Evening Star Newspaper, December 7, 1936, Page 1

WEATHER. (U. 8. Weather Bureau Forecast.) Partly cloudy, with moderate cold wave; lowest temperature tonight about 20 de- grees; tomorrow generally fair. Tempera- tures—Highest, 46, at 5 a.m. today; low- est, 36, at noon today. Full report on Page A-17. Closing New York Markets, Page 16 33,823. 84th YEAR. No. Entered as second ciass matter post ofice, Washington, D. O. @he WITH SUNDAY MORNING EDITION Foening Staf WASHINGTON, D. C, MONDAY, DECEMBER 7, 1936—THIRTY-EIGHT PAGES. Ll L The only evening in Washington wit Associated Press News and Wirephoto Services. SATURDAY’S ircuiaiion, » 133,950 (Some returns not yet rezeived.) P) Means Associated Pre aper the SUNDAY'S Cirenlation. 147,991 TWO CENTS. KING GIVEN TIME TO “WEIGH” DECISION CRISIS PRECIPITATED -BY MONARCH, BALDWIN INFORMS PARLIAMENT Declares Edward First An- nounced His Intention to Marry Mrs. Simpson. CHURCHILL AND WEDGWOOD FIGURE IN TENSE SESSION Ruler Remains at Fort Belvedere Re- treat, but Keeps in Constant Touch With Proceedings in London. BY the Assoclated Press. LONDON, December 7.—Prime Minister Stanley Bald- win openly gave King Edward time to “weigh” his decision @ Empire First, Mrs. Simpson Told Edward Mrs. Wallis Simpson, prior to her departure from England for Cannes, told King Edward that no obligation by which he might feel bound to her should in any wise affect his decision in the matter of his responsibilities to the em- pire. This fact The Star is able to state definitely and authorita- tively. With England, the provinces and dominions seething with ARMS - LIMITATION PROGRAM OPPOSED AT BUENOS AIRES Chilean Proposal Finds Few Friends Because of War Preparations. AMERICAN PEACE PLAN MAY UNIFY CONFERENCE | Consultative Committee to Co- ordinate Projects and Develop Neutrality Policy Asked. BY the Assoclated Press. BUENOS AIRES, December 7.—A Chilean proposal for limitation of armaments by the 21 American repub- lics ran into possibly fatal opposition at a committee meeting of the Inter- American Peace Conference today. Gen. Jose Maria Moncada, ex-Presi- dent of Nicaragua, told the Arms Limitation Committee such a project was useless because of the heavy armament programs of European na- tions. — ( CD‘WI&ESS WHY DRAG THAT QUT AT THis PARTICULAR TIME, LESLIE? SUPREME COURT UPHOLDS RIGHT OF U.S. EMPLOYES 10 SIT O D. C. JURIES Jurists, Reversing Court of Appeals, Take Cognizance of Difficulty of Obtaining Competent Panels Here. NO REASON FOR BIAS, JUSTICE HUGHES SAYS Suggestion Federal Employe Might Be Influenced by Fear of Losing Job Held Farfetched. Fear Decision May Impair Re- spect for Courts Scouted. BY JOHN H. CLINE. The Supreme Court, in an opinion of great importance in the District, between heart and throne today and declared the sovereign, himself, had precipitated the whole crown crisis by inform- ing Baldwin “of his intention to marry Mrs. Simpson when- ruled today that Government em- ployes may serve on criminal juries unless they are disqualifed for some His strong statement against the" plan, coupled with expected opposi- | NIGHT CLUBS WILL EXACT tion from the United States and | ever she should be free.” In a remarkable statement to the House of Commons, Britain’s first minister also said the King “will no doubt” communicate his decision in good time “to the governments in this country and the dominions.” “It will then be for those governments to decide what advice, if any, they would feel it their duty to tender him,” he added. It was the first time the plain-spoken Baldwin had so much as | mentioned in public the name of Wallis Warfield Simpson, whose | decree nisi from Ernest Simpson, comes final next April 27. one time King's guardsman, be- Abdication Put in Background. A tense, breathless chamber heard the prime minister declare | the earnest desire of the govern- | ment to afford his majesty the fullest opportunity of weighing the | decision which involves so directly his own future happiness and | “it has always been, and remains, the welfare of all his subjects.” That was Baldwin’s answer to the brilliant Winston Churchill, who has warned the government against trying to “extort” abdica- | tion from the sovereign. Thus he pushed further into the background the prospect of abdication for the world’s mightiest throne—yet, at the same time, declared both the government and the King were aware that “con- siderable prolongation of the present state of suspense and uncer- tainty would involve the risk of gravest injury to the national and imperial interests.” Gave Informal Advice. Baldwin, again in direct reply to Churchill, asserted the gov- ernment had advised the King only on the question of morganatic marriage, and then in a “strictly personal and