Evening Star Newspaper, October 5, 1930, Page 40

- PROPOSALS ON TRADE Britain, Caught in Economic Blizzard, Proposes Plan for Empire of Far- Reaching Importance. (Continued From Third Page.) perial co-operation, MacDonald, inter- ested more in politics than in economics, has developed an open mind upon pro- tection. But he also knows that a pro- tection program is political high ex-| plosive. No one can tell how that bomb is to & blew Baldwin sky-high once. It broke the hesrt of the first great tariff feformer, Jo Chamberlain, mentally & eration before his time. It has split Tory party into the Beaverbrook &nd Baldwin factions. And it may split the party from which MacDonaid de- fives power between the Snowden free- trade group and the Oswald-Mosley- Jim Thomas tariff group, squeezing the ©Old Man in the big crack. In this dilemma MacDonald hopes the imperial eonference will solve his purely political Pproblem If the young men from overseas re- fuse to co-operate in this grandiose gcheme for empire free trade he can) announce the watching, hesitant | island peopl¢ that the whole thing is & chimera, hecause it requires the do- minions’ co-"veration to pull it down to earth and the dominions refuse to After ‘which he will be free to in with Lloyd George for the in- troduction of some huge national works scheme, backed by a staggering loan— the problem of repayment being left for some future generation to solve, along with the incredible war and na- tional debis and some trifiing local ?&m aggregating perhaps $5,000,000,~ But if, on the other hand, the do- | minions' men see advantage for their own branches of the family in closer economic co-operation and a more sys- tematic swapping of goods, money and services, then MacDonald can adopt a tive policy camouflaged under resounding phrases at which he i an adept. Tariffs Held Not Protective. ‘The existing tariffs, at that, are not rotection.” There are the McKenna juties. But they are only clapped on & line of foreign products “for revenue ru{zoees." ‘There are the safeguarding duties, They're not protection. They safeguard infant national industries. ‘Then there is already a good list of im- perial preferences. They look to the competing foreigner like protection. But an Englishman can argue all around him that they're nothing of the sort. ‘This new protection, if it comes, will not be referred to bluntly as protection. It will be sentimentalized under some term capitalizing the good will already created by Beaverbrook and his allies for a march forward of the imperial tribe shoulder to shoulder against the rest of the world in the great battle for markets. No one expects, anyway, to see the whole scheme of free trade within the empire and a tariff wall thrown up American-fashion against the foreigner, sdopted as it stands. There are some important economic ary ents against 2 u:'n an immediate whole-hog propo- The main argument is that Britain |} eannot overnight pull her roots out of foreign trade and transplant them in a bunch in interempire trade. Foreign trade is essential to her. She cannot live on her own imperial fat—yet. Foreign Importation Huge. Two-thirds of the goods the United Kingdom imports to meet the needs of her 45,000,000 people come from for- only one-third in British eomplex. ‘The figul for ‘the last year were around $4, ,000,000 of foreign trade and $1,820,000,000 of empire trade. Foreign ‘tountries, again, buy more than half of Britain's &roducnon, the latest annual figures being around $1.- “”0.1000,000 and $1,635,000,000, respec- vely. Glance at the Argentine. England has some $2,000,000,000 invested there. Besides being the biggest foreign market for British eotton and woolen goods and railroad material, Argentina is the largest individual seller of raw material to %nrfllnd, and the third biggest buyer of itish merchandise. England could not transfer her meat and wheat busi- ness from Argentina to Australia and Canada without dislocating an impor- tant part of her trade machinery, losing business friends and narrowing basis. of her overseas trade. 1 These are the sort of considerations Which help.to make the Baldwin section | of the Tory party fight shy of the com- | plete Beaverbrook empire free trade | scheme. They cannot see how any glant American plants and the ener- getic American penetration every- ‘where. to get the world in general and Europe in particular to see the folly of putting tariff obstacles in the way of world trade. The American bankers joined them' three years back with an ener- getic protesi against the growth of tarift walls in Europe. But nationalism and the nationalist politician were too strong. Every state had the dominat- ing idea that wealth, happiness and | security lay along the line of keeping out the other fellow, producing every- thing inside the national wall and sell- ing the surplus outside at what it would fetch. The new tariff measure in the United States was the last straw. The British bankers, who were for free trade up to then, signed a manifesto in favor of protection and imperial co- operation; for bankers to commit them- selves like this is against all tradition in England and came as a great shock | to everybody. The captains of indus- try had already been shouting from the housetops for protection and empire free trade, but less attention was paid to them, because the industrialist has a smelly past in England and the masses still suspect him of thinking solely in terms of a fatter profit for himself at the expense of workers and consumers. Effect of Beaverbrook Activities, The tide, indeed, was roiling in in great surges. Beaverbrook had launched his crusade and split the Tory party and Baldwin was being forced over farther and farther toward protection and imperial co-operation, necessarily involving a tax on all foodstuffs coming into the island from other than empire lands. McCurdy, Lloyd George's chief lieu- tenant, left the Liberal group and came right over as Beaverbrook's aid on the empire free trade issue, and half the rest of the Liberals (whose whole political tradition lies in free trade) followed suit. Lloyd George himself is suspected of holding off because he cal- culates he can make a better bargain when the time comes if he stays