Evening Star Newspaper, July 7, 1935, Page 5

ETHIOPIA ROW DATES FROM 166 Italy Seeks Revenge for Defeat by - King Menelik. Note: Unless diplomacy wins, war between Italy and Ethiopia is in prospect in September. The fol- lowing story traces the history of the dispute Dbetween the two countries and pictures the problems confronting each in the event of conflict. By the Assoclated Press. NEW YORK, July 6.—Europe, in- eluding Italy, is firmly convinced that as soon as the rainy season ends in September, Italy and Ethiopia will go to war. Italy accuses Ethiopia of having permitted native encroachments on Ttalian territory in Africa; Ethiopian sources allege that if Italy attacks the act will be unprovoked aggression. Although a commission now is at | work to determine the cause of con- | flict, no one seems to be paying much | attention to its proceedings; on the | contrary, military experts, accepting the war virtually as inevitable, ‘ki busily comparing notes on the com- | parative strength of the two probable | combatants. The consensus seems to be that Italy will have a modern army of about one-quarter million men in the field, and that Ethiopia is a very tough country. A great many authorities have pointed out that Napoleon and his veterans had no trouble beating the Russians, but that Russia routed Napoleon. Fighting More Than Troops. ‘What they mean is that the Italian Army, no matter how well it may be equipped for modern warfare, will be & long way from home, fighting in another climate, battling mountains and the tropics as well as the Fthiopians, and will not be engaging in modern warfare, even though the year is 1935. Ethiopia is what military men call “cavalry terrain”—and the Ethiopians are cavalrymen by inheritance, tra- dition and preference. The empire, 350,000 square miles in area, Is mountainous, with its lines of com- munication often passing over points more than 8,000 feet above sea level. In mountain passes, a squad of cavalrymen in defense is worth a regiment of foot soldiers in attack; tanks and armored cars are worthless. Furthermore, the Ethiopians claim | they will be able to put 800,000 men in the fleld and that they have 200,- 000 men with arms already. | Another hazard the Italians must face is that which confronts any | modern army. the service of supplies. An Italian expeditionary force, given victories and consequent advances into enemy territory, must necessarily extend its S. O. S. farther and farther from its homeland and coastal bases. These lines must be guarded heavily against surprise attacks. On the other hand, the Ethiopians, eampaigning in their own land, can live off the land. They need little or no service of supplies other than ammunition replacements. Had Internal Dissension. Ethiopia previously has yielded to Italy and Britain because of intefnal dissensions which split the empire’s power. The British smashed the power of King Theodore in Qiyl after six Ethiopian districts had turned against the Ethiopian monarch. ‘Theodore committed suicide. He was followed in power by two Kings, for now Ethiopia was divided, Menelex of Shoa and John of Tigre. John was a fighting man of such ability that in 1875 and 1876 he suc- cessively whipped two Egyptian armies which tried to penetrate Ethi- | opia, and he forced Menelek to sub- mit to him. It was at this time that the quarrel aith Italy began. An Italian com- pany bought the trading port of Assab, near the southern entrance of the Red Sea, in what now is the Ttalian territory of Eritrea, from the local Sultan in 1870 and sold it to the Italian government in 1882. Three years later Italian forces occupied Beilul, a port just north of Assab Bay, then moved into Massawa. Established Garrison. The Italians next established a gar- rison at Dogali. The Ethiopians asked the Italians to withdraw. They re- fused. In January, 1887, the Ethi- opians killed more than 400 of the soldiers. Reinforcements were sent from Italy. The British sent a peace mission, which got nowhere, King John’s dominion, meanwhile, was attacked on another flank by Dervishes, out of the Egyptian Sudan, and the King was killed in battle, March 9, 1889. His erstwhile sub- Jject, King Menelek, promptly pro- claimed himself King and concluded the famous Uccialli treaty with Italy, by which the Italian nation occupied Asmara, now the capital of Eritrea. ‘Within four years, however, Mene- lek