informal” manner. Previously. the first minister had told Commons that any one the King marries must become Queen under the présentlaws; that | the government was not prepared to introduce legislation which wou'd permft morganatic marriage. He did not say directly that the government was opposed to making Mrs. Simpson Queen. That, everything indicated, is not the King’s intention. Concerning the American divorcee, Baldwin’s careful state- ment, read from a manuscript, was this today: “These matters were not raised, me several weeks ago, when he first informed me of his intention to marry Mrs. Simpson.” Throng Is Partisan. It was an uproarious, partisan throng in the dim-lit old chamber which received Baldwin's long-awaited ‘words. Churchill, the man who might head the government if Baldwin and his ministers resign, struggled in vain to get an answer to his repeated demand that the prime minister assure the House he will take no ‘“irrevocable step.” Shouts of “No! No!” from all parts of the chamber created a bedlam. A Liberal and Laborite pressed the prime minister with barbed, supple- mental questions, the latter on whether Baldwin would accept the opinion of the House on morganatic marriage. Cries of “Order!” from the govern- ment benches broke up the debate as Baldwin refused to deal with "hypo- thetical” situations, Even before the prime minister spoke, Col. Josiah Wedgwood, Laborite supporter of the monarch, had cre- ated a scene by shouting: “What about the fateful, final step of abdication?” after Baldwin had refused to permit & discussion of Wedgwood's motion of unqualified confidence for the King. Churchill Unanswered. Churchill, who earlier in the day had assured cheering guests at an Anglo-French luncheon that the King never would act “contrary to the Brit- ish constitution,” sought to demand & “full statement” from Baldwin on the constitutional issues involved. However, he got no reply. For 10 minutes, the whole, hushed house listened intently to the prime minister’s deliberate voice. ‘Then the disorder burst out, to be climaxed by sustained cheering when the liberal George Lambert expressed the chamber’s “deep, personal sym- pcnx;: for the premier. Wwas apparent the majority of the chamber rankl; ostile b was i ly e to He faced rows and rows of angry, gesticulating government supporters— getting the briefest kind of a hearing with the greatest of difficulty, Finally, after Churchill had repeated his demand again and again that “no irrevocable decision” be taken before the House hears about the constitu- tional issue and the procedure involved, Baldwin swung toward him and re- torted: “In answer to my honorable friend'’s question, I must inform him it is im- possible for me to give a reply.” Among the notched towers of Fort Belvedere, his country lodge, the King himself kept in touch with Baldwin (Bee EING, Page A-5) i first by the government, but by nis® majesty himself in conversation with | Baldwin Text Prime Minister’s State- ment on Marriage Crisis | in England. BS the Assoclated Press. LONDON, December 7.—Prime Min- ister Stanley Baldwin’s tement in the House of Commons today concern- ing the constitutional crisis involving King Edward and Mrs. Wallis Simpson follows: “I am glad to have occasion to make a further statement on the cabinet’s position. “In considering this whole matter it has always been and remains the earnest desire of the government to afford his majesty the fullest oppor- tunity of weighing the decision which involves so directly his own future happiness and the interests of all his subjects. “At the same time they cannot but be aware that any considerable pro- longation of the present state of sus- pense and uncertainty would involve the risk of gravest injury to the ma- tional and imperial interests—and, indeed, no one is more insistent upon this aspect of the situation than his majesty. “No Advice Tendered.” “In view of certain statements which have been made about the.re- lations of the government and the King, I should add thatswith the ex- ception of the question of morganatic marriage, no advice has been tendered by the government to his majesty, with whom all my conversations have been strictly personal and informal. “These matters were not raised first by the government, but by his majesty himself in conversation with MRS. SIMPSON. anxiety as to the eventualities of the next few days, it is essential in the interest of fair and accurate portrayal of the most-talked-of woman in the world that this fact be set forth. Her subsequent position, evi- denced by the brief interview given to the French press en route to Cannes, is that the ulti- mate decision in the matter must rest in the King's hands. What this decision will be undoubtedly will be disclosed or