The New York Herald Newspaper, September 20, 1851, Page 3

EUROPEAN AFFAIRS. ARAAAAAn nnn: ‘Whe Hecent Failures and the Condition of our Co . ms, 0: at one time a bona fide o of million, another had possessed a capital lit a million, and @ third could have boasted of a single partner with a possession of upwards of ove million. On the second of October of that ag we endeavored to direct the attention of commercial public to the true cause of the embarrassment and ruin of those firms. It ap. pesree beyond doubt that it was chiefly to be attri- utcd to the neglect of what constituted @ proper ity, and to the ignorance, ora: least of the difference botween fixed and Boating capital. Tho mistake which bankers had formerly made in locking up their capita: ia mort- gages axd other fixed securitics, which wer? uaa- Fallable at a moment of diffioulty and pressure, merchants bad then committed in making advances upon plaztations in the colonies and otaer distant ssessions. In the island of Mauritius alone, three ms, those of Messrs. Reid, Irving, and Co a lessts. Cockerell and Co., and Messrs. Gower, Nephews and Co., had sunk in sugar plantations a sum not wuceh, if it all, below one million sterling. In the article referred to, we pointed out, at great Tength, the necessary characteristics of a ee r commercia! security, to which, if the houses alluded to had paid the smallest attention, there is no rea- gon for believing that they might not to this day have erjcyed the same eminent position that they so long did, much to their own credit, and to the denefit of an extensive list of correspondents throughout the world. We have no reason for suspecting that the great lesson taught in 817 has been forgotten or neglect- Since then, the difference between floating and Dxed sceurities bas been better understood, as well as the danger of investing commercial capitals ia the latter. The great drain upon the floating capi- tal of this country made by the investments in rail ways from 1844 to 1347, and she losses of the latter car, has long since been more than repaired, partly ty the great amount of foreigu capisal, which, like foreign subjests, found a safe asyluw in this country from the destructive revolutions which haves vept the surface of Europe since 1848, aud partly by the great prosperity which bas, during the last ° years in partizular, attended most branches of 0} Capital, therefore, has been obtainable ‘mercantile sec ‘the disregard, mate purposes, on terms as easy as at any former time. But though its investment miy Pave been made in a more tegisimate way, and ai- though business has beeu conducted, as a whole, on principles more correct theoretically, and with greater prudence practically, yet the recent large failures have proved, that’ while the priaciplo ef a fuir commercial security has been adhered to, practices of an imprudent character have t new, it is true--which have proved 3 to some firms known to have pos- sessed large capitals within » moderate period. One firm ,whieh has suspended payment during the pre- sent week, issaid to have possessed @ capital, at the begivning of this year, of about £100,000; its credit was unccubted to the last, and thy individaal par- ties ba tood equally high fer their character as men, end their ability as traders hat such ‘ould shake general credit, cannot be urprise. Some ot the recent failures in equally unexpected. ‘Fhe quostioa sitzelt upon the country, when men of capital, of character, of ability, and of well kaowa busincrs habits, are redaced to ruin, does com- sncree necessarily imply such risks! We do not belive it. We are satisfied that, in every such case, weil-recognised principles have been neglected, or baye been acted upon without regard to pru- deree. No doubt there has been a great decliae in the price of some of the leading articles of trado— cotton, sugar, coffee, &¢ —during the present year. But still we contend, that considerable as that de- cline hes been, it is not sufficient to account for such losses as would lead a well-managed, legiti- quate business, with a fair capital, to insolvency. There have, however, some practices arisen in the mode of conducting business, in the extent to which advances are made, as well as in the forms 0° making them, on imported produce, and on ex- ‘ported manufactures, which, necessarily, not aloae expose those immediately engazed to extensive fosse#, but which involve others who are not imme- diately parties te the transactions, but who dispos0 of their goods in tite most legitimate way. ‘I'he subject oi advances upon prodace imported, and upen consi ents of manufactures exported, is oze which has not yet been sufficiently considered, ard which demands more attention than it has re- ceived. Jn itself a most legitimate mode of employ- ing capital when kept within fair and proper rules, it nevertheless becomes one of the most fruitful sources of overtrading, speculation, aad ultim: Josses, when suffered to go boy be Froa Liver- pool we learn, that “upou an investigation of the affairs of several houses who have lately suspendel, enormous losses hown upon their consignments to jadia; and this sufficiently accounts for that warket being overstocked. Those shipments have generally been made with the view of raising money to carry on their other trade—buying goods on .ong credit, obtaining advances there on to the extent of two thirds or three-fourths the amount of the invoice. Other than disastrous results could not have been anticipated. One house shows loses in this way to the crormous extent of £70,000." This is an old abuse of a practice, but it is not the otly form in which that practice is prejudicial to the best interests of a!l engaged in commerce. It is our intention, in an early number, to pursue this subject of adv: on consignments; with a view to consider the extent to which it can safely ard fairly be acted upon, and, at the same time, to point out the numerous ways in which it is exposed to abuee, and in which it leads to serious losses, ard too frequently to ruin. But while cases like those referred to are numer- ous, yet there is every ground for car me that the geneial trade ofthe country is conducted upon the Credits are shorter most legitimate principles. . igs The practice of cash then at any former time. payments A more general. Stocks in all hands are, asa rule, kept lower. In the manufacturing clistriets they have seldom been known to be so low. “Uhe supply of all the lead ng raw materials is good, and tho jprices such as not to induce any ro- hension of any material reduction. Commercial copital has been kept generally to legitimate com- mercial objects. Individual cases of speculation, evpecially in cotton and some other articles of foreign produce, existing some months ago, but th loeses which have been suffered can have bu! a limited and local influence. There appears, there- fore, at present no general cause for any appre- hension #s to