had grown worried about Italian rapprochements with his always re- bellious district of Tigre and it had ‘been discovered that the Italian ver- sion of the treaty said Ethiopia was bound to make use of Italy as a chan- nel of communications with other na- tions, while the Ethiopian language version said the use of Italy was optional. So Menelek denounced the treaty. The Italians advanced an army un- der command of Col. Baratieri with rapid successes into the Tigre region, but Menelek raised a force of 90,000 men and took his position at Adua. Italians Defeated. Then came the defeat of which Italy is still talking; a defeat Italian mewspapers declare must be avenged. Baratieri divided his army of 13,000 men into four brigades and attacked Adua on March 1, 1896. As each ‘brigade moved forward, the Ethiopians smothered it. The Italians lost 4,600 white soldiers and 3,000 native troops killed and between 2,500 and 3,000 captured. The Italians advanced a large body of reinforcements to avenge the de- feat, but the Ethiopians retired out of the way. In October a peace treaty was signed at Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia, annuling the treat of Uccialli and recognizing the independence of Ethiopia. All the world now became interested in this fighting African nation, and diplomatic missions were sent from France, Great Britain, Russia, the United States and Germany. In 1906 an Anglo-French-Italian agreement was reached which speci- fied that it was the common interest of those three powers “to maintain intact the integrity of Ethiopia.” Menelek died in 1913 and his king* dom fell into political chaos until his grand nephew, the present Em- peror Haile Selassie, gained control. THE SUNDAY STAR, WASHINGTON, D. ¢, JULY 7, 1935—PART ONE. Americans in Ethiopian “Theater of War” His coronation in 1930 was in the presence of representatives of vir- tually every nation on earth. One of Haile Selassie’s greatest dip- lomatic feats was in obtaining the admission of his nation into the League of Nations in 1923, after that body had investigated slave trading in the empire and the emperor had published a decree making such trad- ing punishable by death. Now Italy claims slavery still is practiced in Ethiopia and that, there- fore, Ethiopia has no right to her seat at Geneva; the Ethiopians claim Italy intends to violate the League Covenant by aggression. The dispute, it is predicted, will be settled in the traditional war manner. RS MOVIE PIONEER DIES Wesley G. Gilmore, 65, Managed Ray and Keaton. LOS ANGELES, July 6 (#).—Wesley G. Gilmore, 65, pioneer motion picture manager, died today in his sleep. A native of New York, Gilmore be- gan his film career in 1909 as general manager for the late David Horsley in the latter's New Jersey studios. He came to the Coast a few years later joined Thomas Ince. At one lated joined Thomas Ince. At one time he was business manager of Charles Ray and later Buster Keaton. At the time of his death he was connected with the Metro-Goldwyn- Mayer studios. e Gene Porter Kin Married. HOLLYWOOD, July 6 (#).—Jean- ette Mechan, granddaughter of the late Gene Stratton Porter, novelist, and Swanton D. Dalton, a chemist, were married here today. After two weeks' honeymoon in Northern Cali- fornia, they will return here to live. More Americans Visit. Many more Americans are visiting Cuba this year than last. Among the approximately 125 American citizens advised by William Perry George, American charge d'af- faires at Addis Ababa. to leave Ethiopia, are several missionaries from the Seventh-Day Adventists of Takoma Park, Md., some of whom are shown above. No. 1, Mathews at left. Sorenson is superintendent of the Ethioplan Union Mission No. 2, Miss Esther Bergman. the girls’ school at Addis Ababa. No. 3, American Legation at Addis Ababa. Charge d'Affaires George. Mr. and Mrs. M. J. Sorenson and children with Miss Mae Miss Mathews is & teacher in No. 4, —Star Stafl Photos. [TALIANS HASTEN WAR PREPARATION Nation Fired by Mussolini Refusal to Turn Back From Adventure. qupunued From Pirst Page.) famed Fasclst slogan, “Better to live one day as a lion than 100 years as & lamb,” in this wise: “Every Italian prefers 2 life of hero- ism to a life of uselessness.” That phrase brought the greatest ovation yet from the Italian youths ready to join the more than 100,000 men Italy already has sent to her colonies aajoining