The San Francisco Call. Newspaper, February 10, 1907, Page 3

The San Francisco Sunday Call. : S THE GRAFTERS DAY CALL presents its witt nother fregment collection of antiques Mrs. Phoebe Hea of California. T ideality of the s« ime straagely the mest vivid that has come down te ge for the ounding nations, for several centuries aggregation of the ples under government w who ranged principal facter elections, angd them and the nobility POwér grew more gnd more as the goniue of gbévernment degenerated from patriotic legal! ad ministration into a the wealth of the earth that conquest poured into Rome. As the plebeians imbers y could alwars eor the pivotal point of a Roman as it has actually become i ir own cities and notably in neisco, was the conmtrol of the plebeians had numbers ‘Were poor, ahd ‘while ve large powers, such Iy be exercised through dele- nd representativas; and in a of society where bribery and in contact with help . have usurped the sense of civic duty and patriotism, the inevitable re- t t the representatives either s authority for their own benefit or become the creatures of those whe have mere power than they or de- ents upon these who hold the pub- and how the once vigor- » masses had become bot! ished and venal, it is necessary back to the times of the Gracchi, t was the eldest of the two broth- re who began the Roman revolution. s essential at this point to state &t the feuda! or communal tenure of ding gave to the chief merely, fe interest 3 the estate he might ! erit, but under him it also gave the same life interest in such part of the same estate that any individual of the . n or gens might have been born‘ into. ¥ The long and exhausting wars! age had driven most of thel the army, and thelr work slaves. As these were the perty of the individual, the stom ga ead of the estate exercised pers eignty over all the lana that s worked, and the condition, £ over a gene between the clients of there was responsible politica hise, that of the Enter the Gracchi the fiéld Ttaly were being tilled by slaves while the capital was swarming s pulatic means of = e evil state began ore the agrarian iries previously; n having such ssion. He be- B eform, was e! ed ne passed an agrs & enating both the senate- 2l and middle classes, and the people Aese P m when he again offered mself illegally for the tribuneship, e was killed in a riot Incited by the &ris at 1 T s brother Calus ame . had been one of of the land law. ¥ s had been set- tled n the lands, but the displace- ment of one set of inhabitants for another created as much discontent in one direction as-it had aileviated in the othe The commissioners became un- P ar and th law was quietly re- ealed. The people had veered around T gone over to the oligarchy. ajus was feared by them and so vexed ons that he turned 1e Senate, which he perceived e real source of the evils the commonwealth. The Judicis] functions of the state had be- torial monopoly. The cor- ruption of justice had become noto- rious, So Calus carried a law in the Assembl disabling Senators from sitting on juries of any kind, and ansferring judicial functions to the ites, as the midgle clas was ed. le restored the agrarian law, another that no Roman. citizen, or low, could be put to demth fithout legal trial. He endeared the laboring classes by enacting laws that public granaries should be maintained at the cost of the state, and that food should be sold at a very low rate to free citizens. This was afterward.en- larged to a free gift, and it ‘was the rotten spot that made real reform in Roman popular institutions impossible. The successful general who could keep the granaries full was sure of “popular support.” The vagabond population thus pro- vided with free food and free games in the arena. with nothing to interest it but “politics,” \ had no notion to leave the “snap” for settlements on lands in Spain or Africs, neither would it comsent to share its privileges with the citizens of other Italian cities, and sided with the patriclans, who surewdly accepted the precedent estab- ad scramble for [ FIRST RPOML ROOO ¥YZi AGO, TND YOW THLTR MAPBLE. | ; /) (i Wil A THEZR SPIRIZS |l 70Q ~ HAVE ]l //,,;j»,,.. COML” 70 e - cauroRY )i i P j 7)) . & . g R T ‘\\‘.