The New York Herald Newspaper, July 26, 1859, Page 2

2 ince: extended, and which « wo sinhoms ‘guarantee. Tbe biood feet m, Srey hed for the honor and right of Austria I gacritced om the aliar of peace, The reward for such waexampled forbes auce was an immediate continuation of enmity, which io- creased from seur to year, and peridious agitation against the peace t m owing what a precious boon peace was for my eplevand for Ecrope, T patiently bore with these now ontilities. Mg patience was not exbausted wheu the mo)e extensive measures which I was forced to take, ia consequence of the revolutionary agitation on the frontiers of my Italian provinces and within the same, wore mes ie an excuse for a higher degree of hoe . Willing Jy socepting the well meant mediation of Spandly Powers for the mainiepance of peace, I consent! " to become a party to a Congress of the five great Powers, The four points proposed by the Bs government of Great Britain ase basis for the delti or] tons of the Congress were forwarded to my Cabinoh, ani Tacocpted them, with the conditions which were calou Tated to bring about a true, sincere and durable peace. In the conscioveness that no step on the part of 4 overpment could, even in the most remole oe, jeas i a disturbance of the psace, I demanded that the — which was the cause of the complication, and bad brougat about the danger of war, should, as & prelimiaary m2a- Bure, disarm, Being pressed thereto by friendly Power: Tat length accepted the proposal for & general disarms ment. The mediation tailed in consequence of the una ceptablepese of the conditions on which Sardinia made her consent dependent. Oay ove means of maintaining peace remained, I addressed myeelf directly to the Sar- dinian government, ano summoned it to place its army ‘on a peace footing and to disband the free corps. As Sarcinia did not accede tomy demand the moment for deciding the matter by an appeal to arms ha3 arrived. T have ordered my army to enter Sardinia. 1 am aware of the vast impertance of the measure, aud if ever my dutics as ® monarch weighed heavily on me it is at this moment. War is the scourge of mankind. I see with sorrow that the lives and pro peerty of thousands of my gubjects are imperilied, and deeply feel what u severe trial war is for my reaim, which, being occupied with its internat developement, greatly re- quires the continuance of peace. But the heart of the monarch must be silevt at the command of honor and duty. On the frontiers isan armed enemy, who, in alli ance with the revolutionary party, openly announces his intention to obtain porsession of the dependencies of Aus- tria in Italy. So eupport him—the ruler over France— who under futile pretex's interferes in the legally estab- lished relationg of the Italian peniosula, had set his troops in movement. Detachments of them have already crossed the frontiers of Sardinia. The crown which I received witbout epot or blemish from my forefathers has already geen trying times, The glorious history of our couniry gives evideoce that Providence, when there Is a fore- shadowing that tne greatest good of humanity is in daoger of beg overthrown io Europa, hag frequently uged the sword of Austria in order to dispel thst shadow. We are again on the eve of such a period The overthrow of the things that be is not only aimed at by factions, but by thrones. The sword which I bsve been forced to draw is Banctified, inasmuch as it isa defence for the honor and rights of al! peoples and States, and for all that is held moet dear by humanity. Jo you, my people, whose devotion to the hereditary reigning family may serve asa mode! for all the nations of the earth, I pow addrees myeelf. Ta the conflict which bas commenced you will stand by me with your oft prove fidelity and devotion. To your sons, whom | have taken into the ranks of the army, I, their commander, send my martial greeting. With pride you may regard them, for the eagle of Austria will, with their support, soar high. Our s\ruggie is a just one, and we begin it with courage and confidence, We hope, however, that we shall not stand alone in it. The eoil on which we have to do battie was taken, appeared to me was made fruitful by the blood lost by our German breth- ren when they won those bulwarks which they have maintained up to the present day. Taere the craity ene- D mies of Germany bave generally begun their game whe they have wished to break her internal power. Tne fee!. ing that such a davger is now imminent prevails in all ‘ts of Germany, fiom the hut to the throne, fr>m ope ‘rontier to the other. I epeak ag a sovereign member of the Germanic Confederation when | call attention to the common danger, and recall to memory the glorious tines in which Europe had to thank the general and fervent en- thusiasm of Germany for its liberation. For God and fatherland! Given at my residence and metropolis of Vianna, on this 28th day of April, 1859. FRANCIS JOSEPH. THE FRENCH MANIFESTO, On the 2d of May, when Napoleon was preparing to de- part for Italy, to place himself at the head of his troops, he addressed the following to the Legislatif Corps:— MANIFESTO OF NAPOLEON. Avstria, in causing her army to enter the territories of the King of Sardmia, our ally, declares war against us She thus violates trestiss and jastice, aud menaces our frovtiers. Ail tbe great Powers have protested against this aggression. Piedmont having accepted the conditions which ought to bave insured peace, one asks what can be the reaton of this sudden invasion? It is that Austria bag Drought matters to this extremity, that she must citler rule up to the Alps, or Italy must be free to the shores of the Adriatic; for in this country every corner of territory which remains independent endangers her power. Hitherto moderation has been the rule of my conduct; now energy becomes my first duty. Let France arm and resolutely tell Europe: — I desire not conqucet, but I de sire firmly to maintain my national and traditional policy. L observe the treaties on condition that no one shall vio Jate them againet me. I respect the territories and the rights of neutral Powers, but I boldly avow my sypathies for a peop'e whose history is mingled with our own, and who groan under foreign oppression.” Frarce has shown ber hatred of anarchy. She bas been pleased to give me power strong enough to reduce into nonentity the abettors of disorder and the {ncorrigibie ‘members of those old factions whom one inzes:antly secs confedcrating with our epemies; but she has not for all that abdicated the task of civilization. Her natural allies have always been those who desire the improvement of ‘the human race, and when she draws the sword it is not to dominate, but to liberate. ‘The ciject of this war, then, is to restore Moly to her- self, not to impose upon her a change of masters, and we shall tren have upon our frontiers a friendly pcopie, who will owe to us their independence. We do not go into Italy to foment disorder or to disturb the power of the Holy Father, whom we have replaced upon his throne, but to remove from him this foreign pressure, which weigba upon the whole Peninsula, and to help to establish there order baged upon legitimate satiefied interests. We are going, then, to seek upon this classic ground, illustrated by 60 many victories, the footsteps of our fathers. God grant that we may be worthy of them! I am going soon to place myself at the head of the army. I leave in France the Empress and my son. Se- conded by the experience and enlightenment of the last surviving brother of the Emperor, she will understand how to show herself equa! to the grandeur of her mission. I confide them to the valor of the army which remains in France to watch our frontiers and to protect our homes. I confide them to the patriotism of the National Guard; I confide them, in a