Evening Star Newspaper, June 30, 1935, Page 33

FIELD OF NURSING OFFERS CHANCE FOR RIGHT TYPE Overproduction in Profession Blamed on Those Who Lack Proper Background BY GRACE TURNFR. URING the past month or six weeks approximately 22,000 young women have been graduated from schools of nursing in the United States. At the same time other thousands of this year's high school and college gradu- | ates have bowed themselves off in- numerable commencement platforms, and are asking the extremely impor- tant question, “What am I going to do?” Some of these young women will definitely consider nursing. Others | will reject the suggestion, although | they are well fitted to make good in the nursing profession. They may think of it in terms of private-duty nursing only, not realizing the diverse opportunities it actually offers. Many, oo, will have heard that there is an overproduction of nurses and will be afraid to enter an already too crowded field. Yet, according to Alice E. Snyder, director of one of the largest and fin- est placement bureaus for nurses in New York City, “The potential gradu- ate nurse today has more possibilities and a wider range in the selection of her future specialty in nursing than | ever before.” Her statement flings the | gauntlet straight into the face of in- | timidating unemployment figures. A study made under the direction of a similar placement bureau in Chi- cago also shows that there are not enough well-prepared nurses. If Miss Snyder and the Chicago bu- reau are right, why then are so many | nurses unemployed? The answer is | simple, if not flattering. There are too many poorly equipped nurses. Of these there is, those who know tell us, an overproduction. Some of them are older women who had saved * money, retired on it, and later specu- lated with it and lost it. Since 1929 | they have been trying to re-establish | themselves in their former profession. | Nursing Different Now. | Others of about the same age have | and tracked down the name of the | had unexpected responsibilities thrust | on them in the last tew vears. And they, too, must try to resume their nursing. Their plight is sometimes | tragic. It is not their profession that has betrayed them, but the unfortu- | nate turn of their private circum- | stances. | It is hardly worth while, perhaps, | to mention the many nurses who have been outdistanced, because they have ! continued over a period of years to rely on their basic cducation alone. They have not kept abreast in a rap- | dly developing field—for nursing to- day is something quite’different from what 1s was 20 or even 10 years ago. By far the greatest rumber, how- ever, of those who might justiy be described as “unemployed because un- employable” are apparently the vic- | or Training. Simmons College, Boston, who received their B. S. degree this year. Johns Hopkins has just recently announced that it also will offer a combined course leading to a degree. In addition to the schools for pupil nurses, an increasing number of courses are being offered to graduate nurses. These are designed to prepare them for specialization. Fourteen col- leges and universities offer courses in teaching and administration. Sixteen offer courses in public health nursing. At Harvard there is a special course in muscle training offered to nurses who wish to specialize in orthopedics. Psychiatry is one of the newest, most interesting and rapidly develop- ing fields. Various hospitals are now offering psychiatric courses to gradu- ate nurses. Among them are Butler, in Providence, R. I.; Bloomingdale, in White Plains, N. Y, the State hos- pitals in Washington, Illinois, New York and Pennsylvania. ‘There are many demands for nurses with psychiatric training. Ingenuity Helps, Sometimes a nurse needs ingenuity. Often she must sell herself. This was the case with a particularly able nurse who was sent to a particularly dif- ficult man. wealthy, retired, and so uninterested in Lving that he had refused to leave his bed for the past 18 months. He also refused the serv- ices of every nurse who was sent to him, until this thoughtful woman tade it her buciness to find out everything she could about him be- fore she saw him. She learned that his most recent hobby had been bees and flowers. The nurse was quick to realize that this man would also be interested in birds. She had seen an unusual one and she described it to ber obstreper- ous future patient and asked him if he could tell her what it was. To the astonishment of every one the man got out of bed. went to the bookcase, found a particular volume he wanted, bird. Today the man is down South, raising flowers. ‘Though psychiatry is a dramatic and interesting specialty, it is far from being the only one. The ram- ifications of nursing service are as various as those of medicine. Nurses | specialize in pediatric nursing, sur- gical nursing, maternity nursing and | numerous other particular aspects. Besides private-duty nursing, there are administrative possibilities, as | deans or directors of schools of nurs- ing, as assistants to the deans, as in- structors of special subjects and fac- ulty members who combine adminis- | trative with teaching duties. In the hospital itself the position of | superintendent or assistant superin- tendent is often filled by an experi- enced graduate nursé. Nurses also THE SUNDAY STAR, WASHINGTON, D. C, JUNE 30, 1935—PART TWO. Germany’s