Evening Star Newspaper, April 10, 1932, Page 27

THE SUNDAY STAR, WASHINGTON, D. C, APRIL 10, 1932—PART !1‘“‘10. 3 1 ROOSEVE LT IS WATCHED IN JEFFERSON DAY SPEECH| Popular Support for New York Governor, Determining His Convention Chances, to Be Revealed in Appearances. BY MARK SULLIVAN. HE coming week will be great days for the Democrats. At ‘Washington they will, in an old-time Southern phrase, “put on the big pot and the little pot"” for a Jefferson day dinner, and in sccres of cities and towns throughout th> country similar celebrations will beat the Demccratic toosin. If these Jeffe dinners next weeck are any- in ere ike the Jackson day one they will be every attended of the party's important leaders attend the cne in Washington. Gov. Roosevelt has just intimated he may not be able to come, but in any event he will probably attend the one at St. Paul, Minn,, the following Mon- day. Any one who travels about the coun- #ry inquiring for signs of the political times is told by local Democratic lead- ers, as one of the evidences of Demo- Roosevelt cannot depend upon get- ting the nomination through the mass | and momentum of the delegates he ac- cumulates in advance of the conven- tion—in a Republican convention, with its majority rule, he could: in a Demo- cratic convention, with its two-thirds rule, he cannot. Neither can Roosevelt depend as yet upon getting the nomi- nation by a convincing demonsiraiion of popular support among the voier It has not yet been shown that Rocs2- | velt has started any wave of con- | vinced ‘and loyal \lar support as that with which Woodrow Wi'son, for example, was able to swerie the Demo- | cratic convention of 1912 from another course. It may be that Roosevelt, in his com- ing appearances in various parts of the country, may be able to make this kind of impression, may stir the public to a point where it is determined he must have the Democratic nomination, may acquire such a quantity of support among the people as to make it danger- cratic hope and enthusism, that Darty | ous for the party leaders to deny him dinners, such as the late Jackson day |the nomination. This may happen yet; ones and the coming Jefferson day |it has not so far. ones bring out large crowds—in nor- | The delegates Roosevelt has acquired mal times members of both parties take | up to date have come almost wholly little interest in political dinners, shoW | {hrough the action of lccal party o reference for the movies over politi- | ganizations. They have come chiefly cal oratory, even when the eloquence | through conventions or other perfunc-| is accompanie by a meal. Democratic | tory primaries in which the people were leaders everywhere regard the large | iistless. The total number of individual attendance at current party dinners as | voters who have gone to the polls to one of the chief of their several rea- | cast a ballot for Franklin Roosevelt in sons for cheer—though the humorous | these past weeks has been not over or the cynical will sometimes suggest |200,000. As against this it must be ed- Civilization’s 1,000,000 Years Scientists Are Seeking Full Story of Man’s Ancient Past—Is It Now at Crest? THE ALA NEANDERTHAL RACE. BY SIR ARTHUR KEITH, Author of “Concerning Man's Origin.” LL the world has joined in the A search for our remote ances- | nouncing the discovery of this and of that which throw light on the manner in which men lived long ago and on what kind of beings they were ‘What, then, have been the recent gains? They amount to this: a com- RM-CAVE MEN OF THE [ tors; almost every day dis- 1 patches appear in the press from distant countries an- THE END OF THE HUNT—A VIEW OF NEOLITHIC MAN, into the remote past. The rungs of this time-ladder which most concern us now are those which span that phase of the earth’s history which went before the present phase—the phase or stage known as the Pleistocene. The nearest rung marks the close of the ice age in Europe: we moderns have to traverse some 10.000 years to re: rung of the Pleistocene ladder. ladder itself spans a period of at least 250,000 years; many experts hold that this is a gross underestimate—that at ! least 1,000,000 years should be assigned that as to small local dinners, in many cases most of the tickets are paid for by the leaders and given oii on a est basis to those who come; a cos meal, these days, may be an in- ducement’ to endure political oratory. Cautious leaders say also, in complete seriousness, that those who attend party dinners are in almost all cases the local workers rather than the gen- eral public. That the local workers, who hope for the post office and other perqui- sites and stipends, are genuinely en- thusiastic with the hope of Demo- cratic victory this year goes without saying. It remains to be proved that the voting public as a whole is as yet sufficiently impregnated with favor for Democratic doctrines, or approval of the record the Democrats are making, to justify the Democratic leaders’ hope for victory in November. Biggest Guns to Boom. At the Jefferson day dinner in Washington, most of the party's biggest guns will boom, including Gov. Franklin Roosevelt of New York, ex-Gov. Alfred E. Smith and Newton D. Baker of Ohio, ex-member of Woodrow Wilson’s cabi net—at once the party’s “best mind’ in an exalted sense, and its most elo- quent speaker, likewise in an exalted sense. The possession of a large num- ber of such men, additional to whom- ever the party nominates for President, is distinctly a Democratic asset in the coming campaign. Relatively, the Re- publicans are poor in equipment with | such artillery of eloquence and reason. | Political oratory in the good sense is not passe, has lost none of its effective- ness. The best one man the Republic- ans have had, almost continuously their best campaign speaker for 25 years, is Charies E. Hughes. This year Mr. Hughes, being Chief Justice of the Su- e Court, will be silent. Mr. Hughes | been the best one asset | the Republicans have had in the presi- dential campaigns of 1928, in 1924 and 1920. ,:: l;r back as ‘L:e‘ preside;l!lbll campa olws,n-le:rec y Mr. Hughes was alone enough to de- molish the Democratic candidate in that year, Willlam Jennings Bryan. One who sat with Bryan in a Pullman car the morning after that speech of