Evening Star Newspaper, April 12, 1931, Page 30

IMMIGRANTS OFFER Officials Find Many Vexatious Cases to Deal With in Protecting America’s Interests. tinued From First b tunities for happiness and prosperity (Contin Tom First Page.) that are nnwmgep else available. We it, for she has already been here too|must maintain this vigil as a means long. I know what I am talking about, [of self-preservation—that our own because she is my sister-in-law, and|standards and civilization may not be she has done nothing but make trouble | swamped by an inrush such as we can ‘between me and my man ever since she [ no longer bear safely from an economie came over here; and I want that you ghould send her back on the first boat, | because the longer she stays the worse it will be for this great land of America.” Sonia did go back—not because she was & domesetic trouble-maker, how- ever, but because her visitor’s visa had expired. Frog Brings Deportation. All kinds of conflicts of human na- ture result in deportations. One of the most curious that I recall involved a frog. The facts related to me by the immigration agents who investigated the case began in the bathtub of the servants' quarters of a large Pennsyl- vania estate. On a certain hot Sum- mer's day Katrina H rived from Germany, sought relief by immersing herself in a tub of cold water. She had hardly become com- fortably established in the tub when a large, fat, green frog splashed in the tub with her. Katrina established a new world record for speed in leaving bathtubs— and she broke at least one divine com- mandment in her denunciation of an- other servant whom she suspected and | accused of Faving cast the frog into the tub. Whether the suspicion was cor- Tect our agents never established, but, in any event, the quairel resulted in the receipt of a letier by immigration headquarters for the district, stating in substance, “If you will look up Katrina H—, who works for Col. B you will find somebody who got into this country illegally through Canada and should go out again.” ‘The information was correct, as are most of the “tips” received by the bu- reau, and Katrina is now back in a land where bathtubs are fewer, and perhaps frogs, also. Aliens Desert Ships Here. ‘The Katrinas and Sonias who come in as servents and visitors, lawfully and unlawfully, furnish an immigration problem of some importance in the ag- gregate. But of greater importance is the problem of a proper accounting.for the scores of thousands of aliens who arrive es workers on ships—stewards, ‘waiters, mess cooks, ordinary seamen, firemen and oilers—and who by treaty and law are given the right, to go ashore temporarily on seek new employment outbound, The extent of this problem can be uged by the fact that in the last al year nearly 1200000 allen sea. men were examined. We know that thousands of allens have come to Amer- iea in recent years in the guise of sea- , recently ar-| leave and to | | standpoint. | With an inadequate force of men and | equipment, we are doing our best to per- form our first and primary duty—to | keep out those who may not lawfully |entcr. And the ingenuity and determi- | nation exercised to get in excite admi- ration no less than official condemna- tion! Here are five aliens captured as they | clamber up the American shore of the | Niagara River after having made 8 | perilous crossing in a frail rowboat of | the rushing waters between the cataract | and whirlpcol rapids. | "Here is a 17-year-old alien girl, clad | in men’s trousers, sweater and cap, who | was lowered by rope over the towering | gorge on the Canadian side to the lower abutments of railroad bridge, where she was met by an alien smuggler, or | “runner,” who was to guide her across the boundary line. Together they made their way across the gorge on the nar- row steel ledge which is part of the un- | der section of the bridge. Inch by inch, foct by foot, they advanced toward the land of liberty and opportunity, high up n the air above the river rushing and oaring below, conscious that the slight- est slip in focting meant a fall into the depths below—and death. At last they were across, safe on the stone abut- ments of the American side. And there, waiting for them, reluctantly but duti- fully. were immigration inspectors on patrol. The reward of the perilous jour- ney was deportation for the girl and vrison for the alien runner. Novel Entries Attempted. Here is a captured 16-year-old boy who freely admits that he has helped to | smuggle in at least 50 allens. Here is |an entire gang of captured alien smug- | glers who have brought at least 700 for- | elgners into the United States within { two years. Part of thelr plan was to | lower the aliens over the rocky gorge | on the Ca ian side of Niagara, using cliver them to confederates | waiting 200 feet below to act as “guides.” One of the men captured, | convicted and sentenced to three years' | imprisonment was found to possess a novel and intricate flashlight which | threw varied white, green and red beams as signals to those of his con- | federates who were bringing allens across the river in speed beats. And here a man, his wife and tiny baby, all aliens, coming into the United | States from Canada by airplane to avoid | the immigrant inspectors—and being | found by them nevertheless. Then here | is the man from Poland who paid $50 | to be smuggled in by rowboat, and de- men, and once ashore have remained | Inands that the Government of the there, although usually mot tarrying | United States repay his $50 or stand the long at the port of entry because of | COPsequences of his own country's wrath the danger of discovery and deporta- | UPon deportation! tion. Trose thousands of ex-seamen In Lower California we find Chinese are so many reasons why thousands of | Who have paid $500 apiece to be carried American-born citigzens are jobless. by airplane across the Mexican border And so the duty of the Burezu of to the vicinity of Los Angeles; $1,000 Immigration is at least threefold—to | for carriage by air to San Franeiseo, keep out those who should not enter; | With extra compensation for the trans- to get out those who have unlawfully | Portation of narcotics. entered or wro endanger our institu- | And, golng back to the Canadian tions, and to get in those we peed and | border, we find