the coundness of the trade of the country; and the great abundance which it is now certain will exist for a long time in articles of food, as we!lasinthose which constitute the chiefraw materials of our industry, ix the best security for the soundness, and the sucess of the trade of the future. News of the Week {from the London Leader, Se; Foremost in importance is the con reaction in Austria, by the Limperor’s reas sump- tion of absolute power; but the report of a great goli bed in Eastern Australia is searcel, citing to the lish reader ; nor docs the exp! n of espion nd conspiracy in the Von Beck case, at Birmingham, create much less surprise ; nor count of the mon at New \ ork, demand- ~ venge for the blood of Americans slain in Cul bloodily slain, indec 1—less eager intere: indeed, the papers of the Ik eventful. Tbe Emperor of Austria ut forth ordinan- ves eigned by bis own band, releasing ministers trom any eo a except to himself. Pro- fessed)y the object of this movement is to enable the Experor and bis coun:sil more freely to consi det how far the constitution of March 4, 181%, can be rendered available; but a moment's considera tion shows that the objet? is the final abolition of that constitution, already abolished in er ‘The present act is one of aseries. ‘The “state of siege,” as the Progresso, of Turin, observes, had already © nded constitution in cities, rprovinees, at whole kingdoms ; as soon as possible After the revolution, the bureaux were reorganized n the old ist plan, with new constitutional i forms, adopted way. in August last issue the National Gaards; in “the same month, the article of the first section, which secured the entire religious liberty, was violated by prohibiting the Free Catholic Churches. And now the applicability of the whole constitu- tion is to be “considered.” Of course, it will be found to be “impracticable.” It was a fitting and neoessary sume absolute power. It happens, curi . Limperor s ordinance reaches this country, tl strange organization of an Austrian branch of ‘ish police explodes to publie view. The detection of the Lent pe 8 Yon at Birmingham, not onl; sed an iter, Ww! Tube an nation: P government, and hroughout, but also exposed a foreign ae in our police. he pose) of remarkable letters on the f religious freedom, M. Ronge avers that inal Wiseman was sont to this country by ria, in order to create & tumult am the holies. It is certain that Ir, Wiseman it the imperial palace of Schonbrunn before ingiand. Nothing so facilitated his Teas tho Apti-Papal bill, passod by whieh owns Lord Palmerston for its Foreign Seerotary—nay, by that ‘icular seotion of the atry which owns Lord Palmerston. ‘The paper which we insort om the state of Ger- robably to e fact that ‘eliminary tha: the limperor should re- | ously enough, that jast as the | ho had been spy to the | oppctee ey pendant Indetone, at Ni che: in the conduct of absolutism. We have teen how a is used to ex- clude ol nable j from » Milan, and several Roman States. ‘Taxcs are in all the despotic States, to from the the means of their own oe so itis in 2. In Naples, political 1 are confined in pri- sons balf or wholly subterranean: 20 it is in Baden, In Rome ayd M respectable D citizens are beaten with sticks: so itis in Badon. Courts martial are the tribuoals in Italy and Germany, and—shame to Frenchmen'—in France. They are not needed in Naples, because the Judges are under the cow- mand of the Attorney General, who threate ns them with the consequences of being pedanti- caliy merciful! Perhaps Baden possesses a uaique contrivance in the ** Sitting Committee,” the duty of which isto determine whether accusations shall Re carcied. netere iyi or ~~ bon aee This imparting to the system lespotism t! it~ ners of penttce finish. er ene An admirable paper in La Presse, however, by Simler, confirms our belief that monarchism bas been destroyed asa general tenet in Germany— destroyed by the tyranny of absolutists, the trea- cbery of vacillating Prussia, and the pedantic inca- pacity of tho doctrinaires. There, as in France acd Italy, the battle must be waged between the two extremes. In Spain, republicanism is known to be making way among the people, iguorant as they are: th premmecces of El Tiabajader (the Workman) e: ich the first workiog-man’s journal in Spain; it teaches the doctrine of assosiation; and practical association has alieady commenced. What with the grovth of ‘the Republic, Democratic and Social’ at home, and the precarious tenure of Cuba in the West, the Spanish monarchy l-oks to be in denger.—although the Duchess de Montpen- sier has just given birth to achild. Meanwhile, if the American accounts are true, the Spargh Cubaus have effectually drawa the great republic upon themselves: they have roused its just rage, by shooting a great party of Ameri- caus in cold blood; they have given the govern- ment room to interpoee, by firing on » mail steamer, and enforcing that * right of search” which Amerion successfully denied even to England. ‘Tao Ameri cans have thas marked Cuba for their own with Amiricun blood—a signature which they seldom permit tobe efieed. The fact is important ia the present state of Eurepe and international relations her side of the Amorizan continent, i it ndition. A secret tribunal, resembling those of the middlo ages, dominates over the law. Thore is an air of romance and unreality about this which is both ludi and terrible. A secret conclave, exo- wild justice” on the or abed ** No. 67, ,”” is very origina Life and property as the fp must be protected by yack? butin San Francisco the presence of that famous por- sopageis very ugly. + ‘The discovery ofa great gold bed in Australia has a strong political bearing, if the report is cor- That gold has been fuurd seems to bo cer- e discovery, indeed, was anticipated by sts; that the field is extensive is alvo pro- ‘There will at once be set up not only a great attracticn in the Australian towas, drawing the colonists to that particular field, but a great at- traction fo i ts from this country. Moan- while, the i tura to the question of ors have pro- mired to cede: y cede it, now that the value of the subterranean resourecs is known? It they refuse it, will the colonist:, elroady talicing of “ in- dependence,” ber red to affectionase allegiance! This also is one of the colonial questions whieh has an important bearing on the state of political rela- tions even in Lurope tefore the fates of peoples and tho prospests of States, the interest of mere royal families dwindles to insignificancy ; and few wil! care to busy them- | selves with the gossip about Prince do Joinville and his trimming answers to the requisitionists who in- vite him to stand fcr the French Presidency; h» | will net decline, ho will not stand, he wili not re- | fuge to serve if elested—such seoms to be the sub- | stance of the reply given, with the acquiesconco of | his family. ‘The acquiescence is curious, consider- | ing