Evening Star Newspaper, June 18, 1933, Page 31

1933—PART TWO. 3 LATINS AT LONDON MOVE EOR PAN-AMERICAN TRADE Express Favor With Proposal ‘for Well- THE SUNDAY STAR, WASHINGTON, D. C., JUNE 18, “SCRAMBLING” PROVIDES “PRIVATE LINE TO PEACE” :‘hmatlantic, Telephone Confuses Mes- Business Woman’s Future 4 less phone is by the governments in ’ 8 m circuit just as it was spoken, e and all. sages to Shut Out Eavesdoppers and Then Decodes Them. BY GEORGE W. GRAY. O the delegates now assembled at London for the World Eco- nomic Conference it may come as something of a jolt to be told that & scrambling machine has anything to do with the success of their getting together. = A scrambling machine! Aren’t man- kind’s affairs and relationships already mixed and mutilated enough and more than enough? Even so astute an un- raveler of complexities as Sir Arthur Eddington, when asked for a mathe- matical philosopher’s appraisal of the esent economic situation, threw up hands and answered that relativity and the quantum theory are simple by comparison. What the world needs, it d seem, is an unscrambling ma- chine. Ah, but this scrambling machine is also an unscrambler. It is an orderly instrument of disorder, which mixes | and mutilates for a purpose, and keeps | tabs on the chaos which it creates, and | at the end of its process delivers its product correctly sorted and neatly re- | arranged into intelligence, 1 talked by transoceanic radio tele- phone to London a few days ago.| Every time I said “New York” the transmitter hurled the word into space | as “mee ware.” When I said “tele- hone company,” the other was jazzed nto a curious pattern of vibrations Wwhich sounded like “play-o-fine crink- o-nope.” 1 mentioned “Chicago, Illi- mois,” and the discerning vacuum tube ®eemed to sense that these originally were Indian words, for it made them more so, “Sic-a-dee cya-neon.” And so with every syllable of the conversation. It traveled from America to England @8 gibberish, and any chance listener who happened to have his radio set tuned to the corresponding wave length heard only noise, full of sound and fury, | signifying nothing. | E:nce hang on these conversations. For, |in the clash of opinions on the confer- | ence floor, i the give and take of con- flicting interests, questions will arise and the issues in many cases are so fundamental that only the heads of governments can answer. A New Demonstration. And 5o we may assume that Presi- dent Hoover's estimate of the value of the device as an instrumentality for world peace is due to receive a new demonstration and an added emphasis in the conference of nations now meet- ing. E‘here was no such instrumentality at hand for the peacemakers who watched the flames of international jealousies and intrigues flare into the World War in 1914. There was nothing of this kind to aid the negotiators of peace at Versailles in 1919. Indeed, the first radio telephone conversation to span the Atlantic dates as recently as 1926, and the service did not become com- mercial until 1927. That first transoceanic radio tele- | phone service charged $75 for the privilege of a threc-minute talk be- tween New York and London. Even at this rate the demand for the conven- ience outgrew the facilities, and by the middle of 1928 a second circuit was established. By 1929 two additional circuits had been opened, making a total of four lines of communication between America and Europe, and these are the present facilities. Thus, four persons may talk from America to Eu- rope at the same time. If more apply, they must take their turn on the wait- ing list. ‘That first transoceanie circuit was by long wave—and it is a very long wave indeed, 5,000 meters. To the layman it is difficult to “visualize the delicate overtones of the human voice as car- ried on a vibration that measures near- Speech Unscrambled. But to the electrical ear which | picked up the waves in England, thé ! noise signified everything that it was originally intended to signify. The speech was unscrambled, and the con- | versation was delivered to the gentle- man at the London end of the tele- | It was as though a jigsaw puzzle had been carefully assembled in New York, | and then tossed through space to Lon- don, a jumble of pieces in unintelli- glible array, to be deftly caught by the unscrambler in the London trunk ex- ghange, and instantly reassembled into | the original pattern. | “Privacy devices"—that's the engi- | neer’s name for these amazing mechan- | ical Towers of Babel designed by sci- ly three miles from wave crest to wave crest—though, to be sure, this is a| mere ripple beside the 25-mile wave which the naval ragio researchers are now using. Enormous antenna and special receivers are required to pick up these long waves, which means that there is small likelihood of outsiders being equipped to listen in. When it became necessary to add additional circuits to the facilities, the engineers turned to the short waves. There were three reasons for this. First, broadcasting operations already had pre-emptied most of the channels in the long-wave bands of the radio spectrum, whereas there were plenty of unassigned channels of short waves, 1. e, those below 80 meters. In the second place, short-wave transmission is far more economical in operation, requiring only a fraction of the power ence for the confusion of tongues. With- out them the radio telephone would be | much less used than it is. For essen- | tially, this instrument of communica- | tion is an emergency medium. At a cost of $30 a call, few people are will- | ing to telephone except on business of | extreme urgency and importance; and business of importance generally de-| mands privacy as a first requirement of | any line of communication. Hundreds of business men have re- gorted to the transoceanic telephone, commercial transactions have been | specded, claims have been adjusted,| sales have been facilitated, physicians | have interviewed consultants and diag- | nosed diseases, lawyers have advised cli- l ents. But perhaps the most important and revolutionary use made of the wire- | their diplomatic negotiations, and par- ticularly during the last three years. Under the pressure of filnancial stress and storm, international events since 1930 have moved with breath-taking | swiftness. Time and time again it was necessary