Evening Star Newspaper, March 19, 1933, Page 19

Editorial Page Part 2—8 Pages MORE SHIPS; FEWER YARDS URGEDBY JAHNCKEFORU. S. Former Assistant S ecretary Says Some Centers on Atlantic Coast Are White Elephants. BY ERNEST LEE JAHNCKE. Assistant Secretary of the Navy, 1029-1933. OUR years ago, after much de- F liberation, I abandoned the pur- suit of civil life and my home in New Orleans to become the As- sistant Secretary of the Navy. Although I had been familiar with the sea and shipping since boyhood, I had some trepidation in entering upon a of maritime affairs totally new me, The events, contacts and associations ©f these four years have given me, as a civilian, a new conception of our re- quirements for the Navy and of its re- quirements if it is to carry out its desig- mnated functions successfully. Because 1 feel that this lack of comprehension of the Navy's status is general among our civil population, I am writing these observations, not as a Navy man ex-| pressing the naval viewpoint, not as an advocate of either disarmament or pre- paredness, but as a civilian and for civilians. We are accustomed to think of the Navy in terms of fighting manpower, ships and guns. I do not wish to dwell on this side of the picture except in passing. Few persons realize the Navy numbers a civil personnel of approxi- mately 45,000 men and women, includ- ing about 2,000 who work in the de- partment in Washington. From this viewpoint the United States Navy is qualified to be considered as one of the major businesses of the land. Interlocking Plan Cited. Thus we have a branch of the na- tional defense and a huge business or- ganization operating on an interlocking plan. Perhaps the unique nature of this institution lies in the division of au- thority under which it functions. M6st enterprises are indirectly but ultimately controlled by the people. This is true of the Navy, but unlike most business and financial institutions, its control and responsibility are not left in the hands of one man or a few men working in close co-operation. The Navy has many masters. It is essential that this complex relationship be clearly understood. The Secretary of the Navy is nominally in charge of our armed and civilian forces, but his authority as well as his tenure of office are limited. The admirals and other officers—without whose zeal, loyalty and efficiency the department could not exist—also have definite powers and limitations of action. Executive control is still further shared by the Congress, which can and does exert a determining influence over the policies and plans of the Navy. I am not criticizing these checks and blocs inherent in our form of Govern- anent. They must, however, be under- :mfii it we are to understand the Navy tself. As to the shipboard organization, there can be no controversy. I have| never seen a business organism as com- | plex as a battleship run with such com- | plete smoothness. I can truthfully-say | that in my opinion our Navy, taken | man for man, is the equal of any other. Silent on Organization. ‘Whether the Navy Department itself has the best possible organization that our system of government permits is outside the scope of this article. Opin- fons differ. However, my experience leads me to believe the present organi- zation is suitable and effective. Busi- mness is conducted expeditiously and efficiently. Things are done correctly and with reasonable dispatch. ‘The navy yards and shore stations present a darker side of the picture. In accordance with Navy regulations, I have been in immediate charge of the navy yard division of the Secretary's office, and I speak with full realization that my criticism in some cases must fall upon the heads of those who are unwilling victims of conditions which | they had no part in creating. I wish to emphasize that these conditions can- mot be laid at the doorstep of the offi- cers of the Navy. During a time when economy in gov- ernment has become a national watch- word, we are expending vitally nceded appropriations for continuance of un- necessary navy yards. From the view- point of national defense as well as of national economy, funds assigned the Navy should be spent for its improve- ment rather than for maintaining navy yards which are not now required and of which there wil lbe little or no fu- ture requirement. Every penny diverted 4rom furthering the national defense re- duces the effectiveness and protective value of that national insurance. Local efforts to continue these uvanecessary activities on the ground of caring for unemployment could be met in a better and less costly manner. The money now required to operate obsolete yards could be most advantageously used for