that to accept the election would seem to forego the royal claims of his family. But one conjecture, perhaps, may solve the difficulty; ifelected without his own lzave, and without pledges, the Priace might aceept the office asa mere moans of getting | back to Paris, and there employing the resources | ot cfiicial position to reopen the path to the throne for bis nephew, the Count of Paris. Although lit an relating more clozely to home about the Russell Keform bill of next session is received with littie iaterest, The | Globe of Thursday had an article very perplexing, | at the first viow, as it seemed to make out that | there could be no Neform bill: no parties, it repre- sents, can agree upon any definite proposition, ex- cept @ few ** enthusiasts,” who dem: ie adinis- sion ef the whole bia of the working-class to the fravchise, which would a-ray against the bill the whole of the moneyed c!ass ut you understand the paper at once when you read an allusion to the protectionists as exasperated by a ‘* provoking ia- difference to every tresh specalation of Mr. Dis- raeli’s” in the present Parliament, and as, there- fore, entertainin; vage readiness for whatever contrivance woui ble either farmers or ae operatives to put a screw ae the great capit: ists.” It is rumored that the conservative op) tion is preparing a Reform bill to rival Lord John’s, and the Gicle ii noe gp mec toany Ketorm bill atall. Does not this foreshadow the reform debates of 1852! Will ministers have pluck enough to praseoute the bishops? is still the Irish question. We only observe, at the present momont, that sort of lull in Ireland, which is said to precede a storm. Bright weather, gey company, gallant acclama- I ovations of all sorts, have attended ja on her progress to Balmoral. bas been journeying in a drawio; of reporters unique in taste: At Doncaster we find the Mayor and Corporation hiding a row of wry, wrete! cottages from the eyes of Majesty. Ii the stations were very gaily adorned. Everywhere attemp:s were mado, like ‘rated te of peasantry in bran new Stowe, to let the Queen tt up” for the occa- leasant to remark the fewness of British queens do not now re- . Balmoral is only guarded London policemen and rural imit sions thoreof. » Lord John Russell has taken a house bap gon tape and Prince Albert has got e 0 e and his never be worse lodg sion. his own, called “ Hut.” May The Harvests of Europe. {From the London News, August 29.) ‘The ascounts of the harvest which have reached us from the we and ao America hardl, warrant us, perhaps, in venturing to form very tive ideas ako the commercial position in whieh our neighbors on cither side of the Atlantic are likely relatively to stand duri he next winter and epring towards cach other and ourselves. But | enough is already asomtained to lead the least thoughtful to m4 ticipat‘on of consequonces y be materially modided by searcely fail to stamp their on the coming year. In the south ef France the wheat crop is taid to have proved abundant. But in extensive districts of | he north and east the yield is reported to be defi- | in quantity. Ard though for a week or two re more likely to fall than te advance, a well founded anticipation prevails that during she winter, | the cost of bread in : any departments of the repub- lie will be considerably greater than it has been during the Jast twelve months. In Paris this may not be so perceptible [ts supplies are drawn from a wider range than any cowntty towa; and pains will no doubt be taken to eqnalize the supply with the demand. But evcn though the market noes should indicate no fluctuation what- ever, it docs not therefore follow that Paris may not sympathize indirectly in the pressare whieh the cireumjacent communities feel. To the eap’ to the heart, the industrial cirenlation of an over | centralized country naturally returns, when by any cause repelled from the extremiti It was the congestion of artisan labor in the end of 1547 and | beginning of 1848, that facilitated the irruption of | | Fe ry. Absorbents on @ great scale for pacti- cular kinds of labor have, indeed, been jad by | recent measares of Do soya Lm tp rd to be executed at the cost of the municipality of the taste- (ul metropolis on both sides of the Seine. But whether the influx of hands sure to be attracted by the announcement of these magnificent undertak- ings, together with the many contributive streams which ene vance in the cost of living is sure to cause silently and gradually to flow towards the great centre, whether these in the aggregate may not counterbalance the extra employm nt we bave adverted to, remains to be see: | It is fortunate for France, looking at her nation- | al reckonings aca whole, that she is just now called wpon to execute more than an usually large amount of orders for manufactured goods for Am: tien, whenee she will probably look for the supply of her own unusual wants in the shape of corn. The pou their books a | e ited orders for the United “the yellow wagnet” in bis pock he ever remembers to have had in the whole course of hie uncommonly prosperous existence. And as, in addition thereto, he has more breadstuffs this fall than he can by any possibility oonsumo | himeelf, he is determined that wives and hters, Ii cach and every single on. hristmas day, ove or mor. of and velvets which all me.akind voted in (he Great Lakibiion, but St . Money is ton the western side of | the Atlantic, and Jonathan is emphatically enjoué | by nates When he bas plent; is ready to | epend lil prince. He happen ! | | or trying 'o rerder Utah inde; tar penal prac it Be ts on that point the evidence agaiast it we must admit, meagre and insufficient. at the same time there seems to be in its results cabal or a socialist plot. The really great there has as 7 been consi ble material success; of society come by no set of schemers’ contrivanse | for the Salt Lake is already the third dorert they Every, in the onward destiny of the world such | have brought under cultivation—at no little coat of whether of high-born reactionists or impostor democrats, will have less and less influence on the march of events. Sudden drains of guld out of @ country, sing for the time all banking operations, thereby suspending to a vast amount e cash payment of daily wages, this, which in aa artificial state of society is as much a famine as the failure of the rice crop in Hindostan, this isa fur more formidable source of danger and disaster than any dyrastic conspiracy or face blackened schowe for promoting the community of goods It is such a danger that the lavish indulgence of Amorican love of ‘‘eilk attire” is likely to avert during the ensuing winter from France. If the latter reqaires to import half a million quarters of wheat and flour from the western States of the former, she must of course pay for it, either in the first instance in moncy, as we did in 1817, or in manufactured goods, as we did year. Io tho end it may come