word. to the entire people, who will encircle them with that affection and devotion of which I daily receive so mapy proofs. Courage then, and union. Our country is again about to show the world that she has not degenerated. Providence will bless our efforts, for that cauze is holy in the eyes of God which rests on justice, humanity, love of country, and independence. Paris, May 2, 1859. NAPOLE DN. THE SARDINIAN MANIFESTO. The following is the substance of the proclamation ad- dreesed by Victor Emanuel to his people on the 27th of April:— Austria, who bossts of her love for peace, attacks us by refusing to submit toa European Congrees. She violates the promises made to England; she asks us to reduce our army and to abandon thoge brave volunteers who have thropged from every part of Italy to defend the sacred flag cf Italian independence. I entrust the cares see vernment to my well loved cousin, and draw my sw Side by side with our soldiers will fight for liberty and Justice those valiant troops of the Emperor Napoleon, my generous ally. People of Italy! Austria attacke Piedmont because she mainta’ned the cause of our common country in tbe councils of Europe, andjbecauge she was not insensi. ble to your groans of agony. Austria now publicly tears to pieces treaties which she never respected. Henceforth, Uy right, the Italian nati ts free, and I may conscien: Aiousiy fulfil the oath I took upon tny father’s grave. Let us place confidence in Providence, in our union, in ibe bravery of Italian soldiers, in the alliance of the noble French nation. Let us trust in public opinion, 1 have no other ambition than to be tne firs! soldier of Italian independence. Long live Italy. His address to his troops on the same day is as fol- lows: Soviwes!—Austria, who ts increasing her armies on our frontier, and threatens to invade our territory because here liberty reigns with order—because, not might, but concord and affection between the people and tne sove- reign bere govern the State—-becauee the groans of op- Preased Italy nere find an echo—Austria dares to ask us, ‘who are only armed in self defence, to lay down our arms and submit to her clemency. That insulting demand received the reply it deserved. I rejected it with contempt. Soldiers, I tell it to you, con- ‘vinced that you will take an ingult togour King and your mation as an insult to yourselves. The announcement I = you ig the announcement of war! Soldiers, to arms You will have to face an enemy not new to you. But if brave and disciplined, you need not fear the compari- fon, and you may quote with pride the battles of Goito, Pastrenga, Santa Lucia, Somma-Compagna, and even Cus! tozza, where four brigades alone struggled for three days ngainst five corps d’armée. Iwill lead you. We have made each other’s acquaint- ‘ance before this, on more than one occasion, in the heat of battle, when, fighting by the side of my magnanimous father, | had opportunity to admire your coutage. Iam sure that on the field of honor and of glory you ‘will maintain, even add to, your reputation for bravery. You will have for companions thore intrepid goldiers of ¥rence, conquerors in 80 many noted battles, who were your bretbren-in-arms on the a, aod whom Na- poleon III., who is always to be found where there is a just cause to defend or civilization to promote, sends Beherously to our assistance in numerous battalions. March, then, confident in victory, and twine new laurels round your ‘lag—that tricolor under the folds of which the élite of the youth of Italy is collected, and which indicates Yo you that the task before you is the independence of Italy—that just aud holy work which will be your battle ory. "10! ' , April 27, VICTOR EMANUEL, MOVEMENTS OF THR TROOPS. In the meantime enormous masses of troops were pour- Ing from France into Italy, some through the pases of the Alps across Mount Cenis, and the remainder by steam Yransportsto Genoa, The enthusiaem manifested through. ‘out France on their departure for the seat of war waa in- Rense, and wherever they went they were hailed by the Population with enthusiasm, and féled and caressed as thy Liberators of Italy, The firat body of French troops dis. embarked at Genoa on the 26th of April, and thenceforward they kept pouring in by land and sea until they formed an &rmy of some 200,000 men. The Emperor held the command in chief, and among his most distinguished generals were Baraguay d’Hilliors, Canrobert, McMahon, Niel and Forey. ‘Tuo Sardinian army<from Alty to sixty thousand mon and welfare of my Lombardo-Venetian kingdom, | | ful Frevch end Italian army in their front, the corps of | was commandod by tho King in person, with General della Marmora as second in command. Tne Prince Napo- was sont round to Leghorn to + rol the Tuscans, who had already forced their Duke 0 abdicate, and had declared in | leon, with a separate command, favor of Sardinis,as Parma and Modena had aiso done, This movement was variously interpreted, part of the Emperor to get rid of his hotheaded covain. Garibaldi was eent with a small body of voluntoors to out- lark the Austrians on their right, and to stir up the people of Northern Lombardy and of the Valtelline to re- | volt. Thus the Austrians found themselves with a power- Prince Napoleon on their left flank, and the indefatigable | Garibaidi with bis chasseure on their right flank. Their | Operations in Piedmont were simply confined to foragings, vscillation characterized their movements, and they let the time @ip by when they might have seized Turin, AUSTRIA'S BACKWARD MOVEMENTS. The crossing of the Ticino—that invasion of Piedmon- tego territory which placed Austria in the position of having commenced the war—was destined to be en:irely destitute of any advantage to that Power. Oa the 19th of May they commenced th-ir backward movement, having been three weeks in the enemy’s country without atrikiog a blow, thus giving time for the Allies to concen- trate their forces. They had advanced from Vercelli acroas the Sesia; but they retired the same day, blowiag up two arches of the bridge of Sesia; and flaally fell back upea Verce'li, which the A'les immediately occu picd. The Austrians alco made a demonstration the same day in endeavoriog to fortify themselves on the left bank of the Po, opposite Valence, with the design of preventing tho Ppaseage of the artillery of the Allies. Bota those movements, however, were simply feints to mask the real design of the Austrians, waich was to retroat to Stra” della, the key of Pavia. Considerable akirmishing took place—mere affairs of outposts—but the first battle of importance in which the (wo armice were engags1 was the— BATTLE OF MONTEBELLO. The villege of Montebeil) was on the extreme left of the French lincs, close to Parma on the east, and not far from Lombardy on the north. It is nearly in the direction of Milan from Alessandria, and alittle lesa than half way, the whole disterce be'ng only sixty five miles. In ‘this neighborkocd the advanced posts of General Baraguay d’Hilliers were +tationed. Count Stadion, with an Aus- trian corps eaidto consist of 15,000 men, was proceeding on & recotma's+tnce Oa the 2istof May, when he mt and attacked the French outposts. General Forey advanced with a divisicn of 8,000 French and a regiment 0° Pic?