Evening Star Newspaper, September 22, 1935, Page 35

ANTI-SEMITIS LATENT IN MANY NATIONS Movement Easily Propagated in Such Disturbed Con Today in Europe. BY A. G. GARDINER, Pngland's Great Liberal Editor. ONDON.—The Jewish question has added a perplexity to the political outlook which is not confined to Germany. It is there, of course, that it has its center, but anti-Semitism is a plague that is latent in many countries and is easily | propagated in such nervous and dis- turbed conditions as prevail in Europe | today and promise to prevail for a long time to come. It is an open question whether the crusade in Germany has reached its high-water mark or whether there are further and more drastic perse- cutions in store for the victims. Sev- eral circumstances bearing on the question are much discussed. On the one hand, the new anti- Jewish laws passed by the Reichstag and Julius Streicher’s recent cam- paign in Berlin raise a widespread fear that the persecution has not reached its climax. That Streicher should have been permitted to bring his sadistic anti-Semitism into the German capital suggests the approval of Hitler, whose friend he is and who shares fully his frenzied views on the Jew question Turn in Tide Is Hinted, On the other hand, the move by Nazi trade groups to soften anti- Jewish boycott measures, following the speech of Dr. Hjalmar Schacht, finance minister of Germany, at Koenigsberg, gives a faint hint that the tide may turn ciation of those “who, by darkest night, herocially smear shop windows, placard every German who buys in a Jewish shop as a traitor and who call all former Free Masons rascals” was carefully wrapped up in qualifying clauses, but its significance cannot be mistaken. It is the first outspoken comment of the better mind of Ger- many on the extravagances of Jew- baiting and, coming from so dis- tinguished & man and following so immediately on the Streicher episode, it is felt to indicate a possible sub- sidence in the persecution mania. The matter, of course, Tests with Hitler. So far he has shown no signs of recanting his own anti-Semitic ravings enshrined in the Nazi bible, | “Mein Kampf.” It is something, however, that one of his chief lieuten- ants has dared to break silence about the odious business Meanwhile. over the Eastern border in Poland the virus is at work and the fate of the Jews in that country is causing much concern. The; , of course, relatively and actually much more numerous than ‘They number 3,500.000 against the 600,000 or so in Germany. In the days of imperialist Russia, Poland Schacht’s denun- | in Germany. | M PLAGUE ditions as Exist was the sanctuary of the Jews and, | though never popular, they were tol- | erably treated. But the Nazi move- | | ment in Germany has awakened the | latent hostility, and the Polish Na- | tional party, known by the nickname of “Endeks,” embodies that hostility. War on Jews Bitter. The program of the “Endeks” is primarily anti-Jewish. Their object is to ruin the Jews economically, de- prive them of citizen rights and ulti- mately drive them out of Poland. The party, which is composed mainly of business and professional men and officials, is not in power though it has a substantial representation in the Sejm and the Senate; but it has got a majority on the Lodz Town Council, which has carried on a bitter warfare against the Jews, has nearly suc- ceeded in introducing the Aryan test in the affairs of the municipality, and is sending trained propagandists over | the country to stir up anti-Semitic sentiment Five of the big dailies and many other newspapers in Warsaw, Cracow, Vilna, Poznau and Lwow ceaselessly | preach the gospel of “Down with the | Jews,” and the effect of all this prop- | aganda is becoming apparent in the | alarming increase of outrages on Jews and anti-Jewish riots in Grodno, Su- walki and Raciaz. The movement, as the Warsaw cor- | respondent of the Manchester Guard- | ian points out, is strengthened by the | influence of what is happening in | | Germany Poland shares with Ger- | many a frontier of nearly 1,200 miles and it is on that frontier that the | “Endeks” are most formidable. In | some of the districts they have pe- titioned the local councils to expel | all Jews from the vicinity and though | this demand has so far been vetoed by | the government party, the fact is| ominous of a rising tide of feeling. | So, also, are such incidents as that of | the refusal of the Christian merchants | of Wloclawek to participate in a busi- | ness exhibition because Jews were ex- | | hibiting. Austrian Situation Critical. In Austria, also, the position of the | | Jews is critical. The strength of the | Nazi movement there is the measure | |of the wave of anti-Semitism and | should the designs of Hitler in that direction be accomplished—a possi- | bility greatly enhanced by Mussolini's | plunge into Africa—no doubt exists as | to what would be the fate of Jewry. neither in France nor in has the anti-Jew complex made any serious advance. There is, | of course, an element of hostility, | which the Fascist movement has en- deavored to exploit, but it is negligible, and in England Sir Oswald Mosley's | black shirt movement itself has prac- tically wilted away. | Mussolini’s Right-Hand