on the sidelines now. In the Labor camp Oswald Mosley noted the direction of the tide and de- cided to ride it. He resigned from the government team. Now he has a little stafl of experts, including a professor from an American university, digging up the case for a tariff insulation of the island from the electric shocks of the world economic transition; while Jim Thomas, former lord privy seal and minister for employment and now | minister for the colonies, has had a group of economic, financial and colo- nial experts busy working out for sub- mission to the imperial conference a plan based upon a tariff, MacDonald’s economic staff has al- ready suggested that the best way out of his politico-economic difficulties is to clap a duty on all foreign manufac- tured goods. Only the opposition of the inflexible Snowden has held up this proposition to date. Snowden, indeed, is the only man left in the entire po- ical arena to exert a powerful oppo- sition to this whole protection and em- pire free trade idea. But he may yet be converted —or he may resign. Mosley hopes he resigns. Then the way would be open for Mosley to step into his shoes. He is not unprepared; {1; has already measured himself for em. Line-Up of Business Factors. The way the business and financial ;ro'd fis this th!;n' may fbe“nul':s? y an imporianky incident of the week i AUEL - MacBonaid soms time back invited Baldwin' and Ll George to co-operate with him in seek- ing the cure for unemployment. Bald- win declined. Why should he inter- vene to save Ramsay's political bacon? Lloyd George accepted. He had noth- ing to expect from the Tories, while MacDonald in a difficulty always pre- sents possibilities. Parliament having risen, MacDonald went up to Lossiemouth on holiday. Lloyd George stayed at his country place at Churt and had a crowd of financiers, economists and industrialists down to see what could be done. He had him- self photographed with the big men all sitting round the table in the garden. The wizard taking counsel on how to save the nation! ~Just as well to re- ind the country that he is always there if the people want him., Much activity behind the scenes. The government’s -economic staff suggested its now famous scheme for a 10 per cent tariff on all foreign manufactured British government can safely discrim- inate against foreign goods all along | the line just yet. | Besides, the British have been great | investors abroad. Their income from | foreign investments (put by one of the chief bankers at an aggregate of $15,-| 000,000,000) alone saves them from having a debit balance at the end of each year. goods. Lloyd George thought it looked good. Jim Thomas applauded it. Mac- Donald heard the news on the long- distance wire in Scotland and came south by airplane at a hundred miles an_hour. That night rumors began to circulate in the city, London's business heart. Next morning the stock brokers rushed to their offices and the entire list of in- Imports Exceed Exports. The truth is, if England regarded herself purely as a factory, relying on purchased and sold, she would ve gone broke a quarter of a century ago. Every year her ministry of com- merce figures show an excess of imports over exports of - from $700,000,000 to $1,500,000,000. The balance {s made up, usually with something handsome to spare, by the income earned by services —services of shipowners, merchants, bankers—and by the dividend on for- eign investment, which may bring in| yearly anything from $500,000,000 to| $1,000,000,000, The United States alone, according to her Department of Com- merce, pays the British merchant ma- rine ‘about $150,000,000 annually in! ocean freights and passages. From which it will be seen that the industrial scene, although magnified by its predominant political significance, is | by no means the whole of the British | | pleture. | But the empire free traders wave { these arguments aside, oppose cuunler-‘ arguments which have convinced some of the hardest-headed men on the is- land, and incessantly point out that all the old factors are changing, that all this foreign trade is going into a de- cline as the world completes its mys- terious post-war metamorphosis, and that only by intensive interempire de- | velopment can the dominions maintsin their high standard of living and the British people achieve that glittering prosperity which has dazzied them in Americ: a. At that, bankers, industrielists and | those statesmen who see beyond the | island coasts have long been aware that | England’s foreign trade is slipping— | ‘ and slipping in a world where the in- dustrialized community which stops ex- | nding does not remain stabilized, but | :evlubly falls back. | Varied Reasons Assigned. | The reasons are varied: Crushing local and national taxation ($74 a head, compared with $37 in Prance and $30 in '«Re United States) estimated to give the forelgn manufacturer a fiscal pref- erence of 20 per cent over the British | manufacturer over the greater field of industry; politically powerful trade unions lm]:volmf.l labor restrictions which put four-wheel brakes on produc- tion in many fields; loss of that vast surplus wealth which formerly olled the wheels of foreign trade by means of loans and investments; an intensifica- tion of nationalism everywhere, due to the break-up of old economic organisms tl&ml‘ope and the rise of new states Te ‘Wilsonian p fim): the un:;nhu of the n&tz ge multiplication of tariff - - pasior of the [ dustrials shot up from 1 to 10 points. The chief elevating agency was a firm rumor that MacDonald and Lloyd George had agreed on the 10 per cent tarifl and Snowden had resigned. This might have meant a coalition govern- ment and some real excitement and action at last, but the story turned out to be a bit premature. However, there is no smoke without fire; and the| stocks that moved up did not register any appreciable fall. Free Trade Views Undergo Change, The big fact that emerges from all this is that the island people, for gen- erations accepting free trade as a priest accepts ning at last to realize that there is nothing sacred about either free trade or protection, and that a customs tariff must be regarded as a matter of eco- nomic expediency in the world as it is organized