Hughes, saw the Commoner read the newspaper account of Hughes' speech, saw him turn pale at Hughes' demoli- tion of the Bryan argument about big business, saw crumpie up, emo- tionally and intellectually. ‘was_ineffective, ‘The Republicans in the coming cam- paign will not have Hughes. Had Presi- dent Hoover been politically shrewd and mitted that wherever there were warmly contested primaries. or wherever pop- ular interest was stirged up, Roosevelt got an impressive Vv In Georgia some 44,000 Democrats went to the polls for Roosevelt; in the small State of North Dakota, 46000. Gov. Roosevelt has the potentiality of du- plicating this in other States, in pri- maries yet to come. Most “of the party leaders, however, do not think so. They think it is in their power, and they think it is their duty as leaders, national and local, to make up their minds whether Roose- velt is clearly the best nominee, They think this, absolutely without prejulice to Roosevelt. They are not opposed to him; they like him personally—but they want to be convinced beyond the shad- >w of a doubt that he will be the strong- est candidate if nominated, and the best President if elected. For the purpose of arriving at that judgment they will watch Roosevelt closely next Wednes- day. ‘There is still among the Democrats a kood deal of that spirit which, in Ken- tucky, Alabama and some other States, continues an ancient custom of inviting aspirants for the presidential nomina- tion to appear formally before the State Legislature. The Democrats like to “look 'em over.” and regard this looking over, this subjection of the aspirant's | personality to_ the test of personal in- spection, as a legitimate and highly use- ful part of the process of selecting a presidential candidate. Leaning to Be Determined. Roosevelt's speech next Wednesday | night will be listened to, and his record. past and future up to July 1, next, will be examined with minute care to find just where he belongs in that political spectrum which bggins at one end with conservatism and ends with what is called progressivism by those who like | it, or by radicalism by those who don't. Many Democratic Jeaders have got the impression, and are troubled®by evidence—not much of it originated with the Governor himself—that seems to place him in the latter half of the spectrum. That impression is harmful to the Governor's fortunes. He can bardly be nominated if the party leaders as a whole come to the con- viction that his views on public ques- tions are too close to those acceptable | to Senator Wheeler of Montana, for ex- | ample, and therefore too far away from the views of the East. Of all the Democrats in the Senate. the two who Prom that most often emerge in the newspapers | day on Bryan in the 1908 campaign | in close association with the name of | Franklin Roosevelt, as going out through the country to make speeches for Roosevelt, or as giving newspaper statements in favor cf him, or as other- plete substantiation of the modern an- thropologist's belief timt there was a time when no man possessed more than he stood up in and that the mode of life of the highest was lower than that of the meanest of savages now known to us. And, seeing that man has ac- | complished so much in his long jour- ney up through the eons of time and that such improvements have been ef- fected in his body and brain—for which he can claim no credit—are not | i From murals by Charies R. K. Knight, painted under direction of Henry Fairfield Osborn. Copyright by American Museum of Natural History. CRO-MAGNON ARTISTS IN THE CAVERN OF FONT DE GAUME. our anthropological gains a heartening | into the foundations of Egypt and nths existed for at least 6,000 years; for the years to come? iMesopotnmla in order {o reconstruct |but every one of the earlier cities now Not that human progress ever has|the ancient and vanished civilizations |is a mass of buried ruins. And yet, pursued a Steady movement onward of these two lands, if we may jl:t;l‘ge from Xtr;:l;_tout(v\'nn: and upward. Sir W. Flinders Petrie v appearances, the early inhabitants of 15 Tight: civilization always has had | Fights With Spades. these cities were just as capable busi- | its cycles or waves; the wave of prog- | ‘This army is seeking for the begin- | N€ss men as any now to be found in ress, having reached its crest, invari- [ nings of our city civilization, for the | Paris, London or New York. ably sinks into the trough of decline. |city is the mark of our modern way| The army just mentioned is search- Nevertheless, if our view is wide of living, It is an army which fights | ing for the beginnings of civilization; enough, we see that succeeding waves |its way into the past by means of the | the other army I have alluded to— always are higher than those which spade. Last year, in Mesopotamia, it | much more widely scattered over the died away in the more remote past. |succeeded in reaching the further | world than the first—is seeking for the Presently we shall have to consider (limit of the Fourth Millennium; but, | beginnings of humanity. It also is what point of the wave the mounting |even at the date, 4000 B.C.—four | armed with the spade. The scenes of civilization of the white man now has |years afte the creation of man, ac- | its campaign lie in caves and in the reached—whether on or near the crest— ‘ cording to Archbishop Ussher's reck- |accumulated debris of river valleys, for but, meantime, let me direct attention | oning—cities already had been bullt | in them lie the records of man's dis- to the manner in which the search into the past is being conducted. We have two armies in the field. One army, on the piain, it has been ascertained. Mr. Leonard Woolley discovered that | the first city of Ur was overwhelmed tant past. Our army of cave hunters, as the result of a century of endeavor, has having passed beyond the verge of |by a great flood about the end of the | written history, is pushing its campaign | Fifth Millennium, or the beginning of into the prehistoric past by digging|the Fourth. Our city civilization, then, ' succeeded in constructing a time-ladder which provides it with a more or less certain foothold as it pushes its way to this period of human history. ‘We shall not stop to argue the num- ber of