Man Declares Italy Seeks Security for Colonies BY SIGNOR ALESSANDRO LES- SONA, Undersecretary of State for Colonies and Mussolini’s right-hand man_in the vast prepar: going on in East (Written for the Associated Press.) ROME —The colonial undertak- ing which was to lead to the events of today began in January, 1885, when the Italian government, following the explicit invitation by Lord Grenville, decided to occupy and garrison some points along the Red Sea coast, including Massauahi and Massaua. Since our occupation was extended by necessity to the plateau, we were forced to choose between two systems in our relations with the Ethiopian empire—either war or pacific economic penetration. Economic Initiatives Hindered. ‘We chose the second and remained faithful to it despite many bitter and sanguinary experiences that should have convinced us of the uselessness of our attempt. Our economic imt tives were hindered in every way. Arms we donated were turned against us. Our possessions were mecnaced while we were elsewhere engaged Notwithstanding this open or veiled hostility, we remained faithful Jfor decades to the policy of peace. We always pardoned. ‘We even reached the point of giving Ethiopia the greatest proof of our friendship by supporting her admis- sion to the League of Nations in 1923 even against British opposition. At various times we neeotiated treaties of friendship and peaceful collaboration with her. The last one in 1928 is the most liberal and fa- vorable that Ethiopia has with any European state. And how did Ethiopia respond to| every | this attitude? By blocking economic effort for our mutual ad- vantage. By arming intensively with manifestly aggressive intentions violation of the treaty signed here in 1930 with England, France and Italy on the importation of arms and muni- tions. : More recently her provocations and menaces were increasing with accel- erated rhythm. Aggression at the consulate at Gondar and attacks at Walwal and Afdub are the best known facts. Nevertheless they have been preceded and followed by a long series. No fewer than 25 offensive acts against our diplomatic consular repre- sentatives have been documented and certified. Fifteen offenses against the lives and properties of Italian citizens and subjects have been committed. ‘There have been 51 raids, aggressions and frontier incidents. Who is responsible for all these and other Ethiopian acts of anarchy and barbarism? Government Held Powerless. Her friends have often attempted & defense by explaining that the gov- ernment is powerless to prevent them. It is precisely that which constitutes her principal condemnation. Col. Charles Gordon in a letter of January 17, 1880, which is in our hands, asks this question: “Is there anything like an estab- lished government in Ethiopia®” I say from bitter experience: No.” After 55 years it would be impossi- ble to express an opinion different from tnat of the hero of Khartoum. The Ethiopian empire is not a homogeneous and united state, but Mosaic peoples divided by tradition. race and religion. The Ethiopian nucleus keeps in state of subjugation countless Galla, Somali and Sidama and others con- quered in the last 40 years. These constitute a vast colony, pitilessly milked dry through siavery and land servitude. Slavery is maintained as a social and economic system with not only the connivan~e but also the participa- tion of the ruling classes, despite all assurances and guarantees given to the contrary. . Africa, | in | | A conservative calculation by an authoritative British source gives 2 | 000,000 slaves out of 10,000,000 in- | habitants. | Subject people and captured are reduced to slavery. Children are castrated. Cattle raids are made for punitive and fiscal reasons. Hatred of foreigners is particularly directed against whites. Justice is re- duced to a fable except for the sad reality of tortures inflicted in its name. Such are the systems still in use which the Emperor has not been able or has not wanted to stop. s this the country alongside of which the League of Nations is lining | up? It is difficult for us to think so. The wounds of the World War whieh «ost us 600,000 dead and a great part | of our wealth have not yet been healed. We know. therefore. from bitter experience what war means. It would be a crime to seek it capri- ciously. Mexican Occupation Cited. | Nevertheless Italy knows that who- | ever tolerates injustices through fear | of war or through pacifistic bigotry | does not serve the cause of peace but | sows the seeds of future upheavals. The American people or that part of it that is true and faithful to its nztional traditions from George Wash- ington to today must understand us. It is enough to recall the occupa- | tion of Mexico made because the | Mexicans were adjudged incapable of | government themselves and the con- quest of Cuba justified because of the | bad government by Spain. At the same time, too, accusations of military and colonial imperialism; were raised, but the Government went | straight ahead. What would the American people have said if Europe was united to | bar their path? Italy doesn't wish to demolish the League of Nations. The Fascist policy is sincere, clear | and realistic. Therefore it asks