Evening Star Newspaper, June 9, 1935, Page 37

ROOSEVELT DISTURBING LEADERS OF DEMOCRACY Common Action by Conservatives of Party and G. O. P. Seems Logical, but Is Not Yet Far Advanced. BY MARK SULLIVAN. T ALL times the personality of a President is a large part of A It is more so when the Presi- dent has such extraordinary powers as have been conferred on the present President. From now on the personal traits of Mr. Roosevelt are likely to engage more and more at- tention. Any one who attended the two newspaper conferences in which Mr. Roosevelt devoted himself largely to expressing and stimulating criti- cism of the Supreme Court decision was likely to feel that personal char- acteristics of the President are apt to play a large part in coming events. The country is going to need to understand Mr. Roosevelt's personal- ity. Understanding will not be easy, for the personality is most complex. The following little picture was writ- ten by one who is an ardent admirer of the President. one who has almost the status of an intimate of the White House family, Ernest K. Lindley of the New York Herald Tribune, author of “The Roosevelt Revolution” Mr Lindley is a man of fine character and high intelligence. He has a young man's svmpathy with change I imagine he would describe himself as 8 “voung liberal.” Hand in hand with his political convictions goes personal liking for the President. It is with consideration of this personal back- ground that the following should be rTead: “s & ¢ Mr. Roosevelt is an extremely complex person. Strip his high office from him and he would remain one of those rare people who remind you of no one else. The Nation has never had a President with his blend of pronounced qualities. Mr. Roosevelt is probably the most radical man ‘Washington, and vet a very cons tive man. He is both daring and cau- tious. He can seize a new idea or make a decision with breath-taking speed, vet he can temporize until the last possible second for reaching a de- cision. He is extremely mobile and flexible. vet underneath he has a steel- like vein of stubborness. It it not always possible to forecast in which combination Mr. Roosevelt's qualities agile mind and the ability to skip around over a dozen subjects in as many minutes withouc losing track of any of them.” * * ¢ Picture Drawn by Sympathizer. That is Mr. Roosevelt drawn by th> a hand of one sympathetic to him and o . believing in what he calls the “Roose- velt Revolution.” It is a picture from the point of view of admiration and support, suffused with friendliness. The same qualities of the President. if portrayed by some one detached and critical, mignt arrive at a diflerent‘ picture. What we are now going to see is how these qualities of the President will operate under the strain of oppo- sition. So far Mr. Roosevelt has had the status of one enjoying almost universal popular support. Indeed, during the earlier davs of the Roose- velt administration, when the country was in fear of panic, it was, seriously and sincerely, almost treason to oppose the President. Under the conditions, he had practically the status of the national emblem, of the Great Seal, to be respected and deferred to merely because it was what it was. One might say that Mr. Roosevelt had the same advantages of universal | support that the Cunsmutmn_hnd. and the Supreme Court as an insti- tution. Since now Mr. Roosevelt has brought the Constitution and the Su- preme Court under criticism, he has put himself under the same necessity of enduring criticism. I observed that even Senator Borah, in his radio address last Sunday night, seemed still under the spell of Mr. Roose- velt's earlier immunity. Senator Borah seemed disposed to aim his more direct criticism at Mr. Roose- velt's associates and advisers. But it §& Mr. Roosevelt in person who has appealed to the country in opposition to the unanimous judgment of the Supreme Court, and to the Constitu- tion as the Supreme Court inter- preted it. By that, Mr. Roosevelt has thallenged the convictions and senti- | ments of great masses of voters and »f men highly respected. fhere is a fight ahead and we shall see how Mr. Roosevelt's personal traits express themselves under the strain of opposition and tension, perhaps some disappointment and defeat. Lacks Momentum as Movement. As a matter of recording informa- Hon as it exists today, I wish not to go too far in emphasizing the possi- bility of common action by Repub- licans and conservative Democrats in | the presidential campaign next year. Az a logical thing to do. it could not be overemphasized. But as a movement under way, it does not at this time have great momentum. There is the beginning of organiza- tion looking to that end. but it has not vet progressed far. It is certain to go further. Whether it will reach the stage of concrete action cannot yet be foretold. The idea appeals to many voters in both groups—to mil- lions of them, I feel quite safe in| saying. For canvassing the possibility of action against Mr. Roosevelt by con- 4 gervative Democrats, let us divide the PDemocratic leaders into three groups: Democratic leaders who are office- holders in the Roosevelt administra- tion: Democratic leaders in Congress, | and Democratic leaders not now hold- ing any office. Democratic leaders who are office- holders in Mr. Roosevelt's administra- tion must practice both prudence and good taste: and both those qualities dictate silence about administration tendencies in which they do not be- lieve—silence, at least, as long as they remain in the administration. It need surprise no one if within the eoming year some Democrats highly placed in the administration and fa- miliar to the