The San Francisco Call. Newspaper, April 10, 1904, Page 14

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HE - SAN - FRANCISCO - SUNDAY CALL. an ar < stomach.” the R aders are the ies won the ltar ex- and none than United »m the flerent fr ically, the that they rganization the some- hem victorious wiil K v serably, and ho ileted rding ntal baggage The supplies not which car rear whe manding plies be never religious The emblems ied two subdivi and regimental man for div each the trains for fr two to r day cording service to which y he ess being car- ried for the artillery and infantry than for the cs It reckoned that fresh suppl uld alw be obtain- able from rroun ntry or along the line unications with- in the six or eight The impos: ys allowed good one, but t that the trani t broke down miser- ble t ble and corn yortant war waged by the last century. The the past indicates that ssacks are_the ¢ body of Rus- liers who are mobile and well a campaign. They are mobile always have large num- »ften two for each » well fed because of their every during nce of horse: freely out of iring a campaign the defects of the and commissariat nd )bliged to do so even maneuvers xamvle was set by Skobeleff, s greatest genezal of ‘modern mes, during the Russo-Turkish war. X as a rich man and every ruble was at the disnosal of s rs when they needed it. arrapgements for feed- n and caring for the sick and wn utterly, and ays putting his hand h that campaiga spent 15,000 rublcs er to take a number Odessa for treat- from th sums he ex- vered vraised to toward frectedly to thes his gener replied un and men, the least I to spend a few thousand r o help them in thair That t animates most officers in army to-day. General General Grodekoff and Ru officers trained under Skobeleff followed his example. in. the have on his men to remedy shortcomings. It is Lo be feared t “graft” has a great deal to do with those shortcoming Military cxperts say that only a small proportion of Russian officers possess the abi with emer- to cope 2 WozsoN FrRmI, gencies and make orderly and efficient arrangements for the welfare of an army. The military attache at the American legation at St. Petersburg served with the Russian forces in the Turkish war. He formed a very poor opinign of the Russian officers’ ca- pacity in those respects, for he wrote at the time: “If 40,000 are suddenly thrown on their hands, as at the sur- renderi of Plevna, no better expedient presents itself than to herd them out in the snow in great flocks like sheep, and let three davs pass before they get anything to eat; and twelve da be- fore measures are perfected for march- ing them to the Danube, only twenty miles off—th> prisoners meanwhile perishing by hundreds every night. prisoners O THE [ TIECH. Captaun Archibald Jauames. “If a bridge forming part of the main line of communication of a great army is constructed across a large river, one end of it leading into a miserable little town with streets so narrow that two vehicles cannot pass, you do not find the lines of opposing travel so clearly marked that there can be no divergence from them, and men stationed at every corner to com- pel vehicles to take a certain direction, but you see two long lines of small supply wagons gradually approaching each other until they become jammed and blocked in the middle of the town. Several hours or even a day or more are occupied in unloading a half a mile of wagons and dragging them out backward in order to reopen the com- munication. These are things which do not occur during the first days or weeks, but throughout a whole campaign of months.” These defects are, however, largely offset by the patient endurance of the Russian soldier, born of his doglike loyalty to the Czar. The American military attache at Plevna was im- pressed by that quality. “When his battles result in defeats, when his biscuits are full of maggots, when his clothes are shabby, when his boots drop to pieces, the Russian sol- dier,” he said, “reasons it all out slowly and can only come to the con- clusion, so pafhetic in its simple faith, ‘Ah, if the Czar only knew! Every one within his reach he freely dis- cusses, criticizes and blames; he half suspects that his generals may be fools, and he is sure that the commis- saries are rascals; but no thought of censure ever crosses his mind against the Czar.” It is hardly necessary to point out the value of his mental attitude as a military asset. The Russian soldiers appear, as a general rule, to lack the ability to “shift for themselves” in matters of transport and commissariat. If their elaborate system of baggage trains breaks down, as it may well do under the strain of hard campaign, they are utterly a loss—unless they are Co sacks, Kalmucks or Turcomans, ac- customed from boyhood to picking up their meals wherever and whenever they can find them. The Japanese, on the contrary, showed during their war with China a remarkable ability to create their transport and commissariat apparently out of nothing as they went along. They did not trouble much about bag- gage trai they had them, to be sure, well supplied and well organized, but the troops moved so quickly that they were out of -touch with their wagons half the time. They traveled in the lightest possible order and picked up any old native carts or mules or cool- ies they chanced to meet, making them serve the