for a Secretary of State to talk with his Ambassador abroad, or| for a President to commune directly | with a prime minister. It is difficult W’ see how the delicate details of the mora- | torium of war debts could have been ar- | ranged, in the sudden and spreading emergency which developed abroad, | without resort to the spoken word, stantaneously communicated and di rectly answered. When Herbert Hoover took up his res- | idence in the White House he asked that the President’s desk in the execu- tive offices he provided with a telephone | —the “machine” had been excluded up | to that time. President Hoover made | frequent use of his telephone, and when | the crashing events of 1931 suggested | the importance of direct communica- | tion with Europe, he turned naturally to | the instrument on his desk, lifted the | receiver, and talked with a leader across | . the ocean as easily and freely as he ‘would talk by local telephone with his own Secretary of State across the street. Tribute Paid by Hoover. | Engineers tell of a fervent tribute | paid by President Hoover to this me- chanical aid, It was during an engi- | neers' dinner at the White House in | Washington last year. The President pointed to a telephone in the room and said, “Probably the greatest instrument for international peace in modern times is the radio telephone.” And then he went on to tell this in- eident. He said it became necessary for him to communicate with officials then | in Europe. A certain delicate situation was pending in international affairs, | and the President asked what would happen if certain plans were not car- ried out. “Well,” answered the Euro- pean voice, “what would happen would Jjust be too bad” And that remark, added the President, spoke volumcs. ‘Though it was slang. it conveyed a thought that could hardly have been couched in the stilted phrases of a dip- lomatic note—and moreover the idea ‘Was conveyed with all the shading and v > meaning that only the hu: vice can give. But this new diplomacy of the tele- impossible without the of the scrambling hen an im- nternati Ts roposed to be ashington and Europe, agents of the Depariment of Justice came to New York to check up on this privacy de- vice. One talked and the others ¥stened whil atus was put throu ts paces. ibrations were twisted into meaningless jargon. but still the Government agents were anx- us. So the scrambled conversation submitted to a second stage of | scrambling to day and, ) that by between g shown that could be varied from d: indeed. from hour to hoi no reasonab babili ould any eavesiropper rig up a mechanism to defeat the visions of privacy | went, through, and have been davs when the ether fairly hummed with talks be- tween natlon: Becretary Stimson had a series of multiphone receivers installed at the! Department of S These allowed his associates and assistants to listen in on a conversation. and also made it easy for a stenographer to listen in and record a verbatim report of important talks. Buropean governments have used the scrambled wave lengths to advise their representatives resident in this counigy fal envoys here on diplomatic m ns from abroad have resorted to the wireless to report progress and to get additional instructions from the home office. Much preparatory detail inci- dent to the assembling of the World Economic Conference this month was cared for by radio telephone. It is highly probable that during the used in long-wave transmission. Fi- ally, the short waves are more easily and surely concentrated into a beam and propagated in a single direction. Disadvantage Discerned. The short waves have this disadvan- ge. however: They are extremely susceptible to the influence of terres- trial magnetism. During the occa- sional periods of magnetic storms, short-waVve signals are apt to fade. The long-wave signals are less vulnerable to magnetic influences—though there are other atmospherics which affect them and do not affect the short waves. The telephone engineers therefore regard their present setup, with one; long-wave circult geared to 5000 me-| ters and with three short-wave circuits | operating at wave lengths ranging from 18 to 45 meters, as a good all-round combination. Under normal condi- tions all four channels are operative. n magnetic storms surge through the earth and the short waves fade, the , long waves can be depended on gener- ally to get through. And when the étherial agitations wallop the long waves with senseless static, they gener- ally permit the short waves to travel without distortion. If the connection with Europe is to be made by long wave the operator in New York uses the radio transmitter at Rocky Point. Long Island, and the radio receiver at Houlton, Me. The two sta- ticns are 400 miles apart. Thus, as you talk your words go out from Long Island and London's response flashes back via Maine, These big 3-mile waves require plenty of elbow room. or the short-wave circuits there are 8lso separate stations. The transmitter | at Lawrenceville, N. J., the receiver| at Netcong, N. J., 40 miles north. In- teresting features of these short-wave | stations are the directional antenna. | The antenna at Lawrenceville are so shaped, proportioned and placed as to act as giant reflectors, focusing the radio waves into a beam whose exact center is aimed at the British receiving station in Baldock. England. Similarly, the receiving antenna at Netcong are £o designed as to provide an enormous Yodio ear trumpet, whose center is pointed toward the British transmitting station in Rugby. Provision is made at the long-wave stations to give scme directional quality to the antenna. but this is less successful than is the| cese with the short-wave stations. Al coating of ice alters the electrical prop- | crties of antenna. So in Winter, when- | ever ice forms on the wires, a low-fre- quency current is sent through them until the ice is melted. The American clearing house transatlantic talk is that new modern- istic building at 32 Sixth avenue, New York, the home of the long-lines de- partment of the Bell system. The Eu-! rcpean clearing house is in London. Al | transatlantic messages, whatever their point of origin end wherever their place | of destination, must pass through the twin switchboards of New York and; London. Wire netwol connect London with its wireless transmitting and