\.‘.‘.\\ R T N < < middle classes, and to save him sffarad to make him second in commsnd im Gaul. Pompey dissuaded him from sc- cepting. Clodius influenced the assem- bly to pass a law to the effect that any person who had put a Roman citi- zen to death without appeal had vi lated the comstitution, Cicero fled to Sfeily, his property was conflscated, his country houses destroyed and the site of his palace in Rome dedicated to the goddess of liberty. Among the acts of Clodius was one taking power from the Sacred College to alter the calendar. Caesar's time in Gaul was for ten years, but by several months from the last he * Senate reduced it nearly nine. He i y was then to come home. unattended, >~ and if he wished might stand for t} i i {" eonsula ad lent him twe / 'Il legions. uested Caesar to \/ ”" return, which was promptly done. Pom- \/ " pretending to get ready for a new s, campaign ir Asia, was raising new *f \\ T ¥ legions in Italy, which he held in con- \’/ ) 3 ; venient camps within reach of Rome, Th opened upon the — 7 eSS 7, Senate, now fealing strong enoug gular party with jts usual feroclty, and the tribunes were banished and fled to Caesar. Caesar attempted a compromise, and would disband his legions if Pompey would do the same, but Pompey was deter- mined to re-enact the part of Sulla, and refused. The Senators were making up lists of wealthy citizens of Rome and Italy whom they could proscribe, as- sassinate and confiscate their property. All compromise was disdained. Caesar refused to trust himself in Rome und these conditions, and the Senate >OCrzzxZ - torted by cteating him an outlaw and eonfiscated his estates. Caesar crossed Italy and Spain, Crassus was to have the Rubicon, city after city surrendered” Asfa. As Consul Caesar passed the to him, and the citizens hailed him as agrarian law and Pémpey’s disbanded the liberator of Italy. Large numbers Soldiers and great numbers of poor cit- of Pompey's soldiers deserted, and isems of Rome and other Italian cities Pompey, seeing he would surely be were. colonized on the public lands. crushed, abandoned Rome with sush Cragsus went to Asia, where his army Jegfons as he could Influence and was_apnihilated at Carrhea, near the crossed the Adriatic into Thessaly, i Ruphrates, and hlm-a‘l,t k“z‘:ed' C;leu; where he was followed by the gdisaf- . proceeded to Gaul. where he remained focted Senator: 7'/292'%%‘5 & for ten years. His campalgns are the Caesar entersd Romsé, secured the overwhelmingly defeated Caius and hi§ ”} first of classics. He left Gaul not only fynds in the treasury, which the Sen- pariy, and he was killed in a riot, as Rt Lot N i G subjugated but contented. ators in their pafic had forgotten te his brother had been. f G & The Second Triumvirate had reduced pemgve, and reorganized the adminis- Marius was the next great figure In the Senate to a mere municipa¥ body. tration, restoring the authority of the the evolution. He wasa plebefan, and It was furious but imbecile. Tt Was trihunes and the consular courts. FHe a self-made man. He reorganized the o busy in making edicts for thanksgiv- gollowed Pompey into Thessaly, army by paying. sold|end} 1}95;:}:: pobular party. All wire Xilled aat ings for Caesar's v(ctl:rl((l, and;‘t:ufi:{ after several months