the immigration patrol can use or who should come in as a 2arresting two aliens who in two hours matter of justice and right. Now, I realize that aithough Congress has put limitations and restrictions on immigration, there is still present in the minds of many people, both within and without this country, the question, “Why put up bars against the entry of aliens into the United States, provided they are healthy, hanest end of fair in- telligence?” Coupled with that ques- tion usually is this one, “Wasn't the United States built up to its present foremost position largely as the result of practically free and unrestricted im- migration?” More People Than Jobs. Y shall not attempt here to give all | the answers to those questions. The simple end plain fact is in this country, at the present time at least, more people than we can use in gainful occupations. It also is a fact that if we could immediately deport the many thousands of aliens who have, entered the United States unlawfully or are here as a result of evasion of our laws, we could immediately fill the Jobs and positions which they hold with American-born men and women who are both without employment and without present prospect of employ- ment. And a further fact, which I state without equivocation or apology, is that we are deporting just as rapidly as pos- sible as many aliens who are here un- lawfully as we can find. We are send- ing them out of the country at the rate of 300, 400 and even 500 2 week—and we intend to kesp that up as long as oper administration of the nation's ws makes it necessary. ‘We are not proceeding on the false theory that these foreign people are not god enough for America, or on the eory that our own psople are superior to any and every other on the face of the globz. The fact is that any person who has made any study at all of the history of immigration to America must ze the obligation of the United States to practically every other coun- try in the world for zabstantial human contributions to the development and apbufldln‘ of our high type of civiliza- on. Conditions in U. S. Change. It was the brains and brawn of Europe and other continents, coming here in many shiploads in many de- cades, which in part was responsible for the rapid devclopment and great eco- nomic progress of Ameriea begin with much la: tively few hands to till it practically no industries, no manu- facturing facilities, in a great expanse of territory from ocean to ocean ‘Those conditions no I T exist. We produce more wheat, more cotton, more | than we | other agricultural products can at present use, either at home or abroad. Our industrial product y is greater than the nerd and demand— and men are idle because there are more here than we e 1use now. Machines—on the farm and in the fac- tory and on the roads and streets have curtailed the market for the labor of fingers, hands and arms That is the p uation. It is 8n entirely different situation from that which prevailed more than a generation 8g0. Then the Government interpused no objection, for the time being, to the hiring abroad of large numbers of men o come to the United States for work at 50 cents and $1 a day. Our need then was for man power in forests, on farms, in factories. That need does not exist now—and our immigration law, in_the main, fits present. conditions, The economic pressure within the United States i strong—but that out- side is stronger. They impinge on our two long ocean lines and along our two land boundaries, each thousands of miles long. Those within who doubt the desirability of living in America have only to watch the frantic struggle to enter of those without to become convinced that the United States is sill the most enviable of all nations. Here, today, we have a standard of living for the average man and woman and fam- ily, an equality and wealth of oppor- tunity that justly attract the attention and desire of millions and tens of mil- lens of people throughout the world. Constant Vigil Maintained. And 30, all along our land and water boundaries we are obliged to maintain nt the swarming ores of thousands | seek here the oppor- | crawled through tha cable conduit of a | bridge high over the Niagara River. Extending into and blocking e through the conduit at intervals are | large steel supporting girders or bars. | These made it necessary for the two aliens to swing outside the eonduit, | 8tepping over the air, # couple of hun. ‘gl];;dgtnr;fl lbc:ve ll.he river's surface, | precariously to a structure |afforded little hand hold. And it th.‘,‘: | this swinging out over the river that at- | tracted the attention of the immigration | patrol—and led to arrest at the Amer- |ican end of the cable conduit. Aunt Aids Bride-to-Be. Less dangerous, certalnly, but no; the less interesting ‘llnly'.he met od |used by a Slovakian girl to obtain | entrance to the United States, wherein i::':(x:c‘ herl young and—I assume— ndsome lover, to whom she h; | betrothed in their native land. v She journeyed to Cuba, where an aunt lived, and with whom she made {her home t:mporarily. And here, ‘zhmu[h courtship by correspondence, | she became engaged to an older fellow. |countryman, who had become a | naturalized citizen of the United States. He made a trip to Cuba, where, after | personal inspection of the young lady, | e was married to her by & trate. | _But there could b> no religious cere- | mony there, not only because of the lack |of a member of the clergy of their | faith, but because the groom-to. be, who was & man of some wealth and im- portance among the foreign-born ele- |ment in a Northern industrial eity, wanted to participate in a wedding of ceremony and pomp. So he parted from his bride immediatly after the Cuban | civil wedding, without even a kiss, and | returned to the United States. From iIhel’r he sent her $700 for the trip to {Join him—and for the aunt, who had {acted as marriage broker. The bride gained entrance to the United States as the wife of an Ameri- can citizen—though she was a wife in name only—and preparations went for- |ward for ths “high-toned"” wedding envisioned by the elderly groom. The church wedding, however, never took e—for lack of a bride. The explana- tion she made was that after she reached this country her wedded-but-not-in-fact | to allow her to buy an $18 dress, public- |1y