Naval Threat With Submarines Building and Dreadnaughts Planned Reich Is Out to Regain Once o s&mu-mz_m'., ok : BY THE RIGHT HON. LORD STRABOLG], Author of “The Economics of Plenty” “The Real Navy,” Etc. | HAT the treaty of Versallles | could not be enforced indefl- | nitely has long been a maxim of foreign politics. It was long foreseen that Germany would re-in- | troduce conscription at the first favor- | able opportunity. The ideal of the nation in arms, with all young men undergoing a period of military train- ing, has been deeply ingrained In the German mind for nearly a century. But that the German government would flout the naval clauses of the treaty of Versailles was unexpected. It was cupposed that the present | rulers of Germany would endeavor | at all costs to maintain friendly rela- | | tions with the two great English- | speaking peoples. For ihis purpose it i { was supposed that Germany would | obtain the right to ouild by agree- ment what naval vessels she felt were necessary for her defense, and would | wait patiently until the time was ripe | for a new agreement. Misuse of the submarine weapon the World War and tne ruthless sink- ing of peaceful American merchant ships on the high seas. contrary to | all established princinies of interna- | tional law, was the principal cause of America’s intervention in the struggle. | | Likewise, it was the growih of German ! naval power, so ostentatiously aimed | against Britain, that caused a re- | orientation of British foreign policy Great Sea Power. -~ GERMAN TORPEDO BOATS—MANY NEW ONES ARE TO BE BUIL T. Photo by Associated Press. Cartoon by P. Strothmann. Iindeed. is put forward that Germany | must have a fleet in the Baltic equal | to the Russian forces. Actually, the program, in three years' time, would give Germany a fleet stronger and more modern than the whole exist- Iing Russian fleet. Russia has only ’three battleships, each built before | the Great War and therefore of ob- | | solescent design. In three years Ger- !many will have the three new | Deutschlands, built under the treaty | limitation on the 10,000-ton limit, but | with Diesel engines and of very in- | genious construction, giving them a | battery more powerful thaf any Rus- | sian battleship now afloat; and, in | addition, the two 20,000-ton ships to | be built immediately will give her a great preponderance. Germany al- | ready has eight cruisers built against | the Russian six, and the German program will be completed within |and in the absence of any other cruisers are more modern and pow- three years, and is described as an | installment. factors. As for colonie$ in which naval bases erful. In order to give color to this con- The most interesting aspect of the | can be established. the demands put | tention, in the semi-private comver- | matter is, however, that Germany | proposes immediately to possess her- | self of 12 submarines of about 300 | tons each. It is admitted that the| machinery and hull section of these | undersea vessels were ordered from the large German shipbuilding works some nine months ago, and that they | will be ready for sea in about six months. Germany, with her engi- | neering resources, the skill of her naval | architects and her financial methods | of paying for her armaments by bor- | forward by Herr Hitler to Sir John Simon, the British foreign secretary, and his assistant, Mr. Eden, in the conversations in Berlin, was for the | return of all Germany's former col- onies in Africa. made, furthermore, that - Britain should cede her own East African | colonies to Germany. If the former German Cameroons were returned to Germany, submarines based on the excellent harbors in that territory could operate over a large area of ‘The suggestion was | sations in Berlin with the British ministers, the German leaders asked for an understanding that Britain would not allow the Russian war- ships in the Black Sea to pass out through the Straits of Gibraltar. Therefore the German preponderance over the fragment of the Russian fleet D3 FASCISM IS THREATENED BY ABYSSINIAN PROBLEMS Abandonment of Italy’s Drive Would Be Severe B‘low to tions—Diplomatic BY ALBIN E. JOHNSON. ENEVA.—Abyssinia is likely to ‘become a more crucial prob- lem for European diplomacy than even Austria, Danzig| or the Balkans. The skillful shelving | of the Italo-Ethiopian controversy by the League Council —aided and abetted by the tropical monsoon and Italian evasiveness—has furnished a breathing spell during which French and British diplomacy has been brought into play. Italy has had time to complete her military prepa- rations and test out her internal structure to ascertain whether it will bear the strain of a grueling guerilla war on the deserts, in the jungles and perhaps over the high plateaus of Ethiopia. ‘That the situation which has arisen over Mussolini’s impatience to absorb the biack kingdom, thereby satisfying Italy’s century-old colonial ambition, is serious is undeniable. Il Duce may be satisfied with theoretical control over the cost of annexation or occupation is too great. But nothing less than force majeure from outside or in- ternal chaos inside of Black Shirtland will turn him from his designated goal. The League Council, perhaps justi- fiably when the delioate political bal- ance in Europe is taken into consid- eration, resorted to some clever chi- canery in dealing with Abyssinia’s appeal. For