re- ceiving stations. end similarly New York is tied by bundles of copper strands with its radio stations on Long Islend, ! New Jersey and Maine Intricate Apparatus. But New York and London do more than serve as “hello girls” to trans- oceanic talk. In each exchange one finds intricate monitoring apparatus, in addition to the switchboards and other equipment for making quick connections between land lines and radio lines. ‘There are ingeni electrical valves which automatically shut off the return circuit the instant the speaker begins to speak. and they snap into the reverse operation when the speaker &t the other end of the conversation responds. And here, too, are those privacy de- vices, those double-acting scramblers For the scrambling is done right in the central office, just after the mes- sages are shunted into the wires and before they reach the radio transmit- this article of London and New York, | ters There is nothing machinelike in the appearance of the scramb It is & combiriation of vacuum s, copper shields and other familiar silent-work- ing gears of the radio world. Hot filaments glow to a dull red, electrons whirl off at incredible speeds through the vacuum and somehow, by the di- verting hither and yon of these tu- multuous torrents of energy, words are mangled into senseless sounds. New York becomes “Mee Ware” and privacy is assured the trusting conversation- | alist. ‘There are many devices. One turns electrical vibrations wrong side out, upside down and puts the whole pat- tern of sound into reverse gear. Another chops the voice range into segments and transposes the segments as a colorist might transpose the hues of the rainbow. Still another device is the wobbler, the carrier tul which must be answered immediately,, Risks and Chances Involved in Embarking Upon Career Under Present Conditions Revealed. ~ BY HAZEL CANNING. f I type of American mother looked | of the early 1900s, even of a decade before. The machine, In | industry, had by this time freed her home of many of the tasks of her mother. The machine, in the home, had lightened much of the load of household drudgery. Upon the newly won leisure of this American mother there then was breathed the teachings of a generation of older women—and their new philoso- phies of woman! 3 And, listening to this new philosophy, the American mother, in large num- bers, was convinced, and spoke to her daughter. “This is a new world for women,” she said. “Woman leaders tell us that the times demand that future American women do their share of the work for the world. They tell us that women have brains comparable to the brains of men. And to meet the demands of this new world, I am going to give you the same ecducation that has always been given to your brothers.” Some such words as these were spoken to many of the daughters of America. Daughters listened—and went to college. Then they embarked upon a strange new world. They “took up” school teaching and nursing. They found careers in the professions, the sciences, the arts and in business, until now, 20 or 30 years later, there are more than 500 occupations at which the employed women of America work. ‘When the mother of 1900 endowed her daughter with the education which had previously been reserved for her sons, she doubtless thought that she had solved her daughter's problems. Knowledge—was it not power? But if this same mother could return today and study the status of these working ‘women of 1933 she would most certainly shake her kindly head. ‘This mother, returning, would have observed a band of college girls riding to Washington a few weeks ago under the slogan, “We Are the Unemployed Brain Trust” and “Starvation Is a Logic We Did Not Learn in School.” Studying the statistics on the trained professional woman, the mother of 1900 would find that of the 500 occupations listed for her daughters today, 24 per cent of these are “pursued” by 85 per cent of the working women, and that, WO or more decades ago & new | upon her daughter with ambi- | tious eyes. She was the mother | tion of the young woman starting life today. ‘These experts, first of all, agree upon & very obvious finding. The chances for employment are much more dubious today than they were before 1929. But there is one occupation followed rather exclusively by women where the de- pression has actually increased the number of jobs. That is the profes- sion of social work. The added de- mands of temporary emer’ency rellef, the increasing grants of old age pen- sions, have increased the demand for social workers until few women of rea- sonably good qualifications are with- out employment. | But the story of the younger women —Drawn for The Sunday Star by Corinne Boyd Dillon. Let the women responsible for the most authoritative survey of women’s employment made in our country say a few words about “relative job security.” According to the research of the Amer- ican Woman's Association: Those voca- tions serving needs of food and shelter and other things considered indispensa- ble to the public welfare, seem to offer security in hard times. Those vocations which serve luxury demands do not offer security. The Creative Urge. | Mrs. W. Burden Stage, who has | made a career for herself as one of the ploneer women photographers, thinks therefore, there is great drowding in certain vocations. She would find that the two most ancient and honorable | Yet when the testimony of the group occupations of women—nursing and | of successfyl women leaders who have teaching—had become so crowded that | aided in tHE study of the working wom- educators are imploring girls not to | an, and the chances for her success, prepare themselves to be teachers, and | is summed up, that testimony carries that many hospitals already have closed | the message that the “future” for the thelr nurses’ training schools out of |younger women—in department stores, regard for graduate nurses wondering | in retalling generally, in home eco- where next month’s rent is coming from. With high concern the mother who helped to inaugurate this day of the self-supporting woman would then look today In business, in the professions, in particularly in the fields—is most encouraging. In finance, in personnel work, in men are not so entrenched that tradi- olleges. And she would behold hun- e e e O Fias o b a1 hefore & moman dreds