The San Francisco Call. Newspaper, July 24, 1904, Page 14

14 THE SAN FRANCISCO SUNDAY CALL. E & L —~ 5 v E e dozen or eight and then buy one or kool and two as you need them. car t And now hold vour breath! If you nd and wisely every ar- ¥ profit by ¥ named will fit in the up- m of the case, and you can X et stand in its own place, ough it must be admitted that the . itie buckle will no in the original hole. . - vs scem to be a difficult 13 solve. There is no denying g < a decided rest to take : s em ¢ wen they are hot and dusty r 1 slin into a cool slipper, and this can d if you are willing to . Turkish shoe, that is so 1 with zirl who makes ty for her boudoir negligees. they are coaxed a trifle. Any soft waist nd ¢ 1%6 iidtpns 1 the best for comfort of muil or silk will complete your out- ar the four-button rus- fit, and you can wear it any place and e s th not look smart at any time. : stumes are 1 for Pongee suits are another boon to the this T A r enameled kid woman who travels in a suit case, for . 1 IS with a y sole and a low, they, too, are soft and some of them is fit, and looks better for gen- sare very stylish and chic, not to men- t hing else on the tion delightfully cool. And this is the way you can pack - ) traveling your baby trunk. For instance, say T ar A delusion, that your nobby traveling suit is gray most serviceable and right € fit forhome or even tan. (et a red hat and a red the bargain. And they do you aboard the silk petticoat and you have one costume such a multitude o : . article of dust and dirt iplete and one that you need not be e g - tries its level best to settle d of in the bargain. And that heart’s « d to show to the best of ils you wear, mind vou. side natives instead a mnondescript Your pongee shirt walist suit should and ten mi ¢ ' rvic ay, for both are be trimmed with red. A red border fully rumplec al hard wear about the skirt, red pipings on the fails to make a are entirely too Wwaist and a soft red collar and tle that Cihar thn - : 5 h 4 s they wrinkie is buttoned down under fetching straps. scarcely ever The touch of color adds wonderfully to \ey have made the the dull tan, ally when the short _ E : hotel flatiron, full skirt swings lightly about and gives weight is nil S > e varting with both silver one tantalizing glimpses of red ruffles, - . % trim ankles and neat boots. 3 jres of soft, shim- The other gown may be one of two— e 8 Y not) feel Bo badly the black tafféta or a soft black riets . ¥ : . e cokion On% % And this is the scheme that one enonah y be worn erprising girl carried out. She made Fast tra p # o and, lo @ separate demi-train flounce and fin- an abundance % - soing ished it with three small ruffles so that most woefully, . it had a pretty fluffy look. But the top done 8 e X was where she d ved her ingenuity. You can't s s . 2 id make a fright of Jill. But one The band fastened on the petticoat just you are mot {1 e isted upon, and for above the knees with safety hooks and plece of abeo st excellent reasons—see that ¢ves and she possessed both a long silk your dollars was & h d neck are finished in the lining and a gay vetticoat. count their = . 4 oh AEAcE ARt afvie The w made with elbow sleeves, has so infestec t 2 = ) ol Ehat Hrttan s ) of course, lined with the same but a case g n 2 < ? vlace treasure indeed. They ta, so that in a twinkling of an eye ahother e ane neing t neat and trim-appearing, She could do a bit of hooking and be it and t as little as pos Srna ) t saving to the waist, for ariayed like Solomon in all his glory. sible G jarticular you may be If you Miss-Lady-that-travels-alone 5Py AR ¢ but they to keen a silk collar decide to follow out her scheme, invest fair and are ne - . and there is no in a handsome lace scarf, for it will an- est zgives such an untidy swer a dozen and one purposes, Your ol " T iled collars or linen. Y hat cannot be neat and trim for o stockings t ons certainly are comfort- traveling and betrimmed and befeath- 1 . but they are en- €red for dress occasions at one and the f i ensive if your pocketbook Same time, but you can throw the scarf v Dbl Do s ) 1. To be sure, top collars Over it carelessly and catch the ends G S saving, but as one is not at the back, or you can have a mil- u B thout the other these days - drape it for you that you can comfortabl T , s betier policy to invest in-plain Pit it in place, but either way it will out of the bustle and d can e 8 1 . They are hemstitched! and ccnvert your plain hat into quite an rest and sleep in pea dainty and sweet when fresh, and elegant affair. Other than this, such Breakfast, to t 1ajorit Ameri- Nig ut 5 cents to send them to a scarf is not only pretty, but is de- cans, is not wh d to be, so if v there can scarcely be an cidedly comfortable for head and neck