public should take the same action as Budget Director Lewis | Douglas, who resigned because of deep dissent from policies Mr. Roosevelt is | following. Temperament Restless. What is now going on in political thought in the United States can hardly come to a conclusion without sensational events. Even if it were possible, as indeed it is possible, for ‘America to get back on the track and under way without much more com- motion—even if that were possible, it would be prevented by the restlessness of Mr. Roosevelt’s temperament. His s a most unusual personality, and his traits include provocativeness of dra- matic events. He enjoys being dra- matic, and seeing dramatic conse- quences of what he does. ‘There is hardly any possibility of his letting us ass comfortably into the calm of a Coolidge administration. Under this condition, and all the ¥ eonditions, politics during the next year or more is going to be exciting. .1 the excitement may include resig- the politics of the country. | From these | there is sure to be counter-attack.| nation of some Democrats now in the administration. It was impossible | for Mr. Douglas, with his convictions, to stay. Some other officeholders are | in their consciences as powerfully op- posed to some of Mr. Roosevelt's | actions as Mr. Douglas was. | Democrats in Congress are under | policies in which they do not believe. Those of them who come up for re- nomination and re-election next year must take account of personal pru- | dence. At least most of them do— some do not. Senator Carter Glass of Virginia will be up for re-election | next year, and he is forthright in his | dissent from Mr. Roosevelt. | Congress Feelings Varied. | As to how Democrats in Congress |as a whole feel about the adminis- tration’s policies, it is not possible to generalize. Some of the rank and file of Democrats in the House may not have strong convictions one way or the other. Others are disturbed about what Mr. Roosevelt is doing, but place the expediency of party solidarity above personal conviction. As to Dendicrats in both Senate and | House who understand political princi- ples and can see where Mr. Roose- velt is taking the country—as to these I should say that three out of five, In thelr consciences, strongly dissent. It is a commonplace of Washington gossip to hear that Democrats who have key places in Congress, who support the adminis- tration’s measures, are as gravely dis- turbed as any one else about the course on which the President has taken the country. The late Speaker Rainéy of the House said privately that he felt the course would take America first to a phase of Fascism, which would be | brief, and then to Communism. The private views of some other Demo- crats eminent in leadership, while not going so far in alarm, are seri- ously troubled. This is persons in contact with the intimacies of the coat room. Recently a Sen- ator. not himself a Democrat, but familiar with the views of Democrats, offered to bet that the Democrats next year would not renominate Mr. Roosevelt. This is almost fantastic, for the power of a President in office to renominate himself is almost in- | vincible. The command of such an army of officeholders as Mr. Roose- | velt and Mr. Farley have is prac- tically enough to insure renomination. But there is some significance in the willingness of an experienced poli- ticlan, familiar with the atmosphere of the congressional cloak yoom, to think it a possibility that the Demo- rr?rs may not renominate Mr. Roose- velt. Other Leaders Disturbed. As to Democratic leaders not in Mr. Roosevelt's administration and not in Congress. Democratic leaders now in private life, I should sav that fully nine out of ten are seriously disturbed about what Mr. Roosevelt is doing in the name of the Democratic party. There are three living former Demo- cratic candidates for President. With- | out having talked with any of them | for many months. my confident guess | is that two of the three, perhaps even all three, deplore much that is being done. Some Democratic Goverpors | are almost ready to express open ‘dis- sent. Democrats who in the past have held high office, are typified by Mr. Newton D. Baker. I have not talked with Mr. Baker since Mr. Roosevelt became President, and I have no knowledge of his mind; but I should ‘The sum of all the dissent on the part of Democratic leaders would seem to create the material for some kind of union of conservative Demo- crats with the Republicans. To say the materials exist is not necessarily to predict the thing will happen. The | materials alone are not enough; some one, some must provide initiative. Here as every- where is illustration of the law of in- dividualism. As Emerson put it, “Every institution is the shadow of some man.” Every organization, from a government or a political party down to a bridge club, illustrates the law of individualism; all consist of some one at the center with exceptional traits of personality or exceptional talent for the job in hand, with others around him and accessory to him. So it is if we are to have movement to- ward common action by Republicans and conservative Democrats. As it political organizer, “Things don’t hap- pen, they are brought about.” Split on State’s Rights. President Roosevelt’s proposal that the Federal Government shall have greatly increased power, the States less, must add greatly to the tendency of large groups of Democrats to op- pose him. Ever since the Democratic party existed it has been a first prin- ciple of that party in the South that the States should be carefully guarded in the self-government which they re- tained when the Constitution was written, and without which they