necessities of the moment, and then letting them go and getting others farther on. The only drawback of this system was that, as the campaign advanced, the armies became clogged by large numbers of coolies and other camp fol- lowers, who created a great deal of trouble and committed excesses which were wyongfully charged to the reg- ular troops. Some of the Japanese commanders adopted a short way with noxious persons, driving them out of the army on pain of death as soon as their services were Over. After the war it was pretty generally agreed that no similar nuisance should be tol- erated in another campaign. During the advance to the relief of the besieged legations at Peking the Japanese commissary was, by common agreement of the forelgn officers, bet- ter than that of any of the Eurvpean troops; and the Japanese soldiers showed a genius for foraging and ac- commodating their appetites to the food available in the conutry. Instead of using heavy wagons liable to be bogged or to tire out the horses, the Japanese had a great number of light hand carts—much like the push carts of the Italians in New York and other American cities. These carts are drawn by coolies or by the soldiers themselves, and they were so lightly laden that they interfered little, if at all, with the mobility of the force. The horse and mule carts were of the small- est type and lightly built. Spare anl- mals were made to carry their own fodder, and that of the other animals as well. These measures were rendered neces- sary by the smallness and weakness of the Japanese horses, which are abput the scrawniest animals of their kind. The Russians, on the contrary, are well supplied with large, -strong, well-bred horses. Horse breeding on an immense scale was brought to a high pitch of success in Russia by the late Count Orloff, and the type of horse used in the Russian army to-day is mainly that which is known as the “Orloff horse.” The newly broken horses of the steppes are also used to a considerable extent, especially by the Cossacks and the Turkestan contingents. In the Turcoman campaigns in Cen- tral Asia camels were employed, but they are hardly ever used to-day by Russian troops. Thousands of dogs are pressed into service, however, mainly for transporting soldiers and supplies in sledges across Lake Baikal. In the present campaign the Mikado’s fighting man is carrying a great deal more food with him than his Russian ary. Against the latter's two s’ ratioms, he carries two cooked rations of e in addition to six emer- gency rations. These are contained in an aluminum mess pan, and as the rice has been boiled and dried in the sun the entire weight is trifling. It is commonly supvosed that Japanese soldier lives entirely on and dried fish, but such is not fact. He ¢ live, and fight well, on that spare. diet if necessary, but he is given meat and other sustaining foods whenever practicable, as well as these ob the rice the beer or “sake.” Several years ago a military commission was appointed by the Mikado to inquire why the phy- sique of the Japanese troops was in ferior to that of the British, German and other armi The commission came to the conclusion that beef and beer helped to build up the stalwart frames of Occidental fighting men, and since then beef and beer have been included in the diet scale of the Japanese army. It would appear from recent re- ports that the food arrangements of the Japanese forces now in the field re excellent. According to one state- ment, each infantry unit has a cylin- drical stove and detachable kettle cap-~ able of cooking enough rice to furnish one meal for 100 men. Nine such stoves and kettles are used for cook- ing for a battalion. Boxes containing half-pound cans of meat are carried by four horses for each battalion. The question of water supply has been carefully considered, doubtless owing to the fact that the sickness among the Japanese troops in the Peking ex- pedition consisted almost entirely of typhoid fever. Each unit carries a quantity of sodium sulphate to purify the drinking water. (Copyright, 1904, by T. C. McClure.) — three and mi- From the seven + -— = : e AL e Sl - 5 OUR SERVANT bt < ciiogioo ol ACTERIA ON OUR MONEY | PROBLEM IN PARIS | & W st v ne. | DEADLY B | “| so that peopnle need not hurry their { - S o S 2 e B R Rty gl £ 4+ dinner, for, whatever happens, that iz « > : T will be of interest to Americans coffec, a cigar smoked in a lelsurely there is a dish of cooked vegetables, sie ut pommienanction of the day, out- R. THOMAS DARLINGTON, Health, and it holds a warning were taken from the children. From whe g been struggling fashion and a small glass of liqueur, followed by cheese, preserves or fruit “The Fn'm‘(h l’lve $oieat il Tohear yon Commissioner of Health, has against the habit of placing money in the thirty-five pennies diphtheria bacilli the servant problem to hear and after this they g0 to the Bourse jn the season. Wine mixed with watcr exclaim. Well, considering that Amer- just mage public the report on the mouth.. It shows that while the were obtained from the question of sanitation, of 2nd finish their business for the day. s drunk and after the meal a cup of icans are now obliged to spend so much the contamination of metal and metal in coins possesses antiseptic crococcl from eight. in the household, as well as Masters and servants take time to eal. black coffee Is