vou do net fee task of having them in other than wear, and It does not occupy enough running out to aleohol 0 | e th condition. Silk ties to match space to even mention. lamp and inves aleohot gl h a rib- u aists are good, but the best « Gloves are always a necessity, but it and can have and tty but ands the ravages of the G not foilow that you must carry ithout the say ) 2 1 b half as well as linen; so you may alo=g a supply, though, to be sure, one ng of sav tw nts or 1 £ 0 pa ur y and take your choice. r of white & A pair of long black . > . You may consider saving such “ ? e his year smart silk suits are so very ones and a stout pair for every day PHOTOS B STANTORDASTUDIO r——— QUITIT/ LMPORIUM all plece ofym woeth the wing bliged that one made of black taffeta usage do not take up much room, but while, but when th ens of Handker- swer for a dress-up gown. when every inch counts, the corners are attractions it amounts to this— s 1 ate a vleated skirt with a very apt to be well filled and when that the you save the more you may ar 1d up into a sur- is the case one pair of gloves can grow see and it is presumed that your trip nee a 1 and the wrinkles and swell until, they are amazingly But one thing more and your outfit combination {s undeniably the best to amiss and you can wear it over a suit will be taken for that purpose and that be t ' bligingly fall out if large. will be complete. A skirt and jacket travel in, but an ulster never comes in most easily. Dark silk ones are the alone R sl - ———e - = — . 2 i»g A i levers the action of the piston is com- but frequently treated for adj_ustmenL ::hb‘n;;\;n‘ ]\‘7’ ixlv‘~."’n ai 1 hflm \anwz E i E ]_‘l y < . RP D municated to a palr of vertical rud- It is therefore made so that it can be [he (orpeds as (he shot. A chs xge of < i ders. Before launching the torpedo readily removed from the torpedo. It out the torpedo. In Armstrong tube . 5 T e e the clock spring is wound up by hand, is generally kept in a little box and g jiher cordite or compressed air can be P R R R A R R S S e R L ST mew ~—¥F which action also locks the gyroscope MOst ingenious appliances are pro- yged. Whitet torpedoes, which is literally the brain of the tor- one foot high and one foot broad. an Austrian engineer named M. Orby Wheel in a certain plane. When the Vided for adjusting it. When in the All the Japanese ships above 9000 te es of de- D¢ and the tail. Indeed, the torpe- The balance chamber was in the tovnvent ¢k 2 hich the torpedo is launched a lever is thrown torpedo the “gyro” finds its place in tons are fitted with the Armstrong sub- # t > 18 by no means unlike & human grst gays of the torpedo ‘often caiiol Aotediiec I M Un Y over, an act which admits the air from the after body. merged foraedo tubes,-and the Rus- 3 body, for in addition to its brain it has ~" gyroscope could be made practicable. cer- home. rceful in ections, Ives. ypes of tor- rd dimensions diameter of 16 feet var torpedo torpedoes hav- f 14 inches and a length carry ache The Russian torpe- ter of 15 inches and is ships-of-war and wea- improvements are being con- Whitehead torpe- eless experiments combined application of untiring ener- have made the utiful and marvelo weapon that it is. The im- provements ar the direction of speed and pedo’s range of ac- tion. The speed chiefly depends upon the pres at which the torpedo can, in its sel, carry the compressed alr w used for propelling it through the water. Until quite recently e did not exceed 100 atmos- t 1500 pounds per square but Messrs. Whitehead have produced a mew torpedo in which is to be no less than about s per square inch. rrpedo is constructed in the fol- arts: The head, which incloses time the charge of gun cotton ar high explosive; the air cham- , which hout eight feet long: the alance chamber, for regulating ‘he depth at which the torpedo travels: the engine room, the after part of which now contains the wonderful gyroscope, inch) now its lungs in the shape of the air cham- ber and its heart in the form of the en- room. And very tough lungs they and a very stout heart it is, for the little engines develop no less than 45 horsepower. are, The charge of explosive in the head >d a good deal with different or makes of torpedoes, but never been less than 125 pounds or more than 180 pounds. The lesser charge would probabiy either disable or sink a ship, however large; while the greater charge would, if properly exploded, almost certainly cause her to sink at once. The charge is fired by a percussion arrangement which is afe” until the torpedo has traveled for a certain dis- tance. The violent blow with which the point of the torpedo would strike essel is enough to fire the primer and charge by means of a simple rod or striker impinging on a detonator. The