Evening Star Newspaper, April 27, 1930, Page 32

ENGLAND BUTTRESSING ITS POWER IN INDIA Worried by Gandhi , Great Britain Uses Its Wiles to Win the Native Princes. (Continued From Third Page.) gets into the machinery, but the best people deal with it by ignoring it. Once, for instance, a viceroy was in- stalling a young prince with great eclat in the Durbar Hall of the palace. The procession had entered, the preliminary ws had been made, the nawab and the viceroy had taken their seats on the dais and the vice regal staff, faultlessly clad in white duck uniforms, lowered themselves smartly into the chairs be- fore which they had been lined up. But there had been a shortage of chairs and behind one tall guardsman stood a low armchair instead of the customary high straight-backed seat. He had not noticed that his seat was a good deal Jower than his colleagues, and, descending precipitately, he lost his bal- ance and went over backward, and the viceroy, the prince and his ministers and sirdars were presented with the in- teresting spectacle of the guardsman's ‘white-trousered legs helplessly sticking up in the air with his spurs protruding from his shining boots. Ceremony Isn't Always the Order. But they all sat immovable, without batting an evelash: and while the viceroy calmly discoursed Wwith the prince upon the services which his newly organized camel transport corps were capable of rendering in future im- perial campaigns, the symbol of Britain's armed might was extricated. But ceremony is not always the order of the day. The late Marquis Curzon most magnificent of the viceroys, has described the Mehtar of Chitral in festive vein. 'Curzon was entertaining the Mehtar at dinner. “The Mehtar sat with us at a table in one of the raised recesses of the room; the rest of the court squatted or lounged on the floor below. They tried our het- erogeneous drinks (beer, whisky and ginger wine) and regaled us with their own music and story. The whisky and the ginger wine were mixed together— 1 am not sure that little beer was not added—and I can recall the sight of one nobleman pouring this amazing concoction down the throat of another. at the same time that he held him by the nose. Among the guests was a blind scion of the old ruling family of Badakshan, who came in and twanged & primitive guitar.” One of the Mehtar's brothers enter- tained the company with a chant, pro- fessional singers and dancers, all males, added to the general din. Nor was this Mehtar a frivolous fellow. He was supreme in judicial as well as executive authority, holding the power of life and death over his subjects. The Maharaja of Mysore is a good instance of how the British like to bring up a ruling prince. He was edu- cated in his own home under the super- vision of a member of the Indian Civil Service, was given a British knighthood, invested with his powers by the viceroy, escorted during the ceremonial proceed- ings by an infantry battalion, a cavalry regiment and a battery of artillery, equipped with a political officer in the person of a retired colonel and a pri- vate secretary in the person of a trusted member of the British Civil Service. Was a Ward of the Government. Then there was a Maharaja Nripen- dra Narayan Bhup of Cooch Behar, who ‘was the subject of an experiment which turned out very happily (the present | Maharani of Cooch Behar, young, lively, lovely, is the best known of the Indian princesses, and quite a social celebrity in London, on the English hunting field, in Paris and on the Riviera). ‘This Maharaja was a ward of the ggvernmem and carefully educated to a model ruler at the ward institution Benares and the ‘government college at Patna. The paramount power pro- vided him with an English tutor and | guardian, and the viceroy received him cordially and gave him a medal. He Wwas granted a salute of 13 guns and a European guard of honor. Finally the paramount power looked about for the model wife for the model ruler it had made, and after many con- fidential investigations and inquiries by magistrates and lieutenant governors, they found the ideal girl in the young | daughter of a_high-caste and influential | Brahmo (a Brahmo is a person who believes in Brahmoe—one God). Correspondence passed and repassed between the powers that be, and, the Maharaja assuring the father that he objected to polygamy and believed in one true God, the marriage took place, and the government of India gave a sigh of relief and stood itself a drink One may add that this marriage of imperial convenience turned out happily. In her fifteenth year the Maharani Sunity Devee described her first meet- ing with her flance thus: “I looked up, and as I did so I met the Maharaja's eves fixed on me full of love, and I blushed. From that moment my future husband and I loved each other.” gent their sons to an English &chool. Baroda Isn't So Satisfactory. | The story of Baroda and its ruler, the | Maharaja Gaekwar, is illuminating, but not quite so satisfactory from the British