Ethiopia. Col. Attilio Biseo, the leader’s fa- vorite co-pilot who accompanied Gen. Italo Balbo on his mass flight to Chi- cago, was at the controls with Il the flight back. Il Duce returned Lo Rome to find his government, obviously relieved at the United States Government's dis- inclination to do anything about Ethi- opia’s appeal to the provisions of the Kellogg enti-war pact, pushing fer- ward energetically the enormous prep- arations for war. Two Sons Enrolled. He found, also, that his two young aviator sons, Bruno and Vittorio, 17 and 19, had been accepted for East African service. The authoritative Giornale d'Italia said they would be enrolled in a detachment destined for Eritrea. Bruno, who only recently received his flying papers, is the youngest licensed pilot in Italy and possibly in Europe. Official reaction to the Washington government's reply to Emperor Haile Selassie’s appeal was one of unmis- takable relief, the consensus being that one more international obstacle had been removed from Italy's course. AMERICANS URGED TO LEAVE. Abandonment of Hope for Settlement Is Seen. By the Associated Press. ADDIS ABABA, July 6.—One hun- dred and twenty-five Americans living in Ethiopia were advised today by | their Government to leave this war- threatened land. Diplomatic quarters took the ac- which Emperor Haile Selassie ap- pealed this week under the Kellogg anti-war pact—had virtually given up hope that Italy and Ethiopia would settle their differences peacefully. 1.5, TAKES STEFS 10 STAY NEUTRAL African Tension Gives New Whip to Munitions Prob- ers in Senate. By the Associated Press. The threatened outbreak of hostill- ties between Italy and Ethiopia yes- terday stirred new action in Washing- ton designed to insure American neu- trality in event of war. Willism Perry George, charge d'af- | faires in Addis Ababa, had been au- 125 American citizens now in Abys- capital or leave the country. The Afro-Eurepean tension simul- iunwusly gave Senate munitions in- | vestigators a new whip to speed con- | gressional action on its proposed arms | embargo and neutrality legislation. Selassie’s Plea Rejected. The State Department's action toward the evacuation of this coun- try's nationals was almost coincidental with the American note to Haile Selassie, Ethiopian Emperor, rejecting a plea for invocation of the Kellogg- Briand peace pact. In it Secretary Hull said this Government was “loath to believe” there would be any out- break of war. Responsible officials here contended, however, that the evacuation move, based upon the premise of actual hostilities, was merely the exercise of wise and necessary precautions in pre- paring for any eventuality. Other nations have already taken steps for the evacuation of their na- tionals if and when war comes to the African mountain kingdom. The United States has followed a Where War Clouds Threaten Copyright, A. s £ P. Wirephoto. SUDAN AobA A$S ’g KENYA { (BRITISH) Along the northern border of Ethiopis, adjoining Italian Eritrea, is the scene of the present friction between Ethiopia and bootlike Italy (upper left corner). Italy would establish an armed te over protectorat but Emperor Haile Selassie says his kingdom will “fight to the independence. Ethiopis, bitter end” to preserve [ The State Department revealed that | | thorized to advise the approximately | | ¢infa to concentrate in the Ethiopian | | nations. Both were aimed at prevent- | similar policy when conflicts threat- ened in inland China and several Latin American countries in the past. Can’t Order Nationals Out. The American Government at pres- ent has no authority to order its nationals out, but can state that unless certain advice is followed proper pro- tection cannot be given. It was explained further in official quarters here that it might be weeks before the comparative handful of Americans in Ethiopia could be even advised of Washington's suggestions. Some are scattered 500 miles back in the mountains, far removed from Addis Ababa. Little doubt remained, however, that the situation would spur congressional | activity. Acting under the urge of Senators Nye, Republican, of North Dakota, and Clark, Democrat, of Missouri, members of the Munitions Committee, the Senate Foreign Rela- tions Committee 10 cays ago reported | out two resolutions aimed at preserving | American neutrality. | One would bar Americans from the | danger zone by denying them