the firsi time in its his- tory the unusual procedure of adopt- ing two Tesolutions was resorted to. The first, which authorized Secretary General Avenol “to keep the members of the Council informed of the prog- ress of the arbitration proceedings,” was adopted at the request of the Italian representative, Baron Aloisi. It was given wide publicity in the Fascist press, which commented upon its innocuity. The second, which rich | African region at the moment, if the | Mussolini’s Ambi- Situation Acute. dominant largely on the Sudan fron- tier. They have been seeking for two decades to get concessions for dams and reservoirs in the Lake Tsana re- glon. ‘These waters, if conserved, would furnish year-round irrigation for the Sudan, which is the world's richest potential cotton field. Thus far Addis Ababa has held the British off. A concession was awarded to an American firm—the J. G. White Engineering Corp.—some time ago, but the British protested so strenu- ously that the Abyssinians backed down. After the World War, when England and France divided between them Germany’s African and Turkey's Asia-Minor territories, the powers wisely arranged the membership of Abyssinia in the League. That move was not made to obtain the compan- ionship of the Abyssinians, who prac- ticed many things which civilized states decry—slavery, for instance. It was to remove Abyssinia from the colonial picture as a possible source ‘of conflict. British and French in- | terests did not clash, and Italy's aspiratfons were ignored. Mussolini, | not yet firmly established in Rome. was in no position to object, although the Italians accepted Abyssinia's “full and free” membership in the League with fingers crossed. The country of | Emperor Haile Selasie became a ward of the League, 50 to speak, with all | its members guaranteeing her politi- | cal and territorial integrity. During the last 10 years things have changed radically in Italy. Mus- solini, like all dictators, has had to | continually “jazz up” his population | to retain his popularity. For a while he embarked upon works of peace. | He built the best roads in the world, | the famous auto strades; he reclaimed at enormous cost tens of thousands of swampy acres; he built super liners, the Rex, the Conti di Savola and | others, to carry the Italian flag to | fixed time limits, first, July 25, when | Italy and Abyssinia, if unable to reach ingreement for settlement of the Wal | Wal incident should designate a fifth | arbiter, and, secondly, August 25, on which date the Council should re- assemble if no solution had been found, carried the real teeth. It was scarcely mentioned in Italy and is considered by Mussolini as non- existent. However, it preserves the | Couneil's right to intervene and, for the moment, partially protects Abys- sinia’s interests. Understanding Doubted. There is scant hope in European diplomatic circles that the Italians will come to an understanding with Addis Ababa. The Wal Wal incident in the Baltic would be overwhelming. | Equallity With France Rumored. Actually, the intention appears to | be to construct a navy for Germany | equal in strength to that of P'rance.j and even the delimitation of fron- tiers are side issues when compared to the real question involved. The Italians frankly stated that. Whether or not the Wal Wal skirmish was the seven seas; he drained the Pon- | tine marshes and lakes to salvage one of Caligula's rotting imperial house- | boats. But soon the glamour of these | uneconomic and costly distractions | died away. Only the appeal of the Black Shirt uniform remained. and | that regalia was becoming shoddy | and shopworn. The bombast of Il Duce, the spectacular achievements of Gen. Italo Balboa's air armada and artificially induced war scares could | not withstand the dogzed inroads of | the economic depression, increasing unemployment, disappearing markets | and hungry mouths. i Way Out Furnished. Austria furnished a way out. corps were mobilized at the Bren: Martial music and mili- tary maneuvers distracted the nation from its troubles and the menace of the Hun on the Tyrolean heights | created a war psychology. But Austria Italian arm; tims of poor training. /Bold posts as heads of hospital de- | gt the beginning of this century, |ToWing in advance, can obviously 'the Atlantic. | Hints that this is the real Program |.gaceq” to furnish a pretext for “We have no need of any more graduate rurses with mediocre train- | ing and background. There are alto- gether too many of them now. Of the nurses who are coming into the profession this year, by far the great- er number will be ineligible for the openings now vacant.”” This is Lh” conclusion reached, after eight years | of study, by the Committee on the | Grading of Nursing Schools whose | complete conclusions were reported last Fall in the book “Nursing School$ —Today and Tomorrow.” The same commitiee, however, also Ioupd that there are many positions for 'nurses which are not adequately filled and that there is great need for nurses with broader experience, better basic professional background and ad- ditional specialized training. So if you have recently acquired an R. N. behind your name and were trained in a first-class school of nursing, you have a profession in which there is an opportunity for you. If you were unfortunate enough to spend three years in a mediocre school you would better give an