point of view. Baroda, a state of 8,000 square miles containing 2,000,- 000 of people, very fertile, very rich, had long been giving trouble to the British overlord. A series of tyrannical or spendthrift or feeble-minded or re- bellious rulers had played the devil with it, First, the Maharaja Khanderao, a mighty hunter, a noted wrestler and a great lover of women, went in for artificial deer preserves, sports arenas for the people and jewels for his multi- tudinous favorites—and nearly ruined the state. Two of his big extravagances enrich the Baroda crown jewels in the Nazarbag palace today—the 125-carat Star of the South diamond which Khanderao bought for $500,000 on its | discovery in Brazil in 1853, and which | is now valued at $3,000,000, and the | priceless pearl carpet which was in-| tended as a gift to the prophet's tomb | at Mecca (but the Maharaja had second | thoughts about it). | Khanderao's state was saved from ikruptey by the American Civil War, got into full swing at this time, ausing a sensational rise in cotton prices, brought enormous prosperity to cotton growing Baroda, so that the| country stood up well under excessive | taxation. Then came the Indian mu- | tiny, and Khanderao stood in with the | 1t was a lucky gamble, for the British, enabled to withdraw their troops from that area, in gratitude sub- sequently remitted an ancient annual | levy of 8120000 and granted Khan- derao the insignia of royalty and the title of “His Highness the Maharaja.” Torturer Was Successor. Khanderao's successor, Malharrao, plotted against the British supremacy @nd in a year spent 171 lakhs of rupees ainst an income of only 94 lakhs. He ducted respectable women and tor- | tured and murdered his people and tried to poison the English political nt with sherbet into which arsenic | #nd diamond dust had been dropped The long-suffering British gover nent finally deposed the Maharaja Mal harrao, whereupon his favorites raised Tiots and proclaimed the elder Maha- rani regent. The British general on the &pot promptly marched a body of troops supported by artillery into the walled city, arrested the ringleaders, ordered the merchants to reopen their shops, packed off the two Maharanis suspected of being instigators of the trouble, to- gether with the infant son of the junior lady, to share the deposed Maharaja’s exile, issued a proclamation that the annexation of Baroda was not intended, | and, having cleaned up the situation without loss of life, procceded to ook Zor a suitable heir to the vacant threne. ' They | public ‘ ‘There were four possible claimants. ‘Two, however, had poor claims, and all were over 24. What the British wanted was & successor young enough to be trained up not to give the trouble his predecessors had caused. Khanderao's widow was called in, the Maharani Jamnabai. She was to choose an adopted son, who would become heir to the throne. It was now discovered that there existed a branch of the family which had come down considerably in the world; in fact, they had fallen to the peasant level, and lived, three brothers with their wives and fam- ilies, ali together in a family house in a remote village 18 miles distant from the nearest railway station. Hashirao Gaekwar was head of the family, but his age was against him and his broth- ers. The same remark applied to his eldest son. ‘There were two younger boys, how- ever. and one, Gopalao, took the Maha- rani’s fancy, and was thereupon, with the appropriate Hindo ritual, handed over by his father and adopted by the Maharani as her son. He was then robed, conducted to the palace, crowned, and the British resident and his suite, arriving on elephants and in the name of the British government, installed and invested the boy as Maharaja of Baroda under the name of Sayajirao III. This peasant boy, elevated to a tarone, power and great riches by a turn of the wheel of the British imperial ma- chine, is now one of the best known of the Indian princes, taking his position and duties so seriously that he has been | a great upholder of the rights of the ruling princes against the intrusions of {00 paternal viceroys. Also he has long felt cramped in his little kingdom and has pressed claims for an expansion of his sphere, to the considerable embar- | rassment of the British. The relations between the viceroy | and the ruling princes are based partly on treaty and partly on long-established customs, but expediency has always plaved a part, and over an unruly prince the viceroy can always hold the club of deposition. A prince who was a confirmed drunkard shot his body servant dead, another was privy to the poisoning of his uncle, a third, affiicted with a strain of insanity, treated his subjects too barbarousiy. All were either invited to abdicate or were de- posed Any prince who followed in the foot- steps of the late Shah of Persia and preferred living in Paris and on the Riviera to his own country would re- ceive friendly remonstrances from the paramount power, then a