Evening Star Newspaper, August 31, 1930, Page 15

EVOLUTIONARY CHANGES DEMAND NEW METHODS Super-intelligence Is Present Need or Nature’s Works May Be Wrecked by Natural Enemies. By m. . SELDON. Jutlon, ““Tale dicys materially n dif- ution. < differs materially in dif- Tisa g;cull%" thing f.}‘cfl }‘*:bg‘l'r"g:g ferent forms of life. Many insects, the T Ul Ao st "when it | A0t among them, have not changed ma- curiosity il wn‘m}’né»d as to its | terially since the early tertiary period. e S0 e e ur own | Man has changed rapldly since the first tvee e e be. burious. to | Tecords. The rate of evolution appears Il:hnnv:' what is going to happen e armend :},”Su;u’ii‘«‘i"thi';?{.""’?i“& an we are to know what happened | yesterday. Yet, beyond the ]\\)‘ml of ||G0% pOsstbie - At some FERES Reth of ?‘Elhg‘:m Inteeent “an;‘f;‘: it | man, like the ant marks time? In that BRRADE o the tomorrow of e Thos. | e A o ke 0o Some are willing to believe that we are | ant may approach a form which may descended from monkeys, from apes, the | pe ideal for his purposes. This is es- grhl::;rgml Qoze, fmn:v mr;xh‘mffls- N"‘" | pecially likely if we continue our prog- s % e ¢ | velopment of tools may preven s g:" arrived, and ,““h‘ man \&fllv lfw; ever breeding a race of individuals ure has oes the ant: yel quite ‘possibie crowning glory, man, which cannot be | that he may develop a race with large im) :g;:d; i I e s | Pkt we another with large :nuscles moorhaps the, teaching that man was| unjess the development of -machines e ecunc]uum:\ o :avr‘ 0-} gl | make the latter unnecessary. In that IR Mbking about S, Ao fetl LN | o O e g Lot there s much room for further suc- i e e cesses on the part of nature. We know from the findings of scientists that man | Race May Retrogress. changed considerably during the geo-! As a third possibility man may re- logical ages, and there is no reason to |trogress. While it .would be most un- suspect that he is through changing, | likely that man would evolve back- il oms ity atory. ward, eventually becoming whatsver he oF story. was to begin with, there is, neverthe- Possibly one of the reasons, perhaps |less, the possibility that he may become the major one, why is | less and less fitted for his purposes by ;fini‘:a“m;_ future of man than to his | changes in other directions. This, how- that a study o he future ap- ever, is contrary to e laws of evolu- pears to be less scientific and has ther fore not attracted the attention of the sclentist who wishes to be taken seri- |effect that we are becoming a race of One can unravel the history of | weaklings, but it is not st all likely | of geological dis- | that this is true. A moment’s thought Soverles which are constently being un- | will show that man has hecome more earthed by expeditions to ry corner | and morc able to cope wi the difi- of the globe. It is similar to, and has | culties of livinz. There seems little rea the same fascination for as the son to believe that this steady prog- unraveling of a murder my by the |ress will cease. Man will becoms better Emparienced detective. RS L Detter abie to take care of himself. can tell pretty well the channels into | Mutations Fered, which an individual mind is likely to| There remain two other charce fac- lead its owner through a study of past | tors which may be of major importance bghavior, so it is possible to determine | in. shaping the destiny of the race. to some extent the direction in which | These are mutations and evolutionary man may be expected to travel, both |cycles. The former are mot at all likely by & study of his own past and also | to change tne course which destiny has at of other earth inhabitants that|set for us. A mutation is a sudden have been the subject of evolutionary | change in the species. It is a change forces which have led them along other | which might have required several cen- paths to their present forms. | turies to complete by the usual slow x | method. Such changes can be brought study, it | irradiation w -rays and other rays, 15 only possible o get a glimpse of the |and s on® They oecur only rarely from future from the suggestions which have | natural causes. In general the shanges been made by such outstanding students | wrought in this way are untbisirable. g’renerv;m?;% 3 Dr. Austin dc%rk. Dr. | Individuals so produced mory often e sborne and Dr. Ales | than not become monstrosities. B o iniy ot e baais vmbkm!; As even evolutionary changes require confronting students of evolution a5 out: | s hor e eraual . Brabbesd lined by Dr. Hrdlicka suggested this ar- | tnrough a mutation has a particularly ticle. It seemed to the author that these | difficult time to adapt himself to the basic problems, which numbered siX, | new conditions which his peculiarity formed the only uncertainties of the |forces upon him. Unless the change z}n?;e &S wr}]l as o; the past. A study | has been a particularly favorable one wh“esfhgrf‘ ag?;flm ]sa! {95: Sh'w: us | such an individual 1s not likely to sur- P les of the future vive and to produce projeny. may be. | As an answer to any one of them | Evolution Speeded Up. may affect the others, it is quite clear| When we realize that after all mu- that there may result an enormous | tations are merely examples of speeded number of possible futures for the race. |up evolution it is apparent that they But, ia any ovent, as we go on it will | fall into another classification already > lot:vxuus that the race is not at all| discussed; that of the rate of evolu- ely to stay what it now | tionary change. That there should Possibly one of the first questions we | suddenly be produced a