safety gear to prevent a prema- ture explosion only consists of a screw nut on the striker, which is fitted with small blades like a screw propeller, which screw back the nut as the tor- pedo passes through the water, and so allow the striker to have play enough to strike the detonator. The air chamber is made from a steel forging; its walls are three- eighths of an inch thick, and after having been machined as a hollow cylinder the ends are screwed'in and soldered to make them air tight. The forgings for these chambers have to be most carefully made, and have to pass elaborate tests. The capacity of the air chamber for an eighteen-inch torpedo is about tén cubic feet, but for the latest 150 atmosphere torpedo this capacity has been increased to about eleven cubic feet. In other words, the process of charging an air chamber of ten cubic feet to 100 atmospheres means that all the air in a,room ten feet long, ten feet oad and ten feet high is pressed in 3 vessel ten feet long, » the “secret” chamber because Mr. Whitehead only allowed the secrets of its mechanism to be explained to those who signed a paper promising not to divulge what they learned. The secret is now so well known that it is no breach of confidence to ex- plain that the mechanism consists of a combination of hydrostatic valve and pendulum which controls horizon- tal rudders in the tail of the torpedo. The hydrostatic valve is supported by springs against the pressure of water due to the depth at which the torpedo is traveling, so that the depth can be regulated by increasing or dimin- ishing the compression of the springs. With a fast-running torpedo the Pressure on the rudders themselves is s0 considerable as to render it neces- sary to use an engine to work them. The balance chamber combination of hydrostatic valve and pendulum, there- fore, operates a small valve in a servo- motor engine, the piston of which moves in obedience to the valve, and in its turn moves the horizontal rud- ders. The servo-motor is worked by compressed air, and is to the torpedo what steam steering gear. is to a steamer. The engines are triple-cyl- inder, single-acting, they runm,at about 1200 revolutions a minute and develop about 45 horsepower. 3 The Whitehead torpedo could be ad- justed to run a fairly straight course from a fixed launching apparatus; but it was not very reliable under the con- ditions which must prevail in warfare, when it has to be fired from a moving vessel. Therefore, until recently, it was generally considered that 400 yards would be about the correct range at which to discharge a torpedo against an enemy. Under these circumstances there is but slight wonder that up till the present war very little execution has been done with torpedoes. The in- vention of the gyroscope, however, completely altered matters. A gyro- scope for steering torpedoes was sev- eral times proposed, but it was left to So perfect is the “gyro” mow that if a torpedo be launched in a certain di- rection it will maintain that direction to the end of its run. It is this little instrument which has made long-range firing with torpedoes practicable. The gyroscope is to the torpedo what the flywheel is to a watch. It consists of a wheel about four and a half inches in diameter, with a heavy peripher: This wheel can be engaged with mechanism attached to a strong clock spring. The wheel is in a gim- bal frame, and on the frame is a small lever which controls a tiny air valve. The air valve can admit pressure to one side or the other of a piston in a cylinder, and by suitable rods and the air chamber to the main engines, and at the same time releases the clock spring mechanism. This sets the gyroscope spinning at a very high speed, and, having done so, releases it, so that it is left spinning freely. It will therefore resist any motion tend- ing to change the plane in which it is spinning. If the torpedo swerves to the right or left the little air valve opens in the direction necessary to move over the vertical rudder to cor- rect the deflection. It is only when the torpedo has assumed the direc- tion in which it lay immediately be- fore launching that the vertical rud- ders come “amidships.” The “gyro” is a delicate instrument and has to be not only carefully kept So ' much for the torpedo and its mechanism. LB us now look at the means for launching it. All modern ships of considerable size are fitted with submerged torpedo tubes—in other words, launching appa- ratus below the water line. The two best known systems are those of the British Admiralty pattern and the Armstrong pattern. Both systems are kept as, secret as possible, but it may be said that the principal difference is that in the Admiralty tube the bar or shield is run out before firing the tor- pedo and run in after