to the cording to our hyper-philosophical economists; but in the weantime it makes all the difference to the daily comfort and content of thou sands of industrious workmen, to the peace of so ciety, and to the equanimity of the state Turning our glauce towards central Europe, it is difiiult to regard, without more or less concern, the results ¢f tho harvest, a3 far as they are known. la several portions of northern Germany the corn crop is said to bave suffered so materially from rust and mildew as to cause a belicf at Hamburg and else- where, that instead of a surplus for ex portation, there will hardly bo enough for home consumption. And while the King of Prussia been scolding the citizens of the western provinces of his realm, and sauctioning measures of religious persecution directed against the dissenterafrom the church es‘a- by law in other parts of his dominions, a ir and apparently « noticed circumstance been taking place which might well ¢ause tho nfatuated monarch te pause in ais present suicidal career. The potato blight is said to have failen with peculiar severity on the fields of the Lower hine-a district where land, being much di- vided, the loss oczasioned by such a calamity is brought home to every peasant-farmer’s door. To pouitical discontent, physical privation may thz3, iu many instances, be added; and while the citi- zens and higher ¢'asses chafe with hourly heighten- ing rage at the reck!ess prostration of the cabinet of Bertin before the insolent domination of that of Vienna, the rural communities are about to be triod in temper, by misfortunes, which, in days of na tienal prosperity and hopefu'ness, aro sufficiently hard to bear. At such a moment it is that the go- verpment of Prussia persists in the convocation of the abrogated oligarchie assemblies m each pro- vinee, for the particularly popular purpose of ar- ranging and autho the levy of direst taxes. ‘To shut out every suspicion of justice or fair p'ay, he Geors of these provincia! dicts are ordered to be | fast closed, their illegal and unconstitutiona! de- crecs culy being designed for pubsication in America— ie inst. (From the Lon , August 23 J A Brighton paper the other day announced that tions were going on there for the departure erty of Sussex Mormons to the eity of the t salt Lake, beyond the Rocky Mount. and on taking up a Caleutta journal, just re we find it stated that a Mormon missionary + ig appearance in the Cooly Bazaar of that cepitel. American journals epeak of the ra growth of the settlement of Deseret, as th mons foudly call their new found home, or Ut United States legislation jealously dosigaates . it | rew territory; accounts published in this country carry the total numbers, wherever spread, of these Latter Day Saints, up to 300,C00; some 10,000 or 12.000 of our emigrants are said yearly to join Mc. Brigham Young and ‘‘the Church” in their Paciic paradive; stillleaving, however, it is added, not fewer than from 30,000 to 50,C00 believers in Joe Smith's pretensions and revelations, behind them ia this country. Strange and provoking as this delu- sion is, nevertheless it is one that on many accounts deserves passing attention. ‘The difficulty in getting at authentic iaformation on the subject is, however, very great; and to that difficulty is probably owing a part of at loast the | numerical importance of Mormonism ; for with it, a3 with other things, it is more than likely we exig- gerate that which we do not know with accuracy. At all events, we can find no suflicient voucher for the numbers assigned, either in America or here, to the ecct. In America it seems probable, for several reasons, that the great majority of Mormons have already crossed the Rosky Mountains. The present head of “the Church” has urged in the strongest manner the union in Deseret of all tho Saints; he bas painted the fortility of tho country and the happinees of the ee id glowing co- lors ; and, with no little skill and eloquence, he attracts all who have faith in the new revelation to c= of the spiritual advant: & Cemmupionof Saints.” ‘* There,” he tells them. “the wicked cease to trouble, and the rest.” On the other hand, public « Union still rans with unabated prejudi 0 be gained by ‘a against the Mormons; and their presence in any numbers, would, it is to be presumed, lead or eres in any Stat to the dreadiul persecutions they before in Missouri and Illinois. Assuming, t grcat balk have fled beyond the boan: can civilization into Utah, there is no authority, that we ver, for any sach e city of the ie © appears, the best statistics, to contain in its lumber hats an* scattered housez, some 15,000 or 20,000 people at most, spre , not more than 12,000; and, if to them, be added the scattered population of the sect throughout both hemispheres, on the hand- somest seale that reason will permit, it is clear that in talking about 300,000 Mormons, the world is largely and bugely imposed on ‘That they are a growing sect is, however, clear enough. Twenty years have not passed away since mith fessed to dig up, under inspira- 5 olden Tables; yet his fc stitute a great fact; whic! tions he and his ear! wers now con- not even the persecu- disciples suffered can wholly account for. tenn i uilt an important town in Illi- nois, Nauvoo; |, driven from iv they are found- ing a State beyond the Rozky Mountains, to be wholly inhabited, as they hope, by Latter Day Saints. Apart from its religious interest, the h of such @ society towards the sh f ic, has considerable political importance. As yot, the Mormons stheet to be loyal citizens of the American republic. When i in the Mexican campai, sion from Nauvoo; of allegiance on their hoy 500 strong. The; t » rt, sent thit Le y still consider Deseret of the Union, and, with no little practical 's the federal has appointed Brigham Young, the :uccessor of Smith, Governor thereof, judicious'y restraining, however, the limits of the territory of Uteh from coming down so far as th» coast of the Pacific. But, notwithstanding this mt con- nection, ambitious designs do cosestonally peep out, about a great Mormon empire, having a commission to conquer the world to » new revelation ; and it is quite certain that any further interference with, or persecution of, the Mormons, in their present loca- tion, will induce them to shed this republic forever, t) disclaim its citizenship, and to set up somewhere for themselves, o distinct and se; e pat ity, as well aso new religion. ** We have salt enough here to pickle the Union, if that would preserve it,” wrote, on one occasion, Brigham Young; du’ a wish for its preservation docs not prevent bierarch preochirg against its inbabitants every Sabbath, pendent of supplies ircm the rest of the world. ‘There, at sil events, in the Basin of the (ireat Salt Lake, on a fertile plain, under a temperate evn, and inclining towards the Pacific, religious enthusiasm, delusion, and impoeture are hruleg a State. Hundreds, it may be snid