today. Further evidence of this revolutionary change of heart and mind was provided by the swing over to protection of the trades union congress, representing the organized labor of England and the announce- ment of the congress president that he was for food taxes for non-empire prod- use, if only in order to give the agri- cultural workers a bit of the protection now enjoyed by the workers in the sheltered trades. This is the first time there has been uch a situation or such a mood in the British Isles. If, as the consensus of political opinion believes, the island folk will submit to food taxes on for- eign produce in order to gain an ad- vantage on the industrial side and pro- mote closer imperial co-ordination, the influence upon world trade must be profound and an enormous impetus given to the project of organizing the vast empire as a single economic unit, S0 much for the main branch of the British imperial family. It waits now to see what the younger branches have to say. The fa'ted calf is being killed for them. T trumpets blowing. The gold plate is coming out for the great banquet in the ball room of Buckingham Palace. Reviews of the army. Cavalcades of cavalry. Parades of tanks and artillery. Fleet reviews and demonstrations. The | R-101 sent up to show her majestic | paces. Smiles of Mayfair hostesses. | Blah-blah speeches at city banquets | and empire societies’ junkets and poli- | ticlans’ ~ receptions. "Private dinners | with bankers and big business men. | Family Now in Separate Groups. | But this Is a hard-bitten—and now hard-up—family. The younger sons (some blame Wilson and that| have homes and estates of their own |structure would appear to await only hrase about self-determina- | now, with large families u\bd' hvfi:;ch&x‘l'ge wl:n‘cunn of the younger members and jealous wives. And sentiments of family unity and arity which wreath’ solid- the London gath- The bankers have made great efforts | a religious dogma, are begin- | he flags are flying and the | always the politician, has bent an ear THE SUNDAY STAR, WASHINGION, D. C., | SCRUBWOMEN WILL AFFECT WORLDi ( NE hot day, when the busi- ness depression was worst, I visited two of the largest cor- poraticns in the world. I talked with the treasurer of one and with the chairman of the Finance Committee of the other—and these are men, I may tell you, in whose make- up sentimentality plays very little part. They had been looking at red figures until their eyeballs burned. They were entirely unwilling to predict when their industries would improve. But each of them uttered the same fervent exclamation: “If ering in frequent smoke clouds the family members watch one another with tight mouths and shrewd eyes. A group of industrial oligarchists sit- ting across the table at main headquar- ters could settle this business of eco- | nomic co-ordination in no time, huge and complicated as it is. They would allot the industrial job to England, with her enormous experi- ence, her huge pool of mechanical ability and trained and hardy work- men, her coal and iron in juxtaposi- tion (essential perquisite of industrial- ism), her energetic movement to make up her lag in large-scale organization. ‘The dominions would be developed as reservoirs of raw material and food. Some branch factories necessarily would be established overseas, coal fields and water power developed, some lines of industry diverted there. But the whole tendency of the overseas lands to start small competitive industries and pro- tect them by tariff walls would be checked. Also the dominions’ tendency to buy foreign—and especially Ameri- ;:.n—producu on a price or quality is. But industrial oligarchists do not have to reckon with human nature, ‘They don't lose their jobs in the dis- content consequent upon large-seale reorganizations and mighty shifts of specialized activity from one continent to another., Politiclans are not so lucky. | And the biggest fact in the empire sur- vey, as in the world survey, is the pre- dominance of the nationalist politician. India’s Interests Alone Considered. Hertzog has nothing to give away, nor_has Cosgrave. The representatives | of India cannot commit themselves to anything that will not benefit India immediately and materially. Bennett is all business. Scullin wants a cut of 1 per cent on Australia’s loan interest (relieving her of payments of tens of | millions of dollars annually) and a| larger market in England for Australian | products to help him out of the polit-| ico-financial jam he is in. He risi his political existence if he offers Eng- | land market advantages which cut| across Australia’s own industries, al- ready depressed and now facing doubled unemployment among the workers. They all want something. The im- perial tie for them this time means nothing unless interpreted in terms of | mutual economic advantage. If some sort of harmony existed at this time between production and con- sumption the family would find its problem easier. But the bountifulness of nature has turned on exploiting man and given him a swift kick. This im- perial family is not interested now in talk of lands flowing with milk and honey. They have so much milk and honey it makes them sick. What they| want at the moment is an outlet for| the same, and at a price that is not below the cost of production markets. They all hunger for markets. Give them the markets and protection is just a Jaugh, Give them the word and any| one of them will guarantee to snow | under any market anywhere. Special Duties Occupy Thomas. MacDonald is leaving Thomas to do| the spade work on the conference grounds. Thomas gets on with colo- nials. He has a son high up in the Canadian Railways. He is bluff, shrewd, simple, a “card.” MacDonald is more at home at Geneva. He prefers re- sounding phrases to figures, preaching to argument, and this empire business | never has been the strong line. He has no strong bias in favor of the trader or industrialist, and ever turns to a professor rather than a practical man if he wants to inquire into any aspect of business or finance. He doesn't like the way the empire has been built up. Grab and exploi- tation. Mercenary merchants, soul- less slave traders, commercial mission- aries, mutineers, deported