the expenditures of the fleet. Since Colonial days our national the Eastern yards were built our cen- ter of population was on the Atlantic seaboard and our business, commerce and international contacts were mostly with Europe. World conditions have changed. The Atlantic is a fairly stable sea. The <Caribbean bids fair to remain at status quo for some time. There is no con- troversy over the provisions of the Mon- roe Doctrine. The major commercial battles are now being fought in the Pacific. The Washington treaty had as one major purpose an attempt to make the Western ocean pacific fact as well as name. No one can predict the final outcome of the wars and revolutions and whole- ‘sale banditry which ravage the Far East. That they will be a factor in determining the outcome of the eco- nomic rivalry and struggle for world | markets cannot be doubted. For this and other reasons, the need for a virtual concentration of navy yards on our Atlantic Seaboard has ceased to exist. In my considered judgment every navy yard not on the Pacific Coast, with the exception cof those at Philadelphia, Washington, Norfolk and New York, should be decommissioned immediately. I include Washington only because it is the naval gun factory rather than & navy yard within the definition of the word as applied to Philadelphia, Norfolk and New York. As there are now but two yards on the Pacific Coast, this ac- tion ‘would legve the Navy with only five real navy yards, three on the East Coast and two on the West. Exists for Protection. The Navy exists solely that the citl- zens who pay for it shall have the right to live in peace and security, to trade where and with whom they will. The taxpayers have every reason to demand that their funds be spent wisely and ef- fectively. Present economic conditions furrish an added reason why the coun- try cannot afford the luxury of main- taining navy yards and stations which responsible naval officers would be only too glad to do without. Every dollar expended in useless or unwarranted activities could be profit- ably employed in maintaining a navy adequate in men and material. Except for the action taken by the United States at_ the conference to limit armaments, held in Wi some 12 years ago, our country would have had unquestioned naval suprem- acy. We traded ships for blue prints as a magnificent gesture in the hope that our costly self-sacrifice would bring ce to a war-exhausted world. We | have lived up to the spirit and the let- ter of that treaty. Pursuing our of peace and good will toward all, our Navy has gradually and surely retro- gressed from potential supremacy. We are recognized by the world as & non- aggressive nation. It should not be necessary to scrap our fleet to convince our neighbors of our peaceful inten- tions. And yet we seem embarked on that course, Today our Navy, based on the standatrds of foreign countries, is not only inadequate but in some re- spects obsolete. While other nations have bullt and are continuing to build ships, we have been content to fall far behind the terms of the London treaty. Our ships are growing old. Few re- placements are in prospect. In the not too distant future our right to trade in peace and security in the far-flung corners of the world may be seriously challenged. Urges Treaty Navy. ‘The Washington and London treaties were designed in the interest of peace and largely written by the world's fore- most advocates of J)eu:e Surely the United States could build up to the terms of these treatles without being justifiably accused of militarism, yet at the same time insure the safety of our shores. Nor does the economic situation pre- sent any formidable barrier to such a tial activities such as the yards previ- ously mentioned would release consid- erable furds to be applied toward this end. Extensive public works programs have been instituted to assist the job- less. A man-of-war is a public work, too. It is a public vessel just as much the property of the United States as is any post office or any other Federal building. Something more than 90 per cent of the cost of a battleship reverts to labor, and the diversity of types of labor and of materials is manifold. The funds spent are spread over many trades and many localities. No matter how zealous and able are our officers and men, no matter how great the loyalty and effi- ciency of the civil personnel, no matter how earnest and intelligent is the Sec- retary of the Navy, only the Congress, whose constitutional duty it is to pro- vide for the nat 'y, can remedy the defects which now exist and provide those in the service who are willing and eager with the means to build up a Navy that literally will be trend has been westward. At the time second to none. King ’s Agent Dubs Self “Seneschal” And English Go LONDON.