disgraced her by wiping the };':!hllder | and rouge off her face in a moving pie- ture theater and forbidding her to use smetics, and generally threatened |that if she didn't comport herself exactly as he had ordered he would have her deported because she really had not been his wife in fact when she entered the United States. Jilted, He Asks $700 Back. | When the wedding was declared “off” by the girl, the jilted husband demanded his $700 back. When he falled to get it, the facts about the |lack of real married status were brought to the attention of the im- migration officials. Meantime, the civil marriage was annulled by a State court and the girl married a younger man of her own nationality. A hearing was held, and it was clear from the evi- ce that the girl was not marrisd in lity when she entered the country, but probably had gone through the Cuban ceremony merely for the purposs of getting into the United States. So | this country lost another inhabitant. Although the Department of Labor | has the power to order deportation in | a great number of cases, it exercises | that power with proper discretion. The order, under present law, acts as perpetual bar to re-entry into United States, so that in some cases it | would prevent those who have inno- | cently and ignorantly, but without in- tention, transgressed the immigration | law from ever again entering. In faet, they would be subject to fine and im- prl;cnmem even for a later attempt to enter, An order of deportation entered against a wife and children whose hus- band and father has brought them into the country illegally would forever close the doors of America to those who have committed no rezl wrong. In many cases, thercfore, the a'len is given the opportunity to depart voluntarily, with- out formal crder of deportation, so that entry may be gained later in a legal | way, under the quota or otherwise. In other cases, however, the immi- | gration authorities lack the power and . THE SUNDAY I BIG PROBLEM TO U. S.| S1'AK, WADHLNUILIUN D. C, Arxil 12, 1931—PART TWO Pan-American Day in the U. S. Next Tuesday People of This Country Will Do Honor to Their Friends to the South BY DR. L. §. ROWE. Director General, Pan American Union. Y proclamation of the President, next Tuesday, April 14, has be designated “Fan-American day” | in the United States, and the | schools, civic associations and | people of the United States lenerllly;' have been called upon to observe the | day with appropriate ceremonies, there- | by “giving expression to the spirit of | continental solidarity and to the senti- ments of cordiality and friendly feeling which the Government and the people of the United States entertain toward the peoples and governments of the | other republics of the American Conti- | nent.” 1In proclaiming the day, Pri o | dent Hoover has once more reiterated | his expressed desire for the development | of closer relations between the United Btates and the nations of Latin America. | The action of the President was taken pursuant to a resolution of the | Governing Board of the Pan-American | Union, composed of the Becretary of Siate of the United States and the ambassadors, ministers and charges d’ affaires of the other American repub. lics accredited to the Government at Washington, recommending that one day in the year be set aside “as a commemorative symbol of the sover- eignty of the American nations and the voluntary union of all in one conti- | nental community.” April 14, the date suggested by the governing board, marks the anniversary of the organization of | the Pan-American Union at the first | international conference of American states in 1889. Pan-Americanism possesses special significance for the people of tl United States. It is most appropriate that pan-American day should be ob- served throughout the country and ad- vantage taken of the occasion to em- phasize the importance to us of our relations with the countses and peo- ples of Latin America. The importance —Bachrach Photo. DR. L. S. ROWE, DIRECTOR GENERAL OF THE PAN-AMERICAN UNION. of these relations from the economic, | American capital have been invested political and cultural standpoint €annot | in the Latin American countries, ot by Sroremphasized. A They are IMPOE- | only in the securities of the seversl| tant today, and they are destined to g | governments and their political sub- be of even greater importance in the future. | divisions, but also in the development | The material or economic interests | of the vast natural resources of the of the United States in the nations of | continent. Today North American | Latin America have already reached | capital to the extent of more than six | large proportions and are with each | billions of dollars is invested in the year increasing in importance. In 1930 | republics of Latin America. This fig- | the 20 southern republics purchased in | ure represents an increase of 400 per | the United States merchandise to the | cent over the 1914 estimated total of | value of $628.212,000 and sold to US| §1300,000,000 of American capital in- 800ds to the value of $677.781,000. They | vested in the whole of Latin America. present a vast market for the exten-| But economic intercourse alone is sive manufacturing industries of the | not sufficlent in the relations bstween United States, for our automobiles, road | nations. To bring about that mutuality and farm machinery. rallroad equip- | of understanding which is the basis of | ment, textiles and the multitude of |friendly international relations it is in- products which agricultural and pas- | dispensable that there should be a | toral countries must seek in industrial | constant current of intellectual and | | cultural understanding between the peo- ples of the American republics. This movement is of relatively recent growth. | It is, however, proceeding with in- { creased momentum, and as it progresses | and expands it should have an increas- ingly beneficial effect in giving to the people of the United States a bstter | understanding of the problems and ideals of the people of Latin America | and, ccnversely, of bringing to the lat- On the other hand. the coun- tries of Latin America are the source from which the United States secures those commodities, principally raw ma- terials and products of a tropical or | semi-tropical nature, which this coun- try itself is not able to produce. There is, therefore, a reciprocal economic de- | pendency of one section on the other, | which works to the advantage of both | Within recent years large | nations. i facllities which they should have for the protection of the public interests. For instance, inform to the Immigration Bureau that John B——, who came to this country from England as a sailor on the Mauretania | and failed to return when he should have done so a couple of years ago, can be found at a boarding house in Green Bay, Wis. Late Saturday afternoon an immigration officer arrives at the board- ing house to question John, the ex- sailor. John isn't there, but the land- lady says he will return at 7 that eve- ning. Meantime, the immigration offi- cer tries 1o get a telegraphic warrant of arrest from the only two men in the United States who are authorized un der the law to issue such warrants and ‘who are stationed at the headquarter: of the Immigration Bureau in Wash- ington. ‘The bureau is closed and the rant can't be received by the agent until Monday. John, returning to his boarding house, learns that a strange man with an “official look” has been Inquiring for him, becomes suspicious and hastily leaves for parts unknown. And he is still at large somewhere in these United States, holding jobs of various kinds and keeping American citizens out of them. s, of course, is not merely a solitary instance; it is typical of many cases indicating the need for greater authority to arrest aliens unlawfully in this country. On the other hand, there is need also for greater discretion to be lodged by law in the Secretary of Labor, so that he may relleve the hardships sometimes imposed by the strict letter of the law. For example, there is a soldier now serving in our Marine Corps in China who has done duty seven years under the Stars and Stripes In all parts of the world, braving danger and suffering hardship. His present term of enlist- ment is about to expire. He wants to #0 to Germany to visit his aged parents, who have returned there after living some years in America; and then he desires to return to the United States, to re-enlist in the Marine Corps and join his company, which has been ordered home. Right te Return Questioned. There is a question, however, whether he is an American citizen, entitied to re-entry to this country, because of his parents’ status—and there must be an application, hearing and determination, with perhaps a denial of the visit to Germany to see the old folks. If the Becretary of Labor had greater powers he could end the uncertainty and save the time of all concerned by a stroke of the pen autho: Te-entry without examination or formality. ~ There are cases, to0, where relatives in foreign lands are being supported by dollars earned in America by allens legally admitted, but who cannot legally bring in a helpless mother or father or paralyzed brother or sister. Those people, if admitted, would not add to our employment or economic problems; rather, they would keep American re- sources at home. In cases of this kind |& wider discretion given to the Secre- tary of Labor would serve the public interests. 1 have in mind, too, Mary R—, an American-born woman married to an Englishman, to whom she bore a daughter. §he was deserted abroad by her husband, who went to the Orient | with another woman. It was with the greatest difficulty, because of the legal obstacles, that the deserted wife finally gained re-entry to the United States, where her own family lived. And even then she had to carry on an additional legal sr.ruu‘s]lc to secure permanent entry for her child. Wider Latitude Needed. We need a wider latitude, too, for deportation. I have on my desk a let- ter from an Ameriean mother urging the deportation of an alien man now in prison for a erime of degeneracy. The alien has been in this country more than 10 years and the crime mentioned is the only offense of which he has been convicted, llthnug:x other charges of a similar nature ve been made :gllnsl him. We cannot deport him, erefore, under present law. In fact, it was only recently that Con 8 authorized the deportation of aliens who were engaged here in the narcotic bg‘.lnell‘ as peddlers and smugglers of doper We_ particularly need more men to patrol our far-flung border lines. Thos Wwe have are \vor\': night and day. doing wonderfully ecuv{o_ work—but ter a clearer knowledge of the purposes and aspirations of the people of the Uni ed States. This current of intellectual and cult- ural interchange is being developed in a number of ways, by the study of Spanish and Portuguese in this coun- try, and of English in Latin America; student and teacher exchanges between the two areas on an increasing scale; the growth of tourist travel; the use of the radio in making better known the music and literature of the United States to Latin America and vice versa. These are but a few of the methods by which friendly contacts based on mu- tual understanding may be and are being bullt. With the growth of this intellectual and cultural, commercial and economic approximation, it is in- evitable that the relations between the republics of the American Continent should be placed on a firm foundation. ‘That is the purpose of the Pan- American movement—the promotion of a mutuality of understanding between the governments and pecoples of thé American Continent; a reciprocal ap- preciation of the aspirations and ideals of the several nations; the development of a spirit of mutual helpfulness and co-operation in all maters affecting the welfare of the people of the American Continent, on the principle that the progress of all the countries comprising the Pan-American Union can be best promoted by placing at the disposal of all the benefit of the experience of each. ‘There is much that the people of the United States can contribute and much that they can gain in the carrying out of such a program. There is every reason, therefore, that the appeal con- tained in the President’s proclamation should find a ready response throughout the country, and that schools, colleges, women’s clubs and civic and other as- soclations interested in Pan-American affairs should properly observe the day. ion may come | | Gulf of Mexico to Niagara, from New | OR