would never have assented to the Union. “State’s rights,” with all it implies, means more to the South than any other political or economic principle. After Mr. Roosevelt's recent action, it is difficult to see how Southern editors and other leaders of Southern thought, can in good conscience be silenced. from the South in mind when he prac- ticed the caution he did in his early appeal to the country from the deci- | | sion of the Supreme Court. He was so | strongly moved that he could not re- | strain himself from making the appeal. | But, In his early statements, he re- | frained from going so far as to suggest concretely an amendment to the Con- | stitution which should take away from the States much of their power of self- | government, which should give *o the | | Federal Government the right of in- | trusion into the most intimate con- cerns of community and individual | life within the States. | That the South should fail to take | account of what Mr. Roosevelt has done seems just incredible. And if by willing, in any organized way, to op- pose the re-election of Mr. Roosevelt, his re-election could hardly take place. (Copyright. 1935.) |Ethiopian Women Prove |Power Behind Politics ADDIS-ABABA, Abysinnia (#).— Recent events in Abysinnia, including the dispute with Italy’ have brought new attenticn to the fact that it is the Ethiopian woman who in many ways dominates, guides and controls the affairs of this strange country. In few countries, observers are agreed, could the method of “looking for the woman in the case” be more justified than in Abysinnia, where woman suffrage and feminist move- th are unheard of, no imperative obligation of taste or | loyalty to support Mr. Roosevelt in | familiar to | individual or individuals, | was once put by a talented American | Mr. Roosevelt must have had danger | any possibility the South should be | A4 THE SUNDAY STAR, WASHINGTO! BY FRANK CLAY CROSS. CLEAR, moonless, quiet night! Then suddenly the shadowy landscape is lighted with a weird brilliance. A great fire ball scorches across the star- lit sky, hissing and thundering like the crack of doom, showering white- hot sparks and leaving behind it a ghostly path of flame-red cloud. A big fragment of cosmic shrapnel, once embodied in the head of a comet, has | hurtled from the dizzy reaches of space AN EXPLODING METEOR NED HINDUSTAN NATIVES, into the sea of air that surrounds the earth. It remains in view for only a breathiess moment. It disappears. A few seconds later, however, & mis- sile of stone or iron, traveling with 30 or 40 times the speed of a cannon ball, crashes into the soii somewhere, or plunges beneath the surface of some body of water. There are few more spectacular sights ever to be seen by human eyves than the flight of a great meteor. The queer black projectiles which actually come to earth have often been held in fear and reverence amcng primitive people; and even wise men have inva- | riably regarded them with wonder. They are the only tangible objects in all creation that come to our planet from the region of the stars. A few weeks or, perhaps, moiuths before | they come within reach of our hands they were millions upoa millions of miles away in space, beyond the moon, beyond the sun, beyond the farthest boundary of our solar system. Yet despite the popular interest | which has always cen.ered upon them, they were never accepted as the sub- stance for an independent science un- til late in the Summer of 1933, when the Society for Research on Meteor- ites was born in Chicago. in the Field Museum which houses the world’s greatest collection of meteorites. This year the new society will celebrate its second anniversary in Minneapolis. from June 24 to 29. in what may well be the most important session of its whole career. ! Suggested by Prof. Nininger. The set-up and operation of the | council was suggested by Prof. H. H. | Nininger, secretary of the Society for | Research on Meteorites. at the an- nual conference of the American As- sociation for the Advancement of Sci- ence in Pittsburgh last December. His suggestion found immediate favor, and as a result the aew council was _formed. It is composed of represent- atives of such famous institutions as the Natignal Museum in Washington, the American Museum of Natural His- tory in New York City, the Field Mu- | seum in Chicago, Harvard University. | the Universtly of Pennsylvania and the University of California, together with other important museums and universities scattered “thtoughout the country. The first business of tae council will | be to consider ways in which the big venture may be financed. It is hoped | that a fund of at least $1.000,000 may | be raised, perhaps through the bene- | faction of some science-minded phil- anthropist, to establish a foundation. | With that much money available, | Prof. Nininger believes, every meteor- | ite that fell in America thereafter could be traced and found. Linked to Carolina “Bays.” The great upturn of scientific in- terest in meteorites during the last | two of three years has resulted mainly | from several important discoveries. Most spectacular among them was | the revelation of the probable meteoric origin of the Carolina “bays.” For | more than 400 miles along the Atlantic seacoast, from Norfolk, Va., to the Savannah River, and for fully 100 miles inland, many people have noted the presence of a large number of strange pits in the earth. Some of the pits are as much as & mile wide and several miles long, but they all | | are very shallow—not more than 10 feet deep, at the most. In 1932 two scientists from the | University of Oklahoma, Prof. F. A. | Melton and Prof. Willlam Schriever, flew over the area, taking photo- graphs of the “bays.” These aerial photographs were truly amazing. They | revealed that every pit was elongated in the same direction, and that every one was surrounded by & rim, highest at the southeast end. What could have caused such craters except a vast bombardment of projectiles from | space, all traveling in the same di- rection? Further study of the “bays” has | gone far to confirm the theory that | ages ago, probably many centuries before civilization began to rise along the banks of the Nile, a great comet head collided with the earth. The shallow pits that we may see in the Carolinas today were deep craters be- fore the wind and the rain filled them with sand and soil; they were gouged by tremendous masses of iron or stone, now buried deep in the bowels of the earth. 