pass-| ports. The second would prohibit any | private or public loans to belligerent | ing situations likely to induce this country to enter war. Consideration Wednesday. At the same time the Foreign Rela- | tions Committee set next Wednesday | for consideration of two other neu- trality resolutions sponsored by Muni- tions Committee members. One would empower the President to apply an embargo on munitions going to any belligerent nation. The other set out a long list of “contraband” articles, the shipment of which would be pro- hibited, except at the owner’s risk— which would be, in effect, to deny pro- tection to commerce with warring nations, A fifth resolution, sponsored by Senator Pope, Democrat, of Idaho, empowering tke Government to Ii- cense and control munitions makers, also has been reported out to the Senate. For the moct part, members of the Munitions Committee were scattered for the Fourlh of July holiday, but Senator Nye made it plain before he left that he was confident of Senate action on the neutrality legislation this session. Meanwhile, Senator Pope yesterday characterized Secretary Hull's note of rejection to Haile Selassie as a “mas- terpiece of diplomacy.” Munitions Call Unlikely. Diplomatic officials here are under- stood to belleve that there is little chance that American firms will be| called on to supply munitions to| either Ethiopia or Italy. | At the present time, the United States has laws permitting embargoes | on arms shipments to Latin American nations and China or other countries in which the United States has extra- territorial privileges in the event of civil strife, Arms and implements of war are now prohibited from ship- ment to China, Cuba, Honduras or Nicaragua—without specific licenses from the State Department. No laws now on the statute books, however, apply to any shipments which might be made to either Italy or Ethiopia. o FLYER STILL MISSING Army Planes End Third Day of Search in Panama. COLON, Panama, July 8 (#).—Army and Navy fiyers returned from their third day of search tonight without having found Second Lieut. George H. McMahon or the observation plane in which he disappeared last Wednes- day. The body of McMahon's companion on the flight, Pirst Lieut. Winston F. Graham, was recovered last night in Panama Bay. Few Leave Much Money. Only one in four persons in Great Britain leaves more than $500 st death, A 0 NURSE AMONG 125 IN ETHOPHA Miss Bergman Reported at| Addis Ababa, Where Lega- tion Is Situated. Miss Esther Bergman, who once was a public health nurse in Takoma Park, Md,, is one of the Seventh-day Adventist missionaries in Ethiopia, among the 125 Americans ordered by | the American legation to leave the country. There are about 10 or 11 American missionaries of the Seventh-day | Adventist Church in Ethiopia. ac- | cording to H. T. Elliott, associate secretary of the church's missionary board in Takoma Park. Elliott said Miss Bergman was lo- | cated in Zaudit Memorial Sanitarium and Hospital at Addis Ababa, where the American legation is situated. Attempts were being made today by the church’s headquarters at Takoma Park to get In touch with the situa- tion through the north European division of the organization. Others From Engiand. Approximately 15 other Adventist missionaries in Ethiopia are citizens of England and the Scandinavian countries, Mr. Elliott said, explaining these were responsible to the London office of the denomination. No immediate instructions sre con- templated by the General Conference following today's report that the American legation has ordered all of its nationals out of the country, he said, but pointed out that some of them may have trouble getting out of the country unless they leave while the railroads are in operation. The town of Dessie, where the organiza- tion maintains one of its three hospitals in the country in co-opera- tion with the Ethiopian government, is four days’ trip by caravan from Addis Ababa, he said. The other hospitals are at Addis Ababa and Debre Tabor, Londen Orders Expected. Mr. Elliott said he thought likely the London office of the denomina- tion would instruct the missionaries to proceed to Aden, in Southwestern Arabia near the Red Sea, there to await further instructions. Other missionaries in Ethiopia who were appointed by the Takoma Park headquarters include Dr. and Mrs. G. C. Bergman of Los Angeles, Ci Miss Mae