cerved. All this is taken time trying to. think out remedies for paper money by disease bacteria which Droperties, Infected coins may spread nickel coins streptococci were obtained vant stion, is beginning to nch n occupy the ¥ The reforms, if they ever cur, will be slow, for routine here. says the epondent of the Brooklyn E is not fly uprooted; a cook will n to do differently from the way her mother or grandmother did; she will not understand that one kind of food is re healthful than an she will never believe that in the “pot au feu” boiled beef and the nour- ishing in lients all up the chim- ney; she can never be made to believe that brown b contains more nour- ishment than white, that certain vege- tables are more nourishing than meat, or that sugar is not put in dishes to sweeten them, but that it contains elements which increase muscular strength In his book “Alimenta- tion” Armand Gauthier proves that the first v 3 to feed mankind are ignored: but if the book were put into the hands of ar norant house- keeper or cook, she would shrug her shoulders and say, “Tout cela sont des histoires”—all this does not mean any- thing 5 Why is it. though, that the French suffer | from dyspepsia than other netions? For two reasons: Thelr oc- cupations do not put too great a strain on their nerves, and they take their time in eating their meals. For in- stance, around the Bourse you will find good old restaurants where stockhold- ers, business men and speculators are in the habit of going for their luncheon. 1 mention these classes of men be- cause they are the ones in Paris who seem to be the most in a hurry. After funcheon they will take time to pro- mote digestion with a cup of black Hot bread and ice water are unknown. Those who have studied the food and its preparation in other countries are preaching the new doctrine of having cocking establishments in large cities, and of having the dishes brought to the house, is done in Berlin; but it will be a long time before this is Introduced into French families, even for those where every member has some outside occupation, for after din- ner they build their fire, warm the soup which was made early in the morning, cook their vegetables and fry their chop, and think this meal is much more wholesome than any meal bought outside or than food already cooked in cans. Which is right? So far statis- tics show that on an average the French are the healthiest people and live the longest. As the question of servants and gen- eral cooking is one which at present is being discussed in America, and as the Americans look to France for the prop- er direction of servants and the proper way live, it will not be amiss to give the menus of the well-to-do mem- of the middle classes, for they constitute in America, as well as in France, the greater portion of the edu- cated population. The Frenchman never loads his stom- ach in the early morning: he simply takes a cup of coffee, chocolate or tea, with a buttered roll, which an Ameri- can friend of mine contemptuously calis the “Latin breakfast,” and to which he has never become accustomed. The hour for the second breakfast is from i to noon. This consists of hors d’oeuvres, that is, an appetizer, such as sardines, salted fish, radishes and other raw vegetables; a good ¢ish of meat, well baked or grilled, which Is eaten alone or with potatoes, after which to bers slowly with a lot of light talk to aid digestion. The hours for dinner are 6:30, 7 and 7:30. The menu is'a repeti- +tion of the second breakfast with the addition of soup and of a sweet dish served before dessert. acute dyspepsia and nervous prostra- tion caused by eating too fast and working too much, is it not reasonable to think that they would havé gained scme of their precious time by court- ing a good digestion, by remaining a he submitted to the House Committee on Banking and Currency at Wash- ington. The report is the result of ex- periments condueted by Dr. Willlam H. Park, a bacteriologist in the research French families usually sit an hour little longer at table? laboratory of the Department of - - 2 | COLLEGE ATHLETE CHAIR ROLLERS & SR 3 AN the average young college man of attractive personal ap- pearance and pleasant address refrain 'from - flirting?” This questivn is causing the mapnagers of question is causing the managers” of much concern. The company expects to empley 10000 college athletes as “roller chair guides” during the =x- position, says the St. Louis Republic. It is feared that these young men, who come from all parts of the country, will fall victims to the charms of the fair co-eds and neglect duty, which will cause a loss to themselves and their employers alike. "AJthough the company wishes to employ the bright- est and brawniest of the student popn- lation of the several large universities of the country, it wants men who can wheel chairs and talk engagingly to their fares without making ‘‘goo-goo eyee” at the many young girls who will likely try to entrap them into an occasjonal tete-a-tete. “‘College men are being selected ‘chair guides’ for two reasons,” said ' T. 8. Clarkson. “They are intelligent, . and thereby able to explain the many fea- tures of the exposition to their . visit- (¢ ors. Then they will be able to Q*I a neat sum of money during the sumser months, which will enable them o pay their expenses through schaol next win- ter. In that we