mutation of should Jike to I.ave answered is whether | some existing form which would be- man will be here or mot. We know |come powerful enough to dispute the that the sun is good for countless ages, | supremacy of man appears most un- S0 that the only likelihood of man's|likely. Yet the possibility exists and completely disappearing is through the | carnot be ignored. action of some other forms of life. We | The remaining possibility, that of have long heard of the death struggle | eyolutionary cycles, must be considered, of man against the insects. Sometimes | and there is some reason to believe that ion. We hear demagogues raving to the life may take a spurt forward while | {ing met first one and then the other in | THE SUNDAY STAR, WASHINGTON, | BY LOWELL THOMAS, N THE international political stage the second act of a ro- mantic Oriental drama has come to an end. The leading personalities in this act are two extraordinary and picturesque men. It s0 happens that I know them both, hav- remote places and under unusual cir-! cumstances. The other day in a sumptuous palace | on the Tigris, near Bagdad, an impos- | ing document of state was signed. It was a treaty in which Great Britain granted complete indepengence to the Kingdom of Irak, the treaty to take effect in 1932, That Mesopotamian land of the two glamorous rivers, the Tigris | and the Euphrates, where in ancient | D. C, AUGUST 31, 1930—PART TWO days flashed the imperial glory of Baby- lon “and Nireveh, where in later years the Caliphs lived their fanciful days and thousand and one nights,’ is about to become one of the fully formed, duly circumscribed nations of the world. It was given to Britain under the man- date system at the close of the World | War, and the new treaty of independ-| I met Feisal during the World War. ence stands as the first instance of one | when he, with the assistance of the now of the victorious nations yielding up a|almost legendary Col. Lawrence, was mandate. 4 leading the Arabs in their revolt against Two men dominated the historic occa- | the Turks. He is a gifted diplomat sion. One was an Arab, A man with|The way he has surmounted one vast delicate hands and dreaming eyes, | mountain range of difficulties after an- Feisal I, King of Irak; the other a tall | other since the World War and survived Englishman with cropped mustache and | to become the king of an important quiet, reticent manner, one of Great: country is witness of that. No less a Britain's far-journeying pro-consuls, Sir | witness his shrewd, resourceful pa- Francis Humphrys, British high com-|iience when he was leading his wild missioner. 1 had opportunity to observe | raiders back in 1917. He had to be the and study Feisal at a time when one'subtlest diplomat then, a master of per- could witness his talents and capacities at their best. Sir Francis Humphrys I met a few years later under singular conditions and in a place very different and far distant. LEFT: FEISAL I, KING OF IRAK. RIGHT: AUDA ABU TAYL it looks almost as though the insects ‘were getting the best of the battle. Yet | ts were here long before man, and man has progressed constantly to a more favorable position as compared to them. He is constantly improving his | methods of warfare, which the insects | are not doing. | In the same way he is conquering | bacterial disease. He has survived the | dinosaurs and the Ice Age. What enemy has he left which may prove too | powerful for him? We may search the earth in vain at present. But who can say that new forms will not arise? it not possible that the creation of 1i ing 1ormsh1§ fiull g‘muK on by that same process which evolved man and all our | other living forms? | New Scourges May Arise. It may be true that there are many well developed forms which would at once attack any new form whi¢h might arise, thus making it appear well nigh impossible for an* new creation to gain a foothold, yet, should this ogcur, it guarantees in advance that the new form will be well able to take care of | itself. Of this Dr. Hrdlicka says: i “That there is a possibility of such a | development caanot be denied. There | may even be felt some apprehension, ‘There might arise new scourges, Per- haps some of the scourges of the past could be thus explained.” Other authorities have laid the blame for such scourges on the transporta- | tion to our earth of living organisms from outer space, perhaps from other | planets or from stars many millions of | miles away. Experience has shov such organisms can live und extreme conditions in some c is this that makes them so hard to attack. We shall perhaps never know whether the danger of the o e of new forms exists or not. The proc- ess of development would be so slow that we could never tell whether the organism had had its birth on the | earth, had come to us from outer space or had been present all the time and had merely developed to dangerous pro- portions through the advent of favor- able conditions such cycles may exist, then we have the same problem as would be produced by a backward evolution, but not quite 50 serious. Man may again go back {o the cave stage and protect himself against his enemies with a gnawed-off bene. The chiet danger in such a case would be extermiantion during this wedkened period. May Control Own Destiny. There remains but one last possibil- ity which holds more promise for a bril- liant future for the race than could ever otherwise be attained. He may become so advanced that the way will be open to him to control his own destiny. Already geneticists, in a small way, have been able to control develop- ment of insects and of animals. Each