indicated, ac- cording to London advices. very shortly. In this connection it should again be noted that, of three obvious potentialities, au- thoritative information indicates that King Edward as recently as Friday admitted the existence of but two. One of these is the discovery and adoption of a formula which will enable him to marry Mrs. Simpson and retain the throne. ‘The second is his abdication and marriage to Mrs. Simpson. The third—a renunciation of his intention to marry Mrs. Simp- son—King Edward regards as pon-existent. In a nutshell, Mrs. Simpson, in genuine and loyal devotion to the King and his empire, urged that any chivalrous consideration of her relationship to him be set aside, and the King, so released. was enabled to reach his own de- cision, whatever it may be, with- out embarrassment incident to such considerations. MRS. SIMPSON TALKS WITH KING Holds Several Telephone Conversations With Him From Cannes Villa. BY the Assoclated Press. CANNES, France, December 7T— Waliis Warfield Simpson and King Edward of England talked by trans- channel telephone several times today while the world waited for a decisive development in England’s crown quan- dary. Mrs. Simpson, it was learned on good authority, also communicated by telephone with several other persons in London from Villa Lou Viei here. Mrs, Simpson intends to remain at the Villa Lou Viel indefinitely, she said today through an intermediary. She has made no plans for any kind of a trip or any change of residence from the villa of her New York friends, Mr. and Mrs. Herman Rogers, she let it be known. She spent the day in the deepest (See BALDWIN, Page A-5.) (See SIMPSON, Page A-4) ¢ Accounting Unit “Arbitrary,” Says Ruling of Claims Court BY the Associated Press. The Court of Claims today termed an action of the General Accounting Office as “arbitrary” in “refusing to follow the law as it has been an- nounced by the court in previous de- 1933, to leave his post and proceed to his home to await retirement. Later he entered a claim for transportation. In its decision, the court said: “This question has repeatedly, in previous cases, been decided in favor of the plaintiff. * * * There is no rea- son why the plaintiff should have been put to the expense of bringing . | suit to recover what is unquestionably due him except the arbitrary action of the General Accounting Office in refusing to follow the law as it has been announced by the court in previous decisions,” & Argentina, appeared to doom | Chilean resolution to further stiff | obstacles in the committee and created | doubt whether it ever would reach the conference floor at a plenary session. Not Regarded Regional Problem. The United States and Argentina were understood to hold the view that arms limitation cannot be effective unless it is carried out on a world- wide scale and should not be consid- ered as a regional problem for discus- sion at this parley. The Chilean plan expresses desir- ability of limiting armaments of the American republics to bare defense | necessities and urges negotiation of | regional, bilateral limitations pacts. The aged Gen. Moncada, speaking emphatically, asked the committee: “Can we tell the United States she should limit her armaments while all the world powers are arming madly? “Can we ask Argentina to limit her defenses in view of the dangerous European situation? “Can we urge limitation of arma- ments in view of the possibility some European power may invade us? “We cannot, with Europe armed to the teeth—indeed armed to the very eyes. “Yes, some European countries look | at their neighbors as though their very eyes were bristling with guns and | bayonets.” Chilean, Uruguay and Brazilian delegates voiced approval of the arms limitation icsolution. Agreement Sought. The conference delved today into the delicate task of bringing agree- ment out of more than 30 projects submitted to seal peace in the West- ern world. Among the foremost proposals was that submitted last night by the United States delegation, embodying ideals set forth by President Roose- velt and Secretary of State Cordell Hull. It would create a permanent Inter- American Consultative Committee to (See PARLEY, Page A-2) Rites for Congress Member. OWENSBORO, Ky. December 7 (#).