and thousands of graduates, shin- ing with youth and ambition, hut facing | enters—in all of these, due to the severe an economic system where work, so it | curtailment of staffs over the depres- Is estimated, is lacking for at least |sion period, the openings will be many 4 out of every 10 graduates, when “the corner is turned.” Again, in designing, illustrating, painting for come | Pertinent Questions. mercial firms, particularly firms pre- | At last, however, the mother of 1900 | senting products to the buying public: | would see something that would cheer |in employments having to do with food | her disheartened spirit. Surveying col- | 8¢ housing, in many departments of | lege graduates from 30 years of age to | Production and industry, especially | 50 and. beyond—the girls who got their | those requiring technicians, experts in | education from 1895 to 1920—she would | color, waste, fatigue and and similar de- find a reassuring majority of them tails; in the far-spreading work of | working and )’)msperou.! in a world | Public health, in purchasing of all sorts, | where many of their brothers are un- for stores, factories, institutions, in re- | employed. ‘She would find among the | Search as applied to all kinds of Amer. reporting members of an important | ican undertakings, as analysts of sales association of women 4,000 of these | for commercial firms, and of results ob- | prosperous, middle-aged professional | science and the arts, is not so happy. | nomics, photography, art, editorial work, | book publishing | to the recent graduates of our women's | 8lmost all of the new businesses where | that her business offers good possibili- ties for other beginning women, “It is a good business if you have the creative urge,” she says, “and there are many different kinds of photography. | As far as overcrowding is concerned, I | do not believe it exists. Two of my assistants went into business for .them- selves. And they are paying the rent and clothing themselves nicely, which is about all you can expect now. Ev- erywhere the outlook in photography is most hopeful, and the same oppor- tunity exists for women as for men.” | Miss Mary Vail Andress, assistant | cashier of the Chase National Bank, | believes, from bher experience, | women already have proved their worth in_executive positions in banks. There are innumerable stories which show how the trained, mature woman has “adjusted” when something caused Stories of how recent college grad- uates have been able to create work for themselves are not numerous. Yet there is one happy example of a young woman who had just returned from Europe, with her art education com. pleted, when things became most diffi cult for artists. The only work this girl could find was in demonstrating make-up. She seized it. She mow has an executive position with the firm. “How should the young women % that | her to change her earlier employment.| (.. J od of the conference President an apparatus to torture 3 Roosevelt will be telephoning overseas wave on which the voice vibrations every day to receive the reports of the are superimposed. A usual frequency American representatives and to keep | for the carrier wave is 20,000,000 cycles closely in step with the progress of per second, but the wobbler juggles this deliberations. Momentous decisions | standard up and down. freighted with the possibilities of world| Every control device i® New York L;lned and re:ullu obl.llnl::lde—ln all | t New g - | these newer and less descr! occupa- women about New York alone, the re. | tions there will be many openings “when things steady themselves.” The Stylist Passe. The “relative security” of various johs cipients of salaries ranging from a liv- able $3.000 vearly to $10,000 and more | rarely $15.000. And she would observe | that their feet are firmly planted de- spite the economic hurricans | Teachers, doctors, lawyers cians, home economics experts, business | executives in department stores, in real estate offices, in banks; specialists in photography, decoration, vocational guidance, personnel work; artists, sculp- tors, pioneers in the editorial rooms of the book publishers, founders of | their own businesses—these 4,000 rep- resentative women between 30 years and 60, college graduates, graduates of professional schools and schools of specialized training, are extremely well off in a world shaken by the depres- {sion. And observing them, this old | mother would ask some pertinent ques- tions. “If these 4,000 women are so snugly entrenched in their jobs, why are many | overcrowding in certain professions, | what are limu professions in which i there are openings and a future for the working women starting business life today? “What does the young woman be- ginning in 1933 need of preparation? “Should we prepare the girls of this present year differently? What new technique do the new times require?” ;| developed the buyer-stylist, statisti- | has been carefully studied. First, the | her marriage. | authorities explain, the depression has | weeded out many of the “frills” in women’s employment. Before 1929 | girl who was “easy to look at,” wh | had a knack of wearing clothes, and, perhaps, a “soclety” background, some. times got a position as “stylist.” That often meaat little more than a glorified mannikin. ~Perhaps it included the 1 ability to lecture on their theories of | dressing. But most of those women knew nothing of buying, of the prob- | lems of clothes production, of the dol- {lars and cents considerations that must be taken into account when a depart- | ment store sells its frocks. Today the | old-fashioned “stylist” has almost com- | pletely pessed. In her place has been who can | bid in the market for the frocks or coats or lingerie that her firm will buy, rnd, in addition, serve as a stylist. today be educated to help them tic efficient lives of useful employment?"” young girl today and to her parents. | * Formerly, it was considered inevita- | ble that a girl should give up work on Today that condition is | changing—many women would not be | able to be married at all if they were not able to help in family support, at east in the early years or in years of | economic stress. Since this is so, the | National Federation of Business and | Professional Women feel that a girl's | business education should be more | thorough, wider, deeper, more human and | ever been before. Many of these experts doubt whether | four years of college training in the | young woman's “most formative years” | are always profitable. In many in- | stances, they believe college training is too theoretical for stern business. | For many girls they favor a system | already in operation in a Western in- t the other half. Thus, they say, will That is an important question to the | more like her brother's than it has ' stitution, where the students go to| school half their time, and work at jobs | No Second Guessing These are questions that any mother | of today, a ask with hi v daughter of today, may h propriety. And within of all| the last few weeks these questions have | been variously answered. | At the American Woman’s Associa- | tion in New York a most comprehen- sive survey of the “white-collar wom- &n,” made two years ago, has been sup- plemented recently by a series of round- table conferences and reports. At the National Federation of Business and Professional Women's Clubs a_commit- tee of distinguished women, all leaders | in_their fields, has studied the present outlock and has advocated new atti- | has its complementary apparatus in London, so what is distorted here is | restored to normal there, and what is mangled in London is made whole again in New York. These feats are | the more remarkable when one realizes | the almost infinitesimally weak energy | of the signals at the end of their 3,500-mile journey across the Atlantic. By the time they reach the English | receiving station the power of the radio waves has diminished by more than a | billion _ times, so thft what was | Jaunched into space with the energy of | hundreds of horsepower arrives at its destination with an energy comparable to that of a tiny fruit fly. Theje is thus an intricate technique in this vast network of wires and wire- less which makes possible the new diplomacy. Mention has been made in as though they were the only clearing hou The truth is that New York is connected through wireless telephone circuits radiating from London with virtually all of Europe and South Africa, most of Australia and several points in Asia. New York in addition | has direct short-wave circuits to Ber- muda, Brazil, Argentina and Peru. A Tecent station in Miami connects with the Bahamas and points in Central and South America. A station in San Francisco has a wireless hookup with | the Hawaiian lslands and the Philip- | pines. Ship-to-shore service tiés nine- teen of the largest ocean liners into this intercontinental network. There are now on this planet 33,.- 400,000 telephones installed, them 30,728,000 are tied into this vast world-encircling system by intercon- necting invisible bonds of radio. Perhaps in this we have a suggestion why a World Economic Conference is necessary—for are not our intercon- nections an index to our interdepend ence? The very existence of these lines of communication which facilitate in ternational negotiations for economic peace is itself an argument for eco- nomic peace, and of | BY BRUCE BARTON. O it has been played?” my par z the critical points and try to point out the weak spots so that the same mistakes will ni NE of my partners, who lives in Buffalo, was lunching with Joe McCarthy, the manager of the Yankees, the team on which Babe Ruth plays. “Do you review the game with the players after tner asked. “Do you go over ot be made again?” Joe shook his head positively. “I don’t believe in second guessing,” he said. “And I will tell you why. “When I went into professional base ball the Pittsburgh team was owned by Barney Dreyfuss. scientious owner, a great ‘re He was a very con- viewer,” a great worrier. He tried so hard to improve his team that he almost ruined it. Every morning he would call | 1 the men together and say: | ‘Now, we would have won yesterday if Ed had hit to right field in the seventh,’ or ‘if Pete had played in closer in the | fourth he wouldn’t have fumbled that bunt.’ Morning after | morning this went on until the boys’' heads were so full of | yesterday’s mistakes they couldn’t think of today’s perform- | ance. “But one day something jolt. He suddenly discovered dangerous. The thin | like this: Dreyfuss ha | a promising young minor lea changed his mind. The man we ought to look Omaha. happened in Indianapolis. sent a scout to that city to look over happened to give Dreyfuss a that second guessing is very It was gue pitcher named Neff. But on the very morning the scout reached Indianapolis Dreyfuss He wired the scout: t: ‘Never mind Neff. over is pitching tomorrow in Jump a train for Omaha.’ | “So the scout jumped for Omaha. What happened? ‘That very same day a scout from the Boston club dropped into Indianapolis and saw Neff pitch. was a comer and signed him. He saw that Neft A couple of weeks later the i Boston team came down to Pittsburgh and played the i tered the licking. “Dreyfuss hit the ceiling. Dreyfuss team and licked them. It was Neff who adminis- He called for his scout. ‘Why don’t you ever do what I tell you to do? he demanded. | ‘I told you to size up Neff. You let him sli fingers and now Boston hires “In answer to that acc let me stay in Indianapolis,’ E through your him and he licks us.’ usation the scout pulled out Dreyfuss’ own telegram and flashed it on him. ‘You wouldn’t he said. ‘You had a second guess and hopped me to Omaha.’” Well, that is quite a long story and a very good story. I do not see that it requires any particular comment. If you or I were to look back from here to 1928 we could find plenty of spots where we might have guessed better. But while we were looking back we probably would be guessing wrong about some important things in the present. Get what facts you can. Make a decision, and stick. No reconsideration; no regret; no “second guessing.” (Copyright, 1933.) practical problems give point and mean- ing and application to education. ‘The experts offer other concrete sug- | gestions for the new education of the business woman. First, they say, her | education should provide her with a purpose early in life; she should know what occupation she is working to- ward. Second, she should be helped into a state of “willingness to work.” This is the result of proper training and good health, creating in the girl a happy mental attitude. Third, all