the game should Join In so that the children would catch the spirit of the instructor and be le by that, Some of the “‘do’s and dont's’ suggested by Miss Speakmai are, not | to spoil a child's pleasure by introduc- ing confusing games, to develop, reasan and judgment about risks and dares, for instance, cncourage, but not force, timid children’ to teke risks and give dares. Care should be taken not to make the games too serious, but rather play them with a view to gefting laughterand en- Joyment out of them. Another Important element on the playfield is honor. While it is desirable to imbue the children with determina- tion to win by putting all they have into the game, Miss Speakman points out that it should be impressed upon the youngsters that it is far better..to lose than to win by béing dishonoral or cheating. & . Programs of Games Games suggested in the government's manual are arraigned to suit children of all ages, and each game for the de- velopment of some particular trait in the participants. Here is a program of school-room games for youngsters from Six to ten years: ““Cat and Mice,” an active game that has in it the essen- tlals for the development of alertness; ““Who 1s knocking at my door,” a qulet game for the development of hearing: Jack elap,” an active runnihg game for the development of alertness has gone from the ring,” a gquiet game for the development of observation: "Fox and squirrel,”” a quiet game which trains chiidren to notice and distinguish g;:;:;m- and “:"olm-l uL, mee: ;.ny or “Magic music” are games that will develop in this class of young- sters self ‘control, alertness and. con- centration. In the manual are :also playground games calculated to develop the mame qualities in children. Games for children over tah years are “Tag-the-wall relay,” an active game producing alertnesa. ' “I spy” or “Indlan for the development of ob- ‘Going to Jerusalem." for alertness, hearing and seeing. Experi-|alertness, while “Dumb crambo” will shown conclusively. that if i ta made 1o feel that he 18 an ea~ Gential factor in the game he derives Dbetter mental and physical benefits than it he feels that he fs just allowed to play. 2 g Hew Games Are Built Up. A great deal of psychological study hat been necessary to get together the works from which Miss Speakman hag ‘compiled the manual for organiged play. It has been found that it is best to’ar-' range ‘lc recreation of the children so that it will include quiet as well as active play, and' that it 15 best to choose clever childrén to start a new. ‘game, starting ft easy at first and gradually increasing its difficulty and letting children find out themselves the points _involved in the game. o Falr play, the manval points out, is group - struck pr:«;uuuy all the ther 'pg -stopped _in ‘conseguence e miuons: Shect-IbeiaLmorke carperitets, . plumbers,’ °elactricians, :u;‘ nm r:«en,mwm‘au. 3 ver's s [, Al putting :‘l- ldu,qvg—d.f’ dispute to k while all Tty : e e g s el pr ‘what he is ito. o ia to heve Thia buiiding extendea ove® an B, \ J develop self control. Many other indoor and playground games are suggested in the manual which 18 free for the asking. Not only does the government undertake to sug- gest these games but tells In its publi- cation how to play them. S.ugguu Steps to Halt Use of Profanity in U. S. . To say the use of profanity in the United States has grown to be a na- tional‘sin and that something should be done to stop this senseless and ‘offensive custom {s merely directing attention to the obvious. With no- intention of starfiig a movement or- of Interfering with the “personal liberty” of the cussers we are moved to remark oh the inter- estirig: fact that profanity varles in intensity in varlous parts of this ‘colntry. Among averagh men In the south, southwest and west, profanity is more ‘general than in the east. The south, southwest and west are newer than the east and are. closer to the plonsers Who were hirdened and vivid cussers. Maybe as. we get farther” away “from the- plon sHall have less of the sort OW 10 thelr ther friends, It < ST Eie Rook d | ported conbisted- in ) {tion of werk. | -General, Exeept | | BY ETHELBERT STEWART, |U. S. Commissioner of Labor Statistics. HE rtate of employment in for- . -cign. countries has on the whole shown -signs of' im- provement during the four jmonths ending April, 30. After al- lowing for seasonal fluctuations, impressionable age of their|" which generally depress the. labor| | market fu the winter months, condi- tions are better than in the months immediately preceding, and consid- | evably better than the corresponding months of last year. In only two or three of the coun- | tries for which>statistios.are avail- able ‘(Germany, Austria and perhaps Italy) are industrial. conditions be- coming worse. The better volume of { employment in ‘Great Britain leads logically to the conclusion that the A:u‘l:’r!ntynll.ta of world markets and trade, 