years, but push on to mention certain ‘very important additions just made to our knowledge relating to the kinds of men who lived in the world at this distant date and to their mode of life. Until recently we know of only three samples of humanity of the early Pleistocene age—Piltdown man in Eng- land, Heidelberg man in German and Java man in Java—crude human be- ings, altogether different from living m en. These three ancient types differed so from one another that we wondered what kind of beings were their con- temporaries in other regions of the world. In 1927 the government of | China, in spite of its internal dissen- | sions, took up the chase and discovered that a limestone hill 37 miles from Peking was in reality a vast mausoleum of the remote period of which I speak— the early Pleistocene. It contained many fossil remains of an extinct form of humanity—Peking man—and of many extinct kinds of animals. Foundation Already Laid. ‘Thanks to the labors of Prof. David- son Black of Peking Medical College. we now know what kind of beings then lived in China at this remote period. They had resemblances to their primi- " (Continued on Fourth Page.) URGES U. S. TO REDUCE WAR DEBTS TO FORTY PER CENT Author of 11-Point Plan Would Secale Down Payments of Both Germany and Allies. Securities in Which Survey BY ALFRED WILLIAMS ANTHONY. Chairman of the Commission on En- dowment and Trust Funds of the Association of American Colleges. IKE all other institutions, colleges and universities have suffered severely from the recent finan- cial depression. Not one class of securities in which endow- ment funds are invested has stood the stress untouched. Even bonds, many of which have been regarded as BY' SOL LEVINSON. quate reduction of indebtedness—the | erux of the situation. But all interests, | not merely one, should join in making UR baffling domestic problems have now been effectively | ¢ O Srapmied. with by grest sud ‘concer»slons and sacrifices for the com. unprecedented mechanisms of | mon benefit of all. support and relief set up under Debts Had Common Origin. the leadership of President Hoover by prompt and decisive action of Congress, | . Whether or not there is a legal rela- The loyal co-operation between both |tionship dn law called privity) between | political ~parties for the economic | 2 e and debts is immaterial. For ek either way we would face the same salvation of cur country is the type of |PICIeT way we would face the same nationalism that is heartwarming and | pginess method of rational adjust- | nally ruthless, had he preferred Wise identifying themselves with him. is own fortunes over the motive of are the two who, justly or not, are most putting. the very best man on the Su- | Often described as radical, Wheeler of preme Court bench, he might have | Montana and Dill of Washingtorfs Some avoided putting Mr. Hughes on the Of the cynical say that the assoclation | aid | beyond praise. But economic con- | ditions have been so demoralized, ‘unrpasoning fzar has so undermined | public sentiment, that every avenue of and improvement, domestic and court and kept him available for the | of these two Senatcrs with Rooseveit | foreign, should be explored with a view 1932 campaign. The Republicans have | oOriginates not so much with the New |to the relief of our cwn people, and:| no Hughes for this campaign, and very York Governor as with the Senators. consistently therewith, of other peoples few approximations of Hughes, unless Indeed. those who wickedly assume a |as well 1t be Borah. Democrats Have No Hughes. ‘The Democrats have no Hughes either, but they have a considerable battery of men able to convince the discriminating, or 16 move the crowd, ing list who may be the candidate for President. The Democrats have: Three former candidates for President, James M Cox of 1920, Jown W. Davis of 1924, Alfred E. Smith of 1928; three former | members of Woodrow Wilson’s cabinet, each in his own way highly effective and_commanding personal followings: Ex-Secretary of War Newton D. Baker, ex-Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels, ex-Secretary of the Treasury personal interest to be the commonest motive for political actions, say there is a race between Wheeler and Dill for the vice presidential nomination, as- suming that Roosevelt gets the left- hand end of the ticket. ‘Wheeler has been a vice presidential candidate before—and that detail of his record is taken seriously by Demo- cratic leaders and workers everywhere. Wheeler's vice presidential candidacy in 1924 was not Democratic; cn the contrary, it was designed to prevent the election of the Democratic ticket | in that year, for it was as the running- | mate of the late Senator La Follette on | his third party ticket that Wheeler ran. To the public in general this | may mean little; to all Democratic leaders, however, and to the consider- Willam G. McAdoo, three Governors, | able body of Democratic voters who are Franklin Roosevelt of New York, Albert |zarnestly orthodox and partisan, it means C. Ritchie of Maryland, Wilbur L. Cross | & good deal. In short, it is almost in- of Connecticut; three leaders of the | credible that the Democratic National party in the House. Speaker John N.| Conventicn should give its vice presi- Garner, Charles R. Crisp (a bigger | dential nomination to a man who once | It seems timely, therefore, to reconsider the acute _international question in which the United States | is heavily interested. Financial compli- | cations resulting from our entry into the war, our governmental loans and credits to the allles during and immediately .after the war, and the | efforts of American and European bankers to aid in post-war European recovery have, together with the burning question of German reparations, pro- duced perhaps the greatest and most vexing economic problem of all times. Whether the United States shculd have entered the war, whether we should have made the huge loans to the allies, whether the post-war loans by banking institutions were or were not_justified, it is now altogether too late and obviously fruitless to discuss. The second “war panic,” now in its third year, has brought about a world economic debacle in whose toils our country has been almost inextricably caught. Should we not, in our