firing, while in the Armstrong tube the torpedo and shield go out together and the shield returns automatically as soon as the torpedo has gone. In the Admiralty tube the torpedo is ejected by compressed air—that is, the sians also employ this tube. Small v such as torpedo-boat destroyers rped , are much too small to carry ed torpedo tubes, so they are provided with “above-water” tubes. These are very simple apparatus, consisting of a smooth tube into which the torpedo is placed and from which it is ejected again by means of either compressed air or cordite, usually the latfer. The torpedo is shot out into the air and falls into the water, where it quickly picks uy its denth under the influence of the balance mechanism and horizon- tal rudders, and its direction from the gyroscope and vertical rudders None of the torpedoes now being used in the Far East are of the 150 atmos- phere pattern, but they are all fitted with gyrosea are capable of ranging 2000 y :__NEUTRAL TO N a beautiful and romantic location I four miles south of the city of Bed- ford, Ind., there is a tract of 782 acres that is the only piece of neu- tral ground on the American continent, or, more properly, the Western Hemis- phere. It is protected by the interna- tional treaty against the tread of hos- tile feet. It is a perpetual sanctuary against the invading armies of forty- two nations under the sacred treaty of Geneva. Dr. Joseph Gardner of Bedford, Ind., donated the tract of land to Clara Barton for the Red Cross. The gift was accepted by Miss Barton in the name of the Red Cross Society of the World, and immediate steps were taken to secure the passage cf proper laws by Congress to forever secure the magnificent gift to the uses and pur- poses desired by the donor and Miss Barton. Forty-one nations besides the United States joined in ratifying the terms of the treaty at Geneva, which forever es- ALL NATIONS | tablishes the tract as exempt from war and secures the institutions to be founded there from any form of in- vaslon whatever. In return for this international action the Red Cross, true to its purpose, will prepare the place for such possible emergencies as may arise in the future of nations. Primarily the place will not be set over exclu- sively for the establishment of hospi- tals to care for wounded soldiers, but will also embody a large plan to secure to Red Cross workers from every quar- ter of the world a permanent home to which they may retire to be cared for during the remainder of their lives, out of the funds of the Red Cross Society of the world. In donating the tract to the Red Cross Dr. Gardner suggested that it would make an admirable location foir the American storehotses, invalid homes, hospitals and nurse school supply depot of the Red Cross in this country. This suggestion has been approved by the Red Cross officials. It is abundantly supplied with the purest water and numerous streams ripple among the hills. Its perfect drainage, high location and sufficient transportation facilities make it an ideal place for extensive public insti- tutions. Hospitals and homes for in- firm and unfortunate nurses will be established by the Red Cross and the officials of the society who have viev ed the place declare that no. better site could be obtained anywhere for such purposes. The tract will contain many build- ings when the plans are fully carrisd out, for, besides the hospitals, cottage homes for nurses and storechouses, there will be a fireproof building, in which will be stored all the trophies, keepsakes and souvenirs presented to the Red Cross in all parts of the world. Dr. Gardner presented the tract of land to the Red Cross as a “thank of- fering to humanity.” At present the tract is under the charge and superintendency of Dr. Gardner, who has been selected by the Red Cross for that station. There are a village, schooihouse, postoffice and railroad station on the farm, and Dr. Gardner employs a large force in beautifying and improving the place. The large residence, which is situated cn the highest hill, from which a mag nificent view is spread, is made to ex- press its acquired character of Red Cross Home. It bears upon magy of its angles red crosses, embellished with a silver and gold background. Dr. and Mrs. Sardner have earned a reputation in Red Cross work, both being officers in the American society. General Shafter witnesses that Mrs Gardper was the only woman, except Clara Barton, who was on the firing line before Santiago, and she is re- membered by every soldier of that bat- tle as the woman who furnished him with food and many comforts while Miss Barton was journeying back to the coast for supplies. Mrs. Gardner nursed General Harry L. Egbert on the firing line at Santiago. He was later killed in the Philippines.