3,000 Craters Visible. ‘There are more than 3,000 of these craters still visible, but probably thousands more have been completely obliterated. Indeed, some scientists believe that the fall originally covered a vastly greater area, extending inland to the middle of Ohio and far out into the Atlantic Ocean. The work of Melton and Schriever turned the attention of scientists not only on the Carolina “bays,” but also on other craters gouged by great pro- jectiles from the sky in other parts of the world. The famous meteor crater near Winslow, Ariz, had long been recognized as the scare of another tre- mendous fall, though vastly smaller than the one which pitted the Caro- linas. This depression is almost & mile across and 600 feet deep. Hardly smaller in mass, perhaps, than the single projectile which bored the crater in the Arizona desert, was the comet head which ages ago hurtled down to earth in Central Australia, m-mumu,‘m | ceremonial implements of the indig- | | Similarly, the past and present aspects | | ganize co-operating committees in the A METEOR SHOWER IN NOVEMB 1985—PART TWO. On Trail of the Meteor For Ages Man Has Wondered About Flaming Torches in the Skies, Now Scientists Will Act. are popularly called “shooting stars.” Go outside on any clear, moonless night and you can see them—tiny specks of light flashing now and then across the sky. Periodically they come | in showers. The Leonids, which show- ered so magnificently in 1833 that many people thought the end of the world was upon them, have provided the most brilliant displays. They may | be seen every November, between the | 1ith and 17th of the month, though no longer in numbers sufficient to | impress the lay observer. } | | i | FIREBALLS FROM THE SKY FR. 1868, AS PICTURED BY E. L. TROUVELT. where it is buried. Yet other craters, which had previously received little or no attention from scientific investi- | gators, have now been studied and identified as probably, or certainly. of meteoric origin. They are scattered | widely over the earth: In Argentina, Africa, Arabia, Afghanistan and on the Isle of Essel in the Baltic Sea. The greatest meteoric fall of recent imes occurred in North Central Siberia in 1908. It mowed flat more than 700 square miles of dense forest, | killed & herd of 1,500 reindeer, and forced a train, 400 miles south, to stop in order to keep the rails. A Russian farmer 50 miles away was knocked unconscious and returned to his senses to find the air 5o hot that he feared his | clothes would catch fire. The air pres- the way around the earth, at the observatory in Kew, England. It is indeed fortunate for humanity that such great falls are 8o extremely rare. The number of smaller falls, however, is vastly greater, averaging. perhaps, 10 or 15 a year in the United States alone. In such falls the pro- jectiles that reach the ground usually vary in weight from a few ounces to a few hundred pounds. These are the meteorites which the new organi- zation projected at the December, 1934, session of the American Associa- tion for the Advancement of Science will undertake to find in greater num- bers. The millions of even smaller pro- jectiles from space, which enter our atmosphere to be burned to ashes while still many miles above the earth, sure waves were recorded a quarter of 'ARTS AND CRAFTS EXHIBIT TO BE OPENED IN MEXICO Aim of Exposition Is to Give Dynamic Picture of Cult ural Evolution of the Americas. BY GASTON NERVAL. CULTURAL undertaking of vast significance will be launched this Summer, when the pre- | liminary part of the Arts and Craft Exhibit of the Three 1 | A Americas opens at Mexico City, con- | currently with the August convention | of the Progressive Education Associa- | tion. | Sponsored by a group of prominent intellectual leaders, the plan for & cultural exhibit of the Americas has been in _preparation for several months. Eventually, it will include & number of phases, the range in time | reaching from the most ancient ex- amples of early sculpture, frescoes and | enous cultures to the most recent in- stances of racial and national expres- | sion. In aiming to give a dynamic picture | of the cultural evolution of the Amer- | icas, a major portion of the exhibi- tion would naturally deal, as the an-| nouncement of the plan indicates, | with the cycle of Indian culture as it | has and does manifest itself from Alaska, through the United States and | down to Central and South America. of Negro art would be shown first in their purest racial essence, and then in their mingling and impacts with the | Indian and white races. And, thirdly, | there would be presented the most sig- nificant expressions of the conquering white races, the Spanish influx to South and Central America, and the} outstanding contacts of the white colo- nizers in North America. Exhibit Director Sails. For the time being, however, the