own ments. But certainly reparations and | debts had a common origin. Both arose from the caldron of the World War. The real question is, therefore, what is the best- solution of this perplexing problem? For upon its solution the other half of our hopes of early eco- nomic recovery depends. The proposal herein contained is respectfully offered in the hope that it may help to remove the storm clouds of our depression and | to restore the sunlight of developing prosperity. II. ‘The proposed plan is as follows: Procure for the United States, in | final readjustment of the allied debts‘ owing us, a total aggregate cash settle- ment amounting to a little over $4,- 000,000,000 as follows: Cash already received from the allies up to the moratorium of June 20, 1931 (report of our Secretary of the Treas- ury for 1931, page 551), $2,615,000,000. Additional cash to be received from the allies under proposed plan, $1,400, 000,000, at the flat rate of $100,000,000 | & year for 14 years, commencing De cember 15, 1932, $1,400,000,000. { of the very best security, have depre- ciated materially in principal value. and in some instances have defaulted their interest. Greater losses have been felt In stocks, and particularly in investments represented: by real estate, either real estate mortgages or the ownership of real property as an investment. In | some sections of the country the very life of smaller and weaker educational institutions has been threatened. Cries of alarm have been raised, not by ad- ministrators only, but also by persons recognized as experts in the field of finance and business. Some of this alarm is hysterical. A college is one of the most difficult institutions to really kill or in any way suppress. Its friends are numerous even though it be small; they are found in the geographical unit of which the college is a part; they are represented among its founders, con- sisting oftentimes of a religious demon- stration: they are scattered widely among its graduates; they are to be numbered also among the big-hearted and big-minded philanthropists of the Total cash payment of allies to Countr - United States, $4,015,000,000. . Even a weak institution, because of its As the original principal of these | lofty purpose, has friends who will not debts was about $10,000,000,000, the | Willingly let it die. Unfortunately, how- United States would thus receive 40 per | ever, in the time of a great depression | cent thereof, or, if computed on the ‘e\en the supporters who naturally would asset 1o the Democrats for the present, at least, than Speaker Garner), Henry T. Rainey: several Senators, including ran on the ticket of a party that op- posed the Democrats. Shunned Radicals. {25 well as in world interest, complete the work of economic recovery by | promoting an equitable liquidation of | principal as reduced in our 1923-28 |come to the relief of a struggling in- debts settlements, we would be receiving | stitution are themselves frequently so about 60 per cent thereof. caught in the meshes of the financial Joseph T Robinson of Arkansas, Thomas J. Walsh of Montana, ex-Sen: | The association of extreme progres- stor “Jim” Reed of Missouri, ex-Gov.|Sives in the Democratic party with Harry F. Byrd of Virginia, several busi- | Roosevelt may be of the same nature ness leaders—a business leader who is | a Democrat and who knows how to|Other day with a former Roosevelt, handle himself right can have much | Theodore. When various types of the welght in the coming campaign. | eXtremists of 1912 buzzed too closely Democrats in this category include Owen D. Young and the Chicago bank- & Milvin: Teasicr. | thrust them away from him and in the Ex-Gov. Smith of New York, in spite | Public eye drew himself off from them of the fact that not all his friends are | by 8 few phrases sufficlently pungent borhood of Theodore Rocsevelt, he willing to follow him in his present| to call the attention of the country | curiously divided participation in the | to the dissociation. ial| The Democratic leaders will want to Pn o ol eagaue prestdential | know most clearly just how far Rocse. ality and by his speeches, to deliver a | Vet personally goes in the direction larger number of voters to the Demo- ( Of some doctrines identified with his eratic candidate than any other one | CODSpicuous supporters. Wheeler of man. Incidentally there is in this a | Montana has introduced in the Senate fact having potent bearing on whether | & measure proposing free coinage of “ Roosevelt will or will not be given the | silver in precisely the same terms and Democratic nomination. If Roosevelt at the same ratio, 16 to 1, that Willlam gou‘:d bde‘\hf nominee, w‘?uld not Smith 4’1'1’13["52\33359%??;&““; i:r]?gfi 8 n al all v. 8 al s speeches. cx?}ewlum.n c:;?;;x&:fm; T}?al wn‘ particular kind of silver movement, that good deal of the public has come to feel | he should hope either to be nominated and too conspicucusly in the neigh- | that Smith does not have a favorable judgment about Roosevelt as a candi- date? This odd condition will weigh something in the coming Democratic National Convention. The delegates and leaders will prefer, if possible and expedient, o name a man for whom Smith can campaign whole-heartedly, %o whom Smith can deliver the whole of his very large personal following. A good deal of the future fortunes of Gov. Roosevelt of New York will be de- termined soon. .at the Jefferson day dinner at Wash- ington he will be intently observed, for ‘what he says and for the personal im- pression he makes. Practically all the Democratic leaders in the country of any consequence, national or local, will be present. It is on these leaders, after all. that Roosevelt's fate will depend. Roosevelt has a lot of del and will have more. He may have half the delegates to the convention and even a little more than that. Nevertheless he will not be nominated unless at the coming dinner, and in other appear- ances throughout the country, he makes the right kind of impression upon the army of Democratic leaders. national and local, who will actually sit as dele- w the convention or will have in- upon the delegmtes, In his appearance | | or to be elected, if he were identified | with this issue phrased in this way, is quite unbelievable In