thousands, of our choiccrt artisans are annaally flocking thithorwards, careless of the distance, indifferent to the soverities of the endless journey; and missionaries have gone forth, penniless and ignorant, to ail Europe, to India, and to China, summoning mankind to the new religion, andte thore and swell tho new community. murder of Joo Smithhw ity of the Salt Lake, by enthusiastic assurances | bor and of money they built Nauvoo, and being riven thence, another city and another temple are rising under their hands. © Though the first disco- verers of the golden sieras of few have been tempted to the “diggins;” and already manu- factures are springing up in Deseret. All this is | doubtless the cousequence chietly of superior organi- | sation, discipline, division of labor, and of the | marked characters of the enthusiasts. Some little, however, of this credit must be assigned to the im- | mense importance assigned to labor, and enterprise, | and industry, by the creed iteelf. ‘This, of courée, is the bright side of the picture, To reach Deseret. what endurance, what fa.igue, what illness, what fever, wha‘ eat, what cold, what ruin, what attacks from hostile Indiavs, what even wore quarrels with more savage Americans, are te be endured and undergone, not! ing but per: senal experience can adequately tell. And, then, when the haven is reached—to live, and dwell, and sesociate with men blazphemously claiming in- spiration amongst a people ignorantly or decait- fully cl ing to be especial objects of God’s care— amon, community claiming to have superseded all ordinary rules of moral manvers and obligations by laws vouchsafed by them-+elves unto themselves —these are considerations from which the mind shrinks with horror and dismay. Nevertheless, there is Mormonism—and there are the Mormoas, masters of a State—and wisat it will ond in Heavea only can tell. Let us watch and mark its career, in the full confidence that a wise and sracious Pro- peerveneg cares and protects the world trom euch de- lusions. lal di gilance Commictee of Cal! ., _ [From the London Chronicle, Seat. 4 } ‘The settlement of California is one of the mr- vels of American colonization. Within an incredi- bly short space of time # very considerable popu- lation has been brought together, anda State been established on the most approved republican model. The rising cities have sullered to an extra ordinary degree irom calamities, which, however, are rapidly repaired by the energy of tho inhabi- tants. We are informed that San Francisvo is ris- ing, for the sixth time, like a phoenix from its | ashes. The large exports of bullioa, and ths io- | creasing arrivals of emigrants, woald lead ono to | imagine that the Pacific State contains a properous | andhappy community. But, even in California, ail | that glitters is not gold. Society in that country is | in a somewhat unsettled state, and the rights of | property do not appear to be yet universally recog- nized. Nor is the law, although representing the supreme will of the people, quite as effective as could be desired. Jastice, as administered by | the State, has proved insufficient to prevent in- | cessant murders and robberies. The pypula- | ion are very different from tho quiet rural | communities of the New Enginnd States. In Cali- | fornia there are no “Pilgrim Fathers’’—or, if thero | be, they have preserved au impenotrable disguise whilst occupied in satisfying a most unsaintly ca- pidity. But there can be little doubt that among | the settlors there i: a largo infusion of the choizost blackguardisem of the universe. Convicts from New South Wales, and financiers from Mississip who ought to have been convicts, have probably acded considerably to the Californian populazio The Western States, which have hitherto beon tho | refuge of criminals and jail-birds from every part of the Union, have disgorged upon California their | superddous population of vaganonds. Moxico and | the South American republics have furnished thair | | respective contributions of raseality, and the crimiuals end convicts of the Old World are com- peting, on American ground, against the energyand | talent of the scoundrels of the other hem sphere. In fact, California is, to some extent, a convict colony of all nations. ‘It must be a strango contes: of industry—the French forcat jostling with the native American gambler, and the toe ot a London burglar treading on the kibes of a Pailadelphian Quaker. The difficulty of preserving aaything ike order in such acommunity must be very great. ‘To keep together the ordinary staff of a very simple government is no easy matter where the chance of obtairirg immenge wealth is so inviting. Fanc- tionaries, soldiers, aud constables throw up their cfliees; the Californian Themis retires to the diggings; and the warriors of the republic desert their star-spangled colors to pound quartz, or to rock a miner’s cradle. Private intorests supersede public duties, and the executive is consequensly in- sulted with impunity. uffians, equipped with bowie knives and revolvers, are mere than a match for the judges and the posse comitatus. In a word, government ean ecarcely be said to exist. With our notions of protection to ob alg by an or- ganized State force, it is dificult to realize the condition of California. What would become of | | mes wen ie clemeney of 9, and, ti to chance of rE. ee war upon society. In Culifornia, tl us classes muster in strong numbers, whilst the mejority of the inhabitants, by the nature of their occupation, are pelea exposed to the at: tacks of marauders. [fit be true that Australia is to turn out another Califoruis, we shall see something of the difficulty of governing « gold- poceene country. We fear that, in that case, rd Grey's “exiles” will relapse, and between busnrangers, convicts, and greedy ewigrants, the Colonial office y dl be sorely vexed. We can fancy the under Secretary for the coloniea rejoicing at the prospect of a new colonial question; but we trust that, if Bathurst, the alleged country, is to be made into a eeparate government, the lucra- tive office of Governor will be bestowed upon ths member for Sheffield. Unceasing labor, if not hu- boy ge % the Aefence of the “* office,” has en- it ¢ incorruptible le; tor to the richest re- ward in the gift ef Downing street. N the 9 hy Names of the exiles who oame to the United States from Shumla, (Turkey,) and who dosire to sale in the colony of New Buda, Dovatur county, OWa. 1, Joseph Brick, 2. Martin Koszia, 3. Charles Bukovits, has Lichtenstein, douard Scheifele, OFFICERS. Saarles Svatmary, Charles Gloss, Joseph Kailing, Charles Braun, Mathias Szedlak, Rudolf Bardy, . Samuel Szabo, SUL+OF tienn Ajtay, Alexandre Toth, Ignace Fintay, Fr'cois Tegyvercsay, 4 Ignace Szabo, 4: Gustav Huszak, Jean Vargies, his wifo, . Luis Grun, ph Santea, Alexandre Jacvko, Francois Polve: 27. Alexander Feh Francois lacze. ERS. 38. Charles Szatasho, Francois Kovach, Jean Baska, his wife. Etienn Jeney, Jean Bohonyl, Frangois Laszlo, his wife, . Kelemen. CITIZEN SOLDIERS. 