—Funeral services for Repre- sentative Glover H. Cary, 51, who died Saturday night at Cincinnati after an illness of several months have been tenttatively set for tomorrow. Cary had represented the second district in Congress since 1930. Three weeks ago he submitted to two op- erations for an abcess on the lung. Summary of Page. Amusements A-16 Short Story..B-17 Society _.._B-3-4 Sports A-12-13-14 Obituary ___A-10 | Woman's Pg. B-15 FOREIGN. Mrs. Simpson talks with King over telephone, Page A-1 Buenos Aires conference seeking ac- cord on pacts. Page A-1 Mrs. Wallis Simpson takes to bed at Rogers villa in Cannes. Page A-1 Mexico offers asylum to Leon Trotsky, exiled Bolshevist. Page A-7 NATIONAL. Supreme Court upholds U. 8. in hold- ing company case. Page A-1 U. S. charges interference with em- ployes to U. S. Steel. ~ Page A-1 Senate hearings on railroad financing open today. Page A-3 WASHINGTON AND VICINITY. Youth held on robbery charge to wed at police station. Page A-1 ‘Two unions rescind participation order in maritime strike. Page A-3 Congressional committees begin budget studies this week. Page A-3 Sight-seeing lecturer burned to death in hotel here. Page A-S Council for Industrial Progress meels here Thursday. Page B-1 Safecrackers get $2,500 at Lucky Strike bowling alleys. Page B-1 Indirect job aid found principal bene- fit of P. W. A. Page B-1 *“Political rebellion” threatened in de- mand for Maryland road. Page B-1 Mall approaching completion, Park Service reports. Page B-1 No recommendation for more U. 8. building in report. Page B-1 Fatal crash renews campaign for :; proved Georgetown road. Page Lieut, Christopher to be given hero's burial here; - Page B-3 SOCIAL SECURITY the | . | American technique Cummings’ aim ARTRULED LEEAL Injunction to Prevent Rail Line From Paying Tax Is Denied. Br the Associated Press. BOSTON, December 7.—Federal | Judge George C. Sweeney ruled today that the Federal social security act | is legal when he denied George P.| Davis of Waltham, a stockholder of | the Boston & Maine Railroad, an in- junction which would have prevented the railroad from paying unemploy- ment insurance taxes. In dismissing the petition for an injunction, Judge Sweeney said: “It is a valid excise tax. It does not ex- ceed the powers of Congress. It is a tax for the general welfare of the Nation.” Davis said he would appeal the de- cision to the United States Circuit Court of Appeals. The case, United States Attorney Francis J. W. Ford said, was the first upon which a ruling had been made in the country. Davis sought to prevent the rail- road from making payments under section 9 of the act. Davis originally sought the injunc- tion to prevent payment of both the State and Federal taxes, but dropped his action against the State act to allow the Federal case to be consid- ered. He contended the levy was un- constitutional because it was not an excise tax. Assistant U. 8. Attorney Arthur L. Murray said the old-age pension fea- | ture of the law, section 8, also had been attacked, but briefs have not been completed and no ruling has been made on that portion. BOARD DECLINES COMMENT., The Social Security Board declined today to comment on a Federal Dis- trict Court decision in Boston, uphold- ing the constitutionality of the social security act’s unemployment insur- ance tax provisions. Board officials said they expected the case to be appealed and proba- bly would have no comment before (See SECURITY, Page A-4.) Today’s Star in fighting crime. Page B-20 EDITORIAL AND COMMENT. This and That. Answers to Questions. ‘Washington Observations. The Political Mill. David Lawrence. Paul Mallon. Constantine Brown, Jay Franklin. Headline Folk. FINANCE Bonds hesitant (table). Further upturn in 1937 forecast. Stocks irregular (table). Curb list narrow (table). Steel backlogs jump. Shoe profits recover. SPORTS. Newsom may go in one of deals in prospect for Nationals. Page A-12 Fifteen big league clubs held ready to swap talent. Page A-12 Olympic nationalism hit by néw leader of A.A.U. Page A-12 Wet field seen aid to New York in pro game here tonight. Page A-12 Redskins trim Giants for Eastern pro gridiron title. Page A-12 Garlund, & Finn, rated real threat for heavyweight title. Page A-13 ts being weeded out in bouts here tonight. Page A-13 Ralph Guldahl leads Biltmore golf by six strokes. Page A-14 MISCELLANY. Nature’s Children, A8 A3 A-8 A-8 A9 A-9 A9 A9 A-9 Page A-15 Page A-16 Page A-16 Page A-17 Page A-17 Page A-17 Page B-8 Page B-10 Page B-12 Page B-14 Page B-15 Page B-17 Page B-17 Page B-15 Page B-20 In the Hunt Country. Vital Statistics. City News in Brief, GIFTS FOR COVER CHARGE| Novel Aid Extended in Yule Campaign to Bring Happiness to Less For- tunate D. C. Children. ‘When a night club waives its cover charge and exacts as the pay-off, instead, a nice new toy or article of clothing for Santa Claus to pass on to one of Washington's about-to- be-forgotten children, it's news. But it's not all the news, in the case of the gala entertainment sched- uled for Wednesday night at the new Pall Mall room at the Raleigh Hotel. ‘The Pall Mall show, combined with a radio studio program, to be broad- cast from 10:30 to 11:30 p.m. Wednes- day over Station WRC, will be the first of a series of night spot parties