whether the term civilization can have | two meanings. Can it embrace men who preach civilization and at the same time champion barbarism? | Ttaly does not want a crusade | against colored people. She is proud to be able to affirm she is unstained | | with those offenses against natives | which becloud the history of other empires. What does Italy want, therefore, in | a positive way? | _She wants security for her colonies. These colonies were consolidated | through the sacrifices of many lives and her modest resources. They were developed by the fiercest and most in- | tense labor. She wants real security, not an apparent one, after so many years of uninterrupted delusions. Need More Definitive Way. The time now has passed for prom- | Ises which we cannot believe because | they never have been maintained. We | must follow another and definitive ‘way. 'IYhiS is our fundamental motive. But at the same time we also wish to assure the necessary population and economic expansion which is recog- | nized as our just right—by the Eng- lish. Italy recognizes first the importance of the undertaking she is approaching. | But she affirms she is placing her aug- | mented prestige at the- service of the | future of peace and of the sincere European collaboration for the pro- gressive uplift of people which will come under her laws. Africa thus is placed completely under the guidance of European na- tions and will become a luminous and advanced bulwark of civilization be- tween the Far, East and Europe. Italy does not back down. Even if some people are obstinate in failing to understand her, she proceeds straight ahead on her path with a serene con- science and appeals to the tribunal of ‘history. . 4 JAmportant source of livelihood for THE SUNDAY STAR, WASHINGTON, D. C., SEPTEMBER 22, 1935—PART TWO. Harness for Moon’s Forces Passamaquoddy Power Project in Maine Is Dream Project Made Practical by Hard-Headed Engineers. BY THOMAS R. HENRY. OR 200 years the “tide mill’ has been an indigenous institution at the head of the fingerlike blue bays that clutch at Maine's spruce-forested shore. | These mills have been simple affairs, built on a small scale and not very efficient. The ebb and flow of the tides turned the wheels to provide power for all sorts of village and farm labor such as grinding corn and saw- | ing lumber. But the idea of “har- nessing the moon” in a big way always | has appealed to the Yankee inventive genius, More than a century ago a great philosopher, spending a few Summer weeks at the fishing town of Lubec where the 30-foot Bay of Fundy tides roll in, was fascinated watching one of these mills in opera- tion. It was then that Ralph Waldo Emerson, according to local tradition coined the phrase, “Hitch your wagon | to a star” It was not intended to convey the meaning attached to it in baccalaureate sermons, that is to set a high goal in life and struggle to attain it. Emerson spoke much more to the point—that the way to succeed was to take advantage of the forces of nature. Quite literally these tide mills were hitched to a star—the moon —with harnesses of water. Never Paid Dividends. But the village inventors who put- tered over the idea in their woodshed workshops found that the “star” was a wild, lazy and stubborn mule that 1esented driving. The idea never paid dividends. As many dreams as boats | were wrecked by the tides. But at last, with $36,000,000 and the Engineer Corps of the Army, Uncle Sam has set about actually to hitch Maine's wagon to a star through the medium of the great Cobscook Bay tidal power proj- ect centering about the old town of Eastport at the extreme northeastern | tip of the United States. The name | “Passamaquoddy” applied to this en- ' terprise is, for the time being at least, & misnomer, There are twin bays— Cobscook and Passamaquoddy. The latter lies almost entirely within the boundaries of the Province of New Brunswick, and since Canada to date has failed to authorize an interna- tional project is out of the picture. It may come into it again later. At | present this is an all-American under- taking. The idea which forms the basis for the prosent project is credited to Col. Dexter P. Cooper, a noted engineer. He surveyed the scene from Campobello Island in New Brunswick, the Summer home of President Roosevelt. Here, if anywhere on the earth, was the ideal spot for putting the tides to work on a big scale. There were two | deep, landlocked bays, with 30-foot | tides. Across the mouth of each of | them lay a succession of islands. All that was necessary to dam them off was to fill in the spaces between these islands. Nature had done two-thirds | of the work already. | Feasible for Engineers. | With the mouths of Cobscook and Passamaquoddy Bays blocked off there would be two great inclosed basins. The incoming tide could be ad- mitted into one and shut out of the other. By the time it had ebbed from the high-water basin the low-water basin would be filled. Thus there would be a continuously fluctuating balance of ocean water as the source of power. It was a vision that gripped the imagination but—so the Army engineers who now are in charge of | the work say—there never was any question from an engineering stand- point of its feasability. The