year adds discoveries in this direction. ‘With this growing mass of knowledge it becomes clear that eventually it will be possible to control the development of a man himself. This is at oncc an asset and a lia- bility. There is the danger that power- ful teols may be put in the haads of a race incapable of using thera. One trembles to think of what might hap- pen if we could control our own evolu- tionary changes. What kind of an ideal man would we attempt to produce, and would he be the right kind? Would | he be able to cope with situstions as they arise? Fortunately, it will be a few genera- tions before these possibilities may be expected to be within our reach. By that time we may have a more en- lightened viewpoint than is to be found in most quarters today. Made-to-Order Man Possible. As conditions change we may be able to mpet the emergencies—to produce | men |able to withstand the rigors of anotheer Ice Age. Or perhaps, through some ‘astronomical disturbance, it may be necessary to build up a resistance to a super-tropical heat. Men made to order! That is the ultimate. But let us first develop the super-intelligence which will be re- quired if we are not to wreck all that ure has so carefully construgted. Vienna Has Total of 18,000 Clubs With Every 80th Citizen President| VIENNA.—There are 18,000 cl Vienna. Every day, week or me members of these clubs regather, QuAfT lager, eat frankfurters, pass reo- lutions and further their humanitarian, sporting, commercial, musical and other diverse efforts Every eightieth Viennese is a presi- dent af & club. Therefore he is to be addressed as Her: President on &!l casions and so listed in the phone book. The frequency of this title even won attention from the na gov ernment of Austiia, and it t sued a solemn pronunciemento that the President of the Austrian Republic was to be distinguished as “Herr Doktor Bundes President,” and let no club president insert that und n his name! “Bundes” meaning federal Every fortieth Viennese is a vice pres- ident, most clubs here requiring several vice presidents, to say nothing of the secretary, treasurer end board of di- rectors that go along with the most humble organizat'on meeting in a small “salon,” which is I fashioned parlor with all the porcelain knick-knack: W ots and blinds dedr to the heait of a New land farmer’s wife ; Thirteen clerks in the Vie lce headquarters are kept bu ing the activities of these 18,000 club: Police ru'és in regard to clubs are very strict in Austria, and even the most in- significant hiking club of boys must register its every meeting in advance at police headquarters and kecp the names of its nfficers and meeting p.ace on pub- d. e ericin and Engliib newspsper ha nal Jus record- correspondents ran up against the in- tricacy of these regulations recently when they organized the Anglo-Ameri- can Press Association of Vierna. After meeting.and electing G. E. R. Gedye as president; Robert :3est, sec- ertary, and Dr. M. W. Fodor, treasurer, they learned all bets were election is illegal and must over again with a policeman present. The most popular organizations n Vienna are those devoted to Charity. Next come sport; and enteriainment clubs. There are 397 choral assocla- s, believed the largest number in city. Then there are the Cals' fends, the Canary Trainers and such like endeavorers. Thrift organizations, which go under such names is Farget- | Me-Not and Christmas Joy, also have {arge memberships. | ""But the most distinctive of them all s the Knighthood of the Formidable. This draws around the brimming vat, | which is the largest stein in the world, Vienna's best beer drinkers. Only they who can gilp its contents at one sit- ting make the grade of the knighthood. | Roman Relics Found Under Ancient Church Christian inscriptions, { marble and terra cotta vessels, pagan burial urns and sarcophagi have been unearthed in great humbers at the fourth century Church of St. Sebastian in the Applan ‘; Way, & mile and a half outside Rome's BY HENRY W. BUNN. HE following is a brief summaryl of the most important news of | the world for the seven days, ended August 30: o | ITALY—An Architectural Commis- sion, which has been at work for three | years investigating the problem of the increase of the stant of Pisa's Leaning | Tower, has just reported. The stant increasea by 10 millimeters between 1918 and 1929. The experts propose | injection of cement into the subsoil of clay and sand and fill holes and fis- sures and consolidate the foundation. Investigation of the records has ex- ploded the popular tradition that the builders, Romano Pisano of Innsbruck, deliberately g tower an inclination. It began to in cline when the second story had been | completed, and they bustled themselve: vainly to deal with the problem, mal ing sundry experiments with the sul soll, They nearly ceased building be- | yond the second story. Should the foundation be made ~ firm, -collapse should not be feared from the present inclination. l * K K % { POLAND—The Polish cabinet, headed | by Col. Stawek, has resigned, and the | great Marshal Joseph Pilsudski him- self has formed a new"cabinet, whose 13_members inciude 6 military men. It is no news to be told that the old marshal “doubts the value of so-called democratic ideas and still more of the parliamentary system,” which he char- acterizes as “sham government com: pelling one to live in a world of im- postures.” The main concern, as he sees it, should be “to change the con- stitution and make it workable, th present one being so carelessly written that its execution leads to chaos.” We are waiting to see precisely