'and therefore also of employ- ment, {s better than at any time since 1921." By the end of March, the occu- pation of the Ruhr district began 104 ghow Its effect upon cmployment in’ Germany by an tncrease in the nug}- ber of totally unemployed. and by greatly increased short-time opera- tion of plants., Upon other countries the Ruhr occupation had partly a favorable effect, as.it caused a de- crease In the competition of German goods in ghe home markets of these countries. In part. however, the ef- feot was unfavarobale, owing to the fallure of dellveries of semi-manu- factured materials and fuel from the Ruhr- and the unwillingness of Ger- man shippers to obtain export licenses from the French authorities. Summary ot Situation. . Briefly summarized; the situation in the individual countties at the latest date for ‘which data are available is as follow: 3 Great Britaln—An encoursging de- crease of unemployment during the | first quarter of 1923 has been onme of {the substantial signs of improving conditions for British ‘industry “and trade: During April émployrient ehowed 2 further improvement, the number of totally unemployed having fallen to 1:283,767. As compared with the same period in 1922, there are now.close to 600,000 fewer recipients oF the uriemployment dole. Condi- tions differ ‘greatly in the various in- dustry groups, but it is significant that among: the ten-leading British industries, the tan‘ue industry alone January. - Th rayement since ing group far outstrips all others in Zctual number of unemployed (188,458), but in per- ‘centage of idleness, the lhlp buflding industry (2.5 per cent of workers unemployéd) stands in a class by it. self. e other extreme rep; sented by coal mining, in which the t cent of unemployed (3.2°per cent) r: close to what miight be. called normal for the industry. ) Working Reduced Tiwge. - - Gerinany—The advancing season brought about Improved employment in March for agriculture and the hotel and restaurant trades omly. .In the bullding . trades unemployment was again widely prevalent, while in other industries; the situation as a whole remained unchanged from the preced- ing month: Generally, it may be stated that -the unn:&lnmmn;a ote" cossa- | time rather then in com The.stasnution ot‘n‘adsi;ri in the in Germany and ! Austria and Perhaps Italy. | occupied area continues, coal produc- tion having practically ceased, and the metalurgical, chemical and dye production being greatly cut down, that of the latter two by 50 per cent. All unemployment crises have been avoided by the institution of repair \ . The degree of depression is being | indicated by returns of the trade unions on total unemployment and short-time work. Returns for March from thirty-six, trade union federa- | tons, with a total membership of 15,117,611, showed that 1,237,356 mem- | bers, or'24.2 per cent, were working short time as agalnst 15.9 per cent in February. Of the total number of short-time workers, 20.6 per cent (27.7 in Febdbruary) lost between one and eight hours per week 28.5 per cent (26.8 in February) lost between nine and sixteen hours 40.1 per cent (33.3 in February) loet between seventeen and twenty-four hours, and-10.8 per cent (124 in_ Kebruary) lost more than twenty-four hours per week. The trade unions having the highest percentage of short-time tworkers were those of the shoemakers (6 per cent), textile workers (562.7 per cent), clothing workers (42.4 per cent), and tobacco workers (40.7 per cent). Returns from forty-one trade union federations covering 5,934,349 members showed that 340,711 of these or 5.7 per cent were totally unem- rloyed in March, as against 5.5 per cent in February. The official statistice as to the num- ber of unemployed persons in receipt of out-of-work donations are incom- plete for March, returns relating to the Rhine province not being avail- able. So far as they go, they show that on April 1 a total of 224,508 per- sons were wholly unemployed and re celved donations, as compared with 193,118 on March 1. A further 110,020 persons working short time were also assisted from public resources. Al- though the government dole by no means meets the minimum cost of living, the government nevertheless has disbursed about - 11,500,000,000 marks (n March for unemployment oles. Few in France are Idle. France—In France unemployment 15 almost nonexistent, the total num- ber of unemployed recelving besiefits from departmental or municipal un- employment funds being™ only_ 2,311 on May 24, 1923, as against 91,226 in March, 1921, when unemployment was. at_the highent level in France, Italy—Since the recent abolition of the ministry of labor by the Musso- 1inl government, no official unemploy- ment statistics have beenpublished by the Italian governmens. On Jan- usry 1, 1928, the number of totally unemployed iwas 381,968 and that of !uhort-time worke: 42,688. The | American = commercial ~attache at Rome reported under date