dams could be built, the tides would consti- tute an inexhaustible and enormous source of power, and the cost, con- sidering the size of the project, would not be prohibitive. Col. Cooper was talking about the | project 12 years ago. First he tried to interest private capital. He ob- tained funds for making investiga- tional studies, but none of the power companies were willing to finance the actual building. There were two pri- mary difficulties. First, it was asked, would the power return justify the enormous capital outlay? Second, what would be the market for the | power in that non-industrial, rather thinly populated region of farmers, trappers and fishermen? The United States Government always was con- cerned with these difficulties when efforts were made to finance it as a Federal project. Reports of Federal engineers were agreed that the project was feasible enough, but estimates of the costs and the probable returns were t0o un- certain to recommend the actual con= struction. An intern tional commis- sion studied the project. Canada re- fused to permit the blocking off of Passamaquoddy Bay on various grounds—one of the chief of which was that it was feared it would ruin the sardine fisheries, perhaps the most that part of New Brunswick. Begun by President. Very nebulous was the probable fate | of “Quoddy” until this Summer when | President Roosevelt—familiar with those bays and inlets as a neighbor— by executive order set aside a pre- liminary $10,000,000 to get it started as an emergency relief measure and put it under the jurisdiction of the Engineer Corps. Otherwise it is ad- mittedly questionable whether this super tide mill would have gotten under way for many years to come, because it was a debatable business investment. The cost of the power would, taking into consideration the necessary return on the costs, not be 5 T~ GIEE 3 gty R\ e sen ot serme WNORTH POLE THE ACTUAL START OF THE TWO HUGE DAMS IN THE QUODDY PROJECT AT EAST. PORT, ME. WILL BE FROM THIS POINT. As a long-time project it appears in an entirely different light with fu- ture generations to realize on the investment. The tides of the Bay of Fundy constitute one of Uncle Sam’'s great- est power resources and the dams to be erected will be as eternal as the wooded islands which form part of them. 1,500 Already at Work. Housed in two old churches, the ! Grand Army Hall and an armory, mil- | ning “Quoddy. | stage itary and civilian engineers are plan- Although more than 1500 men»ul- ready are employed, the big tidal power project still is in the planning It was necessary to start with !a clean slate before there could be MAP SHOWING LOCATION OF DAMS WHICH WILL HARNESS THE RISING TIDES OF PASSAMAQUODDY BAY. cheap. The project did not offer en- ticing prospects for quick return. The relief factor, however, places “Quoddy” in an entirely differenc light. It will afford employment to from 7,000 to 8,000 heads of families who would have to be provided for anyway. Already approximately 1,700 | —nearly all taken from the public re- lief rolls of nearby communities—have been put to work. Only Maine un- employed can be hired, with the ex- | ception of a minimum of skilled and professional personnel. All up the coast Department of Labor repre- sentatives are enrolling labor for the job. Great barracks are being erected, as well as dwelling houses for the executive workers. Eastport presents a good deal the appearance of an Army cantonment town early in the war. The prospects are that the work will provide for a great bulk of East- ern Maine's unemployed. This, of course, only tells part of the story. There will be a large amount of in- direct employment. Within the past few weeks, for example, 11 new restaurants have opened in Eastport Only Maine unemployed will be put to work. so long as the supply holds out, and few sections of the country have been harder hit than these Down East seacoast towns. Impracticability Gone. | When it is considered that the money for the relief of Maine's unem- ployed would have to be spent some- way and when it is eliminated from the basic cost of “"Quoddy,” the finan- | cial impracticability of the scheme disappears, fts proponents claim. It is no longer necessary to consider it from the standpoint of quick re- turns. What if there is an available market for only a small part of the power in the immediate future? Extra turbines can be added as they are needed and as the country develops until every bit of the million horse- power available is being utilized and the cost is reduced proportionately. Vast Treasure Chest Believed to Lie Untapped Beneath Ethiopia’s Soil; BY ARTHUR E. MANN. ONDON.