- monteee cavalry, under the commini of Goneral de Sonpaz, and coon the fight became general. After a desperste band to-hand combat of four hours the village cf Montebello was carried by the French ia the moat ga'lan’ style, the Austrians retreating in good order to the left bank of ths Po. General Bouret, a dis tinguished Freceb cdficer, was killed, and General Foroy wounded. When the Emperor arrived on the field after the fight was over he embraced Forey, and was profuse in acknowledgements of his gallant conduct. The Austrian loss in kiled, wounded and prisoners was, according to General Gyulai’s report, about 1,300; while the French and Sardiniang admitted their logs to be about half that num- ber. While the fight was raging the French troops wore brought up in railroad cars, and some of the companies actually fired out of tho windows before they alighted. There were great rejoicings in France when the news of the victory arrived. Paris was illuminated and a 7¢ Deum chanted in Notre Dame. GARIBALDI'S MOVEMENTS. In the meattime Garibaldi, with his corps of six thou- sand Cucsaetoré del Alpe, was performing prodigies of valor in Noritern Lombardy. He drove the Austrians cut of Como on the evening of the 27th of May, seized their veesels on the lake, stirred up insurrection in the Valtellice, and drew to his standard a host of volunteers, Again he met the Austrians at Camerlata, and again re- puleedthem. Fe was ever on the alert to punish the Austrians, and did go effectually. On entering the Lom- bard territory he issued the following proclamation:— Lomnanps—You are called to a new life, and you will respond to the appeal as your fathers did of yore at Ponsi- da and Legnano, The enemy is the sameas cver—pitiless, a black aggasein and arobber. Your brethren of every province baye sworn to couquer or die with you. It ig our task to avenge the insults, the outrages and the servi- tude of twenty generaticns. It is for us to leave to our children @ patrimony freed from the pollution of a foreign domination, Victor Emanuel, chosen by the national wil! for our eupreme chief, sends me to organize you for this patriotic fight. Tdeeply feel the sanctity of this mission, and Iam proud to command you. [To arms! Tuea bond: age must ceate. He who can seize au arm, and does not, js atraitor. Italy, with her children unitet, and freed from foreign domination, will know how to reconquer the rank which Providence has assigned her among nations, THE HUNGARIAN REVOLUTIONISTS. It was said to have entered into the designs of Napoleon to promote a revolution in Hungary; and manifestoes to tbe Hungarian nation, and to the Hungarian soldiers serv- ing in the Austrian army, were circulated by Kossuth and Klapka, The movement, however, attained no im- portance, and reed not be further referred to. THE BATTLE OF PALESTRO Was in some respects «milar in character to that of Montebello. It was fought on the 30th of May, when the Piedmontese army parsed the Sesia in the face of the Austrians, who were fortified at Palestro. After a severe conflict the Sardinians, under the command of their King, drove the Austrians out of the village of Palestro. It was a band to hand fight through’the streets. The Zouaves distinguished themeefves in it, charging an Austrian bat- tery, and bayonetting or hurling the gunners into the canal, The Austrian entrenchments were carried at the point of the bayonet. The Allies took eight pieces of cannon, a quantity of small arms, and over 1,000 prisoners. The Austrian logs in killed, wounded and prisoners was about 2,20, the logs of the Allies little less. The victory was followed by the retreat of the Austrians across the Ticino, and thus Sardinia got rid of her invaders. THE BATTLE OF MAGENTA Was the next great act in thedrama, The Austrian army made a stand upon the Ticino on the 4th of June, in great force, and gave battle to the allies. There were some 120,000 French snd 150,000 Austrians engaged. The an- nouncement of the result was made known in a despatch from Napoleon to the Empregs, as follows: — Maenta, Jane 5, 1859. Yesterday our army was under orders to march on Mi- Jan, acroes the bridges thrown over the Ticino at Turbigo. The operation was we!l executed, although the enemy, who bad repagsed the Licino in great force, oflered a moat determined resistance. The roadway was narrow, and during two hours the Imperial Guard sustained unsu ported the shock of the enemy. Io the meantime Gene McMabon made himself master of Magenta. After san- guinary conflicts, we repulsed the enemy at every point, with a loss on our side of about 2,000 men. The logs of the enemy is estimated at 15,000 killed aod wounded, and 5,000 Austrian prisonera remained in our hands. Macuta, June 5—Evening. The Austrians taken prigoners are at least 7,000, and the Austrians placed hors du comat are 20,900. pieces of cannon and two flags were captured from the enemy. ‘To-day our army rests for the purpose of reorganizing ‘igelf. Our lose is about 3,600 kilied and wounded, and one cannon taken by the enemy. These figures were afterwards modified very consider. ably, the Joes of the Allies proving to be largely in ex ceea of the amount etated. Gyulai gave the Austrian killed and wounded at from 4,000 to 6,000, and the Allied loeses at one half more. Generals Espinasse and Le Clers were among the slain. General McMahon, who dis" tnguished himeelf by his brilliant deeds, was created by Napoleon on the field of battle Marshal of France and Duke of Mogenta. General Regnault de St. Angely wason the same occasion named Marshal of France. Marshal Baraguay a’Hilliers was deprived of his command, which was given to General Forey. General Gyulai, the Austrian commander in-chief, resigned or was dismissed, and tho command of the army given to Field Marshal Hess. Tho Auetriang retreated in order across the Ticino, leaving the Allies in possession of the field. The victory was celebrated at Paris with immenge enthusiasm. The city Was illuminated, and 7¢ Deums sung at Notre Dame. MILAN EVACUATED BY THE AUSTRIANS AND ENTERED BY THE ALLIES. Next day Milan waa evacuated by the Austrians, and a deputation arrived on the field of battle, where Victor Emanuel bad spent the night, and offered him the crown of Lombardy. The flight of the Austrians was 80 precipi. tate that they left behind them in Milan a considerable amount of treasure ana three thousand stand of arms, On the 8th of June the Emperor and King made their triamphant entry into Milan, where, as alzo at Turin, there were great rejoicings. The municipality of Milan presented Napoleon with an address ‘expressing the ardent gratitude of the country for his generous assistance towards the great work of Ttaly’s deliverance,”’ ‘The following is the proclamation issued by NAPOLEON Il TO THR LOMBARDS. TrauaNs !—The fortune of war baving brought us into the capital of Lombardy, I am about to tell you why I am here. When Austria unjustly attacked Plodmont I ro- ®olved to support my ally the King of Sardinia, tho honor and the interest of France making it a duty for me to do 80. Your enemies, who are also mine, endeavored to di- minish the sympathy which was felt in. Karope for your (aune by making it Be believed that I only made warfrom | Te was rem garded by rome asa first step towards giving him the throne of Tuscany, and by others as simply a plan on tho Three | NEW YORK HERALD, TUESDAY, JULY 26, 1859. | ambition, Or to aggraudizo the territory of nee, If there are men who do mot comprehend their epoch, I am met the number. Io the on ligbtered state of publ Opinion there is more grandeur to be atquirea by the moral influence which is exercised than by fruitiess conquests, and that moral influence I seek with pride in contributing to restore | to freedom one of the fest parts of Europe. Your rocep: | ton bas already proved to me that you bave understood | me. I co not come here with tae preconceived aystem of disporseesing the sovereign nor to impose my wi!l on you. | My army will only occupy iteelf with two things—to com bat your enemies and maintain internal order. It will not | throw apy obstacle in the way of the legitimate manifesta | Hon of your wishes. Pro sometimes favors alan | Hon as well as individuals, by giving it a sudden opportu nity for greatness, but it is on condition that it knows how | to profit by it. Profit, then, by the fortune which