17. Francois Jakab, SY. Jean Rozsa, 48. Michel Cantner, 99. Emericus V 49. Georges Tebes, OL. Pierre . Pierre Kowach, 92 i an Balla, 93. jenn Tusa, 94. Jeam Szekely, nn Szoboszlay, 5. Joseph Voluar, Alexandre Beever, ean Sipos, 97. Joan Vascovich, 56. Etienn Iekees, his wife, . Georges Bodanck, 9 Samuel Gerzso, his wife, 100. Etiean Nyiregyhazy, . Ladislaus Nemes, 101. Jean Deme, ‘This was truly ‘a scene savages. The lion died in an iniquitous manner under the hands of a crowd, who perpetrated mis- chief in stab after stab upon that beautiful animal. We (says the reporter) abandoned the circus dignation, not to seem to concur with a decd, and lamenting: that the authorities had given occasion to it by leaving their box before the proper time. i, Such is the description literally given by La Na- ciom, of the 26th of July, a liberal constitutional newspaper of Madrid, of tke diversions of Spanish court and gentry in 1851. Another cor- respondent stater, that there have been three or four of th«se baiting of wild beasts, besides bull fights twice a week. What must be the immoral and brutatising influence of such exhibitions u; @ sensitive and excitable onl, and upon youthful of both sexes? The bull fights are vided and directed by the municipal authorities ; they are patronized by their presence. and the cuniary proceeds are sometimes applied to hoepi- tals and institutions. ‘Thoughtful and_ serious Speviarde, however, regard these romaining ocus- toms of a heathen und degraded age with shame and disgust, and do not hesitate to say that the court and ministry bold it their policy to endeavor to deprave the moral sensibilities of the people by diversions, proccssions, and formal devotions, in order to rast their desires for better law, better administration, better morals in high life and low life, and better religion. Can it possibly be, that any government, however colfish, can debase in order to rale-rosn labor (0 stulify the mind of its owa country, in order to gratify its temporary am- bition and avarice? But that an is rs ps Saal ea fights, aud op nies of the tormenting of wild beasts, no reflective and right-minded person can have the sbadow of a doubt. © ~ & Sporting Intelligence. GREAT TKOTTING RACES AT AINTRER. The liverpool Grand Trotting Races—an event anxiously looked forward to by patrons of the turf— came off at the Aintree race-course, on the {th inst. In the morning the sky was rather cloudy, with every appearance of rain, but about ten o’cloek, “old Sol,”? who is often favorable towards his visi- ters at the race gatheric made his appearance, and the remainder of the day was beautifully fine. About ove o'clock a move was made towards the course, which, at this period, was thinly attended; but as the railway trains srrived in quick succession, the course began to preser animated appear- ance. ‘The grand stand, thor not crowded, was well attended ; but moe: 0} yninor stands were indifferently patronized. A ng muster of the police force, mounted and on foot, were the means of keeping gooderder. ‘There were the usual raciag amusements on the ground. Considerable delay took place in starting, the first race not coming till nearly two o'clock, the time annouaced boing one. The running, on the whole, was good. The | following is a return: — takes of 10 sovs. each, h. f, with 100 Sevond horee to save his stake. Five miles. Herses 15) hands high to carry 12st. Zibs. allowed for every inch below that height. A Sw sovs. added. . Joseph Patay, 102 Alexandre Kuhn, . Michel Lorints, 103. Jean Krucsanyi, his wife, 104. Jean Monly, . Joseph Tomics, 105. Pierre Novakovich, Michel Tokes, 106. Charles Jakab, seph Fulop, 107. Litienn Nyilas, . Francois Salamon, 108. Pierre Markas, . Antoin Lorant, 109. Joseph Vegh, M 110. Joseph Osalany, — | 1 Petrenyi, J Joseph Nyiri, . Jean Nagy, Zacharias Lukacs, . Joseph Brockle, Samuel Debree 5. Francois Szabo, 76. Joseph Bilkay, . Alexandre Bay, . Jean Ban, « Ignace Botta, . Luia Nemethy, i Yiregehary, Iker, 20. Autoin 5: y : Antoin Raba‘hy, . Antoin Badalil, . Francois Zrimbo, his wife, his wife, 4. Francois Sporn, Charles Neme'hy, his wife, i4. Alexandre Tekete, G. Pierre Botta, >. Joseph Hangya, 127, Joseph Schmilt, bis wife, 128. Laurence Sat. . Francois Borondy, his wife, Josgrn Back, Notaire du Comte Torontal, & | oy. Reprerentant de sc compatriots. Wasmineton, September 6, 1951. a ire :. [Translated from th cinal French and Magyar } | Imake known and certify, by this let-or of gene- ral recommendation, that Captain J. de Brick, chief | of a party of Hungarian exiles, who are sojoucaing | in Shumla, merited eminently’ to his country, by the metropolis if the police were to resign en mirsse, and if Lord Truro, having divested himself of his wig, were to rush to tho diggings! Chancery suitors would abandon what little hope they now have, and every householder would be placed in a | state of siege. The Pecele of California have had some expe- rience of the mischief and misery f cheumrty by the inpenty of crime, and they have determined to be no longer shot ‘and robbed at the pleasure of their assailants. They have found a precedent applica- ble to the casein the simple system of criminal jurisprudence known by the name of Lyuch law. ‘But the latter has, in general, been only made use of fora special purpose. The courts of “Kegula- at anized themselves ad hoc; and when a horse dealer had been hangei, or a gang of gamb- lers ol the jurisdiction ceased, and the Regula- tors wi gad into private et iy 9 cert very well in a quiet settlement of farmers ai traders; and, excepting some cases where conside- rations bel as interest or the dread of aboli- tionist agitation disturbed the impartiality of the court, the decisions of Judge ae wero tolerably just, and vindicated successtully the rights of society. But in Cahfornia, the evil to be dealt with was not ore which could be disposed of by a single act of retiibuticn. It was no isolated case of crime which demanded punishment, but a lar criminal ulation, which required to corrected intimidated. In new and par. tialiy settled countries it is impossible to ettablish an effective police; for the oifendor has every chance of ose: If, therefore, crimes of violence are of frequent occurrence, wo can scarcely censure, on the ground of severity and informality, the measures taken for the public protection. Tae mode stepeet, te the present instance, has been to estab’ Lynch law en permanence, by the for- mation of a Committee Vigilance, who have undertaken to bring things into order. Tais sin- gular authority has been assumed by the principal citizens of San Francisco, and, although without maintaining good order among them, and fidelity to their native land, in the midst of great disasters which pressed upon them. Hoe secured to himself thereby my gratitude and entire confidence. Being