any event, the Democrats will seek | this week to find just what is Gov. | Roosevelt’s position on the national issues that must surely be put into the platform in June; and, more than that, what is the Governor's tempera- ment, toward what sort of men do his national leanings incline him. .Frencli—fl.;'ers Op;)ose Le Bourget Cemetery PARIS—French fiyers are opposing & scheme to create a vast cemetery at Le Bourget (Paris airport), abutting on the flying field. Their objections are twofold—that intending passengers by | the air lines would consider the sur- | roundings too creepy. and that in case of forced landings pilots would come to harm in the cemetery. If this is not enough they are ready with & third objection—impossibility of the fleld, seeing that the proposed _ would be two miles long and one mil " 4Copyright, M0l the war inheritances now plaguing markind? This republic, born of Eurcpean stock, while rightly steering | as the association of extremists of an- |Clear of military and political com- | | mitments, is in s powerful position Ito aid in the appeasement and sta- | bilization of Europe, with manifest advantagss to ourselves, provided Europe is now ready and willing to make the changss and contributions indispensable to that end. Sees Public Rejoicing. The proposed plan is based squarely jon the assumption that sound Ameri- can public opinion will support—yes, | rejoice over—the consummation of & | Just plan, to which all interested nations and parties are required to make substantial contributions—a plan that will equitably lighten the after- burdens of the war, reconcile the nations of Europe, drastically reduce | the staggering costs of armaments, Tevive for our farmers and manu- facturers a normal foreign market, and make possible a return of pros- perity and en era of genuine peace. In the past 10 years many laudable efforts have been mace, and some plans adopted, “to liquidate the war.” While they have been valuable as emergency experients, as temporary bridges over crises, no comprehensive program pur- porting to cover the critical phase of the situation has been considered. It is coming to be almost universally rec- ognized that partial plans, plecemeal adjustments, temporizing mechanisms, do not reach the heart of the problem. The proposed plan, following the anal- ogy of a business reorganization, seeks to take account of the most acute in- ternational factors and to do substan- tial justice to all interested nations without unduly shifting the burden to the American people We are confronted with a tangled problem. directly resulting from . the vast and unprecedented economic waste of the World War, intensified by the actual or potential bankruptcy of most of the nations involved. A business re- organization is occasioned by an excess f debts. But for the inability of afieres of corporation to meet its matured maturing indebtedness, no reorganiza- tion would be . Hence, it is obvious that mo sound ition can take place upless 2. In addition, the United States will receive $70,000,000 in cash, payable | $5,000,000 a year for 14 years, com- | mencing December 15, 1932, in full set- | tlement of the unpaid balance owing on our Army of Occupation costs and the mixed claims governmental award of $42.000,000 (both these are direct German obligations). ‘This makes a grand total in cash to the United States of $4,085,000,000. 3: All old disputed and vexatious claims in foreign nations against the | United States, or its constituent States, especially those asserted by British sub- jects against some of our Southern States, to be abandoned and canceled. Cancel Interallied Debts. 4. All interallled European debts, the original principal of which was about $7,000,000,000 (mostly owing to Great Britain by her European allies) to_be canceled and released. debtors to Great Britain are France, Italy, Belgium, Rumania, Czechoslo- Jugoslavia, Lithuania, Finland, Esthonia and Lat- via. These with Great Britain consti- tute our main allied debtors, 5. German reparation payments to the allies to be reduced from their present annual level of $413,000,000 (ncluding both conditional and un- conditional . payments) to $150,000,000 annually, (Ffiylhh unconditionally; that is, In gold. The period of reparation payments to be limited to 14 annual flat installments of $150,000,000 each, com- mencing December 15, 1932, making a total additional reparation payment Germany of $2,100,000,000. Payments to be made to and through the Bank for International Settlements. This would yield the allies, gfter payi the United States $100,000,000 annually, a balance of $50,000,000 a year in repara- tions for 14 years for distribution among themselves, or a total of $700,000,000. 6. In addition, Germany to pay prin- cipal, interest and sinking funds on her outstanding Dawes and Young bond issues, originally $210,000,000 and $300,000,000, respectively, subject to in- t and sinking fund modifications in sections 7 and 8. m'l. m:yct&n in m“-n&ud rate of terest e hplders Germany’s external bonds and notes vakia, Poland, Greece, Among_these | by | peared among institutions in the Mid- snarls and problems as to be themselves wellnigh helpless. Complete Survey Difficult. A calm, dispassionate, broad and in- clusive survey of all the educational in- stitutions of the country is not easy to_procure. It is difficult, if not impossible, to get a complete picture at any one mo- ment because fiscal years do not begin nd end together, and because the methods of accounting and reporting | vary. The Association of American Col- leges, through its Commission on Per- | manent and Trust Funds, made an in- vestigation of the financial condition of 227 educational institutions in the membership of the association at the‘ close of the fiscal year, approximating | | the Summer of 1931. As shown in| reports then presented, the following | conditions appear: As compared with the previous fiscal year the average income decreased from 5.268 to 6.065 per cent. This is not an impressive loss of income, but | it must be remembered that at the| lowest level in not a few institutions | the loss was great, for at the upper | extreme some institutions actually re- ported an increase of income, due to increase in endowments and certain