is offer- | ed to you to obtain your independence. Organize your- eelves militarily. Fly to the standard of King Victor Emanuel, who bas already #0 nobly shown you the path Remember that without discipiine there can be | Roarmy. Be today soldiers, and to morrow you | Will be the free citizens great country. Haapquaktans, Mica, June 8, 1859. NAPOLEON, On the same day he issued the following address to hi army :— NAPOLEON I. 0 113 Sorprers—A month ago, confiding cy, I still hoped for the maintenance of peace, when sud- | denly the invasion of Piedmont by the Aus:rian traops | called us to arms, We were not ready, Men, horses, m1- terial and supplies were wanting, and we had, in order to assist our Allies, to pass in small divisions beyoud the Alps before an enemy formidable aad prepared before The danger was great; the energy of the nation and your courege supplied all; France has again found her oid vir- tuee, and, upited in one feeling and for one object, she has ehown the power of ber rosources and tho strength of her patriotism. It is now only ten days since operations com- menced, and the Piedmontese territory ha3 bzen already cleared of i:s invad ‘The allied army has fought four combate, and gained a decisive victory, which bas opened to it the gates of the capital of Lombardy, You have put more than 35,000 Austrisns hors de combat, taken 17 can non, two colors, and 8,0C0 prisoners. But all is not termi nated; you will baye more struggies to support and obsta- cles to ©vercome. je, then, brave soldiers of the Irely on you. Courage, tl Army of Italy! Your forefathers from above contemplate NAPOLEON, you with pride. The Austrian Emperor also on the same day issued the following order of the day:— FRANCIS JO6KPH TO ATS ARMY, ‘The army, recollecting its ancient reputation, showed in the battle fought at Magenta against a superior force what pris aud devotion fur me and for the country are capa- I thank the army in my own name and in the name of the country, and have given orders that tho names of thoee who were bravest among the brave shall bs mado kpown to me, FRANCIS JOSEPH I. Heapquanrers, Verona, Jane 8, 1859. THE BATTLE OF MELEGNANO. After the victory of Magenta, the Austrians made a pro- Cipitate flight from Milan, leaving in the citadel forty-one bronze canrons, reat quantity of ammunition, aud pro visions in abundance, retreating toward Lodi and Pavia On the 8th Marsbal Baraguay d’Hilliers occupied the post. tions of Melegnano (Marignano), from whence he menaced at the same time two of the retreating columns of the enemy; but the Austrians, who fully conf prehended all the importance of holding Melegnano to cover their retreat, taking advantage of the re- mains of the fortifications surrounding the town, had strongly barricaded themselves therein. Marshal Baraguay d’Billiers, who arrived before the place at four o'clock, immediately gave orders for the attack in front by the divisions of Bazaine and Admirault, while at the Same moment the divison of General Forey was ordered toturn the place. The battle lasted at least three hours. The Austrians opposed a most energetic resistance to the efforts of the French, and were dislodged only by the bayonet, from entrenchment to_entrenchment, and from house to houge, and only withdrew at seven in the even- ing, leaving the place covered with dead, and one of their cannons and about 1,000 prisoners in the hands of the enemy. The French loss amounted to fifty officers and 800 men killed and wounded. BATTLE OF SOLFERINO. The battle of Solferino, as it was the grandest, s it was the last battle of the campaign. It was fought on the 21th of June. It appeared to be the final and desperate move of the Austrian army to recover its position. They cross. ed over to the western side of the Mincio, and offered the Allies battle. The offer was accepted. The Austrian army formed a live of battle extending, according to Napoleon’s degpatch tothe Empress, five leagues in length. Their force was estimated by the French generals at from 250,000 to 270,000, but it did not exceed 200,000. The force of the ARMY, in efforts of diploma. French and Sardinians was nearly equal, Both Emperors were at the heads of their ro spective armies, The fight commenced at five o’clock in the morning, by an attack of the Austrians on the corps of McMahon and d’Hilliers. On» after another the various corps of both armies wore brovgbt into the field, so that there were actually some 400,000 men engaged. At half-pist six in the evening, after a series of brilliant mancyres and hard fightiog on both eides, the Augtrians were in full retreat along th: whole line, a spectacle at which Francis Joseph is said t bave wept bitterly. They made an orderly retreat, ani were not pursued. During the engagement a terribl storm raged, which drove the Sardiniane from position | which they had won. The logs of the French was give: at 720 officers and 12,9C0 privates, in killed and wounded. Of the officers, 120 were killed, including seven colonels and gix lieutenant colonels. Among the wounded were five generals. The total loss of the Allies was about 18,000. The Austrians Co not admit their loss to be over 15,000. The Allies captured 6,000 prisoners, 30 cannon, four colors, anda great number of ammunition wagons. It. was a brilliant victory, though dearly won. The King of Sardinia iesued the following order of tho day to bis troops after the battle:— VICTOR EMANUEL’S ORDER OF THE DAY. SopieRs—In the space of two months of warfare you have had an uninterupted courge of victory from the Sesia and the Po to the banks of La (iarda and the Mincio. In that glorious itinerary which you have per- formed in company with our generous and powerful ally, you have Pb baler given the most brilliant proofs of discipline and heroism. The nation is proud of you; all Italy, which sees with pride her best sons in your ranks, applauds your bravery and your exploits, which inspire her with joyous hopes and confidence in her future desti- nies. To-day a new and great victory has been gained. You have again shed your biood, triumphing over a nume rous enemy protected by the strongest positions. Oa the | now celebrated day of Solferino and San Martino, you, fight ing from break of day until night, and headed by your in- trepid chiefs, repelled the repeated as3aulte of the enemy, and forced them to recross the Mincio, leaving in your hands d on the field of battle, men arms and cannon. On their side, the French efforts have been crowned with equal success and equal glory, furnishing further proof of that incomparable valor which, for ages past, has elicited the admiration of the whole world. The victory has cost serious eacrifices; but by that noble blood unspariogly spilled for the most eacred of causes, Europe will learn that Italy is worthy of taking her place among nations. Soldiers! in former battles I have ofven had occasion to mention the names of mapy among you in the order of the day ; this time I pu! the whole army on the order of the day. VICTOR EMANUEL. Heangvarrsrs, Rrvorveia, June 25, 1869. THE ARMISTICE. | _ The Auetrians recrossed the Mincio to aeek the refuge of their fortreeses in the celebrated quadrangle. The Sar- | dipians invested Peschiera, and the French, being re- inforced by 35,0C0 men under Prince Napoleon, approach- | ed Verona to lay siege to it. While the world was awaiting news as to the progress of events in the famous fquare, an armistice had been agreed upon between | Napoleon and Francis Joseph. This was not entirely un | expected. It bad been predicted that the Fronch Empe | ror would, at the proper moment, offer an armistice. He | did go, and it was accepted. It was signed at Villafranca | on the 8th of July, and was to extend to the 15th of Au- | Bust. According to its terms the belligerent armies wore | to keep the