—In deciding to style him- belf seneschal instead of governor gen- ‘eral, Donal Buckley, the Irish-speaking Tepresentative of King George in the Irish Free State, has caused the British government no sleepless nights, but has sent thousands of Englishmen on a dictionary hunt to find out just what a seneschal is. ‘When Jim Thomas, dominions’ secre- tary, was asked in the House of Com- mons to give a definition of seneschal in his own language, he said: “I should hate to shock the house.” But he added that since the founding of the Free State seneschal had been the term used for governor general when Irish was employed. One definition of seneschal is: “A military commander vested with judicial power.” But it many of Mr. Buckley's countrymen are right, the new sene- achal will not be permitted to play any very important part in his country’s affairs. Nor does he seem to have any such ambitions, judging by his decision 1o live in & cottage and not in splendid estate at the Vice-Regal Lodge in Phoenix Park, and to accept only & small salary, instead of the $50,000 (at par) to which he is entitled. “"It some diehard Tories on this side of the Irish Sea are fretted the theratened break with the traditions associal important office, there are also many flpeople in Dublin and other sections the Free State - g et cagh With the birth of the Irish Free State Dublin Castle ceased to be the center of a social whirl which had meant a great deal to Dublin trades- men. But during the regimes of the two predecessors of the present sene- schal the social life of the Free State capital was well served by en done at the Vice-Regal Lodge and at the various fore legations. ign ‘The dealers in luxury goods M"l‘m""fi‘“ mmh Parle ! on Dictionary Hunt is to be no longer the scene of dinners and receptions. In other words, Dublin will lose some of the atmosphere of a capital which had been encouraged by the previous emissaries of King George, as well as by members of the Cosgrave government. De Valera, however, has never evinced any interest in the social side of politics, and Donal Buckley, the seneschal, appears to be a man of the same ilk. (Copyright, 1933.) San Marino Republic Holds Its 4th of July ROME.—The 38-square-mile republic EDITORIAL SECTION ‘Che Swundwy Star. WASHINGTON, D. C, SUNDAY MORNING, MARCH 19, 1933, Industry Plans Recovery policy. "The elimination of non-essen- | 4 ; BY GEORGE W. GRAY. MERICAN industry is gearing its vast mechanism for recovery. This is the news one brings back from executive offices, re- search laboratories and other E‘lmn!u centers, where the next steps industry are being explored, experi- mented with and tested. New equipment is emerging from the enforced economies of the depression. In Michigan a pilot plant was recently set up to try a new type of steam engine which uses & synthetic liquid as partner with water in generating steam at high efficlency. New products are on the horizon. At a recent exhibit in Boston 76 New England manufacturers showed products developed since 1929. New ways of distributing and market- ing goods, to reduce waste and serve customers’ convenience are in the ‘makin, To gee in detail what industry is and thinking in 1933 and in which direction it is heading, we se- lected six basic industries for considera- tion: Foods, textiles, steel, pem)lzll?jn, transportation, power. During the two months we have been visiting among these industries, looking in on plants, asking questions of experts. This article is the first of a series to appear each week in the editorial section of The Star, reporting observa- tions and impressions of the six in- dustries. Intricately Varied. ‘The 1933 pattern of manufactures is intricately varied, not only in’the range of its products and methods, but also in the degree of its activity. Here and there one finds a factory 100 per cent. The rayon industry, for ex- ample, has been working for months at full capacity. In the food industry there is a large manufacturing concern which has made no cut in its working force since 1929 and no reduction in its wage scale. From such rare ex- tremes the rate of activity ranges down- ward to industries that are operating as low as 18 per cent of capacity. An analysis of conditions at the close of 1932 indicated general business activity as about 40 per cent below estimated normal—which is a gain of 15 per cent above the low levels of last July. This year end gain is interpreted by many as evidence that the upswing is definitely - under way—though no in- dustrialist was willing to predict any- thing easy or automatic about recovery. It