—If and when Premier Benito Mussolini takes over Ethiopia, either by war or di- plomacy, he will obtain control of a rich country, the attraction of which probably is enhanced in Italian eyes by the fact that its potential wealth is unknown. Though there never has been a reliable survey of | Ethiopia’s mineral resources, its known wealth indicates it is one of the rich- est undeveloped areas. Abyssinia’s soil is excellent. Two creps a year can be produced in most regions, and in some three. In addi- tion to the usual grains—wheat, corn, barley and rye—the land is suitable for cultivation of two important raw materials which Italy must import— cotton and rubber. Both are grown in scme sections, but not on a large enough scale to meet even the small local demand. Other agricultural products which may be developed into big export items are coffee, cane sugar and ba- nanas. Coffee is the agricultural product which has been developed most. There are two Belgian coflee- growing concessions, and the annual export of Ethiopian coffee is valued at between $2,000,000 and $2,500,000. Then, too, there are valuable timber areas in the south, thus far unex- ploited. Dotted With Cattle. The principal visible wealth of the country consists of an estimated 20.- 000,000 cattle and huge flocks of sheep. Consequently, hides and skins are an important export item, rank- ing, with an annual value of about $1,250,000, immediately after coffee. Beeswax also is exported. Little is known about the mineral resources of Ethiopia, but that little is enough to whet the appetite of any nation lacking great mineral deposits. Even the known mineral deposits have been virtually undeveloped, because of lack of capital and the enormous difficulties of communication. The only important mineral devel- opments so far have been in plati- num, potash and gold. The output of platinum, though in a primitive manner, totaled 244,947 grams in 1932 and 190,603 grams in 1933, about 3 per cent of the world total. Some placer gold mines are worked by na- tives, supplementary to stock raising, but the output is small. Many im- portant minerals are completely un- tapped. The existence of coal, iron, | tin, copper and oil is known, but there has been no survey of their extent. Has Small Foreign Trade. Because of its primitive state, Abys- sinia is almost self-sufficient. Its foreign trade averages only $10,000,- 000 annually, divided about equally between exports and imports, the lat- ter mainly cottorr fabrics and yarn, salt and hardware. The bulk of the import trade, particularly in cotton, is in the hands of Japanese. The import of sait, 40 per cent of D |all Abyssinia's imports, is controlled by a French company, the Societe Francaise des Salines de Djibouti. | But despite the advantage of the only Abyssianian railway, linking the French port of Djibouti with Addis Ababa, France's share of Ethiopia's import trade is only 9 per cent by | value. In contrast, 57 per cent of the value of Abyssinia’s imports come from British India and 12 per cent from Japan. Imports from Great | Britain are about 5 per cent. With the development of its nat- ural resources, Ethiopia may become a great exporter of raw materials and importer of finished products. ' Chinese Throng Goes | For “Fertile Plains” | TSINAN.—Three dollars a head for |2 railway passenger run of nearly a' | thousand miles explains with the ut- most simplicty the reason for the vast flood of Chinese humantiy which is| pouring northward from the more | | densely populated areas into the fertile | plains of Manchuria and Mongolia. Chinese railways are running emi- grant trains straight to inner Mon- | golia and to Central Kirin, it is said. | | As a result of the ridiculously low | passenger rate, it is said, that at the | present moment there are nine million | | people in Shantung and six million in | Chili who are awaiting their turn to | come for the northern trek. | Stevenson Is Recalled By New Postage Stamps | Special Dispatch to The Star. LONDON.—Memories of Robert Louis Stevenson are conjured up by a new and picturesque series of post- age stan.ps bearing for the first time the official designation of the New Zealand mandated portion of the group “Western Samoa.” The stamp vignettes are finely engraved with local scenes, including a view o- Stev- enson’s home, Vailima. The Vailima, now the official resi- dence of the administrator, and of his tomb on the top of Mount Vaea, on the denominations 6d petunia. are shown on the stamps. A Samcan girl | making kava is the subject of the 1/2d | stamp in apple green, while part of the | water front at Apia, the capital, is seen in the 1d. design, printed in claret and blue-black. On Land and Water. A new tricycle for children is quite a novelty, for it travels both on land and “sea.” On land, on three rubber- tired wheels, and in water, foot pedals turn the rear wheels, which are used as paddle wheels in the water. The | front wheel forms a rudder. Pontoons on each side hang a few inches above 'l.::d-m\md when the vehicle rides on | ried through | harbors. even a fair estimate of the cost of the undertaking. It was soon found that previous plans were largely hypo- thetical, drawn up without exact knowledge of the physical conditions to be encountered In the first place, it must be, for the time being at least, an all-Ameri- can project. Only the tides of Cobs- cook Bay can be used. since the bet- ter-known Passamaquoddy Bay is in Canadian territory. At the same time it is necessary to keep in mind that there is likely to be a reversion to the international plan which generally is considered the best. There is & good deal of sentiment for it in nearby New Brunswick. Instead of using the land-locked Canadian Bay as a high- water basin it is necessary to use the | sea itself for this purpose and prob- ably to