positions they occupied, and the railways to Verona, Peechiera and Mantua were to be used for carry- | ing provisions to those fortressea—the works offensive and | defentive of Perchiera to remain in their then condition. | Here is Napoleon’s order of the day announcing the armi- stice — | | - Vaturaio, July 10, 1869. Soupisrs—An armistice was concluded on th 8th inst. between the belligerent parties, to extend to the 16th of August. This truce will permit you to rest after your | glorious labors, and to recover, if neceseary, new strength | toconclude the work which you have so gloriously in- Sugurated by your courage and resolution, Iam about to return to Paris, and shall loave the provisional com- mand of the army to Marehal Vaillant; but ag goon as the hour of combat will have struck, you will eee me again in your midst to partake of your dangers. NAPOLEON. The London ‘2imes Vienna correspondent says that it was believed there that the British government had brought about the armistice. Another authority says that the Prince Regent of Prussia took the initiatory in sug- gesting the armistice. But the Vienna Gazette says of the armistice, that an autograph letter addressed by the Em- peror Napoleon to the Emperor of Austria led to the ne- gotiations, the result of which was a five weeks armis. tice, It is stated ina Verona telegraphic despatch that the armistice was concluded after repeated requests from the French, and after their consent had been obtained to all the conditions asked by Austria. TREATY OF PEACE. After the nows of the armietice becamo known specula tion was rife as to what the next move would be, opinions inclining to the idea that it would lead to a treaty of peace. ‘That is what it has done. Three days after the signing oft the armistice the two Emperors met and agreed to a de- finitive treaty of peace. The folowing is the despatch in Which (hat fact was announced in Parig;— MAPOLHON TO TInt EMPRESS. Vatiwaio, July UW, 1859. Peace is signed between the Emperor of Austria and myeelf, The bases of peace are;— let. Tho Ttaliau Contederation under the honorary Presi: dency ot she Pope. 26, The Emperor of Austria concedes hia rights in Lom- bardy to the Emperor of the French, who transfers them to the King of Sardinia, 8d. The Emperor wi Austen pepee van Nanice pas she Ah fe iny art of the Italian Confederation. Lice iapateigioniin NAPOLEON, The ultra liberal party appears to be dissappointed with this result of the war, They say that Na poleoa should not bave sheathed his sword until {taly was, in his own words, free from the Alps to the Adriatic. Nevertheless we are inclined to think that it will be found, when full particulars are kuown, that his courge was dictated by gound reason. 1t is intimated that Napoleon was not very well pleased with the notions en- tertained by Victor Emanuel and Count Cavour, Austria has been driven back out of Piedmont and Lombardy, and has had that fair province wrested from her. That is humiliation enough for her. She retains Venice as an in- tegra! portion of the Italian Confederation, and Lombardy ig annexed to Sardinia, The political rights of the Italian people will, probably, be more advanced by this measure than ifthe war had been continued, with all its chances and dangers. Italy is to be organized into a Confederation similar to that of Germany, and the Pope is to be Honora- ry President of the Confederation. That is, simply, wo presume, that he is to preside parliamentarily in the Dict or the Confederacy, where not only the rulers, but tho people of Italy are to be represented. Thus the curtain fala on the war, Viva U’Jtalia. THE NEW POWER OF THE POPE. History of the Popes and the Papal States— Origin, Progress amd Decline of the Temporal Sovereignty—The Forged Do- nation of Constantine and the Forged Decretals—Pepia, Charlemagne and the Countess Matilda—Hildebrand, Ionocent Ul. and Leo X.—Gan- ganelll and the Present Pope, &., &., kw. ‘The temporal power of the Pope arose in this way. Oa the decline of the Roman empire, the Emperor Honorius, afraid of remaining defencelees at Milan, chose Ravenna as his residence, in order that his personal safety might be eecured amidst its morasses and canals, which had be- come filled up with deposit, and were now too shallow to admit abips from the sea. He further fortified the city, so that it was saved from the Northmen under Alaric. But under the successors of Honorius the city was taken by Odoacer and his wild tribes, who made themselves mas- ters of the country, and extinguished the first empire of the West. These held sway till the Eastern Goths crossed the Alps with a powerful army, and made Ravenna the capital of a new Gothic kingdom. The Roman Emperors had now transferred their seat of empire from Italy te to the East, and Byzantium, on the site of which Constan- tine the Great built the modern Constantinople, became the residence of the Emperors. Justinian, availing him- self of the military genius of bis celebrated general, Bo- Msarius, gent him against the Goths in Italy. His success ‘was great, but he was superseded in the command by Narses, who completed the conquest after a war of twon- ty years, killing the last king of the Goths. Rayenna was now made the seat of Justinian’s Italian province, and Rome was degraded to the second rank. The province was called an exarchate, and the victorious Narses was the first ex-arch, Thus, after a rign of sixty years, the throne of the Gothic kings was filled by the ex archs of Ravenna, the representatives in peace and war of the Emperor of the Romans. heir government comprised the entire kingdom of Italy, including the city of Rome, and the Pope, or bishop of the Christian capital, was regarded as subject to their authority, possessing merely a temporal estate in Rome, dependent on the ex- archate. The jurisdiction of the exarchs, however, soon became narrowed, including only modern Romagna, the districts of Ferrara and Comacchio, the maritime Penta- polis (five cities), or the line of towns extending from Rimini to Ancona; and a second or inland Pentapolis, em- bracing several towns on the eastern side of the Apennines, The ex-archate lasted 186 years, and the people of Rome erected a kind of republic under their bishop. But the Lombards, a Germanic race, who had crossed the Alps and establiched themeelves in the north of Italy, con- quered the ex-archate and made Ravenna the metropolis of the Lombard kingdom. Rome consequently fell under their sway, and tribute was demanded. Dut Romo and hacr bishop objected, remonstrated, threatened, resisted. Resistance, however, was useless, and Gregory (the bithop or Pope) appealed to the Emperor at Byzan- tiam in vain, The Eastern Emperor could not, or would not help him. He then appealed to the hero of the age, Charles Martel, the founder of the Carlovingian fam). Jy in France, and the grandfather of Charlemagne. Under the title of ‘‘ Mayor of the Palace,’’ he ruled all France, having first deposed the King of the Franks, who refused to acknowledge his title, He was too busy, however, with more important matters, both foreign and domestic, to at- tend to the complaint of the Pope, for he arrested the pro- grees of the conquering Saracens in a great and decisive battle, between Tours and Poictiers—a victory, says Gib- bon, which, by virtually stopping the progress of the in- vaders, prévented consequences which might have curi- ously altered even the fate of Britain. The successor of Gregory—Stephen III.