additional year or so to graduate work at once or find another occupation. Personal Requirements. But what of those who are just now thinking about entering a school | of nursing? How shai! they decide whether this is really the profession for them and if so wnat school it would be best to enter? The answer to the first question must be a purely personal one. It depends on the kind of person you are. If you have a 1eal desire to serve, coupled with a genuine liking for people, you have the first two fundamental qualities. If you lack these qualities, you should not go any further in your investigations of this fleld. You need good health, a sense of humor, the capacity for keeping your head, the ability to follow directions and equal ability to take responsibility. You need intelligence and executive and teaching ability. The better your educational background and the more general your interest, the finer will be your opportunities. Any good school will demand gradu- ation from high school as a minimum. Many require that successful appli- cants have stood in the upper half or ‘upper third of their high school class. A number of schools give preference to college graduates, and most of the better schools now charge tuition, though room and board are provided. ‘They require physical examinations, &o carefully into the background and social history of applicants and give them special tests of personality and adaptability. Choosing your school is the most important thing you do if you are going to be a nurse. The one nearest you is not necessarily the best, or even & good school. Another that you hear of by chance may not be any better. This is something for you to in- vestigate for yourselves. Aid Is Offered. The Nursing Information Bureau of the American Nurses' Association, the National League of Nursing Education and the National Organization for Public Health Nursing, ali with head- quarters in New York City, have co- operated in publishing & small, helpful leaflet, “How to Choose a Nursing School.” A personal interview with the prin- cipal or a catalogue showing the size of the faculty and its training should be sought. ‘There are 132 schools in the coun- try that offer baccalaureate degrees. The nursing schools in connecticn with Yale and Western Reserve Uni- versities require an A. B. or a B. 8. degree for entrance and give & master of nursing degree. A number of other schools offer both a four and a five year course, leading to & degree. Among these you find the nursing schools at the Universities of Cali- fornia, Washington and Minnesota, and also at Vanderbilt and Duke Uni- versities. There are 25 students 8t partments or wards. Social Aid Aspect. In this modern period with its em- phasis on community welfare, public health nursing has gene ahead by leaps and bounds. It is a suitable field for civic minded women with nursing training. In rural communities the public health nurse does a pioneer job. She | is usually the only person so equipped {in her territory and must organize | as well as direct and do the prac- | tical work. In communities where |there is a staff of public health | purses, each will serve her appren- ticeship in working directly with in- | dividuals and their families. From this personal service there is | the opportunity to advance to the | position of supervisor for a special | geographical area or a special type of service. There are also openings for | educational directors and for directors and assistant directors of visiting nurse associations, public health nurs- ing bureaus in departments of health, {and school nursing services under boards of education. far too few equipped for the work waiting to be done. The American | Public Health Association has esti- for public health nursing were met there would be 60,000 such nurses in | the field, whereas there are only 20,000 thus employed today. —e | | Contrasting Religions | Excite Scandinavians COPENHAGEN (A)—Two widely | divergent religious movements are at- tracting front-page attention in Scan- dinavia—one the Oxford movement, with its emphasis on intellectuals; the other the primitive “Korpela” sect of Northern Sweden, with its record of religious fanaticism. The former, after a successful cam- paign in Norway, is being furthered in Copenhagen and surrounding com- | munities by an “internationai team” |of 200 members, including a number of Americans. The latter, engaged in by a group of Finns, continues to write a bizarre page in the history of religion, in- cluding indulgence in a ‘“cursing week,” during which oaths of lively merit are used to drive away the devil, sin and other impediments to heav- enly grace. The Oxford group has acquired a distinctly “upper-class” reputation, while the Korpela faithful have been routed out of small, smoky kitchens by police who claim scenes of wild emotional abandon have been wit- nessed. A numbenyof adherents, firm in their conviction that a “flying ark of gold and silver” is soon to trans- port them to a new world, have been committed to asylums. Court Presentation Undergoing Change LONDON (#).