future business women should be helped to measure their capacity. A girl may have rgose and willingness; yet if mental, physical or emotional capacity is lacking, she can do little. “Complete Living.” ‘The social worker of experience, the p%cmnmt who has brought her science to enlighten the problems of the ill-adjusted white collar woman, agree that many signs are pointing to a changing mores, hastened perhaps by our econcmical stress. That pride of the male which asserted yesierday, “1 guess I can support my wife,” has been hushed by world throes far ex- ceedlng any urge of masculine ego. And so the experts ask if it isn't pos- sible that the new recall to business of many professional women whose hus- bands have come upon unemployment, will stir in the professional wife a de- mand that her services continue to be utilized, even though she be a married woman? But the question remains: How is the young candidate to find herself a position this June or July or August? There are two ways, the authorities explain. She may begin in the most humble capacity, or she may take spe- cial courses and “burst in at the top.” ‘This latter method, however, is usually more successful when tried by the ma- ture woman of experience. One such person had long experience a teacher of literature in a children's school. this she added study of proof- reading, the technical parts of make- up, printing, etc. Then she obtained a position as editor of juvenile books in a publishing house where she became one of the already mentioned “indis- pensable specialists.” In business and industry, however, the evidence seems to point to the feasibility of “starting humble and working up.” No more for any of the | personnel positions in industry or mer- | chandising will the old time explana- | tion of the college candidate, “I majored | in psychology and I like to work with people,” be considered sufficient. To- | day as a direct Tesult of the new de- | mands of hard times, she will be asked, | “What do you know about the cost of producing this cotton cloth, or this Paris frock? What about conditions in the work rooms? What about the busi- ness end of things, as it affects.your humah relations job?” How to get In at all, of course, is the question June graduates have annually asked—and this year they are asking it with a new gravity. The women of ex- perience agree that there are two ways of arriving. One is “to know somebody | there.” The other is to get in, as an | office girl if necessary, and then to watch your chance! ‘When the “job engineers” start func- tioning, they must devote much of their | time, the experts feel, to occupational | research. e young graduate, scien- tifically advised, will then be less at in finding her work: moreover, a proper survey of applicants and occu- pfl'fi;’ls should obviate the shameful | spectacle of four teachers prepared to fill each available vacancy. But even | before these experts get to work, many eminent spokeswomen agree that pros- pects are not so discouraging for the white collar girl as they have been. It is still an adventuring world for wom- en, with many good possibilities not | so far off. Yet it is a world, no doubt, | which would fill that old mother of 1900 with wonder, could she come back to it, this world in which her daughter works, in which her | daughter will soon asking for a chance to work—a world quite different, surely, from what the mother imagined, when, back in 1890, and 1900, and later, | she dreamed for her daughter, her am- | bitious, pioneering dream. . | ' | |Canada’s Universitres Have 43,143 Students , OTTAWA, Ontario.— There were /43,143 students of university grade enrolled in the universities, colleges and professional schools in Canada last | June, which represented an increase of | 2,500 over the 1931 enrollment. The 1932 enrollment shows a total increase compared with the enrollment in 1922 of 55 per cent and an increase of 320 per cent compared with 1901. | Some of the factors that have greatly contributed to this increase are: 1. The population of university age has increased about 80 per cent. 2. The proportion of women to men in regular university courses has greatly increased and there have been pronounced increases in the facilities at the disposal of teachers and others for obtaining a higher educatiom by means of Summer schools, evening classes and other part-time instruction, including correspondence. The proportion of boys in Canada getting as far as university graduation is about 4.5 per cent; girls 1.5 per cent, or about 3 per cent of the population as a whole. Among the universities in'Canada the University of Toronto has the largest enrollment of full-time students of the regular session, with 6,009: the Univer- sity of Manitoba in Winnipeg is second with an enrollment of 2646; McGill University, Montreal, is third with 2,442, (Copyright, 1933.) Insurance Racketeers Under Fire in Italy ROME, Italy—The Fascist govern- ment has struck at racketeers who have been mulcting workers of their insur- ance benefits under the laws for com- pulsory industrial accident insurance and at the same time moved to con- solidate all agencies for the adminis- tration of such insurance. The ambulance-chasing racketeers have been lending money to injured workmen, taking as sccurity the docu- ments entitling the injured men to indemnification and then extorting as much money as possible from the em- ployers and keeping it all themselves. The council of ministers drafted a | regulation which forbids the transfer | of indemnity documents and requires that all insurance payments be made | to_the injured workmen only. Secre- | taries of workers' syndicates are made responsible for the proper adminis- tration of the new rule. In a second ruling the council or- | ders the unification of all institutes | for industrial accident insurance to | become effective July 1. The new in- | stitute will be. known as the National | Fascist Institute for Industrial Acci- dent Insurance. (Copyright. 