the first time in history “Pan- | American day” will be observed | this week throughout the tunu»i nent. President Hoover, by proclamation, has designated | April 14 as “Pan-American day,” and bas called upon the schools, civic asso- clations and people of the United | States generally to observe the day with appropriate ceremonies. “thereby giving expression to the spirit of continental solidarity and to the sentiments of cor- diality and friendly feeling which the Government and people of the United States entertain toward the peoples and governments of the other republies of the American Continent.” This action was taken pursuant to a resolution adopted by the Governing| Board of the Pan-American Union, | composed of the Sccretary of State of | the United States and the diplomatic representatives of the other republics of America accredited to Washington recommending that April 14, the date on which the Pan-American Union was originally establithed, in 1890, be observed as “Pan-American day" by the nations of the Western Hemisphere. Exercises throughout the whole | country will mark this first celebration of April 14 in the United States. In| Washington President Hoover will at- tend a special meeting of the Governing Board of the Pan-American Union and deliver an address on the meaning and | significance of the day. The Secretary of State and the Ambassador of Mexico. dean of the diplomatic corps, also will speak, and their addresses, as that of the Chief Executive, will be broad- cast over a Natlon-wide radio hook-up, 50 that schools and colleges, clubs and other assoclations observing the day may make the speeches in Washington a part of their programs. STUDENTS TO JOIN RITES. University and public school students of Washington will participate in a ceremony following the meeting of the Governing Board. They will be ad- dressed by the Cuban Ambassador, by @ Latin American university student and by a high school student of the United States. Immediately after the exercises a tree will be planted on the grounds of the Pan-American Unicn to commemorate the first observance of “Pan-American day.” In the evening a concert of Latin- | American music at the Union will be attended by members of the Diplomatic | Corps, officials of the Government and | society people, and will be broadcast over the short-wave system throughout the hemisphere. Schools, colleges, women's clubs and civic associations in other cities are | expected to observe the day with ap- | propriate ceremonies. 1In New York, Chicago. S8an Prancisco and Los An- geles, the pan-American Soclety will | participate in the celebration | The other republics of the New | World, those of Latin origin, also will | | not all that could be done if a larger personnel were available. But from the York to San Francisco, the men and | women of the Immigration Bureau are working constantly to enforce intelli- gently, effectively and humanely the laws enacted by Congress to protect | America from an alien flood. ; In the last fiscal year (1930), the net | population gain of the United States by | imul;igr_n:lon yos iore than 190,000 peol noug! populate a large city. But more than 20 years before, | in 1907 alone, we admitted nearly 1,300,000 aliens. Congress very properly, and with the | approval of the country, has limited the | inflow of allens. Under President | Hoover, practical action has been taken in accordance with his wise statement | that “Our present problem is to formu- late a method in which a limited num- | | ber of immigrants whom we do welcome | shall be adapted to our national settings |and our national needs.” | Immigration still presents problems | of vast importance, but they are being | solved in accordance with American | ideals, American purposes and American | | principles of right and justice to all | IN LATIN By GASTON NERVAL. | but help their economic growth, their AMERICA observe Pan-American day with similar exercises, thus joining the United States in her promotion of continental | friendship and understanding. NEW WORLD GAINS POWER. The celebration of ‘“Pan-American | day” by the governments of the 21 | American republics seems an especially | appropriate occasion to stress the value | of the pan-American movement and to point out the misunderstandings which still stand in its way. The New World is day by day attain- ir’l; greater influence in the political #ffairs of men in proportion to its cul- tural and economic growth. The other continents look to us on this side of the Atlantic for solutions of some of | their major problems. It is venture- some to assert that the decline of Eu- rope has begun, but it is only natural to acknowledge the development of a new and powerful influence in the ‘Western Hemisphere which is giving it & privileged !)osltmn in world politics. At present the United States is at the climax of her international prestige and thus is almost exclusively repre- senting that influence, but not far in the future lies the increasing participa- tions of the American republics south of the Rio Grande. Today the impor- tance of these republics is purely nomi- nal, but when their economic resources have been properly developed their co- operation will be indispensable in order that the ideals of the Americas may have weight with the rest of the world. HAS ECONOMIC BASIS. In this lies the real value of pan- Americanism—in Javing the way for unification and for joint leadership. The true hegemony of the New World seems to depend upon the success of the pan-American scheme. As for the United States, if she dis- regards it, scorning its importance, and the friendship and co-operation of the other American nations, she would have difficulty in continuing that material development and that progress which are w peacefully for her a pre- eminent position in the world. Preju- dices and opposition in the countries of the South would constantly hamper her policies. Moreover, aside from its high political value, pan-Americanism has also & great economic importance for Uncle Sam, affording a solid basis for pro- moting the sale of his products and the profitable investment of his capital. There is no secret about the worth of pan-Americanism in figures and dol- Jars. It is needless to repeat here sta- tistics, which are too well known, of the tremendous commercial value of inter-American relations. They are fully described in detail in an article by the director general of the Pan- American Union appearing elsewhere in | this issue. LATIN NATIONS BENEFIT. 