—Down with the high neck and out with the “stage” curtsey | is the order for the royal courts of June 25 and 26. Regulations for the March courts were specially revised to read: “Ladies attending their majesties’ courts must wear low evening dresses.” The gowns on those occasions were chosen with more thought for the Queen's wishes, but Lord Cromer, the lord chamber- lain, believes there is still room for improvement. Many of the necklines were still too high. Also it was noticed that the “minuet curtsey”—with arms spread out and the body drooping forward— was performed instead of the stiff and formal court curtsey, where the arms are kept at the sides, the knees bent with the back held straight and the head slightly bowed. In an effort to make the June courts “perfect” from the ceremonial point of view, 1,400 copies of lists of com- mands have been issued to debutantes and their chaperones. ) In this branch of nursing there are | mated that if all the community needs | ranged the British governing class on the side of France, led fo the entente with that country and the “under- | standing” with Russ As a result, it was almost impossible for Britaln | | to remain neutral wieu the quarrel | between France and Germany flared up in war, Shock in U. S. and Britain. The openly declared intention~ef| Germany to re-enter the ranks of the first-class naval powers has caused a shock to both American and British | | public opinion. The rearmament of | Germany at sea touches both mari- time nations intimately. All that now remains of the dis- { armament clauses >f the treaty of Versailles is the one relating to the| demilitarized zone along the River Rhine. The principal European sig- natories ot the treaty now threaten | economic reprisals in the event of | further violations. But the German | | naval rearmament is actually in proc- ess, and a new situation must be faced by the naval powers. The balance of sea power has been upset. Japan has denounced the naval treaties of Washington and | London after due notice. Germany has broken clear of the restriction which limited her fleet. And these two powers are acting in sympathy, if not in secret accord. The naval clauses of the treaty of | Versailles were strictly drawn. Ger- many was denied submarines of any description. Her fleet was limited to six small battleships, eight small cruisers and 16 torpedo-boat destroy- | ers. The intention was that she should possess a coast defense fleet capable of guarding her interests in the Baltic in the event of trouble with Russia or Poland, or both; but inca- pable of any offensive action upon the high seas. The British insistence on stripping Germany of her colonies after the war—though the principal reason, openly given, was that Germany had proved herself unfit to be a colonial power because of the supposed mal- treatment by her officials of the na- tive populations—in reality was for the purpose of depriving Germany of overseas naval bases. The colonial clauses, from the stra- tegic point of view, were as important for Britain, and indeed for the United States, as the naval limitation clauses themselves. It has now been announced that Germany intends to be no longer re- stricted in naval construction. Super- dreadnaught battleships of the largest size are to be laid down. As a begin- ning, the building of two battleships of 20,000 tons, each armed with nine 11-idch guns, has been started. Battle Fleets Aged. With the exception of the British Rodney and Nelson, built since the Washington treaty, the battle fleets of the two principal naval powers, Britain and the United States, are of considerable age. With the advances that have been made in the science of naval architecture and the experience that Germany has gained in building her new 10,000-ton battleships to re- place her old coast defense ships, these 20,000-ton ships of the line will compare favorably in fighting strength with any of the battleships at present flying the American or British flags. Under the treaty Germany is lim- ited to six small cruisers of 6,000 tons, armed with guns no larger than 6- inch caliber. It is now proposed to build imme- diately two cruisers of 10,000 tons each, armed with 8-inch guns. This is the outside limit agreed upon by the American, British, Japanese, French and Italian governments, both at Washington in 1921 and in the London naval treaty of 1930. Germany proposes to build 16 large destroyers of 1,400 tons each, ca- pable of long-distance voyages, in place of the existing torpedo boats for coastal work, to which she is restricted under the treaty of Versallles, This 4 | question the success, and even the build up a substaatial fleet in a few | years, if her rulers are so minded, Ostensibly this building program is aimed at Russia. The explanation, 'MEXICAN REVOLUTION ADVANCED BY CARDENAS President Hailed Calles and Clear for Victory Over Restatement of Aims of Social Justice. BY GASTON NERVAL, OLITICAL observers are often prone to forget that in the life of nations years are only seconds. Thus, when an in- P ternal reform, & political movement | with vast social and economic aims, appears dramatically in a certain country and, naturally, fails to ac- complish overnight all the ambitious planks of the revolutionary platform which carried it to power, outside ob- servers are inclined to suspect its sincerity and to doubt its ultimate results. It has been common talk, in recent years, for political commentators to purposes, of the Mexican revolution which began in 1910 with the over- throw of the dictatorial Diaz rule and is still going on. Because the pace of the movement had slowed down, and its avowed leaders did not appear in much of a hurry to press to an