quiet, but firm, talk, and if he still proved recalci- trant he would in all prebability find that he had abdicated in favor of his son, uncle or brother. Nothing crude is done, but these things can happen. “The Case of Mr. A.” Occasionally unfortunate things do happen, and then the British imperial machine quivers through all its compli- ¢ated members. There the cele- brated” “Mr. A.” case. “Mr. A.,” a young Indian potentate, tall, handsome and noted in the British imperial pri- vate diary as a trusty friend of England, arrived in England, acconmpanied by a British (to be quite correct, an Irish) aid, and at a big charity ball in London met Mrs. Robinson, a lady of charm and beauty. Subsequently the two were sur- prised together in a hotel bed room in | Paris by a mysterios gentleman named Newton, and, to get to the point at once, “Mr. A.” parted with two checks for $750,000 each to stop divorce pro- ceedings in which he would be quoted as corespondent. One check was cashed, the other was | stopped. That would have been the end of the affair, for “Mr. A.” was | anxious to preserve his incognito, but the husband of the lady seems to have | been disappointed with the amount he ultimately collected as compensation for the shock to his feelings, and his| honor, and he sought to remedy his loss by suing the Midland Bank of London for $625,000, alleging that the money had been paid into the bank for his use, and that if the bank had paid out to some one else on that check then he | was entitled to damages. So the whole story came out, with the exception of the Indian person- age’s name. The India office inter- vened there, and throughout the cause celebre, which intrigued England and India mightily for three weeks 10 years back, people spent a large part of their time asking other people who “Mr. A" was. But by the time the case ended— there was judgment for the bank, the lady and her husband were cleared from the accusation of conspiracy, the Irish aid left for Paris, the judge de- lared the money had been stolen by menaces within the meaning of the law, and presently Hobbs, the man who ’han' received and cashed the check, | went to jail—all the clubs and dinner | tables knew who “Mr. A" was and the India office thought more harm than g00d now would be done by preserving | the veil of secrecy. So it lifted the ban. Rajah Sir Hari Singh. “Mr. A" was Rajah Sir Hari Singh, nephew and heir and adopted son of his highness the Maharaja of Jammu ‘and Kashmir. The old Maharaja had | | & son who for various reasons was not | heir. There was opposition in Kashmir to Sir Hari. and the British were afraid | the opposition would take advantage of | this scandsl to demand the disinherit- ance of this friend of England and the adoption n anti-British heir. However, the agents and counsel of | the British Empire Corporation had ! had time to turn around and soften the | shock. Strings had been pulled, the hole complex machine of diplomacy and government in India had been | turned onto the practical problem of explaining things away and averting the a changed will. All| " uncle has since died and | the dusky nephew who sowed that un- fortunate wild oat in Paris is now the ruling prince of Jammu and Kashmir, and, incidentally, a tough nut for Gandhi and company to tackle if by some fantastic chance they were to rise to_full political power in British India. | The British government in India in late years ha: paternal an interest in the affairs of the native states, at least so the Indian princes think They do not like the ease with which the British overlord makes and unmakes princes or compels an erring potentate temporarily to transfer his power to the political | officer. Tory Dailies Watch Events. But since the home rulers of British India have been making trouble and threatening to make more there has | been a marked disposition on the part | of the British overlord to conciliate the princes The Tory dailies give great prominence to political resolutions pessed by the Chamber of Princes ex- pressing hostility toward the Indian nationalist program, and declaring that if any concessions are made by the government of India they (the princes) “reserve the right to take any steps they think fit to defend their own interests.” Before Gandhi gave trouble this tone would have raised a hullabaloo. Vice- roys would have made indignant noises, circulars would have circulated and the princes would have been reminded in no uncertain tones that their business is to rule their states like model little vassals and keep out of great affairs of _empire. But princes reserve for the vociferous nationalsits of British India. Having everything to hope from the British crown and every- thing to fear from the ambitious native lawyers and professional politicians of British India they form a bastion of British power in India, | con been disposed to take too | w are useful—a club in| THE SUNDAY STAR, NE could draw many in- teresting lessons from the recent biography of