8o far as the Latin Ameriean coun- tries are concerned. they should derive even greater benefits from pan-Amer- icanism. In accepting it, they become parties to that American hegemony which is bound to result in their eco- nomic betterment. The material ad- vantages resulting from their friendly relations with the United States, the wealthiest nation in the world, cannot industrial development and improve their standards of life. Politically, the Latin American coun- tries find in pan-Americanism & pledge of security, .a source of democratic principles and a basis for external peace and friendship which no other gl‘l:mtlnnu movement can assure m. A fundamental misunderstanding has until recently deprived the countries of the New World of the benefits that a complete success of pan-Americanism would mean to them. A misunder- standing nearly as old as the present pan-American movement, and one which, though often corrected in recent years, still influences the opinion of a large number of people in the Americas of Latin origin. WAS VIEWED WITH MISGIVING. When Simon Bolivar, the George | Washington of the Southern Hemi- ! { sphere, spoke for the first time in 1826 of the pan-American ideal, in an inter- national assembly in Panama, no cne in Latin America thought of mysterious designs, of evil intentions, of imperial- istic ambitions hidden behind the name of pan-Americanism. Nobody thought then of any of the nations on this con- tinent using the pan-American scheme for furthering thelr own interests to the detriment of others. Years later, however, when the states- men of this country rescued the pan- American idea from oblivion and un dertook to carry it out and make it a reality, the lack of understanding of the purposes of “Uncle Sam” resulted in a sentiment of fear and suspicion on the part of the Latin republics. Thus, at the very outset, ever since Secretary of State Blaine proposed the first Conti- fnental Congress, pan-American moves were regarded by the Latin Americans with a certain amount of misgiving. ‘They were afraid of the enormous dis- proportion in potential resources and economic strength between the “Colos: sus of the North” and the still unor- ganized republics of the South. They could not understand the enthusiasm of the United States for pan-Americanism except on the supposition that it veiled designs on her part for obtaining polit- ical domination, or at least financial control, over the rest of the continent. This was the origin of the “Yankee im- perialism” legend, one which has great- ly impaired Uncle Sam's prestige in Latin America, and in the spreading of which certain interested propaganda of Jealous parties is sald to have played an important- role. CHANGE ACCOMPLISHED. This misunderstanding, consequence of the complete and mutual lack of knowledge which has been character- istic of inter-American relations, was helped along, now and then, by some political mistakes of this country in the Caribbean region, and by certain com- plications of an economic nature for which the Union as & whole should not be_held responsible. In late years, it is true, a great change has been brought about in this regard, and the Latin Americans seem to be turning at last to a fairer inter- pretation of Uncle Sam's aims, but there still remains a lot to be done be- fore the path is entirely cleared away. Six continental conferences have been held since the Pan-American Union was founded on April 14, 1890. The first five were of a decidedly political char- acter and therefore did not stress suffi- clently the importance of explaining misapprehensions and differences, both pyschological and economic, which are really at the bottom of all misunder- standings. This was finally realized by the 8ixth Conference, gathered in Havana in 1928, which, side-stepping controversial issues, devoted most of its time to the preparation of a serles of special all-American conferences on technical material and intellectual sub- Jects. Such conferences, dealing with high- ways, railroads, commerce, agriculture, public health, sanitation, child welfare, women's , scientific problems, cus- toms regulations, educational affairs, intellectual co-operation, international law and arbitration in the American continent, have been taking place from time to time in the last three years. Endeavoring to solve practical prob- lems of inter-American relations and to promote a greater mutual knowledge among the peoples of Saxon and Latin origin, their contribution to pan- American cause will certainly be of larger advantage than the endless, irritating discussion of political differ- ences which has heretofore prevented greater harmony. SHOULD BE ENCOURAGED. Particularly those conferences deal- ing with educational and cultural mat- ters should be frankly encouraged. They can afford the only real basis for an actual understanding, for they en- deavor to remove that mutual lack of knowledge which is the chief source of all misinterpretation and antagonism. Peoples who do not know each other cannot understagd each other. It is the same with nations as with individuals; a mere superficial ac- quaintance cannot form the basis of a deep and sincere friendship. Intimate knowledge and, above all, a spiritual communism of ideals is necessary for true friendship. ‘The success of pan-Americanism de- pends entirely upon the better eultural IAUSTRO-GERMAN TRADE 1 PLAN STIRS EUROPE One of Most Important Situations That Has Developed Since World War. _(Continued From Third Page.) country largely owes its existence as an independent state to the efforts of PFrance, and it seems unlikely th President Massaryk and Premler Ed. could be done 8o that the British Empire should suffer as little as pos- sible from this move. For this reason they have summoned the Germans.to come to London and talk over mat- ters with them. Without the British support the French seem to have no uard Benes will easily forget the serv- ices Prance has rendered their country and join with France's rivals, if not potential enemies. But the situation in Czechoslovakia might change if the