directors of the plan are concentr: ing on the setting up of a preliminary exhibit of modern arts and crafts, which can be developed more easily than the ancient historical materi It is this preliminary exhibit, con- fined to the United States, Mexico and Central America, that they hope to have ready next August at the Mex- jcan capital. To make the necessary arrangements for this first attempt, and also to establish contacts and or- various countries for the larger plan, Miss Margaret Naumburg, director of the exhibit, has sailed for Mexico and Central America. While in Washington, contacting the diplomatic representatives of the Latin American countries she is to visit, Miss Naumburg explained briefly the aims of the cultural project she is endeavoring to carry out. “The set- ting up of an arts and crafts exhibi- tion of the three Americas,” she stated, “may be regarded as the best introductory step to bringing the races and nations of the two conti- nents into deeper sympathy and use- ful understanding. Its primary pur- pose is to draw together culturally all the countries of South and Central America with Canada and the United States. Arts and crafts are selected as the focal point for bringing about the first steps in a truer understand- ing, because it does not challenge either political, religious or national opinions. It touches rather on the creative core of all living peoples, of all climes and races, of yesterday, to- day and tomorrow. We have at least arrived at such a vantage point in our present civilization that we can agree on the importance to all countries of encouraging the creative urge of man, as expressed in the arts. It is wise, therefore. to begin here to increase the mutual appreciation, sympathy and tolerance between race apd race, / nation and nation and man and man today.” Miss Naumburg emphasized that this is not to be one more H(rl!sk[ museum exhibit. Its purpose is to | bring the cultural energies of the three Americas into currents of sym- | pathy and understanding by an ex- change and sharing of their racial heritage. It is proposed to make this a traveling exhibition and to have the exhibit accompanied not only by some one who can lecture intelligently, but by several teachers of the arts and crafts so that, as the exhibit travels through all the countries, it | can be effective in directing the en- thusiasm and creative interest aroused into channels of fresh artistic expres- slon. the Rio Grande, ready artistically as well as educationally to respond to such an exhibit. In Latin America the plan is bound to receive genuine and wholehearted support. For years leaders of thougit in the southern republics have been pointing to the prevailing lack of cultural knowledge among the in- habitants of the Western Hemisphere as the greatest barrier to pan-Amer- ican understanding and friendship. The Latin Americas will certainty and earnestly welcome a movement of inter-American rapprochement which, for once, is directed into chan- nels other than commercial or purely | self interested. Because of their own racial make- up and their traditional background, the Americans of Latin origin are temperamentally inclined to favor any new cultural undertaking. And they are doubly so when such an undertaking is related to the promo- tion of a continental understanding which both political and commercial methods have, so far, failed to achieve. Fears Should Be Allayed. Besides, and in this respect the authors of the plan have shown great tact, the interest and the en- thusiasm of the Latin Americans shall be increased by the fact that the exhibit will be launched, originally, down there, in Mexico and Central | America, only later to travel through the United States. This should give them & sense of joint responsibility in the enterprise, and allay the fears and suspicions left by previous and less altruistic “cultural” schemes which were practically forced upon them from the north. Last, but by no means least, many of the Latin American countries, all those with & large Indian population, will find their interest in the plan augmented by the study and revival of the local Indian cultures, which will eventually be one of its objectives. In some of those countries, where the men in the government have already realized both error and injustice of the oblivion and relegation in which the Indian masses have been kept since Colonial days, the plan will be officially encouraged as one more means for the desired rehabilitation of the Indian culture. In others, where the class in power is still bent on preserving all that refers to the old indigenous culture in the dark— that the Indians may be more easily and permanently exploited by the white minority—the plan will have the ardent, vigorous support of the intellecutal elements and the leaders of the younger sectors who have | taken upon their shoulders the task of national regeneration. (Cepyright. 