on tbe departure for Constantiaople, in e-der to ir meworials—whish the Hungarian ex- iles (who, confiding in his integrity, clected him as their re} ntative) have addressed to the Sublime Porte—I recommend him, in the name of humanity, and by reazon of sufferings which generated in un- deserved adversity, to the protection and favor of all those to whom he say address himself for aid and support. Lowis Kossern, [t. 8 ] ' Governor of Iluagary. Kutahia, October 23, 185 | Amusements of the Spantah Court and =| je in 1851. | For some days past, one of the subjects most fee quently discussed a the sporting and plea- le of t sure taking Pee) Me capital has been the | baiting of wild beasts, intended to take place at Aranjuez. Some prophesied that it would be a similar scene to that which had been exh-bited to us in the Plaza de Toros; others imagined that Mr. Brice’s wild beasts would not turn out to such a discount as thore that showed off a: the Bullring at Madzid in 1842. The public, partly excited by the stimulus of passing a day of diver-ion at the place of the royal residence, crowded thither to the number of some sixteen hundred persons, transported from Madrid in four convoys or detachmenss, by seventy-five coaches. The amuscmonts were to begin at half-past four in the aftornoon, but they did not commence watil a quarter after five, when th» band, striking up the royal march, made the people, who bad already become restless with delay, aware that her Ma jesty, the Queen Mother, and his Majesty, the King, bad entered the reyal box. The young davghters of the Duke of ltianzares occupied anc- ther, adjoining that of the royal family. ‘The pit any formal or legal sanction, it is approved and supported by the mass of the inhabitants. Weare told that new members are constantly enrolling | themselves, and that subordinate committecs will be | nalous tribunal; and, practically, the criminal justice of the country isadministered by asocretand irresponsible body; for the processes of investiga- tion and deliberation are equally secret; nor is it known by what persons the several cases are do- | cided. The verdict only is proclaimed, and it is at once carried into exceut! members of tho committe ny hundreds in number, are the real } constabul and they are bound to attend with their arms, whonever ealled upon, eisher to keep the peaco, or to execute the sentenee of the court. Such preceedings aro of course utterly illegal, and the capital sentences which are carried into effect woull, by the law of the United States, | amount mutder. The only excuse for the rystem lies in the sccossity of th | weakness of the executive. With of cut-throats, quarreling over Cahfornian mouptains, avd with ereave of violent outrage, it is oot surprising th: | the sounder portion of the pewp!e should havo a: | oneo acted upon a broad and intelligible principle | of nataral justive; and if their procoediags are con- | fired te the ogo which thoy avow —the prosection | nm an ‘theie fellow citizens will property— with a leniont cye on their Ly of letter of thi he. Sat it must be borne in | of lool wv then, destroyed his imposition; on the contrary, 118 confessed that, in Brighom Young.» greater | unit Joo tee man the alee eae — te remedy will be, to strengthen the nited States bas honored b; confidenca ¢, aud not to preverve so dangerous an and crowd: sre respording to hissnmmons. Al! thie is stran; ‘Ne even Mormons samit to be Ged. erica. It ol position co equal to that o’ the pro but only to carry out more effe st ely, ard securely, tae ntions rial access to heaven; rad subsistence, er joy met In its mundane rule it is at once demboratic and sacerdotel; it gives freedom of action to the people but, conferring its bigzarchy, ena! Lea it tg digo} and control stranger than rei republicanism or — this boasted ninctocath c str inspired word of | Mormonism aceepts the Bivle, and the scheme of salvesion therein disclosed; it only claims to add thereta means for its speedier and better ful- fi tes Smith and his ; treats them as inspired writers and teachers; yaaily, and com- and objects of It holds forth an easior, & | unistio and co, | cence and American insdtutions, if, with! any ny hw pear poser er \ weasuzos may bo found necertary ag a matter of au ization as an irresponsible comuitteo. If the mations of the latter are honesi—if there be them to ensure tranqnil- th enough amon; socialiem, in century. . | vely of the existing muthorities—tho, IA ‘Suiihe and fe puefal'c delusion ae | are eurel, to establish vermment wih it must ever remain, ‘ta att are plain and | pewers a cy. ‘e aro in. obvious ¢ . The pretended revelations do i practical sense of the not shock ail the traditions and fee) of Chris. Y Ny. a to some | tins; for they proges to be supplomentary to what S¥e arrengement, avd that there is little fear of a collision be self appointed Committee of \ igilaace. For rewe years to come the government of Ca ween the regular authorities and tho | lifornia wil ly bave to deal with « very oe tT ion. Until the gathering of gold . | thal settled down into a rogular mechanical cmploy ment, erowds of reckless agveuturers will be constantly attracted to that country ; and time will ) be required for the formation of an industrious class to counterbalance the influence of the class who, are pow, in numbers at least, dominant. {t 4 will be ro slight triumph of Keertesa in’ elli- reasonable period, the settlers now seat ered on j the other a of the Rocky Mow teins are formed into an orderly commupity. (consions 5 | may from time to time arise whea extraordinary established in other settlements. Several exesutions | bave a!ready taken place under the decisions of this | was thin, for only a part of the circus was shaded | from the sun. Upon a given signal, Mr. Brice and his assistants pen pe forward a —~¢ cage, from the doorway of which rushed out a red woll of the Car Phe animal was not disposed for a contest, notwiths :and- ing the fiereenees of his picture on the play bills; and the company saw him he to flight before two good hounds, wichout a show of resistance to the gripes that the fiery dogs bestowed upon hi a little time, the wolf returned to his sage amidst asalvo of hisses, ard was tied up with a rope like | Pp the meesest lamb. | Next iseued a hyena, truly fierce in, b gained littlo advantage against a brace of mastifis that sprang at once upon him. He coa- tended with them a good deal, yielding limeclf at last to the martyrdom of the many stanults and gripes they made uponh n. The hyeas gave the dogs seme gripes, ani was at length dr into his cage b; @ nooted rope, not without utsering come look up» presented. It ne With amotber, at the ast thirteen turned madly upon hit, and left hia nota moment's case. The bear made good strokes with his paws, and adroitly tu-ned about upon his | 6 resvors. They seurcely came t» close quarters with him but bn dpe oconsion, when one of the hounds, that which surpasyed ol! the other:, sprang dogs, whi for some timo. mals tired out at length, the bear entered his cage, sufficiently worrio:l, and the dogs withdrew. ‘The primoipal part of the exhibi over, the minds of the thinking that | ilet others expected still to see the fierce o tof two more Heautiful animals. A ball of nan Viejo, balonging to lon Vincente Mar- | maintained the lead, and kept it, winning, a! | splendid race, by twenty lengths. | terad into a subscrij upon the beast, and continued struggling with him | his hurly burly of carnivorous ani- | Open for horses from all countries. | Mr. It. Holmes’ ¢ p Jacky (Engtisb), Set. 71b R. W. Holmes........0:0eseeerensveee cedar Mr. Lawzon’s b m Kate (oglish), Lst., | _ Batemav........