—was more successful. He crossed the Pennine Alps to implore Pepin the Little, son of Charles Martel, or Pepin the Great, to come to his aid. Pepin, at the head of a French army, proceeded to Italy, defeated the Lombards, and gave to the Pope the ex-archate, or, rather, be gave him the use of it, as his lieutenant, reserv- ing to himeelf the supreme authority. For thig Pepin was annointed and crowned King of France by the Pope. But when the French arms were removed from Italy, the valiant Lombards recovered the Poseeegion of their conquest. Pope Stephen, fearing the French King would be wearied with such expeditions, now wrote binya letter, signed by St. Peter himself, command- ing him, on pain of damnation, to come to his wid. Pepin could not resist. His second expedition was as fortunate as_his first; and tothe importunities and remonstrances of the Greek Emperor, who wanted him to restore the ex- archate, he replied that no human consideration could in- duce him to reeume the gift which he had conferred on he Roman Pontiff for the remission of his sins and the salvation of his goul, Bat the Lombards broke out agaia, and now Charlemagne, son of Pepin, was invoked. He crogeed the Alps by a route previously unknown, effectu- ally overthrew the Lombards, and enlarged the bounda- ries of the ex archate. The Lombard King delivered the keys and the hostages of the principal cities to the French ambassador, who in his master’s name presented them at the tomb of St. Peter. The strict and proper limits of the original,ex-archate were the territories of Ra- venna, Bologna and Ferrara, with its inseparable depen dency, the Pentapolis, which stretched along the Adriatic from Rimini to Ancona, and advanced into the midland country as far as the ridges of the Apennines. Bat it was now tocomprise, in addition, all the provinces of Italy which had obeyed Charlemagne and hia vicegerent, All ‘was conferred on the Holy ee as a temporal possession, and the world beheld for the first time a Christian bishop invested with the prerogative of a temporal prince, the choice of magistrates, the exercise of justice, the imposi tion of taxes, and the wealth of the palace of Ravenna. Whether these were given to and held by the Pope in, abgolute dominion, or whether they were held as a fief under Charlemagne, has been warmly (lisputed. Certain itis that inthe twenty-six years that elapsed between the conquest of Lombardy and his imperial coronation Rome was subject to the sceptre of Charlemagne. The people swore allegiance to his person and family; in his mame money was coined and justice was administered and the election of the Popes was examined and ton- firmed by his authority. Charlemagne eluded the promises made by his father and himself, and asserted the inalienable rights of the empire; and both in life and death, he numbered Ravenna and Rome among the Imperial cities. The sovereignty of the ex-archate melted away in the hands of the Popes, and both nobles and people then disdained the yoke of a pricet, to which in later ages they submitted. Much of this dominion was only nominal, for a considerable por tion of was never in the possession of Charlemague, and consequently was not his to give. Adrian I., however, claimed the suprems dominion, not in virtue of the grant of Charlemagne, but by a forged donation of Constantine and the celebrated Deczotals, said to have come fromthe primitive Popes, but fabricated by Isidore, These are,‘ the two magic pillars of the spiritual and temporal monarchy of the Pope.” Adrian, in an epistle, refers to them, and exhorts Charlomagne to imitate the liberality and revive the name of the Great Constantine, who, being cured of leprosy by the Romane bishop Sylvester, withdrew from the seat and patri- mony of St. Peter, in order to found a new empire in the East, and resigned to the Popes the free and porpotual sovereignty of Rome, italy, and the provinces of the Weat. Tho Greek emperors were thus convicted of usurpation; th.’ Popes were freed from their debt of gratitude to Pepin aud Charlemagne, their nominal gifts were only the restitution of eacanty portion of the ecciesiastical State, and tha succes- sors of St. Peter were invested with the parpie of tho Cwsars. Charlegmagne could not write, and the Emps- rors and the Romans were incapa»}o of discerning a tor- Gory that subverted their rights and freedom, The first opposition came from ® Sabine monastery in the twelfth century, which disputed the truth and the validity of the donation of Constantine. Ia the revival of letters and liberty, this fictitious deed was exposed by the pen of Lau- rentius Valla, His contemporaries of tho fifteenth coa- tury were astonished at his sacrilegious boldness; yet b fore the end of the next age the fable was rejected by his. torlans, among them Guicclardini, and met with the coa- sure of the advocates of the Romaachurch. According to Baronius, who says the donation was a forgery of the Greeks, the Popes themselves have indulged 4 smile at the credulity of the vulgar. Yet upon this foundation reats the temporal sovereignty of the Roman pontiff, and the fabric has stood for ages after the foundation has crumbled benoath it. For the last two centuries no one bas pretended to deny the imposture. [Those who wish to consult authorities on the gubject are referred to Hal- lam’s Works, vol. 8, chap. 7; Gibbon’s Decline ani Fall of the Roman Empire, vol. 2, chap. 10; Mosbeim, book 3, century 9, part 2, chap. 2; alao Calmet, Blondel, Fleury, | Launoy, Buddeus, Petr. Constantius, De Marca, Muratori, and Schmidt's History of Germany.] ‘The subjection of the Romans, both clergy and laity, to Charlemagne, as well before as after he boro the impo- rial name, !s well established. He regulated the division of tithes into three parts, one for the bishop and his clergy, ® second for the poor, and a third for the support of the fabric of the church. .A seal was put to his glory when, Pope Leo III., inthe name of the Roman psople, placed upon his head the imperial crown. He, as weil as hia father Pepin, had borne the title of King of tho Franks and Lombards, the title of Patrician of Rome, with a regular sovereignty over it, But the title of Emperor placed his autbority over all his subjects on a new footing. The ceremony took place at Rome, on Christmas day, A.D. 8C0, and he was crowned with the iron crown of Lombardy (now in the fortrees of Mantua) ‘“ Emperor of the West,” and King of Italy, Germany and France. Thus was revived im the person of Charlemagne the Em- pire.of the West, and the Pope, separatiog from the East- ern Empire, became supreme bishop of the Western. While Charlemagne aided the church as an instrument of civilization, he did much to reform its wbuses, and he may be regarded as the firstof the Reformers In the year of his death there was an jasurrection against the Pope. In the same century the Popes began to claim to be God’s vicegerents on earth, and towards tho end of the eleventh century they formally established the Privilege of disposing of the temporal crowns and king. doms of Europe, and extommunicated such kings and emperors 8s refused to submit, Gregory VII. (surnamed Hildebrand), who was the greatest of all the Popes, claimed this power of universal sovereignty, and was greatly assisted in his claim by the Coustess Matilda, of Tuscany, who made an absolute dona- tion of all her territory tothe Church. It was the object of his ambition not only to place the whole ecclesiastical power in the hands of the Pope, but to make the Church entirely independent of the temporal power. He wished to found ‘a theocracy in which the Pope, the vicar of God, should be the govereign ruler of the world in political as well as in spiritual matters, and that kings should hold their king- doms only as bis vassals. He prohibited the marriage of priests, in order to strengthen the ecclesiastical power and make it more distinct, and he abolished the right of kings and emperors to appoint biehops and other clergy, which was the only remaining source of authority of princes over the hierarchy and clergy of their dominions, Upon this queation arose a deadly quarre! between