of May 5 that {ndustry is on the whole rather dull. After a pronounced revival from industrial.depression during the | second half of 1823, unfavorable fea- turez have again become manifest inning of the year. While pression has set in, lim- ited domestic demand and the failure of export trade to cxpand satisfac- 1 torlly have checked industrial pro- [duction in many lines. \ Bolgiym—Unemployment is decreas- ing from month to month. In March 2.6 per cent of the reciplents of unemployment funds _were out of, work or working short time. The Netherlands—Although unem- loyment has somewhat decreased in and extension work, which is being ! ifinanced largely by the government. two have been won by the commission and six lost. ing In the circuit courts and one in the Supreme Court. This might lead 2 merchant ordered to cease and de- st whatever- he is doing to sav. 0. You can't tell me_to stop. The courts must do that. You have Jost the majority—a good majority at that —of the cases taken into court. Why jshouldn’t I take a chance and take mine into court?" But by far the majority who have received orders from the commission Four cases are pend- | to appear at a hearing to be given: at such and such a time before the commission. That afternoon he may* pick up his newspaper and find ak item stating that he has been for:. mally charged with doing such and such’ by the Federal Trade Commis-* sion of the United States of America, and Mr. “B.” putting down the paper. remarks: “This {s getting serious.” Asked to Sign Pledge. Here, it i found. that in the ma- jority of the cases, Mr. “B” will hot- foot it to the commlission and beg o be spared whatever is golng to hap-" pen to him. He will be spared, the' commission informs him, it he will’ sign his name on a dotted line below” an agreeent which stipulates that he’ must cease his objectionable actions! and desist forewith and immediately. And Mr. “B." in great haste, and trepis, dation, signs his name with a trem- bling hand. goqs back to his stofe and fires the efficiency expert who: told him to adopt that fool methoy in _the first place. £ But provided Mr. “B" still is un-f convinced he was wrong, he appears. with counsel at the hearing and ar- gues his case. He may convince thi! 1f so, gommission decides in_his favor the case is dropped. If not, Mr. is served with an order whicl teltw him to cease and desist his unfal methods, and at the same time the, newspapers are zll told that sud¥ an order has been issued. In thes majority of cases, Mr. “B” crawls inty his hole and pulls it in after him. O he may appeal his case &nd-let the courts decide. As pointed out above, these appeals are comparatively fex and far between. X Halted by an Injunction. Next fall the Supreme Court wilj, 3 obey them without further debate, for this reason: The commission ac- | knowledges that In every case i brought Into court there has been & nice 18&‘1 point at issue which has i been difficult for the commisslon jtself jto decide. Of the others, the com- i mission is sure of itself, and the lack | of appeals from the majority of its decisions would indicate the commis- sion’s ability to convince the respond- enta of its ability to judge between what is right and what is wrong in competition. Sl Justified by Record. The commission’s record has al-- ready shown the necessity which ‘brought it into existence. American business has come to look upon the commiesion as a fair, just friend, and a glance-at the number of cases de- cided by the commission is proof enough of its careful guardianship of the right of the public, for whose protection it was brought into being. A study of the commission’s method of dealing with business throws an interesting light on its success. Suppose a complaint against a mer- chant elleged to have adopted unfair methods. of competition originates with a rival in his busines: The complaint may be so insignificant that it is returned without action. Mr. “A," for instance, may charge Mr. “B* with having come into his store and given Mable, the cash girl, $1 more a week thdn hie had been paying her,4his _resulting in Mable's chan, ing her job from “A's" store to "B store. The commission writes Mr. 2 nice note, telling him to chase hin opment of the Swiss Jabor market that had set in during January con- tinued ‘during April. At the end of April tile number of totally unemployed ihad fallen to 35,512, the lowest figure since Janiary, 1921. The number of short-time workers decreased from 18,779 In March to 17,765 in April. + Scandinavian Countriés—Returnsre- celved from Denmark, Sweden ond Norway during decreasing . unemployment all three countries. Finland—Industrial conditions are satisfaetory and the employment sit- {uation is practically normal. Poland—The number of unemployed Thas decreased from 117,343 on April 1, to about 94,000 on May 1. The de- crease is almost entirely accounted for.by seasonal resumption of farm- ing and