immediate fulfillment all the far- reaching objectives set forth in its revolutionary stage, both conserva- tives and radicals in other countries became skeptical as to the final out- come of the Mexican experiment. The latter were the bitterer of the two in their criticism of the Mexican leaders, for they charged them with having betrayed tine principles of the revolution and with being no longer interested in carrying these out, after they had secured position and wealth for themselves. As for the conserva- tives and reactionaries, they pointed with satisfaction to such criticism and added that Mexico was on its way back to the old system and the “stable” conditions which the revo- lution had interrupted. Revolution Progresses. The events of the past few days in Mexico City must have proved sur- prising and disappointing to the “doubting Thomases.” President Car- denas, by his breach with the Callistas and his open siding with the labor classes, and by his categorical re- statement of its original aims of social justice, has opened a new chapter in the Mexican revolution and car- ried it a step further. The significance of President Car- denas’ attitude is manifold, and by no means confined to that of a mere personal difference with the “grand old man” of Mexican politics, as some newspaper correspondents have inti- mated in their dispatches. His own words should be sufficient to make this clear. In his reply to Gen. Oalles, the man who, for a decade, had been almost absolute master of the situa- tion and now was demanding that the government “crack down” on la- bor organizations, President Cardenas not only stressed that the rights of labor should be left unimpaired and that their free exercise would ulti- mately result in more solid and more just economic conditions for the whole Mexican people, but he took advan- tage of the opportunity to state his position unequivocally. “The federal government,” he said, “is’determined to act decisively so that the revolu- tion’s program and the laws regulat- ing its equilibrium will be fulfilled, and determined, in like manner, to carry on the national party’s six-year plan without heeding the unwarranted alarm of m." more reactionary capitalistic sectors. \ He went farther, then, and added: “I have complete confidence in the | workers’ and peasants’ organizations | of the country and I trust they will know how to act with practical wis- dom and patriotism, as demanded by the legitimate interests they repre- sent.” March Toward Goal. When the Cardenas administration was inaugurated, last December, we wrote in these same columns that Mexico was about to enter a new stage in its slowly but surely progressing | movement of social reform. We dis- carded then, as we had repeatedly in the past, the criticism that the Mex- ican revolution had become stagnant, and we recalled the words of a promi- nent Mexican leader, once Ambassa=- dor to Washington, who had told us three years before: “We have not gone to the right. We have only cut down the pace of our march. We| have, perhaps, stopped temporarily, because the force of circumstances demanded it. We realize that cer- tain physical conditions, among which the present world-wide depression ranks first, do not permit us to effect immediately radical changes which are still on our program. The stabil- ity of the government, the preserva- tion of order, domestic harmony and | the economic recovery of the country are today our main endeavors. When the crisis has passed we will resume | the march toward our final goal.” The crisis had finally passed last December, and when Gen. Cardenas became President both the record of his public career and the outspoken tone of his electoral campaign sup- ported the belief that ne would be the one to give the signal for the re- sumption of that march toward the final goal. What we did not foresee—nor did snybody else—is that in doing so he would have to pass over the political corpse of Plutarco Llias Calles, the man who had made and unmade Cardenas’ predecessors in office and who was everywhere regarded as the “power behind the throne” in the Mexican scene. He did not stop to think that Calles mignt have suc- cumbed to the conservative influences which age, a long stay in power and a close association with the repre- sentatives of big business almost in- variably bring with them, and that he might this time object to an accel- eration of the revolutionary program. This, however, is precisely what, has happened, and Calles and his more intimate friends have been forced to step aside and give way for the young- er and more vigorous elements who will assist President Cardenas in his “new deal” for the Mexican lower classes. Of course, from this to the exaggeration of a well-known author- ity who, in the New York Times, compared the Calles-Cardenas inci- dent to the Diaz-Madero struggle 15 years ago, there is a long distance. Just because Calles has not evolved fast enough to keep abreast with the younger leaders of the Mexican revo- lution is no reason to forget all that he has been to the revolution and pronounce his name in the samse to breath with that of Diaz which stands for all that is reactionary and oppres- sive and detrimental of the interests and human rights of the Mexican st (Coprrishé. 