construct a great artificial lake for water storage. There were several alternate plans for consider- ation and the selection of the most practical one has involved a vast amount of exact observation. Engineers Smile at “Big Job.” This is about complete. Engineers in charge are confident that the proj- ect can be carried through with not much more than the $36,000.000 al- lotted to it, although there have been fantastic estimates calling for many times this amount. Although it seems to have caught the imagination of the rest of the country, to the Army engi- neers in charge “Quoddy” is just an- other job and not a very big one com- pared 10 some which they have car- without much notice. They smile at stories that it will be “the biggest engineering job since the Panama Canal.” The big job has been the assem- bling of a vast amount of field data. The Army Air Corps has made an aerial mosaic of more than 800 square miles of the surrounding land and wa- ter. Survey parties are scattered over the area. There have been set up 150 tide-guaging stations. Extensive bor- ings are being made to determine bot- | tom conditions. A group of experts has been at work for the past four| months at the Worcester Polytechnic Institute making exacting tests. Some of the old plans have been found bad- ly awry, with proposals for heavy masonry on bottoms with mud 100 feet deep. At present the project in- cludes building rock - earth dams to close the mouth of Cobscook Bay, a | mammoth power house, emptying gates and navigation locks. The problem of navigation has been one of the most serious faced by the engineers. There are finger- like arms of water cutting far into the land with villages at their heads. On plan of construction will give fine lowed out. “Model Village” Started. INVOKING KELLOGG PACT REASSURES AMERICAS BY GASTON NERVAL. WICE within a few days have the statesmen of Latin Ameri- ca had occasion to rejoice at | the news of an international nature coming from Washington. | First, it was the abandonment at the | request of the State Department of | the oil concession in Ethiopia, which | we discussed last week in connection with President Rooseveit’s announce- | ment that “dollar diplomacy” is at| an end. Now it is Secretary Hull's| invocation of the Kellogg-Briand | treaty, or pact of Paris, in the Italo- | Ethiopian dispute. 1 The State Department’s attitude, lining up the United States with all |the great powers trylng to preserve | | the peace machinery laboriously built since Versailles may have seemed dis- quieting news to some extreme iso- lationists who cannot see beyond the next 48 hours, but it could not have failed to please the governments of |small Latin American republics which find in that peace machinery the only | guarantee of their own sovereignty and territories. | By its outspoken invocation of the | Kellogg-Briand pact renouncing war %B«S an instrument of national policy, the Washington Government has dem- | onstrated once more its determination to uphold former Secretary Stimson’s view that “the declaration in the treaty carries with it the duty of per- formance.” This is particularly reas- suring after the campaign of intense nationalism and indifference toward world events which appeared to be in full swing here, and which was be- ginning to make other governments skeptical as to the support which could | be expected from the United States| in the defense of the existing instru- | mentalities of peace. Reassured on Policy. The Latin Americans. - ‘ncere inter- | | nationalists not solely " ‘cause of their political philosophy. but because of their material necessities, may now be confident that the present administra- | tion in the United States has not the | slightest intention to modify the po- ‘smon taken previously by Secretary | Stimson, one which Latin Americans of all political creeds had received so favorably. In his public address of October 26, 1932, at Pittsburgh, Secretary Stimson formally committed the United States to a policy of consistent support of the Kellogg-Briand treaty. Referring hmself to the two occasions in that year in which the United States had called the attention of quarreling countries to their obligations under the anti-war pact, the Sino-Japanese crisis and the Chaco controversy, the then Secretary of State emphatically set down the course to be followed by his country in any future emergen- cles. “We have made it clear,” he said, “that in our opinion the declaration in the treaty carries with it the duty of performance. We have made it clear that it necessarily alters the whole attitude of the world toward war; that, whereas during the cen- turies hitherto war has been one of the natural functions of government, giving rise to legal rights and obliga- | tions, hereafter among the signers of {this treaty war will be an illegal thing—a disease instead of a normal state function; that, whereas hitherto a breach of the peace between two nations has been nobody’s business but their own, now under the treaty it has become the rightful concern of the whole world, because practically the whole world has signed the treaty, and that this being so, whenever a breach of the treaty is threatened by approaching hostilities, it implies a duty