10352 \ There is a growing public of | | youths and adults, on both sides of HAVE ALWAYS SPREAD AWE AND TERROR, Other periodic showers are the Andromedids, which comes between November 23 and December 7; the Lyrids, which come on April 19, 20 and 21: the Perseids, which come be- tween July 11 and August 20, and the Orionids, which come between October |9 and 24. These showers are all the wreckage of comets which have been torn apart by the mighty gravitational force of the sun and the larger planets. The Leonids were ,once Temple's comet, which has now completely dis- integrated, and the Andromedids are fragments of Biela's comet, which was actually seen to go to pieces. Out in interstellar space the frag- ments of iron and stone which occa- sionally descend upon our earth as meteorites are intensely cold. We can see them then only when they are gathered in close clusters, forming comets which reflect the light of the sun. When they enter our atmosphere, however, they are heated to brilliancy by friction with the air. It is possible that the studies of the Society for Research on Meteorites may eventually give us some entirely new knowledge of the character and composition of the great universe that lies around us. It is possible. and even likely, that they will give us remark- able new facts about the unknown regions of our atmosphere 100 miles and more above the earth. They may disclose a better explanation than we now have for comets and the zodiacal light, the aurora borealis and other | strange heavenly phenomena. Yes, | they may even force us some day to revise our present theories about the very crust of the earth on which we live. . Speech Cultivation Bureau Is Planned BERLIN () —Preliminary steps | have been taken to form a national speech cultivation bureau as a bul- wark for pure German. As listed by the eminent Germanic scholar, Dr. Arthur Huebner, the dangers threatening the purity of German come from the plainness of the language, its commerciahzation, and the need for new words In an address before the Prussian Academy of Science, he said new de- velopments in the arts and sciences created new words over which there should be some official supervision, and that current tendencies o coin new words and abbreviated designa- tions were hurting German. A speech cultivation department, he added, would best solve the problem, but he emphasized that it should not be so formal as the academic Fran- | caise. Another aspect of the matter is the criticisms of Berlin University profes- sors that the Hitler movement is mak- | ing the language “more verbose” and | “less grammatical” and Der Fuehrer himself was popularizing “allein,” | meaning “only.” which Southern Ger- mans use for “but.” ! A German newspaper protests that | something should be done about such | ponderous words as “menueberschnei- dungsvermeidung,” meaning avoidance | of overlapping measures. iy {Fast British Planes Bought by Foreigners LONDON (#).—The three sleek | British comet racers that streaked race last Fall are continuing their adventurous careers. The plane in which Jones and ‘Waller finished fourth and set & new round-trip record has been purchased by the French air ministry for duty on its new high-speed South Atlantic | mail service. It is expected to span |the 1,800 miles between Africa and | Brazil in less than 10 hours, carrying | nearly 7,000 letters. On its delivery flight the comet | flew from Croyden Airport here to | Le Bourget, Paris, in 53 minutes, shattering every record for the trip. The comet, in which the Mollisons started the Australian dash so glori- ously by hopping non-stop to Bagh- dad, has been purchased by the Portuguese government, which also has eyes on the South American mail service. It is being tuned up at Lisbon for & projected flight to Brazil at over 200 miles an hour. The winning comet, which Scott and Black set down at Melbourne less than three days after leaving Milden- hall, alone remains in British hands. U. S. Workers to Quit Philippine Positions MANILA, P. I. (®.—A wholesale exodus of Americans from the insular government service is expected when the new autonomous Philippine Com- monwealth, with its Filipino Presi- dent, is established late this year. Of about 350 remaining American employes of the government, more than 200 have filed applications for retirement. 1934 Legislature gives them until May 31 to file applications for retirement with eash gratuities depending upon length of service, | to fame in the England-Australia air | A law enacted by the | AID FOR ANGLO-FRENCH TIE IS SEEN Steadying of British in Accession IN BALDWIN Policy Is Expected as Successor to MacDonald. BY FRANK H. SIMONDS. HILE the succession of Stan- ley Baldwin to J. Ramsay MacDonald will have little or no direct effect on Brit- ish foreign policy, it is bound to help Anglo-French relations | materially, for the French have always trusted the former and never | the latter. In a sense the return of MacDonald to power as Labor premier \ in 1929 was a European disaster, not | merely because it led to the retire- | ment of Sir Austen Chamberlain from | the foreign office, but also because it brought & distinct change in the | | relations between Paris and London. | Six years ago MacDonald came to | office pledged to end what his Labor | followers believed was the subserviency of British to French statesmanship. MacDonald set out to establish a | parity between British friendship with the Germans and with the Prench. | The end of his experiment was the bitter newspaper article of a few weeks | ago, in which he charged the German dictator with responsibility for the present war-fear in Europe. In the hope of establithing closer Anglo- German relations MacDonald sacri- ficed the policy of Locarno, but to that policy he has been compelled to return. Baldwin Unwavering. Baldwin, by contrast, has never wa- vered in his conviction that co-opera- tion between France and Great Brit- ain was inescapable and that, in fact, if France were not to be considered an ally, at least she was to be reck- | oned England'’s first friend in Europe. That did not mean before and it will not mean now that British policy will be directed to satisfy French de- mands. But it does mean that be- cause the French feel sure of Bald- win's loyalty it will be easier to| win them to necessary concessions | than it has been during the period, now long past, when MacDonald ex- ercised real influence