purely local eauses. The real pinch has come where some institutions have been left almost without any income whatever, Investments Found Secure. ‘The greater financial suffering ap- | dle Western and the Southern States— institutions whose investments were more largely in mortgages —than in other parts of the country. It was found, however, that nearly 50 per cent of all college investments in the country were in well secured and di- versified bonds (the exact percentage of the investments of the institutions reporting is 4.25 per cent). _Offsetting a general diminution of iricome were two increases (1) in tui- tion and (2) in gifts. Two hundred and ten itutions the re- ceipt of $54,809,945 in am—mudm for running permanent R e had received more in gifts NATION’S COLLEGES SHOW EFFECTS OF DEPRESSION Endowment Funds Are Invested All Suffer. Shows. the last fiscal year than in the previous fiscal year and 126 received less than | in_the” previous year. | “These reports’ here summarized, it | must be remembered, cover the fiscal | year ending in June, 1931, or not later | than & few months thereafter. We all know that losses in the year now run- ning will be greater still. The severity of the depression came upon educa- | tional institutions later than the period covered by these reports. The greatest | default in income occurred in the Fall | of 1931 and the opening of 1932, For | these periods there are no inclusive statements yet assembled. Institutions Threatened. Information has come to the com- | mission concerning quite a number of institutions, chiefly small ones, which are suffering so severely from losses of income and capital as to threaten their existence. It is undoubtedly desirable that certain of the weaker institutions of the country, which are weak largely because they are not well located, should combine with other institutions in the same or nearby community. The stress and strain of these days have given some movement to mergers. A college, however, will sometimes con- tinue existence when it is practically bankrupt, as the following concrete in- stance, though without the use of names, evidences: A college mortgaged its entire phys- fcal plant, sold bonds represented by the mortgage among its friends, and then used the proceeds of the bonds for debts and running expenses. That Iastitution, strictly speaking, has finan- cially “eaten itself up,” and yet the bondholders do not proceed to fore- close the mortgage. the faculty works for decreased salaries, the students pay increased tuition and friends of the college contribute to its support. In this connection, one naturally raises the question of what value is the en- tire plant of an educational institu- tion in the open market when offered as security for a loan, and where can a market for such property be foun8? Burden Affects Teaching. Not only have the smaller institu- tions been severely shaken, but also some of the very largest and most se- cure educational institutions of our country have been obliged to limit | their activities and in some instances Jjeopardize their efficiency by the neces- sity of taking cuts throughout all de- partments, in some instances running as high as 20 per cent. One institu- tion, for example, has a diminution of income of about $900.000. Spreading through a very large budget, this does not appear as an extremely large per- centage of shrinkage. Hardships, however, arise, because, in general, the place where economy can be best applied is usually in the salary list. Certain charges for the maintenance of buildings, for heating and lights and other mechanical oper- a lessened. In one large institution cur- tailments in each department have been ordered equaling 20 per cent of the department’s budget. This may melnb.!ln lsome im!anczs. that the last member of the teaching m‘g& h:udhm 3 staff taken on setting drastic reductions re in some institutions, the depmag:mhr:g actually brought to some other institu- tions a positive relief in the outgo of funds and shows actual profit and gain. For example, here is this concrete case: An institution which had in hand more than a year ago a fund of $600,000 for & new building finds now, after waiting for a drop in prices, that it can write all of its contracts covering the cost of an even better building than at first was planned which will aggregate a total of less than $500,000, a clear sav- ing to that institution of $100,000, oc- casioned by the drop in the cost of construction due to the depression. Another institution in another part of the country propesed to erect a build- ing which it was supposed would cost from $250,000 to $300,000, and now con- mu can be p.la‘eed which 'l’I:. provide $200,000. a The commission & its atudy Wewed this | ‘The | 'BOLL WEEVIL DISCUSSION, CHILDREN’S BUREAU ORIGIN Miss Wald, Founder Getting “Bully WO women were sitting at the breakfast table. The morning coffee was growing cold while they consulted over a pile of letters. The time was more than a quarter century ago, the place was the Henry Street Settlement, New York City, and the two women were Florence Kelley of the Consumers’ League and Lillian Wald, founder of the settlement which was already making its influence felt in wnat was then one of the worst slum sections in lower New York. “Now what would you say to this?" Mrs. Kelley asked, tossing over a letter. “Here is & woman in Boston who wants dren die like flies in the Summer time. She wants to know if there isn't some- thing she can do to help matters?"” Miss Wald shook her head with a worried frown. “I don't know.' It is worse in Summer, ‘fl“g;he infant dngth rate is appalling e year round— wherever we know anything about it. Not many places even keep birth rec- ords. And, here is another letter I don't know what to do about. It is from a mother whose husband is dead. She is afraid she will have a put the children in an institution. If only she had a little money she could keep them with her. And it would be so much better for them all. There must be thcusands of mothers all over the United States in just the same situation. I wish ther were some agency that would tell us what could be done about all these problems.’ Tdea for Bureau. Mrs. Kelley opened the morning ture is going South this morning to find boll weevil,” she remarked. Miss Wald's face ligntened suddenly. “Ther she exclaimed. “That gives me an idea! If the Government can have a department to take such an in- terest in what is happening to the Na- tion's cotton crop, why can't it have a bureau to look after the Nation's chil- dren crop? I'm going to wire Presi- dent Roosevelt at once and suggest it wF’f’J‘l"tnhwith she did, and with the an- swer to that telegram came the first step toward the creation of the United States Ehildren’s Bureau, which this elebrating its twentieth anni: The President had wired Come down and talk to me ut it!” nb%he same evening Miss Wald, accom- panied by Dr. Edward T. Devine, pro- fessor of social economy of Columbia University and general secretary of the Charity Organization Society, fook the train for Washington, and President to theirs, promised his support of the project. First Bill Introduced. Congress _was somewhat harder to penun%;e. Bills were introduced yearly only to fall by the wayside. Senator Minthrop Murray Crane of Massachu- setts introduced the first bill, which was followed by others, including one introduced by Representative Herbert E. Parsons of New York. In 1909 added impetus was given to the project when Roosevelt called the first White House conference on the care of dependent children. More than two hundred men and women Who at- tended the conference unanimously in- dorsed’ the bill and Roosevelt, in a message to Congress, urged its imme- diate e. It rl?‘t!hree years later, however, that the bill, this time written by Sen- ator Willilam E. Borah, finally was Taft on April 9, 1912, The appropri- ation was made available in August, and Miss Julia C. Lathrop of Hull House, Chicago, was appointed by Taft to be the first chief. The appropriation was small at first, but those who sup- ported the bureau expected it to grow as the bureau made progress on the was outlined, the bureau was ordered to “investigate and report all matters pertaining to ti | children and child classes of our people. cially charged with inv fant mortality, the birth rate, orphan- age, juvenile courts, desertion, danger- ous occupation, accidents and diseases of children, employment, legislation affecting children in the several States and Territories. Infant Mortality Studied. The Children’s Bureau began its work in 1913 on infant mortality studies. The infant mortality studies were planned carefully. Eight American cit- fes (Akron, Ohio; Gary, Ind.; Balti- more, New Bedford and Brockton, Mass.; Saginaw, Mich.: Johnstown, Pa., and Manchester, N. H.) were selected as representatives of different regions and different conditions. In each of these cities it was decided to study in his own home each baby born during & selected year—babies rich and poor, black and white, babies of all races and creeds. This meant personal visits to the homes of approxtmately 23.000 babies by representatives of the Chil- | dren’s Bureau. By the time the investigations were finished the Children’s Bureau knew why babies died. They knew that most babies need not die. They had found. for instance, in Baltimore, that when babies were born in well-to-do homes only one out of every 27 died. In the very same city, among poorer homes, one out of every 7 died. There were other factors that in- fluenced the infant deatn rate. The | physical care the baby received affected his chance to survive. Sanitary con- ditions were also important. The bureau studied the deaths of It was espe- tigating “‘in- | lund found that the U: States had the colleges of five geographical areas —New England States, Midwestern States and the Far Western States. In general, the colleges in New England and the Atlantic States, particularly the to know why it is that so many chil- | PPl see that the Secretary of Agricul- | out more about the damage done by the | | Roosevelt, adding his own enthusiasm | passed, and it was signed by President | tremendous task. When the purpose | . . . upon| he welfare of | life among all | mothers in connection with childbirth | of New York Settle- ment, Wired Idea to Roosevelt in 1907, ” in Response. | & bigher maternal death rate than other civilized countries for which statistics were available. These studies showed that nearly half the mothers died from causes which could have been prevented. h these facts about needless Geatss among mothers and bables, the Chil- dren’s Bureau was ready to present & national program on their behalfl. The plan which the Childrens Bureau sug- gested for national ana State work among mothers and chiiGren was en- acted by Congress in 1921 and known as the Sheppard-Towner maternity and infancy act. It remained in effect until the end of June, 1929, In addition to 2$240,000, of which $5.000 was granted outright to each State accepting the act, this act appro- priated $1,000,000 a year as Pederal aid to the States in their work on behalf of mothers and babies. The money was given on a 50-50 basis, which meant that most of this sum was matched by the States, so that, with Federal funds and State funds, nearly $2,000.000 was spent yearly by the time that 45 States and Hawaii accepted the provisions of the act. Only three of (h‘; States did not accept the Federal ai Under the act. which was admin- istered by the Children’s Bureau, the States themselves initiated and carried out their own maternity and infancy programs which were approved by the Federal Board of Maternity and Infant Hygiene, the only requirement being that they were adequate to carry out the purpose of the act. During the last six years of the existence of the act nearly 145,000 health conferences were held at which children and ex- | pectant mothers were examined by physicians, nurses and dentists and nearly 3,000 permanent centers were established. Visits were made to moth- |ers in their homes by public health | nurses. | Classes were organized to teach | mothers how best to care for their | babies and themselves. Separate classes were formed to teach older girls how to care for their baby brothers and sisters. Graduate courses and insti- tutes were given for physicians and nurses. Besides all this, bulletins on parental and infant care were dis- tributed literally by the miilion. Let- ters were sent to mothers while exhibit material