criminals, adventurers, arrogant soldiers, roaring sailors, cunning diplomatists—he sees these old empire builders too clearly behind the imposing facade which em- braces one-fourth of the habitable sur- face of the earth and one-fourth of its inhabitants. However, he is based on England, and his party in England makes or breaks him. If Europe would only help him by crashing her tariff bar- riers, and America would make a ges- ture by inviting the payment of war debts in kind instead of cash, how happy he would be! How he would turn on these empire free traders, pro- tectionists, imperialists, and throw his long ‘arms around Mr. Snowden’s neck and call him brother! For “the world” is a phrase which comes easily to his lips; he finds the word “empire” hard to utter. But two million jobless men han around his neck like a millstone, an he is struggling in deep waters. Elo- quence won't crash tariff walls, nor sonorous phrases alter human nature. The empire lands represent the only expanding markets left on_earth for England. Hence Ramsay Macdonald, to the echoes coming from the Beaver- brook sounding board. Macdonald’s Attitude Defined. If the development of interempire trade at the expense of free trade with the world is going to cut into the local unemployment problem, Mac- Donald is for it. If Lloyd George sees the majority swinging that way, he, also, will be for it, especially if it {looks like providing him at last with the bridge back to ministerial office and power. And as the Torles are al- ready for it. the laying of the foun- dations of the new imperial economic ks ing from the League. only we can pull through with- out having to cut wages!” ‘When you stop to think about it, that is an astonishing phe- nomenon. Twenty-five years ago men in similar positions would have sald immediately: “Business is off 10 per cent; slash wages 20 per cent.” The same sort of executives who used to assume that the way to cure depression was by cutting wages are now con- vinced that the way to cure it is not to cut. That is one principal fact which makes the current de- pression different from its predecessors. That is prog- ress! OCLUBER 5, 1930—PART TWO. By Bruce Barton History has a curious way of upsetting contemporary judg- ments. Many of the events which seem important to men and women while they are liv- ing prove insignificant in the eyes of the ages. And some very little things later loom large. Who was King of Spain in 1666? I do not remember. But I do recall that in 1666 an ap- ple fell and hit Isaac Newton. What was Warren Harding? ‘Who were Calvin Coolidge and Herbert Hoover? Some future schoolboy may be puzzled by those inquiries. But unless I am very much mistaken every future history book will lay emphasis on two (Copyright, 1930 IN LATIN AMERICA By GASTON NERVAL. UPSETTING THE LEAGUE. HAT the Latin American repub- lics are growing conscious of their political influence and the role they are entitled to play in world affairs is being clearly shown by the open and energetic at- titude they are adopting in the League of Nations. Heretofore Latin American action has been almost nil in the League. The big European powers looked upon Latin American countries with a disparaging air of superiority and had only a broad smile of sympathy for their aspira- tions. This because each of the Latin American delegations followed a dis- tinet policy and tried to get along by itself, ingenuously believing that the long-heralded equality of nations was to have a realization in the League. ‘They had been told that this interna- | tional gathering was to be the mate- rialization of long-dreamed ideals of equality, and that each nation, the smallest as well as the biggest, would have an equal right to speak and to speak loudly. Thus the Latin American countries had joined the League eager- ly, expecting to sit beside the great powers. ‘They soon began to realize, however, that ideals are still bit ideals and that in the twentieth century force and ma- terial supremacy are still the last words in international relations. Devoted en- tirely to their own European compli- cations and imbroglios, the big powers paid little attention to their younger Latin sisters anld did not even show much concern when some of them an- nounced their intention of withdraw- Argentina, Bo- livia, Peru, Costa Rica and Brazil with- drew their delegates on different grounds and have only recently re- turned to the League’s Assemblies, with the exception of the last two. But this time they have returned with different intentions. They have learned their lesson. Preliminary to the opening of the League's Assembly all the Latin American delegates got to- gether and decided to constitute a re- gional bloc for the exercising of joint action. And obviously a powerful one. “In union there is strength.” As soon as the announcement of this “peace alliance” among the Latin American representatives to the League was made, reports were spread in in- ternational circles that the Latin Amer- ican bloc would immediately exercise its influence to gain a larger participa- tion in the Permanent Tribunal of the World Court, a judicial body created and supported by the League. In a most emphatic way the delega- tions from 12 Latin American govern- ments last August addressed the secre- tariat of the League protesting against the exclusive European control prevail- ing in the World Court and asking that three benches in the Court be granted to Latin American countries instead of the two theretofore allotted. And although their aspirations caused much discussion in league circles, the | Latin Americans have just had an op- portunity to prove the value of unified action. " Emphatically s0o when this action is justified and energetically put forth. Last week, their desires were fulfilled when the League's Council elected three Latin American judges among the 15 who are to compose the Permanent Tribunal of International Justice of the World Court. They are Sanchez de Bustamante, from Cuba: Guerrero, from El Salvador, and Urrutia, from Colombia. From now on Latin America will play an important role in the World Court. And very likely it will have a decisive influence in_ other questions of high importance intrusted to the league if the