Matthews, Lincoln, Nebs Dr. and Mrs. T. C. Nicola, Monte- bello, Calif.; Pastor and Mrs. M. J. Sorenson, Lincoln, Nebr., and Dr. and Mrs. A. R. Stadin, Loma Linda, Calif. All are stationed in hospitals and schools in Addis Ababa except Dr. and Mrs. Stadin, who are at Dessie, | Ethiopia. Second Maryland Child Dies. BALTIMORE, July 6 (#)—Betty Jane Francis, 11, died here tonight of burns received July 4 when the match with which she was lighting a fire- cracker ignited her clothing. She was the second Maryland child to die of a Fourth of July fireworks accident. e e — Also complete line of standard and all-American made watches. ¥ Shep at the friendly store— gou're always Jncud with & ' smile—with no obligation to .N' war and asked that some w found It did not go to the government | immediately. There were indicatioas its delivery to the foreign minis‘er | might be delayed until Monday. State Department records show | about 110 of the 125 Americans re- | siding in Ethiopia are missionaries. They represent the Seventh Day Ad- | ventists of Takoma Park, Md, lhe' Sudan Frontier Mission of Philadel- phia and the Women's General Mis- sionary Soclety of the United Presby- terian Church of North America, which has headquarters in Pittsburgh. It was learned the Emperor, dis- appointed in his effort to enlist the active interest of the United States in Ethiopia’s cause, had turned to Britain for aid in averting war with Italy. Most of the missionaries who com- prise_the bulk of the 125 Americans in Ethiopia will ignore the legation’s move to have them leave, it appeared tonight, staying at their posts and taking their chances. T. A. Lambie, intimate friend of the Emperor and fleld director of the | Ethiopian Mission Service, who is in | London seeking to organize an ambu- lance corps for that nation, said 50 | American missionaries stationed at | Addis Ababa would not heed the le- | gation’s warning. | The mission’s direcior discounted fears that the missionaries would be exposed to grave danger. He pointed out that Addis Ababa was difficult of access to Italian bombing planes, since the late Emperor Menelik, when he founded the capital 50 years ago, planted groves of eucalyptus tirees over an area 10 miles lonz and 3 miles wide, thus camouflaging much of the city. WILLIAMS IS HONORED Missouri Journalism Founder Made Dean Emeritus. COLUMBIA, Mo., July 6 (#.—Dr. Walter Williams, retiring president of the University of Missouri and founder of the institution’s School of Journalism in 1908, was made dean emeritus of the journalism faculty and professor emeritus of history and principles of journalism by the Board of Curators today. Dr. Williams said he was happy to accept the appointment. “I expect to continue in an advisory capacity with the School of Journal- ism,” he said. Dr. Willlams was succeeded as| president recently by Dr. Frederick | A. Middlebush. | GRADUATION Ringlets Ringlets GUARANTEED PERMANENT TONIC OIL s 2 WAVE INCLUDING © Shampos Bel ® Tenic Oil Wave ¢ Hair Trim © Finger Wave BEAUTY BOX (Opp. Garfinckel's—Over Velati's) 609 14th Street N.W. PHONE MEL, 7225 Open Every Evening Not & Sehool Com- plete ~| Clair from Stage Island near Sernia, tion to mean the United States—to Water Stroller Continues Walk On St. Clair Lake Resumes Crossing of Wind-Tossed Surface Near Detroit. By the Associated Press. DETROIT, July 6.—Water Walker Frederick Walter, whose stroll across the wind-tossed surface of Lake St. Ontario, was in‘errupted while he sought shelter on a small island on the foot of St. Clair flats, resumed his self-appointed task within two hours today. A speedboat took Walter from the island and set him down at St. Clair A5 ETHIOPIAN ARMY - HAS3T5J0LEAD Italy Outnumbered for Con- flict, but Equipment Is Disputed. | By the Associated Press. Here are the comparative fighting | forces certain to Be Jung into the field should war eventuate in the Italo- | Ethiopian conflict: | For Premier Benito Mussolini of Italy—an army of 225,000 men equip- ped for modern warfare. shores. He immediately resumed his stroll over the lake surface, with Belle Isle, Detroit recreation center, his destination. Walter left his home in Windsor Friday, announcing that he would walk across the lake. Folice began looking for him this morning, and he shore of the lake and shouted some- | thing about reaching Belle Isle, his | destination, “before 5 o'clock.” He left home for