how the | marshal proposes to deal with this main concern. * kK K PERU—The other day a mutiny in- volving, apparently, both the army and navy of Peru, forced the resigna- tion of President Leguia, who for seven years had been quasi ator. A rev olutionary junta took dver the govern- ment. Throughout his tenure of power President Leguia strongly encouraged intimate relations between Peru and the United States, especially in the cconomic sphere. There is an Ameri- Naval Mission in Peru, headed b Capt. W. S. Pye, who has the rank of dral in the Peruvian Navy. , one-time an officer in our . is superintendent of the Peruvian Naval Academy, with the rank of cap- tain, and Harold P. Grow, a graduate of Annapolis and a lieutenant com- mander in the United States Naval Re- serve, is director general of the Peruvian air forces. in Peru total above $200,000,000. They include about $85,000.000 in government loans floated by the National City Bank and by J. & W. Seligman & Co. of New York; about $80,000,000 invested in mines, and about $15,000,000 invest- ed in ofl. The North Peruvian Smelt- ing & Refining Co., understood to be controlled by the Guggenheim people, is largely interested in the mines, as also the Cerro de Pasco Mining Co. ot New York. The International Petro- leum Co. figures largely, the which is understood to be controlied by the Im- perial Oil Co. of Canada, which is un- derstood to be controlled by the Stand- ard Ol Co. of New Jersey, The Inter national Telephone & Telegraph Co., which owns the All-America Cables Co. which has extensive Peruvian connec- tions, also owns the Lima telephone system. 8o we are much interested in Peru- vian developments. The head of the revolution is Col. Sanchez Cerro of Arequipa, said to have 14 bullets in his body and to lack three fingers of his laft hand in consequence ik of adventures as a soldier of fortune and revolutionary. The. Lima military junta turned over its powers to him. He has appointed a cabinet composed of military and naval officers, and, after some thought apparently, not very considerable incidents of violence, the country seems to be fairly quiet. Pre- cisely what name should be given to the colonel’s function is not clear, and developments will be watched with in- terest. * x Kk X LATIN AMERICA.—The New York Trust Co. publishes some interesting statistics in its index, as follows: At the beginning of 1913 British in- vestments in Latin America totales about 5,000,000,000, as against onl $1.242,000,000 for United States in- vestments. At the end of 19 the fij ure for Great Britain was $5,880,000.- 000; the present United States total is about $5,722,000.000. “The ten- dency of our capital to float to Latin America is evidenced by the fact that | our loans in that direction have been rivaling in_recent years, as to their ageregate, the sum total of our bond issues for all European countries com- bined.” Fifty-nine per cent of our Latin American investment is in Central America and the West Indies (the pre- War figure was 86), whereas only 20 per cent of the total British Latin American investment is in Central America and the West Indies. That is, our investment in Central America and | the West Indies is more than twice the | British, while in South America proper it is only about half the British. However, we are fast catching up in South America proper. In Chile we have caught up, chiefly through the xpansion of our interest in ni- rates, copper and iron. 8o, too, | Peru ' (vandium, copper, petroleum, especially); and in Colombia (coffee and oil, in chief) we have far distanced Britain. In fact, it is at least approxi- mately true that United States capital has the upper hand in all South Amer- jcan countries except the two economic- ally most important ones—namely, Brazil and Argentina. * K K % YACHTING.—The Enterprise, Start- | ing Burgess designer and Harold §. Van- derbilt _skipper, has been chosen to d fend the America’s Cup against the Shamrook V. The cup races will take place off Newport commencing Septem- ber 13; decision by winning four out of seven races. The designer of is Charles E. Nicholson. In 1660 Charles IT of England re- ceived a present from Holland of a Shaniock V 'Scientists Search Africa for Fruit 1 And Alfalfas That Will Grow Here| It is estimated that our investments | | | Two explorers of the United States Department of Agriculture—H. L. West- | over and K. A. Ryerson—are in North | Africa looking for wilt-resistant alfalfas | ana fruits adapted to the United States. | They will later continue their explora- | tion in Spain. | “Mr>Westover, a forage crop speclalist, |is mow making preliminary surveys in | the principal alfalfa-growing districts of | Moroceo, Algeria and Tunisia, in order | to return to Spain for the first portion | of his collection trip. He will return later to these countries to collect the | seeds from the harvest which is not yet ready. He made a similar exploration | in_Southwestern Asia, the heart of the | alfalfa distvict, last year, and brought | back many varieties of alfalfa now being | tested by the department for wilt re- | sistance. Mr. Ryerson, head of the Offce of Foreign Plant Introduction, is looking . other fruits x&.