of consultation among the other parties in order that public opinion may be mobilized against the im- pending disaster of war.” Nations to South Heartened by Support of Anti-War Treaty and Death Sentence on Dollar Diplomacy. It was in this spirit, and as a nat- ural corollary of the Kellogg-Briand pact, that the so-called Stimson doc- trine of non-recognition of territorial gains by force was formulated and applied both to the Far Eastern dis- pute and to the undeclared war in the Chaco. On August 3, 1932, the gove ernments of all the American re- publics, through diplomatic represent- atives in Washington, adopted that doctrine and, more recently, it was made one of the principal bases for the termination of the Bolivian-Para- guayan armed conflict. The typical case of invocation and application of the Kellogg-Briand treaty, and the one which may be held as & precedent for any territorial conquest in the future, also took place in Latin America, when Secretary Stimson, on January 25, 1933, asked the government of Peru “to abide by the_commitments undertaken by it in the pact of Paris” in connection with the Leticia dispute between that coun- try and Colombia On the night of August 31, 1932, the town of Leticia, which by thr Salomon-Lozano treaty was ceded to Colombia, had beer attacked and seized by an armed group of Peruvian citizens. After direct representations had failed to secure the return of Leticia to Colombian sovereignty, and when a war was about to break openly between the two countries, the Colom- bian government formally had invoked the Kellogg-Briand pact and placed the facts of the controversy before the United States, one of the signa- tories and main sponsors of that treaty. Stimson Cites Terms. After reviewing those facts and stressing that Peru should have sough other than violent means to express its dissatisfaction with the terms of the Salomon-Lozano boundary line Secretary Stimson reminded the Peru- vian government of its obligations “under Article II of the Briand-Kel- logg pact, by which the high contract- ing parties agreed that the settlement or solution of all disputes, of what- ever nature or origin they may be which may arise among them, shal never be sought except by pacific means.” Furthermore, the Secretary of State, in his note to the Peruvian minister of foreign affairs, asserted that the declared intention of the Peruvian government to support the action of the citizens holding Leticia would constitute “a recourse to war for the settlement of an international controversy and the employment of war as an instrument of national policy in its relations with another signatory power and be contrary tc Article I of the Kellogg-Briand pact.” and concluded: “If so, as set forth in the preamble of that pact, such a vio- lation of it would entail a denial of the benefits furnished by that pact to the signatory power which violated it." Diplomats and students of foreign affairs agree today that this carefully worded, and yet plain, invocation of the anti-war treaty, or pact of Paris, played an important role in averting a major war over Leticia. Latin Ameri- cans in general were enthusiastic in their approval of the position frankly taken by the United States, not only because it contributed greatly to avoid war in that particular emergency, but mainly, because of what it meant to them as a guarantee in the future of the existing peace machinery by the most powerful nation in the American continent It is not surprising, therefore, that they should be pleased to know today that the Government of the United States has not altered that position and is still committed to the doctrine that the pledge involved in the Kel- logg-Briand pact “carries with it the | duty of performance.” (Copyright. 1035.) Revaluation in Cotton Industry Foreseen by Manchuria R. R. Head HARBIN, Manchukuo (Special).— Because of scores of uncertainties, notably including what he believes to be a live possibility of an impending world revolution in the cotton in- dustry, Yosuke Matsuoka, new presi- dent of Japan's great South Man- churia Railway, is approaching the problem of Japanese participation in North China economic development “with the utmost caution.” So spoke the industrial magnate, now one of the key men in Japan's economic empire building upon the Asiatic continent, in an interview with the correspondent of the Chicago | Daily News yesterday aboard the Asia, | crack streamlined, | train of *he $250,000,000 company he | heads. | For more than an hour Matsuoka, | known best heretofore as head of the | Japanese delegation when Japan uncertain East and the uncertain world, while outside his ccmpanment‘ window the Manchurian plains and air-conditioned | leader tells me” he said, “that a former German invention for making cotton from timber has now been vastly improved in Germany. Pre- | viously cotton thus made lacked strength when wet. Now I am in- formed that this defect has been con- | quered by a new invention and that in other particulars the resulting product is better than the present cotton. “I understand that a plant in Japan plans to manufacture cotton from | wood by this method. If it works, and I can well imagine it will, its effects on every nation in the world