1933.) Forgotten Men. From the Omaha World-Herald. ‘This testimony is really roughest on the captains of industry who can't cite the record that they borrowed from Morgan. duating grand- | cu Developed Commercial Exchange With Unit BY GASTON NERVAL. T the opening session of the World Economic Conference, at London, Senor Orestes Ferrara, former Cuban Ambassador to ‘Washington and now secretary of state of Cuba, was reported as say- ing: “Failing agreements here, I shall undertake to work out the difficulties through collaboration with the nations of the Western Hemisphere.” This is in accord with a long-stand- ing Latin American ideal, which Senor Ferrara is one of the most dis- tinguished and persistent advocates. Several years ago he suggested re- ciprocal trade agreements between the Latin American countries and the United States, pointing out the geo- graphic, political and commercial ad- vantages for the setting up of an eco- nomic unit in the New World. Senor Ferrara was probably inter- preting the views of most of the Latin American delegates gathered in Lon- don. Realistically sensing the difficul- ties which a world conference in which so many conflicting interests are in- I volved is bound to encounter, the Latin Americans at London realize that the only way out is to follow the line of least resistance. And the line of least resistance fis, simply, to divide up the job, to bring together, in separate groups, those in- another. To harmonize, in a word, those interests which are most suscepti- ble of harmonization; those interests which, instead of competing with, can complement each other. Two Elements of Trade. Obviously, this can only be done by regions, by groups. The foundation of all international economy is trade. In trade there are, rrnenny speaking, two elements—countries which produce raw materials and countries which manu- facture goods. The thing to do, then, is to group those countries, bearing geographic and economic considerations in mind, so that regional units ma " re- sult, in which the two elements of trade appear more or less balanced and sup- plement one another. Political considerations, too, may at times influence such grouping, as ex- emplified by the Ottawa ements, but in this case success is much more pr%hlemnuu{um;n ul’( p\;lre;y b::onmnlc and_geographic factors ha n con- sulted. ‘There are at {;rmm. five great re- gions in the world with an abundance of raw materials and a large popula- tion, capable of absorbing the surplus of manufactured goods which the lead- ing industrial powers offer for trade. But only one of the five is still open to free competition. With Russia closed from within; China falling slowly, but certainly, to Japanese penetration; India monopo- lized by Great Britain, and Africa, from long ago, divided up and parceled out to a few European countries, Latin America is the last of the world's great treasure houses. This is, precisely, what advocates of inter-American trade have, for years, been tell! the United major industrial closest to that new El Dorado and which is geographically and economically best fitted to supply it with manufac- tured articles in exchange for its nat- ural products. More than it can ever gain at a world conference in which so many conflicting interests are at work, the United States would have already profited if it had realized that fact me time ago. But it is not yet too The Only Free Market. The 20 Latin American republics lying on the other side of the Rio Grande still constitute—today more than ever— the only free market for the surplus ut of the United States. hey occupy two-thirds of the West- ern Hemisphere. They are already the terests which are least opposed to one | ed States. heme of over a hundred million people, whose numbers are increasing con- stantly. They are one of the mightiest reservoirs of wealtly In human history. Stretching from {he North Temperate to the Antarctic réions, they run the |gamut of climates. They in staggering amounts copper and silver, |tin and iron, nitrates and oil. | produce lumber and fruits, cattle and | Sheep, coffee and sugar, wheat and corn enough to supply half the world. As a trade market and as an_invest- ment fleld these 20 republics offer un- L advantages to the United States. They are countries which, on the one hand, have hardly been exploited up to now, and, on the other, have not their industries as yet sufciently developed to satisfy their ever-growing needs. They possess everything that could be desired in an ideal market. They have inexhaustible raw materials and the means with which to guarantee | all investments and to welcome foreign | capital and imported products. | A common language and similar psy- | chological characteristies add to the ad- | vantages of Latin America as a trade market. With the exception of Brazil, {all the Latin American peoples can be reached in the same language—Span- | ish—and identical advertising and sell- ing methods can be put in practice in | any one of them. Commercially speak- irg, there is probably not a larger homo- geneous area on the map of the earth. Transport Improved. The barrier of inefficient communica- tions is gradually belngeremov:d. It is no 1on§‘er a problem. tter and faster steamship services to the Latin Ameri- can ports have been inaugurated during the past few years and new railways and modern hlfhw-yl are at present under construction in the majority of the Southern republics. Latin America is today crossed in almost every direc- tion by airlines which tremendously {facilitate commercial transactions and personal contacts. But, above all these reasons, there stands out one, simple, conclusive, which means more than geographic Ppropinquity, material facilities or even political convenience, the purely eco- nomic reason. And it is this: The Latin American countries, in general, produce | what the United States needs and need what the United States produces. Not only that, but with very few ex- ceptions they produce everything that the United States does no have at home, and can consume everything that the United States offers for e: 3 ‘When the commercial powers of the world are consolidating their trade advantages and privileges in the other four great markets, it is high time for the United States to bear these facts in mind. No economic interna~ ny years ago, when the Pan-American Union was States, the one | rocal country which is | Youn: the preliminary conversations held at the White House between President Roosevelt and Latin American representatives who in Washington on their way to (Continued From First Page.) gency banking legislation and the economy act. Since Congress has given to an