Gre- gory and tne German Emperor Henry IV. We havesaid that Matilda, daughter of the Marquis of Tascapy, gave him great assistance. She had married Godfrey, son of the Duke of Lorraine, but always lived separate from bim in Italy. Beingtof a widow inher thirtieth year, she engaged ardently in the cause of the Pope against her cousin Henry IV. She was almost the inseparable com- panion of Gregory, and was ready to assist bim in every- thing. Sbe was a woman of great piety, though hard things were said of her in reference to the Pope. Sho shared with him in every danger, and alone stood by him againat the Emperor in 1081, sustaining him with her trea- sures while Rome was besieged; and even after the death of Gregory she prosecuted open war against the Emperor. Her own death gave rise to new feuds between the Empe- ror and Pope Pascal III. on account of the donation which she had made to Gregory. These feuds finally resulted in the cession to the Pope of a portion of the immense estates Of Matilda, They consisted of Tuscany, Mantua, Parma, Reggio, Piacenza, Ferrara, Modena, a part of Umbria, the Duchy of Spoleto, Verena, the march of Ancona, and almost ail that constitutes the present patrimony of the cburch. The disputes between the Popes and the German empo- rors as to the right of the investiture of bishops agitated Italy and Germany for a long period; but the greatest con- test was between Gregory VII. and Henry IV. The Pope summoned the Emperor before him, but the latter treated the mandate with contempt, and sent an ambassa- dor to depose the Pope. He was excommunicated, went barefoot to his Holiness, and made humble submission. Gregory, after allowing him to stand for three days at bis castle gate, at length accepted his submission and permit- ted him to kiss his feet, The custom of kissing the Pope’s we was introduced in 708, and after existing fora thou- sand years, was abolished by Pope Clement XIV. in 177: Gregory, notwithstanding the humiliation and repentance of Henry, set up an opposition Emperor in the person of Rodolph of Bavaria, who died after two years. In retatia- tion Henry degraded Gregory, and made an expedition into Italy for the purpose ef electing another Pope. The war continued for four years between them, when Henry at length triumphed, and Gregory fled into exile to Saler- no, where he died. He granted to the Duke of Norman- dy, Robert Gviscard, Naples and Sicily, as s reward for liberating him from the Castle of St. Angelo, where he was besieged by the Romans. Urban and Pascal, the Popes who succeeded Gregory, renowed the Papal ban against Henry, and excited his own children to revolt against him. One of his degenerate £ong threw him into prison, whence he eecaped, but died soon after at Liege, where he was buried by the bishop, ut the body was exhumed and conveyed to Spires, where \t lay for five years in a atone coffin above the earth ia an igolated building, till at last, in the year 1111, Pope Pascal absolved him from excommunication, and he was then in- terred with greater magnificence than any other emperor before him. Pope Adrian IV. (the only Englishman among the popes) made a present of Ireland to Heury Il. of Eogland in the twelfth century. Ais name was Nicholas Breakspeare, Pope Alexander III. survived two rival popes, and over- came a third. He brought the kings of England and Scotland to unconditional obedience in religious matters, and made Henry Il. of Eogland and the Empetor Frederic I. hold his stirrup. Celestine III. kicked the Emperor Henry Sixth’s crown off his head while kneeling, to show his prerogative of making and unmaking kings. The Pope next to Gregory VII. in greatness was Inno- cent IIl., who was elected Pope in 1198, at the age of thirty-seven years. He aeserted the same principles and pursued the game practices as Gregory, gained over the Romane to his cauge and numerous cities of Italy, and soon obtaincd porscssion of the ecclesiastical States in their widest extent. He conferred Naples on Constantia and her minor son, afterwards Frederic I[.; in Germany he favored the election of Otho against Philip, and growned. him at Rome; excommunicated Philip Augustus of France, and was still more decided in his treatment of John, King of Evgland, who refused to confirm the election of Langton as Archbishop of Canterbury. He laid an interdict on the kingdom, formally depoeed John in 1212, and instigated the King of France to make war against him. John was obliged to submit, and resigned his territories to the Pope, from whom he received them as a papa flef, but was unable to obtain absolution till he had paid @ large sum of money. Almost all Christendom was sub- Ject to him, and two crusades were undertaken at his order, and his influence extended even to Constantinople He was one of the greatest of Popes and rulers; be en- forced purity of morals among his clergy, and was him- self irreproachable in private life. But ho encouraged the persecution of the Albigenses (a kind of Protestants) in the south of France, and cetablished the tribunals o the Inquisition. Tho influence of the Crusades expanding she mind of Europe, undermined instead of strengthening the Papal power, by advancing liberal ideas and freedom of thought. In Philip the Fair, of France, Bomiface VIII. mot master, during’the residence of the Popes for seventy years at Avignon, in France, between the years 1306 and 1376. Their independence received a blow from which it never recovered. The Pope who noxt claims our attention is Julius II., who of ail the sovereign p‘ntiffs was the greatest war- rior, He commanded fijs troops in person, Ho had been Cardinal Legate to France, and was then {ts friend. When he was elected Pops, ia 1508, he became its enemy. He excommuatoated the Duke of Forrara, gave Navarre to Spain, besieged Mivandola, formed the league of Cambray against Venice, and was aliogetber warlike in bis measures. The King of France and the Emperor convened a council at Pisa, and summoned him to appear. He not only did not obey, but called am @pposition council im the Lateran, He made war against Louws XII. Tho Fronch defeated the Papat army at Ravenna with terrible slaugater, but were so0a after driven out of Italy. He was considered one of the most immoral of Popes. To procure means for buildiag St. Peter’s he ordered the sale of indulgences, which was ne of the immediate causes of the Reformation. Teo X., the successor of Julius, is one of the most cele- brated of tho Popes, both on account of his patronage of learning and the fine arts, and because im bis’ reign «the {Reformation of Martin Luther broke out. In foreign politics he followed the policy of bis predecessors, opposing the domination of foreigners in Italy. His name originally was Giovanni de Medici, and he was second son of Lorenzo the Mognificent. He was born at Florence. To Prevent a un'on of France, Spain and Austria, Leo favored a res0n- Ciliation between the kings of Eogiand and France, He designed the kingdom of Naples for one branch of bis family, and the duchies of Ferrara and Urbino fer others. To this end he contracted and broke off ailianoes, ond took up arms against the Duke of Urbine, He henged Cardinal Petrucci for a conspiracy. Hig finances being exhausted by his magnificence in patron- izing the arta, he put all Chriscntom under contribution, by the eale of letters of indulgences, to raise funis for the completion of St. Petor’s, when Luther arose to op- Pore him. He formed anailiance with France, yet took care to prevent the growth of her power in Italy. With this view he united with the German Emperor, isa, for the re-establishment of the family of S’orza in Milan, and took Swiss troops into his pay. The war was bsgun successfully; Parma and Piacenza were taken by the Papal troops and annexed to the States of the Church. The Al- Hes