‘“."m“’:.?mj“‘ this in | {suasive and delicate maneuvering, in the difficult business of lining up a wide | array of quarrelsome, mutually hostile, | feud-loving Bedouin tribes for a com- mon effort of Arab patriotism. Arabian Robin Hood. I like to think of Feisal in his deal- ings with old Auda Abu Tayi, the Ara- bian Robin Hood. I wish that any statesman having _dealings with the newly independent Kingdom of Irak and its King, Feisal, could have witnessed the clever, suave diplomacy with which Feisal handled the difficult problem of the important, formidable and piratical old Auda. Behold Auda Abu Tayi, drinker of the milk of war, a Bedouin of Bedouins, & yacht named the Mary, prior to which| time the word “yacht” was unknown England (Dutch jacht, jagt, from jachten, “to hurry”). The merry mon- | arch now developed a passion for sail- | ing and designed a yacht of 25 tons which he named the Jamie. In 1662 he matched her for 100 pounds against a small Dutch yacht owned by the Duke of York. The race was from Green- wich to Gravesend and back, and the King won—said to be the first recorded instance of a yacht match. His maj- esty was at the helm part of the time. ‘The famous Ameri Cup was_orig- inally a cup given py the Royal Yacht Squadron at Cowes, Isle of Wight, on the 22d of August, 1851, for a race open to all yachts, with no time allowance, “round the Isle of Wight, inside the | no man's buoy and sand head buoy and outside the .nab.” There were 15| competitors, including the schooner America, which won. She had been built at New York for the special pur- pose of competing at Cowes,. her de- signer being George Steers, born in New York, son of a shipwright of Dart- mouth, England. The cup was given to the New York Yacht Club by the owners of the America as a challenge trophy and was named the America’s up. Perhaps the only one of the many challengers to make a really threaten- ing bid for the cup was Lord Dun- | raven's Valkyrie IIL. But that's a| delicate _subject, ~concerning _which silence is the ticket. The Shamrock I gave a good account of —her- self, and so did the Shamrock IV, | which actually won a race. It is of some interest to note that when, in 1894, the Vigilant, which in 1893 had successfully defended the cup against the Valkyrie II, visited British waters, she was roundly thrashed, winning only 6 races in 19 starts. #onw x UNITED STATES.—The Shipping Board issues an interesting report from which the following is extracted: “During the fiscal year cnded June 30, 1020, ships of 30 foreign countries engaged in the carriage of freight and | passengers between the United States | and other parts of the world. Ameri- can ships numbered 1,835 with an ag- | gregate gross tonnage of nearly 8,000, 000. American-flag vessels, therefore, | | represented 35 per cent of the number | of vessels engaged in our foreign trade | |and 32!, per cent ot the total ton- nage Our total water-borne foreign | commerce exceeded 111,400,000,000 tons and of this total 45,400,000,000 tons, or | nearly 41 per cent, was carried in ‘Amencun-fllg vessels, Of this 45,400,- 000,000 tons 7 per cent was carried He seeks rticularly to recover some | American varieties of peaches that have disappeared from production in this country after having become established abroad, He originally planned to join Prederic T. Bioletti, professor of viticul- ture at the University of California, who has been conducting an exploration for grapes and apricols for the United States Department of Agriculture and the university in North Africa. Prof. Bioletti’s illness has caused some altera- tion of these plans, so that Mr. Ryerson will have to take charge of the comple- tion of Prof. Bloletti'’s work after the latter has returned to this country. The preliminary work in connection with apricots has been completed, and there remains only the harvest of the seeds and scions. The grape work has not reached so advanced a stage, but is well under way. Resth, 4 S B !he: the pu':u;d;hc c‘_nn.i'n amounf some - yearly. ;5 Interest Onited 000,000 New \Nati(‘)n in Near East Land of Babylonand B;igdad Has Been Scene of Remarkable Development—Those Making It Possible. swaggering, hawk-nosed old brigand whose life had been devoted to the nomad'’s ideal of fighting and plunder. He was a powerful tribal leader who ruled over a wide area. His warlike fame was great among the wanderers of the sands and oases. In his youth and middle life he had performed prodi- gles in robbery and battle. Now he was old, but. as full of fight as ever, a triarch-warrior flaming with the lust for armed conflict. Auda and Feisal were old and de- voted friends and upon that friendship Feisal teaned constantly in his strug- gle against the Turk. Without the support of Auda, principal shiek of the Howeitat, Prince Feisal could hardly have waged successful war. Nor would he today be king in Bagdad. They were singularly discrepant personalities, the scholarly and gentle Feisal, and the rude, roaring, homicidal, burglarious old war Lorse of the desert. Auda provid- ed his friend Feisal with a problem as thorny as any he is likely to encounter even as the ruler of a land of feuds and intrigus like Irak. One Colossal Prank. One prank of the ancient brigand was colossal. In the course of the cam- paign Feisal received a payment of four thousand pounds from the British and found it expedient to make a journey with his treasure across the dominions of his friend and close ally, old Auda Abu Tayi. That old pirate learned of the circumstance and took advantage of it to rob Feisal. The fact that they were old comrades in the war of Arab independence was not enough to keep (Continued on Fourth The Story the Week Has Told in combination passenger-freighters, in |56 per cent in general cargo carrie: 34 per cent in tankers, and 3 per cent in sailing vessels, barges, etc.” The American ships included 139 combination passenger-freighters, 259 tankers, and 1,063 general cargo car- riers. The report concludes as follows: “The new construction program now