over British policy. In dealing with Germany Baldwin will be realistic and if, as seems likely. Simon is also shifted, British policy will regain a steadiness which it has lacked through all the years since Austen Chamberlain retired. Simon has been one of the great failures {of our time and his unpopularity at home has been matched by the lack of confidence he has inspired abroad, not merely among the French who suspected him. but also among the Germans, who charge that in the recent Berlin conversations he de- ceived Hitler. Actually at the Disarmament Con- ference and during the crisis provoked by the Manchurian affair Simon seemed like a great lawyer without | brief. He was equally enigmatic to the hostile Japanese and to the friendly Chinese and some of his blunders became bywords in the League corridors. No man could have seemed more completely out of place than did he in the foreign office and he is the first British foreign minister I have ever seen in an international conference who did not even com- mand the respect of the representa- tives of the British press. { Anglo-French Tie Tightening. | | With the retirement of Simon and | the arrival of Eden, if he is selected to fill the vacancy, or for that matter with the coming of any new foreign secretary Hitler's advisers in Wil- | { helmstrasse will recognize the slight | chance of driving any wedge between | France and Great Britain. In point of fact, Hitler'’s own words and actions | have disclosed an evident appreciation of that fact. His restatement of Ger- man acceptance of the Locarno pact of 1925 in his great speech upon for- eign affairs also demonstrated that he recognized this agreement as the only possible basis for dealing with the British. Conversations such as are now fore- cast between London and Berlin on the subject of air and naval arma- ments are likely to be long drawn out. It is evident, too. that the United States must have at least a mild in- terest in these. because where there were formerly but five maritime pow- ers Germany now means to be the |sixth and must be reckoned with in all naval discussions. Not impossibly. too, the Soviets will demand repre. | sentation in future conferences. Ger- man programs as at present reported, | however, do not threaten to disturb | the tonnage agreements of the Lon- don conference. | Before the Summer is out it is far from unlikely that British and Italian | statesmen will be able to obtain French consent to the recognition of Ger- many's right to parity in armaments | in return for German agreement to | various limitations in air, land and naval details. There is, of course, no sense in refusing to recognize an ac- complished fact and German rearma- ment is that. But the British deter- mination to achieve parity with the Reich’s air force will hardly be shaken, i sured English security will be at least port of France and Italy in the air. All Baldwin's strategy seems to take | the line of accepting Hitler'’s words at their face value and proposing one | step after another which will test their actual value. Four Powers Rule League. It is interesting to note the fashion in which both Baldwin and Eden have lately begun to fly kites and loose sentiment in the matter of the League of Nations. All the present talk about American entrance in the existing collective system is, however, devoid of actuality because no such system exists. In its present form the League has become the instrument of four great powers, all similarly if not equal- | ly alarmed over the threat of present German purposes to their own se- | curity. World peace and British security | seem, naturally enough. to be iden- tical in the eyes of both Baldwin and Eden. But the picture of the | United States lending its great influ- ence and considerable force to the maintenance of the status quo in Eu- rope in the name of world peace is a little fantastic. The question as to whether the Germans of Austria and Czechoslovakia are ultimately gath- ered into the Reich by their own con- sent or kept out by the force of frightened nations can be of very lit- tle importance to the United States, and we are not likely to join in any | system of coercion to prevent it. | British, French and Italian security | may well be inextricably entwined | with the status quo on the Rhine, the | Danube and even on the Vistula, It | is also possible—but by no means cer- | tain—that the forces of the United | States, added to those of its associates, could keep Germany qulet at least temporarily. But it will be a sorry | day for the United States when it | undertakes any responsibilities in re- spect to European frontiers—and hap- pily that does not promise to be an particularly since until that is as-| | measurably dependent upon the sup- | trial balloons to test out American | and American readiness to eo-operats in the cause of world peace is unques« tionable, but the easy assumption that British or American policies will a ways be such that the world will ac- cept them as purely pacific and permit these nations to act as the world's volunteer police force is rather sta- gering. Not less astounding is th apparent belief of Baldwin that the United States is likely to do sentry- go with England in Europe to keep the annoving and less eniightened peo- ples of the continent in order. On the contrary, it is to be hoped that the United States will continue to stick to its poliey of absenting itself from the League and the Cou:t just as long as there is any question of employing League machinery for coercion. The United States joined France, Italy and Great Britain in the World War and at the Paris conference in the attempt to establish a state of