will be a hard, trying, upward struggle. ‘To circulate among the basic indus- tries is to see men resolutely fighting the most complex and disheartening ecocnomic complication in our history and at the same time looking forward planning, organizing, preparing for & greater tomorrow. They do not ignore the hard facts —unemployment, shrunken _incomes, shrunken markets, mounting debts, in- creasing tax ‘These_problems must be fought. a thousand fronts. Our principal re- of San Marino, tucked away in the mountains across the Appenines from Florence, has just celebrated its equiva- lent of the American Fourth of July. All 13,018 inhabitants seem to have taken part in one way or another. San Marino’s Independence day com- memorates the recovery of the repub- lic’s liberty in 1739 (37 years before the United States asserted its independence) after an attempted by Giulio Cardinal Alberone. (Copyright. 1933.) Policemen Tell Chief sources for fighting them are our or- ganized industries, particularly those which supply the necessities. Food Industry Near Normal. The foremost among these is the food industry. It would be inaccurate to say that the food manufacturers and Pprocessers are finding their way out of es. They are being fought on | g are averaged approximat 509 workers out of every 1,000 m% at work in general industry, whereas in the food industry 871 out of every 1,000 are still employed. This means that in food factories alone some 600,000 workers are now on pay rells. The greater number of the food distributors employ more ,000 workers. Add to these millions who serve the food indus- in indirect ways—on railroads and trucks, in the mills that make cans, boxes, paper, twine and the hundred BY PAUL SCOTT MOWRER. ENEVA.—Great Britain, in the persons of its prime minister, Ramsay MacDonald, and its foreign minister, Sir John Simon, is a gigantic effort of mediation to restore confidence and organize peace in Europe. It is doing this because it feels there is not & moment to lose if Europe is to be saved from entering once more on the path which leads to war. The trips first to Paris, then to Geneva, now to Rome of the two British min- isters, together with their new universal disarmament and consultation pro- posal, are merely various phases of the same gen: aim. ‘While the immediate British preoc- cupation is mainly with , the United States, as one of the world’s seven great powers, is directly involved in connection with consultation ‘under a breach or a threatened breach of the Kellogg pact. Also it is not overlooked here that promotion of peace, no matter in what part of the world, is of concern to all na- near, ove ‘The reason is not that ready three minor progress, one in Asia America. It is not peace machinery seems to have broken down or that the economic depression ‘making people the economic tangle more quickly than | possibly other industries. They, too, are sur& How to Run His Force | s DY LONDON.—To bring his force up to the highest point of e , the chief constable of Blackburn, has adopted the novel method of award- g i o e e e suggestions for provement and crime detection. police work of all been invited to BRITISH BEND ALL EFFORTS | prices. 'TO AVERT WAR IN EUROPE | Consultation Under Threatened Breach of Kellogg Pact Involves U. S. Directly. turbed, but added that this is because “I live on an island and sometimes it is & great benefit to live on an island.” Man; rers believe this sudden war scare is fantastic. They consider that a “preventive war” by France and Poland, or a sudden aggression by Ger- many and Italy, is unlikely, both equally 20, and think that any outbreak l':e; danger spot could be quickly local- ‘The fact remains that the deep-seated unrest which has been gnawing at Eu- rope’s foundations for the last few years seems’ now to be d the surface. Causes of Unrest. ‘The causes of this unrest are, on the gflcfllfll’ mfym ddelrdflnlflonsv y an lungary, supported, more or less, by Italy, refuse any longer to accept treaty servitude or the t frontiers and are in open revolt, while on the other hand, the status quo nations, headed by France, though they have made many conces- sions on servitude, have made them with | grudingly and refused territorial changes m(‘.':mt Britain :fl rufllved wb)?