+seeeeseees siseeeeeeeee Mr: Bowring’s eg Sir William (American), 1 eerie Bowring 3 Kate was the favorite at starting, the betting being decidedly in ber favor, 2 to | being freely laid and taken. Sir William, the American ho: wade the running at a good pace, closely followe by Jacky (who was driven by Mr. Kh. W. Holmes, | ina light “trap,” in admirable style) and Kate. Sir William soon lost the lead, Jacky showing in front before be had run half way Sake T.Y.C. On passing the grand stand he had gained cousider- ably, both Sir William and |\ate having broke trot several times. After running about two miles, Kate began to mend in ber work, and stepped out weil, gaining a little on Jacky, who was going at & rattling pace. It was now pretty evident the Ame- rican hore had lost all chance of winning, the race being between Kate (who was still backed at odds) and Sachy, On entering the fifth mile, Jacky still ver & Kate second, and Sir William a bad third. tun in M minutes and 28 seconds. A sweepstakes of 5 sovs. each, with 60 added. Heats, three miles. For Lritish bred horses only. Tlorres 15) hands high to carry 12st. 7ibs. al- lowed for every inch below that height. . Woodin's b m Little Pet, 10st. Tib. ? » a mm lliza, 12st..... Birchall 2 2 Mr. Tyler's ittle Neil, 10st. 71b.Archer 3 0 Firet heat—Little Pet was the favorite, who raa in harness, and was brovght to the in beauti- ful condition; indeed, she was the adairation of all present. At starting she made the running at = slow pace, and oaintained the load for half a mile, when [liza showed infront for a shert time. Little Pet again took the lead, aud won a weil contested raze by ten lengths. In this race Birchall, who rode Elisa, made a “cross,” which was considered unfa‘r, and an objection was taken, and referred to the stewards for their investigation. It was after- wards withdrawn, and Eliza ran in the next heat. In the second beat Little Pe: wok the lead, main- tained it throughout, and won easy. A Sweerstaxes of 5 sovs. cach, with 40 aided, 1g mile heats. For British bre: horses only. Horses 15} hands high to carry 12st.; 7 lbs. wed for every inch below that height. Mr. Tyler's b. m. Litt’e Net\. 10 st. 7 Ib. Archer 1 2 1 » . m. Eleanor... 232 ‘Turner's b. g. Fire King, 318 Mr. Kayo’s b. m. Dora, 12st......Pearce 4 @ First beat—Litule Nell took the lead at a indifferent pace, followed by Eleanor, Dora, Fire King. | Thi: order was Kept wati they arrived at the bridge turn, when Eleanor showed in front, but, incoming up the T. ¥. C , Little Nell again took the lead, and won casy. eo race Wasa ing one throughoat. Second heat Meade ‘Third heat, won, after a alosely contested race, by five lengths. The sports of the day finiehed a little after six o'clock. LA Music and the Drama. Mr. Chas. litt will shortly make his first appear- ance since his return from America, at the Theatre Royal, Manchester. Morte, een has signified her Senatien ot ing the ensuing wiater in sot Has accor i cPeagagement for has accordingly refase:) all oflere the present. Mr. Michard Jones, the comedian, formorly of of Covent Garden thea: aad ge ! eipets Locdon, onthe Soi of Aagust aged 72. etree’ , on ol Moxinoren's opera of “Charles Ii.” will short'y be produced at the Ieymarket theatre; Miss Louisa P’yno, Mdme. Maciarren, and Mr. Har vison sustaining their origina! eharacters. Madame Colesta departs for the United States on the 27th instant. The Adelphi binge bas en- 4 to present her with a testi- monial previous to parsure. The Sieers Foteman continue to attract srowded audiences to the St. James’ theatre, London. ‘They have appeared as Shylock and Postia, and are announ vd to sustain the chara sters of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth in a fow hooey ‘The equestrian perfortaances at Drary-lane the- aire have been sonsiderably augmented by the ea- agement ef the Italian prothers, Edouard and Jean utellier, whore feats are said to surpass any- thing of th # 0 kind une Fag On Thursday week Mr. Wm. Drowihs, peepeiaser =F r of the By 4 ‘om the way of t ‘rafalgar the river Litey, ana was drowaed. Ihe voseel was about to sail for Liverpool at the time, and de- was on board as 9 passenger. Mr. say Fo a bang ——s arrange- ments coming Fease r a heatre is to be thoroughly reembellished and the exyense of the committee. Mdme. nd Mr. Sms Neeves are a8 be- engaged, and rumor also ads tha! Jenny Lind probably appeas for a few nights. Scmatra.—B; | Piracy ox tin Coast oF infor- Bcc nod Brg plate nthe ring, ithwueh | sgtion fri Henan, we earn chet pica ls Hoar, Harling, four to, five years old, of a bright mot | ih oe Lee cmaisting rash, Suton Med color, i'sh a fine aspect’ and well armed | 9.100 th Dei da ther bons tradi to Pot in hocf and ‘gorn, and a lon was not Beg toe ae ce ermless, chawevere mang. making his appoaranye. Feautiful in stature, It is aeverted bist tt the ake ard long-runred, it showed two extraordinary Beret The ons sof sets of te ath in very graceful rows. Nearing his | DOS. coe information to I’ net <4 competit or, he went up to the bull full in his front, 44 _ thet phate ‘but navinatines those prah wie » yd 4 — \——y The Dastiogy | ory pb Hoh P Tie Chinese ~ wero mokir is united horns, gave neted thrv AStbat threw him onthe found Finding | ceva this statement; and aay that several prahus hirycelf eo uncorteously treate sprang atthe | i sk | a ball'sshoulder, designing to fx grip at the oh hes ‘onck ofthe neck; but the monarch of the woods hg ed . thon had no talons, and by the strongest aripe of his | ‘i ramen Ie enaee oenneens. phd claws could pos eae | hide. sat ion bees b 1 ay poe ant ee thle ji in this res $ teamcr Semiram' ; better furniercd. At length the bull shook of his | of inet, is gone to ell to ake . oppore: t,, who was loft with all the hair in his ‘The lustre of the sword presented to tite i teeth. ‘The bull, turning sudéenly round, closed | ODE Fome yoars agg, for his exertions . vpen the lien, giving him three or Jour revelations esion of piracy, . ff at ard threats, ee FP - ae | with the tens pt out his Mey plaid ee ee blow. @ 0 ing desert smi ising under r aathe- ton with fear wa i son ‘of Colmenan, piled Up rity. —Singopore Free Press, dune Zi