peace that could not be created, chiefly because the ethnic and geographical circumstances of the Continent pre- vented it, but partly, ton. because of the economic and armament provisions of the treaty of Versailles for which the British and Prench were responsible. And there iz nothing to suggest that a new experiment would have a dif- ferent ending. ‘The only valid barrier to American membership in the World Court and the League is the obstacle created by the practice of various nations—of which Britain is one—of using the League machinery and exploiting the principle of pace to aid in a collective enterprise which is primarily inspired by concern for their own security. But when the British decline to take re- sponsibilities for peace outside of the region of the Rhine, which Baldwin has indicated to be Britain's new fron- tier, it is difficult to see why thev do not identify in such action a precedent, for the refusal of the United States to assume responsibilities for the status quo anywhere in Europe. After all the Vistula is nearer to London than the Rhine to New York. Viewpoint Understandables 1t is perfectly understandable that no country can think of world peace except in terms of its own security or see in its own policy anything but a sincere and unselfish concern for in- ternational tranquility. But what happened to Mr. Stimson when he suggested to Downing Street that American security wasz somewhat ene gaged in the Manchurian affair— which was hardly exact. by the way— i likely to happen to Mr. Baldwin in the state department if his present project of an Anglo®American collec- tive system is entrusted to diplomatic channels, Of the recent prime ministers of England, counting from Asquith, Baldwin is perhaps the ablest, al- though he has none of the adroit- ness of Lloyd George or the emoe tional drive of MacDonald. He knows how to use other men, as his capture and exploitation of MacDonald in 1931 demonstrated. He prefers power to position and has been perfectly satis- fied to work behind the scenes and run a great Tory majority by means of a national cabinet. at one time split- | ting the opposition and protecting himself against the difficult‘es inei- dent to an unwieldy majority. The national government has always been s fiction, but a fiction of incredible advantage to Stanley Baldwin. Next year at the latest there seems likely to be a general election, and when that is over it may be necessary to drop the mask. But the present cabinet has done so well on the eco- nomic side that a Tory defeat is quite unlikely—and this is the truer because Labor has no leader and the Liberal party remains a museum piece. De- spite all Labor and Liberal criticism of the foreign policy of the present government, too, there can be no ques- tioning the fact that German moves in the past 12 months have shocked British public opinion and greatly re- duced the demand for unilateral Brit- ish disarmament and the enthusiasm for doing justice to Germany. Baldwin Has Steadiness, Few public men are as capable of concealing their qualities as Baldwin, who smokes his pipe publicly, talks about his pigs and other bucolic inter- | ests frequently, keeps out of the pic- | ture whenever possible, but plays his solitical cards with supreme skill. Mors than one great newspaper editor and | political pundit has underestimatad | him, only to discover too late the ex- tent and cost of his miscalculations. | Underneath all else, moreover, Bald- win has the steadiness which the Eng- | lish_admire most. Looking backward now it is hard to believe that the chief humiliation of | poor Curzon when the King passed him over in 1923 at the moment Bonar Law retired and sent for Baldwin was | his conviction that he had been nosed | out by a nobody. Twelve years later it |is evident that the nobody was the right man for the job and that he has gradually overshadowed all rivals and | out-maneuvered all foes, including Beaverbrook and Rothermere. With the virtual retirement of MacDonald and | the evident collapse of Lloyd George's “comeback,” Baldwin now holds the center of the British stage and not im- possibly of the European as well, For there was never a moment when Brit- ish leadership was more necessary nor, on the surface at least. more sas- ily obtainable. In fact Baldwin, in & very real sense, has become the best hope of preventing another war in any immediate future. (Copsright, 1835.) o | Chinese Girls Marry As Silk Trade Fails CANTON. China (#).—The United States is buying more silk from Japan than from China—and the girls in the silk-producing center at Shunteh are moving into the kitchen from the mul- berry trees. The jobs for the women have be- come scarce, and as they have a repu- tation for comeliness, they now are seeking husbands for a change. In past years it was not uncommon for a young man to spend large sums of money to win the hand of an at- tractive Shunteh damsel, only to have her desert him for good after three days of marriage. The girls scorned kitchen work while they earned good money raising silk worms or growing the trees. But now China’s silk industry has all but gone to pieces. American buyers have shown a preference for the Japanese product. The competition of artificial silk combined with the depression fur- ther reduced the demand for the prod- uct. The plight of the unmarried, unem- ployed women of Shunteh has made a deep impression upon the provincial authorities, striving to revive the silk trade by encouraging better quality product. The authorities at Nanking now ex- pect to send an investigating mission early day. wmmhlfl to the United States to find out why the product is no longer desirable. L]