under way and projected will fairly facilitate this service now operating under the American flag, and it is an- ticipated that a substantial increase in the carriage of both passengers and freight; will result with the phnmn%n( the modern ships in our established services. The shipping policy set forth in the merchant marine acts of 1920 and 1928 is proving beneficial in the restoration of American prestige on the seas.” On August 25 the new 3,000-foot bridge across the Hudson at Pough- keepsie, connecting Dutchess and Ulster Counties, N. Y., was formally opened. gust 24, at Forest Hills, L. I, Miss Betty Nuthall, aged 19, of En land won the women's tennis singles championship of the United States. Mrs. Helen Wills Moody of California, holder of the title, did not defend it. Later the same day Miss Nuthall and Miss Sarah Palfrey of Boston won the women's doubles championship. At Soldier Field, Chicago, on August 27 & track and field team representing the United States beat a track and field team representing the British Empire, 9 points to 5. A report by the Immigration Bureau shows for the fisca! year ended June 30 a drop in immigration by 13.6 per cent from that of the previous fiscal year, while the number of departing aliens _increased. Immigration from Great Britain and Northern Ireland in- creased from about 24,000 to about 36.- 000, that from Germany decreased from about 47,000 to about 27,000. Preliminary figures issued by the Bu- reau of the Census show a total of 2. 508,151 persons in the country in April “out of a job, able to work and looking for a job.” This total represents the major-part of unemployment when the census was taken, but does not include “persons having jobs but on lay-off | without pay” nor some other categories. The population of California in- creased by 64.6 per cent to 5,600,000 in the decade just passed: the highest percentage among the States. That of Florida increased by 51.4 per cent. That of the Hawailan Islands increased by 43.9 per cent to 368,300; that of Hono- Iulu by 65.1 per cent to 137.600. New York led the States in nu- mercial gain, that gaing bein about two and a quarter millions, but Californi was slmost on her heels. Montana was the only State to show a decline; name- ly. by about 3 per cent. In the House reapportionment 26 seats will be in- volved. Apparently the gains will be as follows: California, nine; Michigan, four; Texas, three; New York, New n . Apparently the losses as follows: Missouri, three; Georgia, Indiana, Iowa and Kentucky, two each: Minnesota, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Ala. bams, Kansas, Louisiana, Maine, M sissippl, Nebraska, North Dakota, Pen) sy ia, Tennessee, Vermont and Vir- ginia, one each. ‘The network of airways of the pan- American races, recently expanded by the acquisition of the New York, Rio & Buenos Aires Line, has a total length of over 20,000 miles, Its fleet of 138 aireraft includes 74 multi-motor planes —mare than are owned by any govern- ment. Para, 30 days from New York by steamer, can now be reached by plane in five da‘yl.‘ 'lzu‘wurld do move. NOTE.—Death by famine caused by drought of 40,000 natives in Belgian 1is reported. Vaguely hear of threatening iB FOR DRAMA as Example BY GEORGE V. DENNY, Jr., Director, Institute of Arts and Sclences, Columbia University. ITH the continued introduc- tion of courses in dramatic production into the curricu- lum of our schools and col- leges, the construction of new and handsomely equipped theaters for amateur use throughout the country and the increasing number of trained leaders who are turning their attention to educational dramatics, the outlook for drama as an important instrument of education is better than it has ever been before. Surveys on this subject are being made constantly by individ- uals and organizations. Numbers of college students have obtained their master’s degree investi- | an instructor of play production at Co- lumbia University for his_thesis, “The Equipment of the School Theater,” for which he made a survey that was both intensive and ‘extensive. Attitude Toward Amateur Changes. Kennth MacGowan published last Fall his new book “Footlights Across America,” which was the result of a 14,000-mile trip over America, visiting schools, colleges-and Little Theaters, as Association for Adult Education. these surveys is the changing attitude of the educational institutions toward the amateur theater. But our educa- tional concepts are changing vastly, so why should not this be thé case? ‘We have gone far since the golden age of Greek drama, when the plays of Sophocles, Euripides and Zschylus were used to teach oratory to the young Greeks; far from the days when the comedies of Plautus and Terrance were used as dramatic readings in the Eng- lish class room to teach greater facility in the Latin tongue, which was the language of the educated man of that day, but with the introduction of the teaching of the vernacular into the school system of England in the six- teenth century the teaching of English became more important than Latin, and before long’ (ahout 1540) the first Eng- Roister Doister,” written by Nicholas Udall, then headmaster of Eaton. In each case the use of the acted play as an instrument of education had to be justified on some other ground— the teaching of oratory, the use of Latin speech, English, gesture, poise or carriage. The brilliant era of Eliza- bethan drama was participated in by many university men, including Lyly, Greene, Peele and Kyde, who were known as the “university wits.” Until 1642, when the Puritans gained control in England and abolished the