Austro-German- Hungarian-Rumanian bloc becomes an accomplished fact. There are some 35 million Germans in that country (most of the prosperous citizens). Czechoslo- vakia is an important industrial state, but has no adequate outlet to the sea. By he treaty of Versailles and Trianon she was given an outlet on the Adri- atic, but her natural ports are Ham- burg and Bremen. For the time being, there are no serious difficulties in her way to send her manufactured prod- ucts to either of those ports, but when the Germans complete their scheme of tariff unions with the other Central European states it is highly improbable that they will continue to give the Czechoslovaks, if they remain outside the union, the same privileges they give their other assoclates. Consequently, in spite of Dr. Benes' fervent desire of re- {maining France's faithful ally, the time ! may come when the economic interests of Czechoslovakia will force the govern- ment to consider favorably a union with the other central European states. ‘There is no doubt in the minds of students of world politics that econom- ics determine more than politics th grouping of nations. Economics are, a rule, the main reason for war be- tween nations, and economics bring nations together to form what become, ulterorly, political alliances. ‘This the French know full well, and this is the reason why they are so up- set by the Austro-German tariff union. Phe French are keen students of his- tory. They remember that the begin- ning of the growth of the German power in Europe dates back from the time when, through Prince Bismarck, Prussia, Bavaria, Wurttemberg and Saxony, all free and independent states, got together and formed a zollverein. Napoleon III, then Em- peror of France, was accused by his- torians of not having sufficient political vision to prevent that agreement. The tarifft union of those four Germanic | states was followed by the war against Denmark in 1864, then by the war against Austria in 1866, and finally ended with the war against France in 1870, which culminated in the estab- lishment of the German Empire in 1871. The French don't want this to happen again if they can possibly help it. ere is little chance, however, of the French being able to prevent the tariff unions contemplated by the Ger- man Republic, short of going to war, and this most unlikely. ‘The British at first seemed to be as much worried about the effects of the German move as the French. The British, however, are practical people. They see that the economic movement of the Germans must be successful and ch‘::{u of omlrlxg the Germans. They m consequently, do all they can to force the hand of the British and the Italians to prevent the German policy of tariff unions, if possible. They have only one trump card left in their hands, that is the naval agreement, which the British and Itallans are ve: anxious to have completed as soon as possible in order to stop the heavy expenses. This last trump card the Pf!ngh are likely to play for all it is worth. As soon as the news of the Ger- man plans were officially known the French expert negotiators who were drafting e Franco - Italian - British naval agreement found thaj a mistake of some 66,000 tons was made to the detriment of France. According to Italian and British naval experts, this matter had already been fully dis- cussed by the representatives of the respective governments in the early stages of the negotiations, and it had been decided to leave the question of replacements in suspense until Decem- ber 31, 1935. Yet the French raised this question again as soon as it be- came evident that the Italians would not oppose the German plan of tariff unions. The British, not knowing ex- actly what attitude to adopt, agreed at first with the French point of piew. but later, having decided that the Austro-German tariff union could not be prevented, they decided to oppose the French point of view. ‘The Prench, faced with isolation in Europe, threatened to become only a secondary power in Europe within decade if the German plans m terialize, are puttiny up a desperate ished fact, or, if this is impossible, to limit the danger. They have been willing to extend a friendly hand to Italy and thus help Great Britain financially by preventing her spending large sums on warships. They were willing to luli)end their naval competition with Italy. But now, when they realize that the Italians are looking longingly toward Germany; when they see that the British are prepared to talk business, and possibly treaty revisions with the Germans and their accolytes, they do not see any reason why they should make any further concessions to those nations and seem to be determined to go full speed ahead with their naval programs regardless as to what will be- come of the naval pacts. It may be that this policy will jeopardize the chances of the next general disarmament confer- ence and create a new atmosphere of un- certainty in Europe. But the French be- lieve it to be of little co: juence compared with the danger which is threatening them, in case the Ger- mans are able to fulfill all their care- fully thought-out plans, which, it is believed, will lead eventually to the revision of the treaties and the dom- ination of the European markets to have consequently decided to see what the detriment of France. _(Continued From Third Page.) plation of death. It held that these words do not mean the general knovl- edge of all men that they must die, but that there must be & present appre- hension from some existing bodily or mental condition, creating a reasonable fear that death is near at hand, and this reasonable fear must be the direct | or immediate cause of the transfer. Under such interpretations, it is appar- ent that the Government will have hard sledding to collect an estate tax on estates transferred “in contemplation of death.” A similar case, pending for writ of certiorari before the Supreme Court, came from the Circuit Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit. John Wana- maker transferred 95 per cent of his property to his son within two years prior to his death. The Circuit Court of | Appeals held that although Mr. Wana- maker was 34 years old at his death and had been seriously ill, the transfer was not made in contemplation of death, because it was not shown that the rea- sonable