“x the e squarely , it possible, force the others to face it, too. The British successive stages, insuring wi\lrldlel.l rights to the defeated pozgzrs ediately and actual arms equality within a few years, (2) re-enforcement of the peace machinery to preclude the use of force, buthn the same u.ull:‘ '33) provision through a new consultative mechanism for reconsideration of such ldu-emwbe(l)realdummfl . Ameriean Business Wages Vast War for Revival—Situation in the Food Field. for The Sunday Star by J. Scott Willlams. other auxiliary supplies for the food industry—and you arrive at an impres- sive total. A lsading authority esti- mates that fully one-half of the peopie now employed in the United States owe their jchs to the sustained activity of the food industry. During 1932 the production and sale of foods provided 30 per cent of the Nation's total flow of business, though in the bocm year 1929 foods bulked only 25 per cent of the total. And this increase occurred in the face of heavy reductions in food Food Prices Lead Drop. Food prices have dropped further than any other item in the cost of living, according to the analysis completed last month by the Bureau of Labor Sta- tistics. Between December, 1929, and December, 1932, the cost of living de- clined 32.9 per cent in the United States, while the cost of food alone declined 375 per cent. Food is the only item that has been deflated below pre-war levels. Its retail price now averages 1.3 per cent under that of 1913. A depression survey of retail business in Pittsburgh showed that while drug store sales fell 16 per cent and furni- ture, dry goods, clothing and hardware sales dropped from 21 to 30 per cent grocery sales showed only a 2 per cent decline below those of the preceding year. And there have been interesting shifts in demand. Bread has been a declining item in the national menu for many years, but under the pinch of shrunken pocketbooks this tendency has reversed in certain cities as people substitute the traditional “staff of life” for more costly foods. But this gain in flour and bread cannot be said of the Nation as a whole. Output of American flour mills in 1932 was some 7,000,000 barrels less than 1931 production. More than half of this is chargeable to the slump in ex- ports, the rest to the slump in home buying. Thousands of farm families have gone back to cornmeal, grits and other cheap forms of breadstuffs. One even hears of home-ground wheat. Yet the food industry has suffered fewer financial casualties than the average of other businesses. There has been a shrinkage of about 2,000 stores in the number of units in the big national chains. The most of this re- duction is a reflection of the current tendency to eliminate weak stores and onsolidate into large neighborhood markets. All over the country these big mar- kets are arising. A large was opened in New Jersey in early December and within six weeks it had totaled more than $500,000 sales, eflll; ing the operations of 100 average ci Growth in Two Directions, Another recent development is the remarkable comeback of the independ- ent grocers. They have learned that they can compete with the chains; have brightened up their stores, freshened their wares and adopted chain methods , is background of the })ruenc against which the future of loods must be painted. What is com- ? And how are the food manufac- turers girding their industry for its next 2 S e supermarkef | H WOMEN INCREASE REPEAL CAMPAIGN IN DRY STATES Some Indication of Shift in Sentiment ir Former Arid Districts Reported by Reform Organization. battle front from Washington 'to the State Legislatures has fo- cused attention upon the tradi- ! tional dry States. The possi- | bility of ratification by 36 States is Whert the srengih o e s T s Te) dry forces is debatable. Some u&nuan :y changing sentiment in the former arid districts is given by Mrs. Edward 8. Moore, chairman of the national information service of the Women'’s Organization for National Prohibition Reform, which has now turned its campaign efforts to these areas in which the fs movement may be' decided, 0 T No State, with the possible exception of Kansas, is conceded outright to the drys, Mrs. Moore said. With growing and aggressive branches in Virginia, North and South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Tennessee, Texas, Mississippi, Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine, Iowa :'dnr;ehnuu m;! organization is count- woman voters everywhere to put up & strong repeal fight. ¥ Leaders {0 Meet in Washington, Leaders of the organization in 43 States who are now working for con- | vention bills and liquor control commis- ;ivnnn in u::l;mt tl{r;n will meet in ext month to plan their final drive sagainst the gl(huenl.h amendment. By that time most of the tures now in session will have acted and the plan for ratification cam- among the voters will be deter- | mined, Mrs. Moore explained. In Alabama, where bills now intro- | Mrs. lea - | cation forces. b “Alabama which law in 1907, even THE sudden shift of the prohibition passed its first dry had a law prohibiting like beer’,” Mrs. Moore