10354 A i have already been given and unof- ficially discussed. Whether France will respond to the challenge and a this remains to be seen. Whatever the real object of this | new naval fleet, which a resurgent give her bargaining power on both sides of the Atlantic. naval shipbuilding race will result— | Germany is about to construct, it will | Italian military action, or not, is | immaterial. The Abyssinians say it | was; the Fascists say it wasn't. It is sufficient to note that a border inci- dent which could have been settled, fairly and honorably, a dozen times already, had Rome so desired, is still | serving as a pretext for the mobiliza- tion of tens of thousands of Italian troops in Eritrea and Italian Somali- In well informed European circles t | is being repeatedly stated that there | | % a private understanding between | Germany and Japan. Each is to be | prepared to come to the assistance of | land. A glance at the historical back- ground of the Italo-Ethiopian gques- tion clarifies the picture remarkably well, especially when studied in con- the other in case of war. The German unofficial explanation is that this refers to Russia only. The under- | standing, if it exists, might have very important implications. 1921, as reaffirmed in London in 1930 but now denounced by ‘the Japanese government, the ratio of fleets between the three principal naval powers was to be 5—5—3. In practice, this has provided 15 capital ships for the American Navy, 15 for the British navy and nine for the Japanese navy. | The Japanese, in their home waters, on this ratio were in a strong enough | position to resist a possible aggression flouted the peace of the world and the law of nations and ranged both the United States and Britain against them, the combined Anglo-American fleets would be strong enough to deal with the situation, especially when and certain preparations have been made in the outlying American pos- | sessions in the Pacific. But if Germany is once more to reappear as a strong naval power, even if she remained neutral in such an eventuality, a considerable proportion of the British fleet would have to be concentrated in European waters. This would be not so much because of the strength of the German surface fleet as because of the menace of the submarines which that country will Subs Could Menace America. Similarly, in the event of a future conflict between the United States and Japan alone, until the attitude of Germany was defined it would proba- bly be considered inadvisable to con- centrate the whole of the American naval forces in the Pacific. Modern submarines operating from German north seaports could menace Ameri- can shipping in the North Atlantic; while if Germany were given back her colonies in West Africa, American shipping in the South Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico could likewise be menaced by submarines and cruisers operating from the Cameroons. To meet such a threat sufficient United States naval forces would have to re- main in the Atlantic to guard con- voys of merchant ships and to hunt down ocean raiders. Thus it will be seen that the whole present basis of naval strength has been undermined. Already there is & demand in Britain, in certain influen- tial circles, for a great expansion of the British fleet as soon as the present limiting treaty expires. Thus, Ad- miral of the Fleet Sir Roger Keyes, who is also a Conservative member of Parliament, has come out with the strongly expressed demand that Britain should raise a special loan for naval construction. Admiral Viscount Jellicoe, former first sea lord and peer of the realm, present board at Whitehall is under- stood to be the replacement of 11 of the present 15 large capital ships fiy- ing the British flag with new vessels of great size by means of & building program spread over four and & half nx‘!“éermmy actually proceeds to the (Continued on Tenth Page.) Under the Washington treaty of | either from Britain or from America. If, on the other hand, the Japanese the Singapore naval base is completed | | junction with present political poli- | cies in Rome. Italy, coming late into the colonial sphere, after England, France, Germany, Belgium and Por- tugal had pretty well divided up African territories amoeng them- selves, found Abyssinia about the only | region unoccupied. As far back as 1870 the Italians sought to penetrate the hinterland of Eritrea and Soma- liland. Other powers, busy with the regions under their control, had found the Abyssinians a tough nut to crack and had left them more or less alone. But since it was the only un-opted region left Italian eves became fixed upon it. They have been fixed there ever since. Abyssinia, for Italy, is a national mirage. To say that the desire to have Abyssinia is a national delusion with Italy is perhaps unfair; it is a na- tional economic necessity. Italy with a population growing at the rate of 1,000,000 yearly needs an outlet. With- out raw materials she needs colonies which will produce them unless she is to remain dependent upon other states. Blocked in all other directions Africa offers her only opportunity, and unless she wishes to go to war with her European neighbors there is no land for her to annex except Ethiopia. The first serious military attempt to penetrate into Abyssinia came in 1872. It did not accomplish much. Then in 1887 the Abyssinians gained the upper hand at Dogali, where they slaughtered 400 Italian soldiers. Strained relations followed, which ended in a treaty