of maneuvering, lll‘l:y. wm} clothing &nd “ equip! ted their property confiscated. Tt s at %o In hatehing dark-lantern c l;l“_ in which he suffered one defeat, am- furnished by the state. “This' separat cles with Gaulish and German c! nihilated the army of Pompey at Phar- the army from the -ivil power, and g;“ Juncture "‘i‘oc‘““'- ""‘:‘”Y and tains for ,Caesar's destruction. Pom- gop ™20 "5 STY OF TomPey S8 Fhers henceforth Rome was to be governed Cicero appear. Rome was at the mercy pey was still faithtul to Caesar. Cicero . "yijieq in Egypt. whither he had by any agent the army would obey. gf“thev:lizn;clzi -#."’“" L;Imu :r:d was still making speeches in the Sen- fled. The remnants of the senatorisl Marius as leader of the popular nn‘)tl.v w‘;.‘ohl;‘;;"’d. R s PODUINL DETEY, ate lauding the triumvirs and engaging pocie 1o tormed in North Africa. but was seven times e‘elmmfc‘l,lnm‘-l“d 10; ¢ in quiet conspiracies with other Sena- were defeated at Thapsus. A year later T e I g ine Caesar, Pompey and Cicero ek forthels Aue e in‘ a dying effort they reorgamized in Spain, thilated by Caesa Senators to take an oath to executs Caesar was born at Roms in the year The Roman Abe Ruef - at un“.:tt z:;:‘:n'nnll:.:l “vpu-.. . their laws under penalty of fine and 300 B. C. At the aga+of 16 he married Clodius was a profligate Roman pa- expulsion. One refused. He was mal- Cornelia, the daughter of Cinna, and trician who had nt s large patri- em—pnjz Caesar treated and expelled from the ¢ity. both by his connection with Marius mony in the .xcc:-’:. of his time. He R €4 by What follows is a dredry recital and Cinna he became alifed to the pop- . e had been courting the people and had _ He reorganized the state upon the of bioody civil wars. Marjus as leader ular party. Sulla proposed that he 8 ¥ received their confidence. His course Dasis of its ancient conmsiitution, en- of the popular party, and Sulla, leader givorce Cornelia, break his assoclations l.d' G > g Senators, and their Srafting reforms made evident by the of the aristocratic party, took turns in with the democracy and marry some’ L ¥ iy £ ¥y of i as P . “me'fi, , o » who had fellowe ompey to essal. rose for the privileges of Roman refused. Sulla tried coerolon and de. Cicero was born. at Arplnum of a (w“tlch‘_l leanings from thé inatitutions popular. Caésar kept him well supplied lished. and 2t the following election cutions had only made him more ¢entury of civil distraction. making bad worse. The Italian people lady he himself ‘woyld provide, Caesar omai n unwillingly, returned to Rome after citizens, but were suppressed by & co- prived Caesar of his priesthood, took family of ‘country gentlemen.” His Sulla had bull‘l up, Pvn‘::wi Cicero zln'l :"::':m‘:‘g::’;' ‘::‘f: b::k“:\,m'::;'c’u;s Pharsalia. Caesar was entirely mag- alition of the Roman masses with the his wife's dowry from him and con- eerly training was lterary snd he was '‘Crassus wer by the W win “gang.” Caesar and Pompev DNanimous. Such of the old senaterial aristocrats, both bert upon maintain- ficated the estate inherited from his prepared for an advocate. Being com- &archy, while S e was roundly Winked at his methods nd supported ETOUD as would accept be restored te ing their exclusive privileges. With father. This producing no effect, a Delied by Roman iaw to enter the army _ ha = % their functions. Many of his pelitical the Senate in full comtrol. the tribu- price was set upon his head and: he served under Sulla’ fn the Tfalign »mnnm- Cassar was u‘,‘,':; e '?’ ?h': ’:9":1*1:? :5‘1.?":%“.‘:'."’