noted. “Last {:; th‘ev Legislature repealed this near- 1a “The most hopeful sign in the State, however, is the development of our or- ganization and the prominent women, some former drys, who have joined re- cently. Mrs. Jacobs, the chairman, is an outstanding woman in the prison reform fleld. She is also an active member of the Southern Council, Wom- en’s National Trade Union League. She was foremost in the suffrage fight as president of the Alabama Equal Suffrage Association. After suffrage she was the gr‘::n g:mocantlc :;mmmeewmam for and secretary of the National Mfie‘f‘( Woman Voters. & “Another active repealist in Alabam: is Mrs. W. L. Muroch of BlrmAulx.ghln: & former member of the Women’s Christian Temperance Union, who is now vice chairman of the Birmingham branch of the Women's Organization. She is a writer and social worker, vice president of the National Consumers’ League and of the Travelers’ Aid So- clety, and a member of the Alabama State Board of Child Welfare.” Mississippi Roster Grows, Mississippi is another State wi | the local“zfvhlan of the mee | being led by outstanding civic leaders. The branch was formed last year by Mrs. D. H. Foresman of Meridian, pres- ident of the South Central regional group of the National Federation of Women's Clubs, and president of her own State federation. She led the fight |on the floor of the federation conven- | tion in Seattle against the customary | resolution approving national prohibi- |tion. Returning from the convention she formed the Mississippi division of the prohibition reform body, of which Mrs. J. Ed Pranklin is now chairman. | Mrs. Franklin, in addition to being chairman of American citizenship in | the Mississippi Federation, is treasurer | of the Mississippi State Maternity Cen- ter. Under her leadership the member- ship of the repeal organization has in- | creased at a rapid rate. | “The fight for ratification there, | however, is still a legislative one,” Mrs. | Moore observed. “Prospects for an early convention are bright in Georgia, with a bill pro- viding for a July 10 convention now | pending.” | Mrs. Willilam Healey, a prominent business woman of Atlanta and chair- man of the Georgia division, who has been spreading her organization into |smaller cities, says the sentiment has changed greatly in Georgia in the last two years, Florida is generally conceded to be safely in the ratification problem. Traditionally dry, the State showed a strong wet sentiment in the 1932 pri- maries. Mrs. R. C. Camp, of Ocala, State chairman, in a year of organizing the sale of anything that ‘looks or tastes | W: 15 | Iative has started local branches of the Won en's Organization in the prin cities. The Legislature meets in Ap: and Gov. Sholtz has promised to ca . for a ratifying convention at that tim: Similar Trend in Texas. In Texas, Mrs. Florence Rodgers. of Dallas is leading the women’s campaign for ratification votes. There seems to be no doubt, according to Mrs. Moore that the Legislature will call a conven- tion. Several bills to do so are now pending. The repealists are confident ;J}ll -I large popl;l;r{\'ow ‘They are never- eless or a strong fight by theless prepar, g fight by In the Carolinas, where bills for rati- fying conventions are pending, the present wet stand of the Democratic organizations points to ratification. Mrs. Andreini, in Charleston, and Mrs. Louis M. Bourne of Asheville, leading the women wets in their States, have spread the membership into the rural districts. Members of the organization are now said to outnumber the Women's Chris- tian Temperance Union in both States. Virginia’s Legislature does not meet until January, 1934, and the Governor now is opposed to a special session. The ‘Women’s Organization, however, expects a prompt convention bill as soon as the Virginia lawmakers assemble. Mrs. George Sloane and Mrs. Julian Keith, both of Warrenton, are co-chairmen in the State. Another well known Vir- ginia woman who will fight for ratifica- tion is Miss Charlotte Noland of Middle- burg, principal of the Foxcroft School. A strong branch is functioning in Rich- mond, with Mrs. George Warren and Alexander W. Weddell as co- chairmen. Mrs. Moore continued: “As soon as word was recelved from ‘ashington on the repeal resolution, both houses of the State Legislature ap- pointed bill-drafting committees. Mrs. ‘William Brewster of Lewisburg, who is chairman of the Women's Organization in the State, says that sentiment is decidedly wet, for the Legislature in January adopted a resolution urging Congress to submit repeal to the States. Mrs. Brewster, in addition to her work throughout the State for the cause of repeal, is chairman of the Greenbrier