which the Abyssin- ian Emperor Menelik denounced in 1893 because he found the Amharic (Abyssinian) and Italian texts dif- ferent. He charged that he had been deceived. Hostilities again broke out, which terminated in the so-called Adowa massacre in March, 1896, when Ethiopian tribesmen, numbering 90,- 000 strong, cut to pieces an Itallan Army of 13,000 men, killing or cap- turing most of them and subjecting wounded to horrible atrocities. The Italian punitive expedition under Gen. Baldassara came to nought when the Italian people, fed up on war, over- threw the government. A peace treaty followed in which Rome recognized the “absolute independence” of Eth- iopia. Since Adowa Defeat. Since the Adowa defeat, which Mussolini now says was a national sacrifice, which must be redeemed, Rome played little part in Africa until recently. Through bartering the Fascists obtained a few hundred miles of desert sands from France on the Tripoli frontier. Through diplo- macy they persuaded Great Britain, in 1928, to recognize certain econ- omic interests in Abyssinia. The Em- peror protested to the League against two fellow members dividing up the territary of a third. London explained no political or territorial interests were involved. There the matter rested. Today Abyssinia, although a mem- ber of the League, is laid out roughly into three spheres of influence. The French, with the Djibouti-Addls Ababa Railway, which furnishes the only means of commercial access to Abyssinia, control the outlet to the Red Sea. The Italians have Eritrea and Ttalian Somaliland and are con- stantly seeking to push back their colonial frontiers and gain a foothold on the hinterland. The British are | was—and is—dynamite for Mussolini. | The Marseille assassinations revealed | how delicately Europe's political scales are balanc The Yugoslavs like the { Italians less only because they hate | the German menace to the Petite En- | tente more. So long as Britain, France | and Italy stood together the situati | remained under contrcl. | But Mussolini was not averse to | taking advantage of the political un- certainly in Europe when the Wal Wal | incident occurred. He pushed a hard | bargain with Laval at Rome and with MacDonald at Stresa. Where they | gave him an inch, he took a yard Both France and England now insist that their recognition of “Italian economic interests in Abyssinia” had no territerial or political significance. They claim theyv are pledged both by the League covenant and treaties to 's independence. however, has definitely embarked upon a road on which there is no “retreat to glory.” Abandon- ment of his drive toward Abyssinia now would be a severe blow to his prestige abroad, as well as at home. It would mean permanent shelving of | Italy’s colenial ambitions and relin- quishment of Mussolini's goal to make | the nation a first-class world power. It can conclusively mean the oft-pre- dicted collapse of Fascism. It is very doubtful if Mussolin | realizes the triple difficulties that lie ahead of him—at home, in Africa and in European diplomacy. At Geneva | his case is even worse than was | Japan’s against China. In the final | analysis neither Britain nor France | will let League prestige suffer. Paris, if possible, would like to maintain her newly acquired Franco-Italian approachment, her Stresa common front against Germany and her econ- omic interests in Abyssinia. Foreign Minister Laval, who probably com- mitted himself deeply at Rome, as- tutely stood aside at Geneva and al- lowed Capt. Anthony Eden, on behalf of Britain, pull the chestnuts from the fire. The two statesmen put Baron Aloisi, who in reality is Mussolini’s messenger boy, in a tough spot. Alo- 151 begged them not to insist upon his submitting certain proposals to Il Duce. He did not want to see Italy leave the League—for yet a little while. Yet Mussolini brooks no in- terference by, and accepts no advice from, his subordinates. He gives orders; they seek to carry them out. It would not be surprising to see Baron Aloisi go the way of Dino Grandi, Gen. Balbo and others if pressure at Geneva becomes pro- nounced. Great Britain’s Standpoint. Great Britain is not geing to stand idly by and see Abyssinia become an Italian colony for many reasons, First, English people are devoted to the League ideal and the government is anxious to defend the covenant as a matter of practical foreign policy. The British admiralty is not going to allow Musolini to have the Red Sea as an Italian lake even though Britain may control the Suez Canal and Gibraltar. The potential economic in- terests of the Sudan are not going to be jeopardized by allowing another European power dominate the Lake Tsana watershed. If the Abyssinians realize that they owe their continued existence as a nation to Great Britain they may become morejgenerous with water rights and d concessions. Italy, were she in possession of Lake Tsana, would drive a hard bargain with the British before she sold the needed water for irrigation. France's policies and interests are similar to those of Great Britain, Germany also is a factor in the pic- ture. Although she has left the League she has not abandoned her mid-European expansionist policy. Mussolini stands in the way of an Austrian Anschluss. He also blocks the way to the Adriatic. Recently Il Duce said the Austrian question was e eniyiGhes ot muoxiAnont hecweots (Continued on Tenth Page.)