fear of death, near at hand, was the direct or animating cause of the transfer. The Minnesota gag law, which pro- vides that any newspaper customarily publishing or circulating malicious, scandalous or defamatory matter shall be declared a public nuisance and its further publication enjoined, is still before the Supreme Court. The de- cision here, if rendered on the merits of the controversy, may have an im- portant effect on freedom of the press in this country. Criticism of the Government is a Supreme Court Rulings on 75 Cases Are Due at Reconvening Tomorrow and freedom to publish such criticism is undoubtedly included in the term “liberty,” of which one cannot be de- prived without due process of law. Th's case was argued in the earlier part of the term, but there is a movement in the Minnesota Legislature to repeal the “gag_law,” and if it is repealed before the Supreme Court's decision, the case will, of course, be dismissed as having become moot. ‘The question arose in the District of Columbia whether a colored defendant may examine the jurors on whether they have any prejudices where a color- ed person is accused of having killed & white man. Here a colored man was charged with the murder of s white policeman, and on the first trial the Jury disagreed. It was discovered that the ment was whether he should be found gullty of first or second degree murder, and the reason for the disagreement 'was that one of the jurors stated she would not let a colored man get off with anything less than first-de murder after having killed a white policeman. On the second trial, counsel for the defendant attempted to ask the jurors whether they entertained any preju- dices against colored persons, and the question was ruled out by the trial court. On appeal, the Court of Appeals of the District of Columbia held that in a city like Washington, “where the colored race is accorded all the privi- leges and rights under the law that are afforded the white race,” there was no abuse of discretion on the part of the trial court in refusing to permit that question to be answered by the jurors. The ruling of the Supreme Court is watched with interest. most valuable right in a free country, (Copyright. 1931.) Students in American universities and colleges are developing an increas- ing interest in the study of interna- tional affairs. In some institul fully half of the undergraduates are enrolled in world politics courses. A steady gain is reported also in the number of young men and women go- ing abroad for undergraduate and post~ graduate work. A significant index of the prevailing trend appears in the plan of Fidac, an international body of World War vet- erans (Federation Internalliee des An clens Combattants) for awarding med- als to institutions which excel in pro- moting curricula of the wider outlook. Fidac is sending out questionnaires for 1931, this being the second year of its project. An analysis of the facts of world politics instruction, made from the 1930 returns, has been made as & guide to the second annual program, Among those who have been asked to serve on the 1931 jury are Dr. Stephen F. Duggan, chairman; Dr. David P. Barrows, Brig. Gen. L. R. Gignilliat and Dr. Paul Monroe, all four having been jurors last year, and Dr. Robert M. Hutchins of the Uni- versity of Chicago. Institutions which received medals in 1930 will not be eligible. The 1931 medals will be awarded to one institution each of the following classes: Colleges and univer- sities in the United Stats with an en- rollment of more than 1,000 students, American women's colleges at large and colleges and universities with 1,000 en- rollments or less. All the institutions considered or nominated must be on the ‘._rproved list of the Association of American Universities. and spiritual knowledge of each other that pe?lu of different points of view and different psychology may have. This commerce of the things of the mind is a substantial element in pro- moting international good will. In it statesmen of both Americas will find the only path to pan-Americanism, a regional ergan! of human society in a gontinent wi istory has not left Matreds, hitterness d old ani- mosities among its compoRents. (Copyright, 1931.) L tions | Prague, Czechoslovakia. Students Here and Elsewhere Show Keen Interest in Foreign Affairs Announcement of the names of the winners will be made at the Fidac Con- gress, to be held next September in If possible the medals will be given to representatives of the selected institutions in person. If the colleges or universities do not find it convenlent to send represent- atives to Europe the medals will be pre- sented in this country by the national commander of the American Legion. ‘Thirty-nine institutions made reports for 1930, and the replies of six were re- ceived after the lists were closed. The latter will be considered in the current year. ‘The primary object of the awards re- flects the views of many former soldiers who hope for the spread of interna- tional good will and understanding. Investigation of the jurors revealed a marked tendency on the part of the ounger generation to widen their po- Yiuel borizons. Gordon L. Berry, as- sistant director of the Institute of In- ternational Education, reports this in- clination has been especially marked in the last three years and is making ex- tensive gains for 1931. Columbia University took the highest rank in the number and variety of courses in international relations or world politics. Her catalogues show 7 in international law, 13 in international relations, 13 in regional histery, 5 on foreign governments, 15 on internation- al trade and finance, 6 on internationsl labor problems, 18 in geography and 18 in education. ywn University has approm- mately 100 courses des| almost ex- flullve!y for the preparation for careers Among the subjects in which instruc- tion is given at Johns Uni- versity are international law, nation- ality and nationalism, forelgn relations of the United States, underlying factors in the Far East, diplomatic protection of citizens abroad, international diplomatic practice and procedure and American _co-operation ~with Europe since the World War. - It Such activities have led to thousans of American students going abroad. is estimated there are today fully 6,000 in France alone.