would be incalculable, for better or for worse. “Information given me is that cot- | ton from wood can be produced at a { much lower cost than from the real | cotton plant. If the product is good, | think what it will mean to your Amer- |ica, sir, with cotton one of its basic Another will leave them|abandoned the League of Nations over | crops.” dry. ‘These plans must carefully be | the Manchurian issue, talked of the | considered in any plan finally fol- | It was a magnate of America's best raw cotton customer, Japan, who was talking—at a time when the loss of a | large part of America's export market The first actual construction job | hills and sturdy Chinese peasants were ‘ for cotton is one of her vital agrarian has been that of a “model village" | Passed by the speeding train. He had | problems. for the technical employes and par- racks for the workers. Eastport of- fered no facilities for the great influx of population, It is expected that th: model village will be a permanent affair, a part of the new industrial area that is expected to arise on the shores of Cobscook Bay. In charge of Lieut. Col. Philip B. Fleming, former deputy administrator of public works in Washington, the enginecs ~ staff is about ready to make deun. * recommendations upoa received this correspondent before get- | ting off at Hsinking, capital of the “new state.” | Considered Logical to Lead. | Again and again since June Japa- | nese champions of the development of | North China have pointed to the South Manchuria Railway as the logical organ to head the Japanese | planning and financial expansion. | Already, as reported previously, this | ratiway is investigating North China. | Ibonrdad the limited at Mukden and ! Communications Interesting. Matsuoka said that from the stand- |ing of the South Manchuria Rail- way, development of North China communications is especially esting. | “But when thinking of putting | money into Chinese railroads one must consider not only whether a | project is intrinsically sound, but | whether the Chinese will do their part to make it pay,” he said. However, Matsuoka said he sym- | inter- which tne actual construction work | Matsuoka says he wants and intends | pathized with those who hope that can be based. That i3 the extent of | to help, but declares he does not yet | japanese “co-operation” in North the project at present and its involves | know how much ean or should be|China, by creating a “community of no such far-reaching social and other changes under Government control as were undertaken in the Ternessee Valley. Such would be no business of the engineers, and one judges North- eastern Maine would be a bad place for application of a socialogical blue- print. The engineers themselves are con- fident that the project will be a suc- cess—the more so the longer the time considered. Sooner or later America will need all its power. Some day 1t would be necessary to harness the tides and proubably at a much greater | expense than will be required at present. The mechanical equipment of the plant will become obsolete, but the rock-earth dams, they believe, will be as good a thousand years hence as today. Most of the criticism attached to the project, they say, has come from those who consider it from the viewpoint of a short-term rather than a long-time investment. Another story on the Passa- maquoddy project will appear in The Evening Star Monday. » | done. “One thing certain is that the South Manchuria Railway must not invest money foolishly,” he asserted. “We | | are just beginning to study the prob- | | lem.” | | He then indicated how large the | new North China status looms in | South Manchuria Railway possibilities by saying he may go to North China | personally to attempt to form his own conclusions. “You are interested among other | things in the possibility of improving | the quality of the cotton there and ilLs wider cultivation?” he was asked. | “We are interested immediately in that,” he said, “but while still inter- | ested T have heard of a new develop- | ment which may upset my former | ideas.” It was here that Matsuoka—a | slight, compact man, cordial and in impeccably tailored Western clothes— spoke of the possibility which he be- lieves large enough to demand his full attention: That a world cotton revo- lution may me approaching. “A responsible Japanese business I interest,” would safeguard Manchu- kuoan stability from influences south of the Great Wall and make North China strategetically safer for Japan vis-a-vis Russia. “Certainly, we do not expect any war with the Soviet,” he said, “but the military must consider the strate- gic problem. Organ Uses Light Choppers. From the Popular Mechanics. Ordinary automobii¢ headlight bulbs connected with the keys and stops help produce the music in an electric organ operated on the principle of photo coils and light choppers. The organist playing the keys causes the lights to flash behind the light chop- | pers, of which there are 12, driven by any endless belt from a synchronous motor. Each light chopper has six rows of apertures for octaves, the C chopper, for example, playing C at six different octaves. The synchronous motor keeps the instrument in tune, unaffected by atmosphere or tempera- ture,