Latin American bloc sticks together. PAN-AMERICAN TRADE. ‘The creation of a “Pan-American In- stitute of Reciprocal Trade” has just been announced as the result of an in- ternational gathering of business men and trade representatives recently held in Sacramento, Calif. ‘The purposes of this institute, which is the principal outcome of the first Pan-American Reciprocal Trade Con- ference, will be to organize future con- ferences; to further tl e canying out of resolutions and recommendations of sald conférences; to establish active perma- nent relations with all organizations connected with inter-American trade, tourist travel and culture; to serve as a medium for the dissemination of infor- mation on Pan-American subjects, and world divided into three or four for- midable rival economic blocs; for the new imperial line-up would undoubt- edly hasten the economic unification of Europe. Some think this will lead to another war on the grand scale as trade rivalries are intensified and mighty groups, instead of single large nations, struggle for raw materials and markets. On the other hand, more sanguine prophets, among whom I subscribe my- self, see this group as the last stage on the road to world agreements rer{:alatln( the flow of trade, of raw material sup- plies, production, markets and labor conditions, as politicians lose their old predominance based upon national in- terests and emotions, and the big bankers, the leaders of commerce and the u{ums of industry get together and settle the greater economic prob- lems on & business basis instead of amily. If that sanction forthcoming, # anouid™ ot e g velore e 854 3 appeals to national passion and s resort o arms. - by | Leguia_streets to co-operate with the governments of American countries. ‘The most interesting feature of this new institution is its unofficial charac- ter. Commenting upon the opening of the Sacramento conference, I said some weeks ago that this was to be but a friendly meeting of producers, fruit growers, representatives of trade bodies and commercial associations and all others interested in the development of markets for the products of the American countries, with no official | character whatsoever. “This is a gath- ering of business men,” I said, “who are not interested in finding out who started the Mexican-American War, who sent the Marines to Nica: gested the policy of the ‘big stick’ in the Caribbean zone.” And this is why & great deal of good could be expected from this businesslike conference whose llt n was “Come, let us reason to- gether.” In announcing the establishment of the institute, the directors of the Sac- ramento conference stress the fact that it 1s bound to fill the long-felt need for an unofficial clearing house for purely Pan-American problems, which shall be free from all red tape and political influence and be based upon “good will,” co-operation and reciprocity between the agriculturists, industrialists and merchants of the hemisphere.” It is this unofficial status that makes the new body the more important and that has caused the Latin American countries to rejoice at the news of its creation. First, because it will allow business men of bhoth sides of the Rio Grande to speak in a business way of their mutual and better trade relations, without the limitations proper to official gatherings, such, for instance, as those organ| by the Pan-American Union, too closely connected with the politics of the governments concerned. And sec- ondly, because the Latins believe that this mde?enflent institute for the pro- motion of inter-American trade will be & determining factor in suppressing, or at least diminishing, tariff barriers, the greatest hindrance to continental com- merce. One of the resolutions approved by the Sacramento conference provides that the Pan-American Institute of Reciprocal Trade take the necessary steps to “bring before the United States Tarift Commission the inequalities that exist with respect to Pan-American products in order that the flexible tariff clause may be applied for the pu of furthering pan-American commercial reclprocity.” though it is difficult to see how far it will succeed in solving the tariff prob- lem, the Trade Institute could accomplish much, both by seeking markets for the sur- zluu- in products of the various coun- involved, discovering new uses for uhlyd roducts, popularizing new ones, and be cut, unnecessary and irritating re- a or who sug- & reasonable degree of uniformity. The Sacramento conference has made & good start in analyzing some of the reasons why trade between the Amer- lcas is not easier and in pointing out remedies to make it easier through co- operative acticn. But a permanent body continually seeking means to avoid these difficulties will be able to effect constant improvement. FOR SAKE OF DEMOCRACY. I have spoken here on several occa- sions of the entirely new and unique characteristics of the present political restlessness in some of the Latin-Ameri- can republics, where a complete change of the political mind, full of interest- ing aspects, is taking place. I have repeatedly pointed out that this is not just another series of selfish and ambitious “coupe d’etat” in the turbulent history of Latin American litics. The latest movements in Bo- ivia, Peru and Argentina, I have al- ways believed, are the expression of a general and psychological reaction stressed by economic which is seeking, not only the substitu- tion of certain men in power, but the adoption of political ideas and stand- ards essentially new. ‘Two instances which I read of in the Bolivian newspapers strengthen my be- lief. One of them refers to a recent decree issued by the provisional govern- ment of that country prohibiting abso- nmx'y the flattering of living political chieftains or leaders by the naming of streets, public buildings or geographical divisions for them, no matter how emi- nent their services to the country or to any special locality may be. The same decree prohibits government em- ployes from entertaining or organizing superiors or of high officials of the administration. The printing of postage stamps with the portraits of living per- sonages is also prohibited. It is unnecessary to recall the fact that all these practices which