which have been arranged following U..S. STEEL NAMIED BY LABOR BOARD |Interference With Employes’ Right to Organize Is Claimed. BY the Associated Press. ‘The National Labor Board today charged the United States Steel Corp. and its subsidiary, the Carnegie-Illi- nois Steel Corp., with interfering with the self-organization of employes at the subsidiary's 21 plants. The board also charged in a com- plaint against the two corporations that United States Steel had given financial support to local employe representation plans within the par- ent corporation and its various sub- sidiaries. The board announced it will hold a hearing on the complaint here De- cember 17. The complaint followed an investigation by the board’s Pitts- burgh regional office of charges filed by the Steel Workers' Organizing Committee and by the Amalgamated Association of Iron, Steel and Tin ‘Workers. The complaint was the first time the Government has stepped into the steel labor picture since John L. Lewis’ Committee for Industrial Or- ganization undertook its drive to pring all the workers in the huge industry into one big union. Last February, before the Lewis committee became active, the board | charged the Wheeling Steel Corp. with domination of an employe represen- tative plan and the Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp. with discharging employes for union activity. Both cases now are in the courts. The Supreme Court is expected to decide the Jones & Laughlin case this Winter. The ‘Wheeling case is pending in the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals. Both companies — independents— challenged the constitutionality of the | the unprecedented offer of local clubs to take part in The Star-Warner Bros.-N. B. C. Christmas matinees | being held in co-operation with the | sixteenth Metropolitan Police party |and the Parent-Teachers' Association. | The first half hour of proceedings will take place at the Raleigh, and the latter in the WRC studio in the National Press Building. Getting back to the news, though, a few bulletins tell a part of the story: Flash—Miss Bette Hartz, popular | debutante daughter of Mr. and Mrs. (See TOYS, Page ) DELAYIS IPHELD NUTLITY SUTS {U. S. Held Entitled to Rea- sonable Stay in Holding Company Actions. The Supreme Court today indicated its belief that the Government is en- titled to a reasonable stay of suits by holding companies attacking the con- stitutionality of the public utility act of 1935. The court, reconvening after a two- week recess, held in another opinion that the American Telephone & Tele- graph Co. and 44 telephone companies are not entitled to an injunction which would prevent the Federal Communi- cations Commission from prescribing a uniform system of accounts for tele- phone companies. In two other opinions, both unani- mous, the court upheld the constitu- tionality of the California and Illinois “fair trade” acts, which prohibit the sale of standard products at less than a price fixed by the producer. Stay Case Back to D. C. Court. The effect of the holding company decision is to send the case back to District Court, with instructions to re-examine the facts in accordance with principles laid down in the opin- | fon and to grant a stay if such ac- tion is justified by the exigencies of | the Government's situation. District Court, in its original ac- tion, granted the Government's re- quest for a stay until its suit against the Electric Bond & Share Co. was decided in the Supreme Court. This ruling, the high court held, was so broad that it amounted to an abuse of discretion and was therefore in- valid. The local Court of Appeals reversed the District Court, the ap- peliate justices announcing their rul- ing in two separate opinions. The Supreme Court, reversing the (See STEEL, Page A-3.) (See COURT, Page A-4) Jail Wedding Is Likely Soon For “Boot and Spur” Suspect A romance that bloomed before the captured “Boots and Spurs Gang” started its depredations will be cli- maxed either late today or tomorrow when Jack Joseph Kurz, 21, under indictment for robbery and being held at the sixth precinct, is married to Miss Hilda Crampton. The wedding, sanctioned by police officials, will take place at the sta- tion, according to plans announced by Edward Buckley. attorney for Kurz. It is believed the ceremony will be performed in the office of Capt. Joseph Pierson, rather than in the cell to which Kurz has been con- fined since he and the two other members of the gang are reported by police to have confessed to & series of crimes, including the ab- duction of & Fort Myer sentry. Kurz, who lives at 716 Independence avenue southwest, was booked as being A 19 years old when he was arrested, but it was learned he celebrated his 21st birthday anniversary