theater, the school play flourished and was ex- tremely popular. The Restoration in 1688 did nothing for school drama, for the professional theater soon became identified with vice and immorality, and not until our own day has the :mltcur theater regained its universal avor. An indication of the attitude of early American college presidents toward the theater is found in a statement by Dr. Timothy Dwight, prasident of Yale Col- lege, 1775-1817. He is credited with having said that “to indulge a taste for playgoing means nothing more nor less than the loss of that most valuable treasure, the immortal soul.” Educational Viewpoint Changes. What might this revered gentleman do if he could observe the activities of Prof. George Pierce Baker's activities in the finest equipped dramatic laboratory and theater in any college in the coun- try right in the heart of Yale Univer- sity? Indeed, how long might Prof. William Lyon Phelps have held his job under Dr. Dwight? Prof. Phelps has been promoting good drama and teach- ing Shakespeare (with the occasional help of Gene Tunney) for a great many years. One hundred years have made a great deal of difference in educational view- point. Contrast the undergraduate cir- of Timothy Dwight's generation. Ap- plied science, business, journalism, so- ciology, commercial art and architecture, along with creative writing courses and play production, have made their way into our educational system during the last half century. Now half a dozen colleges are giving the master of arts degree for creative work in dramatics, and Cornell will award a doctor of philosophy degree in drama and the theater. the more conservative institutions. Plays in Lieu of Thesis. When Prof. Frederick H. Koch, direc- tor of the Carolina Playmakers of the University of North Carolina, was urg- ing the acceptance of original full- length plays in lieu of the conventional thesis for advanced degrees, he was told that this could not be done, but that a hundred years from now some student might get a degree for investi- gating his activities in developing na- tive drama. However, Prof. Koch has won his point, and it is now possible for a student to submit a full-length play in lieu of a thesis. Prof. Koch is doing some of the most interesting and valuable educational work in this country. After pioneering for 11 years on the plains of North Dakota, where he was instructor in English at the State university, he went to the University of North Carolina in 1918 to teach the students there to write and produce native plays of their own locality, “folk plays,” as they are generally called. Creative Energies Released. Prof. Koch has released a vast store of creative energy among the Carolina students, and the results of his work are being felt beyond the borders of that State. His students have written one-act plays for the most part and they have been presented on tour in every nook and corner of North Caro- lina, as far south as Savannah and as far ‘north as Boston, having played three times in New York at Columbia University. gpting this field, and recently a doctor | of philosophy degree was awarded to| field representative for the Amzricnni The significant point to observe in all of | | think of bringing out a collection of lish play made its appearance, “Ralph | riculum of the modern college with that | ‘This practice | is regarded with skepticism by some of | RIGHT FUTURE FORECAST IN COLLEGES |Work in Developing “Folk Plays” at North Carolina University Cited of. Progress. ‘Three volumes of Carolina folk plays have been published and these plays have been presented far and wide by other school and coliege groups. Paul Green, who was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in 1927 for “In Abraham’s Bosom,” comes from this group. Organized State Association. Prof. Koch does not confine his work to original plays. Each.year two pro- ductions of plays of recognized merit are staged by the Playmakers, one in- doors and one outdoors. Besides hav- ing a handsome little theater on the campus, which is a gem of architec- ture and is completely equipped, the university has the beautiful Forest ‘Theater adjoining the campus. In addition to his work with the Playmakers Prof. Koch has found time to organize the North Carolina Dramatft Association, which is com- posed of high school, college and com- munity dramatic clubs, and to stage a dramatic festival at the university each Spring. Some of the activity is doubt- less responsible for a statement made by a leading publisher of plays for amateur production who said that 12 years ago he took:North Carolina off his mailing list because he could do no business there, while today some of his best customers are in that State. Market for Plays Broadened. Without doubt the schools and col leges throughout the country are pro- viding a large market for plays. Pub- lishing houses that 10 years ago wouldn't plays are offering anthologies in series and books on various phases of play production for the amateur as, ‘vell. Many of the published plays afe no. designed for the use of producing groups, but are for that part of the gen- eral public which now Teeds plays as | readily as novels. Accurate figures as to the number of colleges offering courses in playwriting and play production are not available. It has been variously estimated that either or both of these subjects may be studied in from 100 to 150 colleges and universities in this' country. The exact figures are not -important. It is important to note, however, that these courses are increasing with each new survey and, as the colleges train more | teachers, the