the new government’s decree forbids were until now traditional in Bolivian political life, as well as in that of other Latin American countries. It was considered but natural hereto- fore that political adherents should pro- pose the naming of streets, avenues or plazas for the chief executive or for the ministers of state, and that the citi- zens thus honored should take advan- | tage of such interested flattering to boast of their popularity. Former Pres- ident Leguia of Peru held a record in this respect, for there were not only and Leguia Lima and all Pvrubu‘fivw perk, public bi§idings, schoolt, &ort- Pan-American _Reciprocal | ding ways in which red tape can | ds strictions removed and laws codified to | against dictatorial forms of government, | complications, | public manifestations in honor of their | developments which have taken place under our very eyes. They will tell that a boy named Lindbergh flew across the Atlantic Ocean. And that a man named Ford announced that he would pay all workers, even scrubwomen, a minimum of $5 a day. The idea that high wages make prosperity, that the key to good business lies not in the safe deposit boxes of million- aires, but is carried in the pocket of every worker—this is something entirely new. It holds the hope of the fu- ture. Whatever else may have to be discarded, American busi- ness must not surrender that American idea! ing flelds, etc, were named for the Peruvian President during his 11-year administration, which came to a vio- lent end only last month. And the Peruvian dictator went even farther to impress upon his people his ‘“self- made” popularity and his greatness. He had gold medals coined showing his bust, together with that of Bolivar, the | liberator of the country. This kind of | “self-immortalization” will no longer | be_permitted under the Bolivian decree. Neither will there be permitted the almost traditional practice of currying favor with the authorities by entertain- ing them publicly or presenting them with gifts or nice bouquets of flowers. Prior to the junta's decree the shortest way to & government job was in dining rooms or in public manifestations of political adherence. ‘The other instance of democratic ma- turity in present-day Bolivian politics is given by the firm resolution of the members of the governing military junta to serve in their highly responsible positions without emoluments, refusing to draw from the national treasury a single cent outside of their legal pro- fessional salaries. The high army offi- cers in charge of the different cabinet posts, as well as those presiding over the provincial governments in the inte- rior of he country, are drawing only their usual salaries in accordance with their respective military ranks, None of them is paid extra for his the administration. Accordingly the civil advise: nent statesmen and political appointed to collaborate with the mili- tary junta—are also serving “ad-hon- orem,” which results, of course, in a great saving for the national budget. In this unselfish, altruistic way the men in charge of the Bolivian govern- ment are contributing to the economic recovery and stability of the country. And in this way they are giving proof of a noble spirit of disinterestedness which is new in Latin American poli- tics and which discloses the idealism characteristic of this revolutionary ten- dency, which is sweeping away ana- chronistic vernments, old prejudices and bad political habits that flourished on the other side of the Rio Grande. ‘The same newspapers which give ac- count_of this high-spirited attitude of the Bolivian leaders tell also the strange fact—very strange indeed in Latin American politics—that the pro- visional President of that country, Gen. Blanco Galindo, has no other escort or bodyguard than a tiny, faithful dog, which walks by his side when he goes about alone through the streets of La Paz and sleeps at his door when the President retires to take a nap. No military aids, no police guard, no gov- ernment detectives. Such, verily, is “the sleep of the just.” (Copyright, 1930.) PUBLIC LIBRARY Recent accessions to the Public Li- brary and lists of recommended reading will appear in this column every Sun- ay. In the Technology Division. Bushnell, C. H. Diesel Engine Opera- tion. TBN-B966. Cockerell, Douglass. Some Notes on Bookbinding. ZK-C643s. K. Practical Science for the Dry ing Industry. RQQ—C'I",:Y. Edwards, J D., and others. The Alumi- num Industry. 2 v. RFA-Ed 9. Schmidt, L. A. 'Mechanics of Account- ing. HKB-Sch53. Stevens, C. W. Handbook on Concrete and Lime. SDGF-8St48. Widder, Mrs, V. R. Apartment and Apartment Hotel Management. RYH-W63. Willoughby, G. A. Electric Motor Work. TGV-W68. Woolley, E. M. Writing for Real Money. 1928, HKA-W88w. Research in Education. Bixler, H. H. Check Lists for Educa- tional Research. IPA-BS55. search in Education. IPA-C85t. , C. V. How to Do Research in Education. IPA-G59. Tllinois University College of Education, Bureau of Educational Research. Ten Years of Education Research, 1918-1927. IPa-Il 56. Travel. Buck, O. M. India Looks to Her Pu- G ture. G69-B85. Cheng, Tcheng. A Son of China. G66- C42E. Legendary Germany. Saunders, C. F. and O'Sullivan, St. John. Chpistrano Nights. G941~ Sas8c. Wood, Earnest. An Englishman De- fends Mother India. G69-W85. Economic and Social Problems. | American Academy of Political and So- cial Science, Phila. Economics of World Peace. H@-Am3Te. Crawford, C. C. The Technique of Re- | that INATIONAL COLONIAL MONUMENT CREATED Government Is Linking Triple Shrines of History, Jamestown, Yorktown and Williamsburg, (Continued From First Page.) region by the Federal authorities al- ready have been taken. When the project is completed the most historic area of its size in America will have been restored and set aside as a perma- nent memorial to the pre-Revolutionary period. Tourists from all parts of the world are expected to visit this small neck of land between the James apd the York Rivers. While Williamsburg, when the restora- tion is finished, will be unlike anything else on the planet, and while there is much that E charming at_ Yorktown, it is probably to Jamestown that visitors will be chiefly attracted. For it was there—the Pilgrim Fathers to the