and films helped the educa- tional work. Drop in Death Rate. With all this work being done the infant death rate dropped in the States in the birth registration area from 7!2 in 1921 to 68 in 1929, when the act lapsed. The good that the edu- cational work did would naturally be felt for some years, but since the termi- nation of the Federal aid and the in- terest and enthusiasm it inspired it is estimated that not more than one-third of the States now are carrying on pro~ | grams financially equal to the . work done under the act. Efforts now are being made to renew the provisions of the act through the Jones and Bankhead bills. Twice as many babies out of every 1,000 born die in the United States as in New Zea« land, which has the best record of care for its mothers and babies, while sta~ tistics show 19 other nations with a lower maternal mortality rate than the United States. ‘The publications of #he Children's Bureau are more in demand than any other Government publication, accord- ing to the superintendent of documents of the Government Printing Office. He was speaking of the number sold, which runs each year into many thousands of dollars. But single copies of most of the bureau's bulletins are sent free on request and during the 20 years of the bureau’s existence more than 12,000,000 of its five most popular bulletins have been sent to mothers or other interested persons. ‘These bulletins are “Prenatal Care,” “Infant Care,” “The Child From 1 to 6—His Care and Training,” “Child Management,” and “Are You Training Your Child to Be Happy?” Nearly 170,000 letters were received last year by the bureau. Most of them were from parents, but many were from physicians and nurses requesting bulletins for the use of their patients. Others were from social service workers asking help on their problems. Many were from public or private agencies engaged in child health or child welfare work. Among these were requests for aid in planning or reorganizing local child welfare services. Other Interests of Bureau. Child health and hygiene are not the only concern of the Children’s Bu- reau, although the physical and mental factors of child life must naturally be considered in relation to all child- welfare problems. The fleld of child la- bor is one of the major concerns of the Children’s Bureau. It administered the first Federal child-labor law, which was declared unconstitutional in 1918. A second Federal child-labor law was declared unconstitutional in 1922. In 1924 an amendment to the Constitution giving Congress the power to enact laws regulating child labor was passed by Congress and has been ratified by six States. The number of children working has fallen off the last few years because of economic conditions, but the evils of child labor still exist. Through the industrial division of the bureau child- labor investigations are made of the various occupations in which children are engaged. The hours these children toil, the conditions uncer which they | labor are all brought to light in the bureau’s publications. Greatly improved standards have been achieved in State legislation and administration in the last 20 years. But many children are employed in industrial nome work snd industrialized agriculture for which em- ployment certificates or “work permits” are not, as a rule, required. According to the 1930 census, there were nearly 3,500,000 boys and girls, 7 to 17 yeal inclusive, who were | not in school. It is not known how hany of these are at work, but it is | known that thousands of boys and girls | are leaving school for work. Even | now, when millions of adults cannot | find jobs, children are leaving their smaller ones, are suffering the least. | desks to compete with men and women In general, that colleges in the Middle | for the few jobs that exist. West and the Southern States, particu- | September and October over 5,500 boys larly the smaller ones, are suffering | and girls under 16 years left school for plainly is due to the fact that invest- | work in New York City alone. In Phil- ments have been made more largely in | adelphia the corresponding figure was mortgages and other forms of real estate | 1,867. than is true elsewhere. ‘Through the activities of the Commit- | tee on Financial and Fiduciary Matters | of the Federal Council of the Churches, Various Studies Made. In the social service field the bureau has made studies of Juvenile Courts, tions cannot at once be materially | a committee which is not a house organ for the Federal Council, but serves all charitable, philanthropic, educational and religious bodies alike, a “campaign of perseverance” was inaugurated about 10 years ago and is still in operation, advocating sound and sure methods of administering funds, of improving the quality of ;nmtununs. of du;ve.mng5 wu:& ly and of handling endowments an other funds of an institution in accord- ance with the most approved methods as human wisdom from time to time discovers these methods. ‘The Association of American Colleges, through its commission on permanent and trust funds, is co-operating with the Committee on PFinancial and Fidu- clary Matters in the educational and co-operative purposes and activities in the campalgn of perseverance. Confer- ences have been held since February, 1925, which may properly be regarded as schools_of finance in the field of education and benevolence. Books and booklets following each conference are gub!uhad, which are widely used and e formative in methods and plans cial and mothers’ ald, illegitimacy and other as- pects of dependency and delinquency. Child welfare has made rapid strides | in the last two decades and the Chil- | dren's Bureau has had no small part in | the changes that have been wrought. | Grace Abbott, who succeeded Miss La- throp as chief of the bureau in 1921, puts in succienctly in ollowing fashion: “There has been an in ap- preciation of the importance of sclen- tific research and good administrat technique in the fleld of child 3 of linking up the State with the local ‘The Children's Bureau does not claim credit for these cl can, however, be said that furnished the facts = tions The next on Fiduciary Matters will be held in Hotel ‘Windermere, Chicago, next Wednesday and Thursdsy, with a feaion Wit siste Aa Ehmeine