building activities. No &n- t change was observed’ as re. gards industrial development. While por may be sald to be small, the. month the number of working days in all in the number of totally unemployed ot "April . witnessed 'a reduction of branches of industry. . Growing Worse in Amstria. Auystria—The unemployed .in the Vienna industrial district numbered 102,000 on April 21, as against 100,000 on March 24, 1923, and 90,000 at the end ‘of December, 1922. Caechoslovakia — General business condlitions showed & further slight recovery during April. Total unem- ployment was .estimated at. 340,000 at the beginning of May, compared with 404,000 on March-1, and 420,000 at_the beginning of' the year. ‘Canada—The Dominion bureau ‘of statistics summariges the May em- ployment situation as-follows: “The volume of employmént at the begin- ning of May showed ‘a substantial increase, lp%roxlmn ly 32,000 per- sons having been added to the stafls’ of the 5,820 firms making employment returns.” The increases were mainly due to @ revival of actlvity in manu- tacturing and also in construction and May indicate steadily | decide on another important function of the Federal Trade Commission. If relates to a duty placed upon the commission in the act creating it. which charged it with gathering. compiling and publishing informatiot™ regarding the organization, business’ etc. of certain corpdrations or ae- soclation engaged in interstate com merce. Thiz duty was begun_ wheng the commiscion was created. It was 'Dlannod to conduet” fnquiries alon® four general liv | rounding _food, housing, four commission wa inio the eosts sur- fuel, clothing and cuitles of life. Th halted by an injuncs: | tion obtained by steel and coal ca: porations, who questipned the rigl of the commission to obtain its infor | mation on the grounds that they (the |coal end steel concerns) were en- gaged in intrastate and not interstatd’ | commerce. Pending - the Supreme | Court's decision, the commission has halted -all w along this general line. ' R Another important function the, {commlssion {a carrying out Involy jobtaining facts regarding the ecd: nomic trend in -certain industries, | these facts being ordered by con |gressional committees of inquiry. The \rommlsslon has encountéred little op« position, but great co-operation fr | business in general. chiefly,. perhap, because all facts furnished the com: mission are treated as strictly con- fidentlal and used only in the aggre- | gate, with no specific cases ever be- | coming public. 1 G.P.O.Is Teaching | Boys toBe Printers | After a lapse of thirty-five yearS the government printing office, whicl 18 unquestlonably the best equipped {~nd most suitable place in the United: | states for training in the variousw { branches of the allied printing trades; jliar resumed the training of appremss | tices. ¢ This was done not only on accoust cf the shortage of labor in the vi:. {rious crafts but also to obtain emg, ployees.properly trained in the spe clal requirements of the governmens, service. | Adequate courses were careful prepared for the instruction of ‘ap- prentices to qualify them as printers. pressmen, bookbinders, electrotypers stereotypers, and machinists, eacl course covering a period of four years |of intensive study and work. All the. apprentices were appointed through civil-service examination, and' fhe’ commigelon co-operated In every way to make a success of these examina.. tlons, which were held throughout the country on- a given date. On¥ hundred and sixty-two boys took tha; examination, and out of these, 11§ qualificd for appointment, Twenty taking the examination were mezsenger boys in the gover: ment printing office, who had becom inspired by “their close assoolatloh” with the work of the government printing office to learn a useful tradg., The Civil Service Commission gep- erously permitted the messenger boys to take a noncompetitive examinations that they might be appointed on passing without regard to their rel tive rating. This provides a suits able stepping stone for any ambitiouss ‘messenger boy who desires to better his <condition, and is especlally ads" vantageous to the government fm; making available for apprentic training a group of boys who alread: have considerable - knowldge of the: trade they may eloct to follow. .Anss other very helptul action on the part of the Civil Service' Commission wis , the labor situation has been|other outside industries. All manu-]its agreement that apprentices, am: lincreasing uncertain, owing to numer- ous large strikes. Tmprovement in Switserland, * Switsegland—The favorable devei- fulltrln1 industries except leather: showed increased activity. The only industties that shewed coni le {zeasonal losces in omployment, were logming and’coal mining, - satisfactorily completing their ‘foup, years' training, could be appointed Journeymen in thelr respective tradél without further efvil-service examey ination. * S