ab- normal extent its prerogatives to the President, there is impatience to have the legisiation produce quick results. The same impatience can be discerned in the country. The high hopes held out by administration leaders when they were trying to hasten White House_bills through the two houses have had some bearing on the situa- tion. This puts the President and the executive agencies under him charged with the operation of the new legis- lation into a difficult position. Early Court Test Forecast, Second Extra Session of Congre May Be Forced on Roosevelt in Fall (Copyright, 1933.) ning “in the red” and that a processing tax will be the last straw and will com- pel them to close their doors. Since the early days of the extra sessiop there has been extremely bitter gmcm l'“x‘zu Congress of the manner | inwhic! emergency banking pow- ers were handled by the Treasury under authority of the President. The Fed- | eral Reserve Board has come in for | severe attack. The charge that the Federal Government agencies were un- sympathetic with the small State banks |and were seeking to put them out of | business has been made repeatedly. | The passzge of the Glass permanent banking reform bill, a measure which | the President did not want, has eased | the feeling here over the banking sit- | uation, and there is a widely prevalent 1 | | ‘Those speculating on the possibili- | belief in congressional circles now that ties of an extra session next Fall take | banking conditions will grow steadily the view that the operations of the‘beuer, industrial control legislation will dis- | appoint the country; that l'kely great contention will be arcused; that it will be plunged almost immediately into a test in the Supreme Court; and that it will stir up opposition among small business ccncerns: when it fully understood. Further, there is distinct apprehen- sion even among many who voted for the legislation that when the Federal Government attempts, as it is expected to do, to dictate to intrastate concerns there will be something akin to a revolt. And inasmuch as the avowed purpose of the legislation is to raise prices, or as Senator Robert F. Wagner states it, to prevent price cutting, there is the consumers’ side to be considered. Should the lndml;llgl conu?: leg- islation prove unworkable, as pre- dicted bse Senator Will E. Borah, Senator Bennett C. Clark, and numer- ous others; should it appear that the legislation which Senator Thomas Gore has called “more revolutionary than anything in Russia in 1917 will not work as its proponents have pre- dicted, then it is regarded here as in- evitable that the administration will either try to get the legislation modi- fied or turn to some new program, and that it will not wait until next Spring when the 1934 congressional campaign is beginning. Farmers and Processors Complain. The same is true of the farm rell!fi act, especially the marketing phase. It | is felt in most quarters here that if the farm marketing act is to be of l'!ll‘ benefit to the farmers and restore prices | as heralded, those facts should become | clear by next Fall. If the experiment is not working effectively then, it is assumed the administration will turn its attention to some other means of relief for agriculture. Right now ‘here is grumbling from the farmers and the processors. If there had not been some increases in farm prices due in part to money and crop conditions, these mutterings would no doubt be more audible than they are. Farmers are disappointed because Secretary Wallace and the farm relief administration have not been able to speed distribution of benefits this Sum- mer in return for reduction of acreage. ‘While this delay in paying farmers for acreage reduction is caused by the fact that most of this season’s crop were in the ground when the legislation ———— French Spending. Prom the Boston Globe. Those Parisians who have been criti- cising the government for spending too much_must & among the 50,000,000 Frenchmen can't be wrong, went into effect the farmer dislikes waiting. Nor is he enamored of sug- gemog: to plow up crops llrwly s 3 As for processors, they to throw up their hands of pa; are disposed at the idea is | It is pot improbable that despite the | opposition of the administration to the | Glass measure, it will be found a Jead- ing factor in men the country’s economic and financial conditions, How far the President will use the 2uthority given him for inflation is not yet apparent, but unless he does use it, or unless there is a continued rising of commodity prices, he will be subjected to much eriticism from the advocates of monetary expansion. A conditicn may develop in this relation which will result in strong insistence on a reconvening of Cengress. The war debts and the thus far un- certain results of the London Economic Conference have to be kept in mind in consid possibilities of an extra session. Leading members of Congress have been pointing out for some time that if the conference is a failure, if the plans of Secretary of State Cordell Hull for a lowering of trade barriers P. | are blocked, and if the way is not to be made easier for America to cperate in the world markets, then there will be a strong demand here for a new policy, in which this country will set out de- terminedly to use all its economic and financial resources for- its own ad- " Gorgroes Washin leaves Wi gton, as has been at times pointed out, in a spirit vastly different from that when it came here March 9. It is in revolt against the administration on several counts, Many Democrats are disgruntled over patronage. Many dislike much of t] they were lashed into supporting. Thi Republicans have perked up. %wy - the ccuntry beginning to react un- favorably toward much of the legisla- tion which the President demanded. ‘The President, of course, is not going to convene another extra session un- less conditions drive him to it. But befcre Fall is far advanced better to have Congress back ing with problems which are far from struggle for congressional control is once more on. ‘Divine Comedy’ Arabic ROME, Italy—After six centuries s . first translation of Dante’s “Divine Comedy” into the Arabic has been written. the processing jax, and many they an are funs| precedent-smashing legislation vhleh; : settled rather timn walt until the new. .. Translation Is Made .