are doing a philan- thropic service.” The “chair guides” will charge 60 cents an hour for their services for wheeling single chairs ‘and $1 an hour for wheeling double chairs. Out of this they are to receive 30 per cent of their receipts as wages. Should they be dis- tracted from their dutles they will fall short in their earnings and the conces- sion will also suffer. Hence the con- cern of the managers in regard to the flirting question. Application blanks have been sent to all of the leading universities in order that needy young men may have an opportunity to try for a position which Wwill enable them to study the World's Fair and at the same time earn a nice rcund sum. Already the names of ap- plicants have poured in so fast that the office of the company is over- Wwhelmed. It has been decided to take a number of young men from each school and their chances for securing ‘a position will - depend’ on the recom- mendations of the presidents of ‘their respective colleges. Another point which is of importance is that should the chair be broken the guide will have to stand the damages. A guide is also required to pay in ad- vance for a natty uniform, which will jdentify him according to his position. Chief among the requirements is that the young man must be polite. All col- lege men are polite, according to the college view of politeness, but a foot- ball rush on one of the big days will not be tolerated. In the circular in- tended to attract applicants much stress is laid on the amount of tips which a gracious passenger bestows. It is said that instances are known where tips amounted to §25 a day, although it is admitted that the amount varies ac- cording to the entertaining qualities of the guide. It is even suggested that those students’ who are most success- ful in getting through examinations with little preparation will be best fit- ted for acquiring strong tips. The principal rules which the colle- gians will have to observe are as fol- lows: Honesty to patrons and management. Uniform courtesy regardless of what you expect to earn from those paying for your services. disease if distributed within a few hours after contamination. The ex- periments with paper money will not be ‘completed for several weeks, but the investigation so far has established the fact that paper money contains no substance which will kill bacteria. According to Dr. Park’s report, in the first experiment the effect upon bac- teria of the metals in coins was tested by covering coins with a thin layer of diphtheria bacilli. He gives this table: Time eclapsed after infection before testing. Coins_infected: No. Hours. Result. Copper pennies 6 48 All bacilli dead Five-cent nickel 4 48 All bacilli dead Dimes ..... .« 4 48 ANl 111 dead Piece of glass - 1 48 li alive Piece of paper . 2 48 Bacilll alive The results of this experiment showed that the copper, nickel and silver coins bad distinct antiseptic properties. The experiment was then tried of dropping coins in broth, and after twenty hours inoculating the fluid with bacteria the copper and nickel coins made the bouil- lon strongly antiseptic, while the silver did so only to a slight extent. Still another experiment was the dropping of coins upon a nutrient gei- atin. No development of bacteria grew in the immediate vicinity of the coins and this comment is made by Dr. Park: “The fact having been established that the metal in the coins tended to destroy the bacteria, it was necessary to see how soon such destruction took place. “A large number of coins were col- lected from children having diptheria and tested about six hours afterward for pathologic bacteria. Thirty-five pennies, four dimes and seven nickels from one and staphylococcl from two. rom the four dimes streptococei from one and staphylococci from one. “This practical test demonstrates that coins taken from diphtheria cases and equally certainly from other in- fectious cases are liable to spread in- fection if distributed within a few hours after contamination. A number of coins were taken from persons suf- fering from tuberculosis and tested for living tubercle bacilli twenty-four hours and forty-eight hours after re- moval. No living bacilli could be dem- onstrated.” “The persons actually sick with diph- theria and tuberculosis have not as a rule had paper money which they had recently handled. Dirty bills taken from stores at random showed enor- mous numbers of bacteria, among which were the staphylococel. These occur, not only in septic infections, but also in healthy skin. Thus from the washings from one bill we obtained 125,000 bacteria, from another 126,000. Two moderately dirty bills gave 2250 and 2000, respectively. Upon all of these staphylococei were found, but no dipth- theria or tubercle bacilll. “The investigation so far has estab- lished that bacteria are not killed by any substance in paper money, but re- main alive until time and drying de- stroy them. No actual disease bacteria have as yet been demonstrated.” The experiments with paper money are being continued, and it will be necessary to inoculate animals with the bacteria taken from the bills before it can be determined whether such money carries germs which produce contagious diseases. A more extended and conclusive report on this subject will be made when Dr. Park finishes his investigations.

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