last Thurs- day when his mother took a cake to his cell. Rev. Joseph F. Beever of St. Dominic’s Catholic Church is scheduled to per- form the ceremony. Possibility that the marriage will be postponed was seen when it was revealed special dispensation will have to come from Archbishop Michael J. Curley in Baltimore, since Kurz is & Catholic and Miss Crampton a Prot- estant. Kurz was arrested about 10 days ago in North Carolina after he and Paul Burger, 19, also indicted in the T Street Market robbery, and accused of a dozen other hold-ups, engaged in » fight that attracted the attention of police. The third member of the gang, William Beck, 21, was taken into custody here. specific reason in a particular case. This ruling terminates a long fight by District officials to remove from Federal workers an old disqualifica- tion based on the theory they would be prejudiced against a defendant because their employer, the United States Government, happened to be a party to the case. The disqualification was removed by Congress after District prosecuting officials had attributed the difficulty of obtaining competent jurors to the fact that they could not draw some 100,000 Government employes fully qualified in all other respects, for Jury service. ‘The court’s opinion, with three of the justices dissenting. was delivered by Chief Justice Hughes in the case of Raymond Wood, convicted in Police Court of petty larceny. Wood carried his case to the Court of Appeals, contending the conviction should be set aside an the theory he did not receive an impartial trial because the trial judge permitted several Federal workers to serve on the jury. The Appeals Court agreed with his contentions and reversed the conviction. Effect of Decision. The decision in this case will have the effect of affirming convictions al- ready obtained in two other impor- |tant cases. One of these involved the conviction of Samuel S. Montgomery and 16 co-defendants in the largest liquor conspiracy ring uncovered here since the repeal of prohibition. The other case concerned the conviction of Morris E. (Dutch) Irwin, one of the city's better-known gamblers, on gaming charges. The Government carried the case to the Supreme Court, urging a reversal of the appellate court’s decision 1 the interest of efficient administration of justice in the District. Chief Justice Hughes, in a lengthy opinion, reviewed the history of the accepted qualifications of jurors, pointing out that, from the earliest days of common law, the courts in criminal cases had exerted every ef- ford to insure the right of the de- fendant to trial by a fair and im- partial jury. Situation in District. Coming down to the situation in the District, he pointed out, however, that the ultimate question is not whether Congress has changed a com- mon law rule, but whether, in reason, an absolute disqualification of gov- ernmental employes to serve as jurors in criminal cases is essential to the impartiality of the jury. “Why,” the Chief Justice asked, “should it be assumed that a juror, | merely because of employment by the | Government, would be biased against the accused? In criminal prosecu- tions the Government is acting simply as the instrument of the public in enforcing legal laws for the protection | of society. In that enforcement all | citizens are interested. It is difficult to see why a governmental employe, merely by virtue of his employment, is interested in that enforcement either more or less than any good citizen is or should be.” Provisions of Law. ‘Phe opinion pointed out that the law qualifying Government workers permits full inquiry as to actual bias in any case. Taking up another contention by Wood's attorneys, the Chief Justice said: “It is suggested that an employe of the Government may be appres hensive of the termination of his employment in case he decides in favor of the accused in a criminal case. Unless the suggestion be taken to have reference to some special and exceptional case, it seems to us far-fetched and chimerical. It does not rise to the dignity of an argu- ment to be addressed to the power of Congress to provide a reasonable scheme with respect to the qualifica- tions of jurors.” In conclusion, Chief Justice Hughes added: “Nor are we impressed with the contention that the qualification of governmental employes for jury serve ice in criminal cases in the District will impair the public respect in which the processes of the law should be held.- On the contrary, we think that the spectacle of the exclusion en masse from that service of a body of citizens otherwise highly desirable in point of intelligence and character— solely by reason of their employment the Government—and the ime position in consequence of s heavier (See JURORS, Page A-2.), 3