County Relief Organization, which she started, and is active in the Red Cross. “Kentucky is another State about which there is no doubt. Led by Mrs. James Ross Todd of Louisville, the membership of the Kentucky division now far outnumbers the membership of the Women's Christian Temperance Union.. Mrs. Todd is prominent in civic and social welfare work in Louis- ville. She is on the board of directors of the Children's Free Hospital, tt ‘Women's Club of Louisville and t! Louisville Women’s City Club. T Legislature does not meet until Januz 1934. The Governor is opposed to t 'e:)‘rgeal;;!e of lJ; exftm s;:séor; and rat. may therefore elayed a y in that State. skt Fight on in Tennessee. ur Tennessee division has a leg: ht on its hands before the pec ple of that State have the opportunit to vote for ratification. Mrs. Willian: E. Norvell, jr., of Nashville, the cha man, is also vice chairman’ of the na- tional organization. 1In her work throughout the State she is assisted by Mrs. J. D. B. DeBow, a member of the National Executive Committee of the organization and wife of Judge DeBow of Nashville. The situation in the State is confused. The Legislature is ex- pected to reconvene this month. The drys claim the Legislature has no au- w:y to act, the wets maintain it The New England fight will be con- centrated in Maine, New and Vermont. The Women's Organiz tion in Maine, under the leadership Mrs. Clinton W. Davis of Portland, and with the assistance of Mrs. William C Procter of Bar Harbor, is said to hav enrolled 10,000 members under the re- peal banner. In New Hampshire the organization under the leadership of Mrs. P. O. Skin ner of Hanover, has a rapidly growinz roster which is distributed widely in the State. In two months Mrs. Skinner organized branches in 15 towns. . Vermont, however,” says Mrs. Moore, is considered the most likely to ratify of these doubtful New England States The Women's Organization has been established there for several years. Un- like Maine, Vermont had no State-wide dry law before national prohibition, bu: only town option. Our chairman ir Vermont, Mrs. George Orvis, is one of the most prominent women in the Stat in political and civic affairs.” Special Dispatch to The Star. MONTREAL, March 18.—When Ca- nadians pledged their last dollar and their last man in the allied cause in clear vision of what would happen if and when their promissory notes had to be honored in the clearing house of trade and industry. Canadians who live to read the bud- get of 1933 to be brought up in the ouse of Commons on Tuesday next are likely to be sharply reminded of that pl of 19 years ago. The gov- emment, it now apj could about mm‘:e the budget if it were not for 000,000 to cover. - ‘The prospect that this amount will have to be borrowed to make national year now, especis ..lomzhrt!!‘uy part in the war, of the few which still st the burden of a terrific in in- ess, which, according to some , has been inflated fourfold by the deflation process of the last four " Reliet Outlay Uncertain. of this continuing obligation o arisen another of ominous 1914, the man in the street and the | credif housewife in the home had no very |abroad Canada Faces Deficit of 100 Millions And Relief Needs in Framing Budge for obvious reasons, is at the momen out of the picture and may be so for an indeterminate period. Whether the United States will finally emerge from its internal bflnkinfincri.six as a great tor nation willing to lend freely. time alone can determine. ‘The government has been bombarded from many sides with suggestions for reducing the rate of interest on war bonds or scaling down the capital by bringing about redemption in Dominion currency with the consent of the bond- holders before the date of maturity. Contract Bars Redemption Plan. All these proposals strike a snag in the written bond contract which gives the government no option of redemp- tion before the specified date. Expert budget prophets incline to the view that tariff change be 3 main feature this year. Develop- ments elsewhere, it is believed, make inactivity ‘particularly wise just with regard to what les have donme to the crisis. The savings banks hold nearly $1,500,000,- 000 of the people’s money and banks are, on the average, 55 per cent liquid. (Copyright, 1933.) Write African Music In Terms of Mone; JOHANNESBURG, Boutk Afries African natives are very musical people, but they like to play by ear, and an ordinary score means nothing to them. Yet it is by no means possible to organize a large orchestra in the play- ing of western tunes without the aid of fothe peniue of e Btk Rvemy m‘::nlll .ll- Army to ordinary sci are used, but in- stead of notes being represented by