entered Milan without resistance, and occupied the territory of the Duke of Ferrara, whom Leo had oxsom- municated as an ally of France, While engaged in cele- brating his successes, he died suddenly, December 1, 1621. The greatest Pope of the sixteenth century was Leo X. Sivce the middle of the sixteenth century no German Emperor had been crowned by a Pope. The princess who had learned bis policy withdrew themselves from his au- thority. The bulls were no longer of any avail beyond the States of the Church and they became the objects of ridicule in Germany and France. Clement XIV. , who was a wise and liberal men, abolish- ed the Order of Jusuits in 1773. This Pope is better known by the name of Ganganelli, his name before he was electeg. , The Pope became destitute of all political influence im Europe alter the triumph of the Amoricad revolution, The victories of the French in Italy after the Rovelution forced the Pope to yield, in the peace of To'entino, Avignon to France, and Romagna, Bologna and Ferrara to the CieaTpine republic. A movement in Romo against tho French in 1797 afforded a pretext fcr the taking of that city by the French troops and the leading away of Pius VI as prisoner to France. Pius VII. was enabled by the Austrians to reeume possession of Rome in 1800. By the concordat made with the first Consul, Bonaparte, in 1801, the Pope again lost part of bis worldly-power. Ia 1817 new disputes with France arose, in consequence of which Avcona, Urbino, Macerata and Camerivo were incor- porated with the kingdom of Italy; and in 1909 the whole Papal dominions were seized and partly iacorporated with France. A revenue of 2,000,000 francs was aesigned to the Pope, who was compelled to take up bis residence im France, where he enjoyed a splendid captivity at ihe Palace of Fontainbieau, until the events of 1814 and the abdication and exi'e of Napoleoa to Elba allowed his Holness to resume porseeeion of the States of the Church. Toe temporal power of which the Pope wag deprived im 18(9 was completely established by the Congress of Vienna in 1815. He thus owed his restoration to a coalition of | temyoral princes, among whom were two heratica (the English and the Prussian) and one echismatic (the Rus- sian.) Nevertheless, he not only restored the [nquisition and the Order of the Jesuits, but advanced principles entirely opposed to the institutionsand ideas of his libe- ratore. the present Pope, Pius IX , was elected in 1846, and is seventy-eight years of age. By his reforms and the liberal principles he promulgated he contributed in no #mall degree to the European revolutions of 1848, but afterwards became alarmed and reactionary. Mazzini’s firet proclamation was issued October, 29, 1848. Count Rosti, the Pope’s Prime Minister, waa assassinated at the Senate house November 16 of the same year; his murder ‘was attributed to the republicans of Rome, and injured their cauge, though it is now well known that they had nothing to do with it; the blow was struck by one of the party of Charles Albert, King of Sardinia, to whom it was known Rossi was opposed. The populace marched to the Quirinal and presented their demands to the Popo, viz.: Ttallan Nationality, Constituent Assembiy, a new Ministry, &c, The Pope refuses; the people attack the palace, and at seven P. M. the Pope yields, and grants a liboral ministry. After being a prisoner for seven days in his palace, he es- capes from Rome to Gaeta, having been placed in the dis- guise of a footman on the box of a coach provided by the Austrian ambarsador. The Roman Chambers wore dissolved and a Constituent Assembly convened, On the 9th of February, 1849, the Roman republic was proclaimed, under the government of Mazzini and two other triumvirs The French expedition agains} the republic reached Civita Vecchia April 26, and on the 29th of April they were re- pulsed under the walls of Rome by brave Garibaldi, with the lots of 600 men. Garibaldi’s counsels to resist to the last were overruled, and Rome surrendered after an attack of twenty-nine days and false promises on the part of the French. Rome was entered July 3 by the French under Oudi- not, and evacuated by Garibaldi and his force of 3,000 men: Garibaldi escaped to the Adriatic. Oudinot surrendered the government into the hands of the Commissioners of the Pope, who began the work of reaction, and on the 18th of Avgust Louis Napoleon, President of the French, addressed. the Pope a letter dictating the bases of the restoration, viz: general amnesty, secularization of the administration, tho Code Napoleon and a liberal government. The Pope re- turned to Rome from Naples in April, 1850, but did not: obgerve these conditions, On the contrary, his govern- ment was worse than ever. His principal cities revolted from bim of late, when he made an example by a massacre at Perugia, He bas been protected ever since 1860 in| Rome by the French troops who conquered his restoration, and by the ald of French troops he is now become Presi- dent of the Italian Confederation. Brooklyn City News. THE GERMAN SCHUTZEN FESTIVAL AT MYRTLE AVE- NUE PARK. Anumber of German military companies and singing, asgoviations proceeded to Myrtle avenue Park yestorday, for the purpoge of target practice, gymnastic exercisese| singing, drinking lsger, and epjoying themselves gen- erally. The festival was arranged by the Brooklyn Schutzea| corps, Captain John F. Harms, and is to continue for three! days. The companies formed in the following order and pre-| ceeded to the ground:—Ringgold Horse Guard, Captain| Urban; Steuben Guard, Captain Schepper; Williamsbur; Artillery, Gaptain Timmes; Thalia Singing Society; Lied-| Singing Arsociation; Wiltamebary Turner Schut-| zen, Captaim Sshulpf; Brooklyn I t Tarner| Schutzen corps, Captain Sshurig; the Brooklyn Schutzen| corpe, with a wagon decorated with greon brancl oat containing the figure of invited Ponty and Judges; New York Schutzen Corpe, Captain Busch; Brooklyn Schutzen Corps, Captain Harms. On arriving at the Park asalute was fired by Captain Timmes’ company, and the different associations proceed: ed to take uptueir quarters preparatory to the festivi-| ties. Aspace containing soveral yap se trot the main park, was prepared for a si ing ground.) Three poles, each nearly one hundred feet in height, sur- mounted with doubleheaded eagles, were erected the centre. These eagles are manufactured of willo ‘wood, and are intended as targets. The one who brings| gest piece receives the greatest prize, firing distance is eighty feet from the pole. In anoth tof the enclosure is the representation of a deer fol: tow a dog, both on wheels, and moved at a rapi rate, while the markeman os his position. to fit Tents, tables, poles for Can exercises, 4c., w placed in varfous parts of the ground. During the aftornoon an address in German was deliver- ed by Mr. Henry Roettger, of the New York Schat: Corps. Short speeches were aleo made by Mayor Powell, Judge Morris, Captain Busch and other invited gucets. ‘Yesterday the proceedings were mainly preliminary; day and to-morrow the festivities will be as their heigl A large number of visiters were there in the afternoon. Dead ANIMALS IN THE ATLANTIC DOCK.-The masters. several vessels lying at the Atlantic dock state that carcasses of numerous dead horges aud masses of butch era’ offal are now floating in the northeas. corner of ‘basin, whieh create an intolerable stench. — Hoboken City News. Drownrp,—About six o'clock last evening, a8 & you! man named John Mahoney was bathing in tho North riv opposite the Elysian fleids, be was suddenly seized wil cramps, and sunk %6 rise no more, The body was #00 after recovered and removed by deceased’s brother, accompanied nim, and who was on the bank river al the time of the occurrence. =f gaa tivo of Newark, N, J., and a carpenter by trade,