con- trary notwithstanding—that the founda- tions of American civilization were laid. ‘The Mayflower was merely one of nu- merous ships which sailed from Eng- land in 1620 for Virginia under the auspices of the Virginia Company. ‘When she got off her course and land- ed by mistake*on the bleak coast of Massachusetts, Virginia had been an established colony for 13 years. More than a year before the “Mayflower Compact” was signed and more than & year before Plymouth was settled the first representative assembly in the New World, the Virginia House of Bur- gesses, met at Jamestown. The plan to have the Federal Gov- ernment acquire a large part of the Jamestown-Willlamsburg-Yorktown area originated in the mind of William E. Carson, chairman of the Virginia Con- servation and Development Commission. He saw that some one_ would have to take over Jamestown Island and the Yorktown Battlefield in the near future to save them from commercial exploita- tion and virtual destruction. Private Mr. Carson realized that with the great influx of tourists which these bridges would bring there also would come the inevitable con- portioned and suitably restored house of worship, with a tower dating back beyond the middle of the seventeenth century, surrounded by fragmentary tombs of the early settlers. There is little else to be seen on the island. Foundations of the State House, burned by Bacon; foundations of several early residences; various monuments, including one erected by the Federal Government, statues of Capt. John Smith and Pocahontas and the ruins of the Ambler House, a pre- Revolutionary mansion, are the prinei- pal objects which meet the eye of the visitor, in addition to the church. Glory Lies in the Past. Thus Jamestown's glory lles almost wholly in_its past. Like the ruins of Kenilworth Castle, stending in the quiet English meadows, or the deserted temples at Paestum, thrusting. up, after 20 centuries, like gray colossi from the bare Itallan plain, it is a place for meditation and reverie. One can sit in the old church yard as the river ripples by and the shadows lengthen and con- jure up visions in the dusk of the herolc and indomitable men and women who bled and died on this soil to found a nation. Cavaliers in knee breeches and silver buckles who fell in combat with the redskins; honest yoe- men who managed to ward off the scalping knife but yielded to the still more déadly malaria: godly ministers of the Church of gland who liked their dreams to be as regular as their homilies, and who cared for the souls of the colonists until laid low by disease, famine or an arrow stres from & nearby thicket; and strong-wilied wives who came undaunted to be owned and controlled by the Federal Government, thus making it possible ing | for all billboards, filling stations and of wiener stands and gasoline pumps would be suited to this quiet peninsula, with its more than three centuries of history and its glorious memories. Solt Washing Away. - In addition to the impending influx of tourists, there was the fact that the portion of Jamestown Island which is not protected by a sea wall has been washing away for many years, and the further fact that no effort is being made to preserve the Yorktown Battlefield, parts of which had been turned into golf links. Thus it see e imperative that immediate steps e taken to have either the State or the Federal Gov- ernment assume control of the region— and the State was financially unable to undertake such an ambitious program. The next task which devolved upon the chairman of the Virginia Conserva. project. He found Mttl difficulty in doing so. President Hoover and Secretary of the Interior Wilbur were both favorably impressed; Horace M. Albright, director of the National Park Service, became enthusiastic over in | the plan, and Representative Louis C. Cramton of Michi, agreed to spon- sor & bill putting it into effect. With such substantial backing there never was much doubt that the measure would pass. Under its terms $500,000 can be ap- propriated by Congress for the develop- ment and restoration of the area. It is generally felt that the Government later will increase this sum substan- tially. The State of Virginia has set aside $100,000 toward the purchase of Jamestown Island. Sea Wall to Encircle Island. After the island is acquired, it is to build a sea wall entirely around it to supplement the compara- tively short length of wall constructed :l'l;;e byd n:; Federal ?ov&mmenl in an: us prevent any further erosion by the river. The tentative plans also call for draining the marshes which cover about half of the island, planting trees and shrubs of the kinds which the settlers found on their ar- rival in 1607 and possibly restoration of the original “towne,” with its log houses and triangular stockade. Jamestown Island is 1,537 acres in extent and all but 23!, acres of this 1s privately owned. The latter portion, generally regarded as the most historic part, has for 37 years been the prop- erty of the Association for the Preser- vation of Virginia Antiquities. Under the terms of the Cramton bill it will :’emnln lln the h‘:g:! of this organiza- on as long as associaf wwk;ep 1:;‘ tion wishes en the A. P. V. A. was gi: 23Y; acres in 1893 by m.'l'.?fi ‘%‘;: Edward E. Barney, owners of the island, that part of it, as well as most of the remainder, was a wilderness of tangled vines, matted undergrowth and swamp. Originally the capital of the colony, Jamestown had been reduced to ashes by Nathaniel Bacon in his rebellion against Gov. Berkeley in 1676. It never recovered from this blow. State House Again Destroyed. In 1698 the State house, which had been rebuilt, was again destroyed by fire. The following year the General Assembly voted to make Williamsburg the capital, and Jamestown was al- lowed to fall into neglect. Weeds grew in its once busy streets and the place was given over to desolation and decay. Where the brick church had stood in better years there remained only the tower, its crumbling masonry the haunt of bats and swallows, a gaunt reminder of (;:fn ,“"’;‘:};d pest. lon ers as to the rox spot at which the Sarah cfimm and the Discovery burled their prows in the sands of the James on May 13, 1607. Some experts believe the settlers