-’:“«:.':: éuemics wers put inte xalted pout nate was abolished, Marlus was exiled, he fled into conceslment. The Colloes campalgn. AL s ag8 of 38 e pledded froog, He had S Tom fo the small policicians of every city, Hons, aud he scemed actusted with & and all law-making power taken from of Vestal Virgins interceded and his his first casé. in_prosecuting Verres, g shhe® HE had wan Tepm i 1n the 1o 'shoft; ne wes. the Abe Bast i dincare desire 'to end ‘the distsmctishs the Assembly. Sulla goesto Asia. Fhe pardon was retuctantly granted. Who_was one of Sulla's ts in the eait. He had w " and " had Roman politics. Clearo Bated him with Which had rent the commonwealth. The scene changes. The Senaté left With- ~ Pompey had seen service with Marius Gre&cs and and the gr free- forum and In the B e e Rtk ot o ) ches Semate contented itself with passing out an army fs confronted by the and Sulla in Africa and was one of the booter of his age. He had sent six Warmly advocated the appolntment of a cused Mim of the vilsst practices fulsome resolutions of praise of Castar Italians, who demand their rights, and favored lieutenants of Sulla in his vessel loads of plunder to Romé with Pompey to his TUoDIe Than a8 Cidure at the Sate HEia Was ndeoce: OBe transiated him 1ntos §O& when they come to Rome to Vote are campaign against Mithridates, and for which to bribe the Senate. He fled Became the idol of B R s Pormey. e o proposed that every woman in Ra cut down by the thousands. Marius. his success in pursuing the remusnis out walUng, for trial epd.qied in chulvmést BF & ity into. the Cunsar, A% aat ConEIUAGY 1o Bé Hia of Should be Dlaced at his disposal Am- returned from exile at the head of an of the popular army in Siolly and. At eilles. 3 . T TEREED 6 AR A oy BB aha made Clodius the Instrument Other that he be givén the crown. b T ol B D o e R L g L el (BE Gt by u?:""';..‘:“’%i"fifi":':%&' Bl g SR Tl b el s B T i X B S e SHv indraced DAt thow e D af and a thousan e om- Tassus, £ y . e « ;:?nl:\.{ 2;‘3'!‘,'!:"5:::““! altar. The i"-‘:i 0?"““5“"::; "“H‘!flfi,}n :::;, :J:-t. the leader of money lenders and brought into courf, Caesar complain- must be made & tribune, but being a tended had r 5 & - ligible; so he Popular. Under its laudations the Sen- G arm: ocra z owner -of thousands of slaves Ing and Cicero defending the cause of patricidn he was not e 1a ity Vimenw Gntil ol wpen S ota iciarione A Kalk. reea gty fg S The Popaier SRilled Th the arts, and Plutarch states the dnformers nd- it os te abandcmd tie pdtitcing Sidar, Tas LS mime of Byutas o chatere the pait with his army. = The younger Marlus party, was elected Consul, when he re: fhet the grester Dart of Rome came In the Senste Who had Inspiréd. them. adopted ¥ itizn nd was thos elocing Ulace with the ancient stery of Nberty, yas i Commend of the bpopular stored the tribunes with their anclent into bis hends. He was an sccoms The Second Triumvirate bt dpegi il o g S laid for his assas- < ¢ g ribunate. Among his first acts the comspiracy was totally defeated und . ‘This made him lished orator and wielded great in- 4 A 5 7 . to the t B nation. -~ Rumtrs Bud Tenthes :g:ce:/-l‘;:‘ to‘t“l:ox:e m‘:d eS::l‘lt enter:; 2:;“1: was rewarded hyv;:{n:"x’:::: :mfl with the common people. When Pompey M:fl 2 b‘n‘.mt stshatia ;:; b lnq‘:l.ry m: Wheetl ex.::‘ ':“‘ in ‘s great sytdch, 4N of to wreak a terrible vengeance. Lists commander of all the Roman armies, candidate for~ :«’:‘“‘mhe _Spread them from the Senate, and, gmfl RE s 4 ere wm."lld tion of Caesar, &M w were made with the names of every mdwhmheunrudlrouhhbrfln‘fi a feast of 10. tables and dousted i 4 “at, bably was anxlous to attach liim to nd the rest of Senate as & - Ign in Asfs wa man in grain for three months. J . was to - fi‘!!".'fi;&;'éfi"’.i‘:" -;tl!::&h :;nln:’\‘x. the. ou‘::.n:v::ll:‘!“ il ’?m%,l‘fijc-am-orsm time show !:‘m Consul, ¥ was Il s volicy T s MSates: with (88 (Continued en Next Raga)