the Lake St. Clair walk over the protest of his wife and 11-year-old daughter. BRITAIN PLANNING NEW TRY AT PEACE England Is Reported Ready to Summon Nationals From Ethiopia. By the Associated Press. ernment will try again next week to avert an Italo-Ethiopian war, but without much hope of success. This was learned tonight. High diplomatic quarters said Britian was ready to follow the United States in urging all her nationals in Ethiopia to leave at once. Trio to Discuss Situation. Sir Samuel Hoare, foreign secretary, and Capt. Anthony Eden, secretary for League of Nations affairs, will talk the situation over with J. A. C Avenol, League secretary general, who arrives Monday. What form Britian's new drive for peace would take remained obscure, 1 but unofficial observers—recalling | many recent hints from Rome that | Italy would forsake Geneva if the Washington's reply to the Emperor's | eague “meddled” in her Ethiopian appeal, which cited Italy’s obliga- | 4i e s ) | e el Ln el et vay be r to make her abide by them, | was received at the legation at noon. | was | bound up in it. New Deal if Italy Quits. If Italy resigned from the League because of any future action of the Geneva body, it would mean an en- tire new deal in European affairs, sources close to the situation said. They asserted neither Britian nor | France would be surprised to see Ger- many try to link up with Britian in giving the cold shoulder to Italy. | Astonishment continued in some quarters that France had offered no objections to Mussolini’s removal of s0 many troops from the Austrian front, since the outlook for setttle- | ment of Southern European problems | remained highly uncertain. BURN IN AUTO ROBE [ TRAPS ESCAPED CONVICT California Wife's Memory Causes Capture of Burglar Who Robbed Home. By the Associated Press. | OAKLAND, Calif., July 6 —Dr. and Mrs. C. M. Keyes sat on the grass at Lakeside Park here the night of July Fourth to watch the fireworks. They weren't seated on an automobile robe because the burglar who entered their home last January 12 stole it. Sud- | denly Mrs. Keyes nudged her husband. | “Look,” she whispered, nodding to- | ward & neighboring couple. “Isn't that our robe? See the cigarette burn in the corner?” | Dr. Keyes took one look and agreed. | When the couple left, he followed | them and jotted down the license | number of their machine. Then he notified the police. Today Carl Peterson, 36, was ar- rested at his home. Police said he confessed burglarizing the Keyes home and also admitted he escaped from a Texas penitentiary in 1924. LONDON, July 6—Britian's gov- | For Haile Selassie, Emperor of | Ethiopia—800,000 men. Their equip- | ment is disputed, but military experts | concede them some planes and modern machine guns. Two hundred thougand | of these, the Emperor boasts, are armed now with their own pieces. Against I1 Duce’s modernized fight- Duce, both on the fight down and | o2 " ¥0 "0 014 Club along the | Ng machine these facts may be ap- plied: This war would not be modern. Ethiopia has a “Cavalry terrain.” Ethiopians are Cavalrymen by inheri- tance, tradition and preference. In the mountain passes a squad of | Cavalry in defense is worth a regi- | ment of foot soldiers in attack. Il Duce's troops would be a long way from headquarters, fighting not only Ethiopians, but mountains, tropic heat, and the enemy's superior knowledge of the country. HELD IN GIRL’S DEATH Young Arkansan Quizzed After Finding 14-Year-Old's Body. FORT SMITH, Ark, July 6 (#).— Clyde Trammell, young Fort Smithian, was taken into custody for questioning late today, shortly after discovery in | Clear Creek, 20 miles north of here, of the scantily clad body of Mary Isabel Mahar, 14, who had been miss- ing since Independence day. Sheriff Pred Long and Presecuting Attorney Pinis F. Batchelor of Craw- ford County announced detention of | Trammell for investigation. The | youth was reported to be the last | member of a holiday swimming party | of 16 to see Miss Mahar alive, | | Immediate Installation No Down Payment o DELCO OIL BURNER Let us shcw you the outstanding || features of the DELCO OIL BURNER—and explain how easy it is to own this fine oil burner. We will in:tall a Delco immediate- ly—nothing to pay until Septem- ber 30th—then take 3 years, en Federal Housing terms. Come in, or phone for complete information. 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