disembarked on land now owned by the association and erected their village of log huts there. On the other hand, at least one care- ful researcher holds firmly to the con- viction that the landing and first set- tlement were half a mile downstream from this portion of the island. It is to be hoped that further investigation and study will bring about a reconcilia- tion of these divergent views and fix for all time the Eot where the heroic little band spent the first terrible years in_the new world. Malaria and dysentery, superinduced by the swampy and mosquito infested marsh land, combined with the dread- ful shortage of food and the butchery of the colonists by the Indians, almost wiped them out more than once. By the Spring of 1610, following ®hat was known as the “Starving Tyme” of the previous Winter, only 60 breathing skeletons remained alive of the 500 menmlzer:hot thte"oolunx ut the settlers hung on throug! famine and pestilence :nd slaughter. Laidler, H. W., and Thomas, N. M. ‘The Socialism of Our Times. 143s0. Page, Kirby. A New Economic Order. HC-P 14n. JH-L Teaching. Farley, A. A. The Psychology of Teach- ing. IKI-F22p. Kelty, M. G. Teaching American His- tory in the Middle Grades. F83- 1K2: Monroe, W. S. Directing Learning in the High School. IP-M757d. Morris, E. H. Personal Traits and Suc- [ Mossman, L. C. Iples of cess in Telchlnfl; IQT-M83. and Prlnul}n Elementary School. n.fi.u; Another fearful disaster occurred some years later when 400 men, women and children were struck down without warning by the Indians in the great massacre of 1622. But despite the toma- hawk’s ghastly toll the colony managed to_survive, ‘The 23}, acres owned by the Associa- tion for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities are in good condition today. The old brick tower, a lonely sentinel there since 1676 when the church was set on fire by Nathaniel Bacon himself, was patched up when the assoclation acquired the land on which it stood. Colonial Dames rebuilt the church th | form of a lion's similar eyesores to be eliminated. The highway will either pass Williamsburg or skirt its edge. ancient town, restored to its eighteenth century state and conf 1 scores of historic buildings, will, of course, be visited by every tourist to the area. Plans for Surrender Field. A few miles farther on, at Yorktown, the surrender fleld will be made an important part of the monument, while the battlefield will be taken over and the trenches and redoubts restored. there in an elaborate manner in October of next year, and those in charge of ar- rangements for this celebration are anxious for the program of development and restoration to be carried forward s far as practicable by that time. It i.'luranble that a great memorial hall be erected on the battlefeld. The landscape in and about York- town today is not greatly unlike that which met the e; of the opposing there nearly a century and a half lfio Along the streets of this sleepy little village, perched on bluffs above the York River, are quaint build- ing of the colonial era, with dormer windows and brick walls 2 feet thick. ‘The atmosphere is elghteenth century, a river the fleet of De Grasse spanning the channeli the Prominent am landmarks in the town are &? Nelson House, the ing it for his juarters. Several cannon balls may s be seen in the walls. A block away is the oldest cus- toms house in America, built about 1708, and beyond the town limits the Moore House, where the terms of the surren- der were drawn up. The Moore House b been reconditioned by Mr. Rocke- eller. Memorable Events Visualized, ‘Those who visit Yorktown after the now obliterated trenches and redoubts have been restored should find it an easy matter to visualize the events of that memorable siege. Cornwallis pere mitted Lafayette and Steuben to ma- neuver him. into a precarious position there during the Summer of 1781. The American and French forces were soon augmented by thousands of other troops under Washington and Rochambeau, 'r);iue 2"i.l:e thax;ch lln@r':‘nfler De Grasse arrived af e psychological moment from the West Indies. After a ite resistance Cornwallis ‘saw that less than 8,000 men could not cope with the 16,000 who hemmed them in. Nothing was left but surrender. The surrender fleld where, for all rl’lctlfll purposes, the American - ution came to an end, is still to be seen today. It will be set apart by the Fed- eral Government, along with the fleld on which the battle was fought. Under the terms imposed by Washington, the British were required to march out with shouldered a colors cased and drums beating a British or German march, and to ground their arms at & place assigned for the purpose. Accordingly on October 19, 1781, the captive army marched out with colors cased, its band playing appropriately enough. “The World Turned Upside Down.” When the order to ground arms was given, many of the soldiers are said by an eyewitness in the Con- tinental Army to have “manifested & sullen temper, throwing their arms on the pile as if determined to render them e ended th lege of us _en e s of Yorkto which brought the colonial era '& America to a close. That era had its gs & few miles away in the ag- ony and travail, the fortitude and valor of the early settlers at Jamestown, and reached one of its highest peaks in the picturesque pageantry and civilized con- viviality of nearby Williamsburg. Sure- ly a National Colonial Monument which links three such spots will su: in historic interest anything of the kind in the Western Hemisphere. Important Objects Found at Pompeii New excavations at Pompell have brought to light several important obe Jects. A three-legged marble table, the top of which is missing, 1s one par- ticularly interesting piece. Students have advanced the theory that this table was at one time the property of Casca, one of the murderers of Julius Caesar. The three legs are each in the , surmounted by a lion’s head and on the top of each head is a square block, on which the actual table top rested. In fact on the sur- face of each of the three house in front of which the table was found. Yet it is not improbable, noted acheologists say, that the table was purchased by some other patrician living at Pompeii and brought there from Rome.