standard of play produc- |tion in the amateur theater will be | raised. What better institution than the amateur theater can be found to serve as a laboratory of life for the school or college student?, Both philos- ophy of the play used and the very working with them teach lessons of inestimable value. While inspiring the creative instinct at every turn it teaches the prime importance of co-operation. With all of this dramatic activity the audiences must have had a consider- able part in making it possible; for a play is not truly a play withqut an audience. Moreover, in the majority of instances the audience was necessary for financial reasons. It is a striking thing thet the amateur theater has developed to its present state largely on the money taken in at the box office. Of course, there are other reasons for ‘(his than the general merit of the amateur stage. The popular reason given is the decline of the road show; but there is another which I think is responsible for this to some, and I hope to an increasing extent. Amateur Saves Day. I refer to that constantly increasing discriminating public now participating in a movement which we call, for want of a better name, adult education. Regardless of increased cost I believe there is a public sufficiently large to support professional roadshows if they had any eonfidence in the quality or play or production thev were to get. The road lost, its hold in the provinces partly because of the inferior plays. end productions offered. The costs in- creased and both maneger and star thought it better to risk New York than the hazards of the road. Only third-rate plays and third-rate com- panies remained, and now they have practically disappeared except in the largest cities. Then came the amateur. Community theaters and groups from the schools and colleges were the only ones offering really good plays. What if they were not done with the fine polish of profes- sionalism? Many of the plays they presented were, fortunately, foolproof, and the audience left the theater with a certain sense of enjoyment at having seen a good play. They witnessed man; bad performances, but they persevered, and now many towns and cities have their own community theaters, produc- ing a splendid list of plays each year. The schools and colleges have their part in the process, for in many cases college communities depended entirely on the educational drama, and school auditoriums have often served as ad- mirable community theaters, shared alike by school and town. producing groups. Co-operative Spirit Developed. A very heavy advertising appropria- tion is necessary to get a play before the public, and newspaper rates for amusement advertising are higher than for any other class of advertising. Rightly or wrongly, virtually every group now working in the theater is squeezing it for every penny it can get, with little thought for the art of the theater except a pecuniary ene. Stage hands, electricians and draymen have been the worst offenders, surrounding themselves with volumes of rules and regulations which require extra men on the slightest provocation. The real es- tate situation is about as bad as it can be. The theater takes from 40 to 60 per cent of the gross receipts, and the ticket speculators add to the difficulties by exacting a toll of from 25 to 100 per cent on tickets to all the best shows. ‘While it is seldom perfect, the spirit of the amateur is essentially unselfish and co-operative. A great deal depends, of course, upon the director teacher, but it is this spirit of the amateur that has saved much of the best in American drama and will continue to preserve it as long as it remains free of profes- sionalism. Declares Evolution BERKELEY, that mankind Calif,—Allaying fears has so protected itself from evolutionary processes through natural selection t retrogression rather than improvement of the race must be the outlook for the future, Prof. S. J. Holmes of the University of California Department of Zoology states that in spite of the decline of the birth rate among educated classes, and the preservation of congenitally unhealthy individuals by medical science, natural selection still continues. Prof. Holmes expresses the opinion that the forces of natural selection which have aided in the evolution of man to his present supgemacy are still at work and that they dre operating in favor of the most intelligent people of the day. He states, however, that the greater number of children among fam- ilies of lower intelligence is at the pres- ural selection, Y. An article on this subject has just ent, time nulll(yln{ t:nhe forces of nat- | tio Trend Is an Aid In Raising Mental Level of Humanity natural selection 15 working toward the mental improvement of civilized peo- ples, he says: “In a mainly pastoral or agricultural riod of develv%mem, when people fol- lowed very similar pursuits and lived in much the same way, the incidence of mortality was doubtless much more uni- form. Under such circumstances high-grade moron with sufficient intel- ltfenco to follow the ordinary pursuits of his tribe would probably have nearly as good a chance as his neighbor, who might be a mute, inglorious Milton. The present economic order is much more deadly to people with dull minds. It is not improbable that at present the intelligence quotient is on an aver- age the most important single factor in survival In proportion as we have de- veloped a highly industrialized civiliza- the main_incidence of selection 'n shifted from i been %Ablllhed by Prof. Holmes in the Taterial origiaaly fomming the. Galion aterial or: orm: alton Lecture L