the great English barrister, Sir Edward Marshall Hall. For instance, it furnishes a striking commentary on the difference between our method and the English method of ad- ministering justice. Sir Edward appeared in most of the cele- brated trials of his time. Any one of them would have dreg- ged on for weeks over here. The longest of them lasted only 11 days in England. A majority were wound up in less than a week. We are ahead of the English in most departments of mod- ern business. We are even with them in medicine, in science, and, perhaps, in literature. In the law we are woefully, Problems of Science Call for Brainy Men | (Continued From First Page.) all the laboratories in the world cannot put the ‘spark’ into &im.” Certainly the open-minded attitude of business toward science today should | be an encouraging stimulus to building genius. One of the research profes- sors attended a directors’ meeting of a | large industrial corporatign in New York recently and was surprised to learn what subjects interested the busi- ness_men. “They did not talk dividends or the | price of steel or the market outlook reported the professor, “but were tre- mendously interested in discussing the difference between austrolitic steel and | other alloys, recent products of the lab- | oratory. | This episode is in striking contrast | with another experience reported a few | years back. In this case a mining en- | gineer appeared before a board of dl-i rectors to report on his survey of a| prospective mine, a suspected ore de- posit. “Just a minute, Professor,” inter- rupted the chairman of the board as the engineer unfolded his papers and began his detailed report. “Is it a good mine?” The man looked at his inter- | rogator a moment and answered, “Yes.” | “All right, that's all we want to know. Have Business Reasons. The keen interest of modern indus- tria] leaders in such supposedly high- brow subjects is founded on a business reason, They see that out of the lab- oratories must come the materials and processés, and even the industries, of the_future. “Radio is the classic example of an | industry of enormous extent born right | in the laboratory,” cited Dr. Stratton. | “And how far along would we be with the airplane, do you suppose, if it were | not for the pioneering ' physicists, | chemists and metallurgists? Recently 1 visited a large airplane factory near Detroit. I watched the building of an airplane, Scarcely a material in it was known 25 years ago. I sat down in an airplane chair. It was constructed of | metal so light that I lifted the chsir" with a thin sewing thread—yet it was | WASHINGTON, APRIL 27, 193 D. C, 0—PART TWO. shamefully and inexcusably be- hind. But at the moment I am more interested in one very human little incident in Sir Edward’s life which occupies only a paragraph, and was per- haps overlooked by most readers. He had just been elected to Parliament and had prepared a speech with which he hoped to dazzle the house and make his reputation. Again and again during the long night session he tried to catch the speaker’s eye, but each time he was overlooked in favor of some older member. So he went home with the speech still undeliv- ered, its ringing sentences still ringing in his head. There in bed lay his little wife, who had been asleep for hours. But Sir Edward, so By much disappointed and sd on fire with his own oratory, could not let her sleep. Forthwith he woke her up and insisted that she listen to the whole speech. Is there any wife in the world to whom something of the same sort has not hap- pened? I knew personally one of the leading men of the last genera- tion. For years he had gone home every evening and—de- tail by detail—told his wife the whole story of the day’'s pro- ceedings: what he did, what he said and what other men had done and said to him. When she died at 4 ripe old age, the husband seemed or- ganically sound and good for another 10 years at least. Yet he followed her to the grave within a few months. Life had (Copyright, 1930.) RICHARD WHITNEY. —Drawn for The Sunday Star by S. J. Woolf. strong enough to support a man's weight. | “In former times the scientist would | turn out a new discovery and it would lie around waiting for some one to apply it industrially. Look at the time | that elapsed between Faraday's dis- covery of electrical induction and HS; application to industry. | “Modern industry has more confidence in science. Indeed, the present ten-| dency is for industry, in need of new | materials or new properties, to come to | the research laboratory and ask for| them. For example, the telephone in- dustry needed a stronger magnet in the | receiver; research men produced a new | alloy more magnetic than any known metal. Then the industry needed an alloy that would have increased con- ductivity and possess at the same time | the property of losing its magnetism rapidly as the current was discontinued. Again the research men were consulted and again they produced a material with the requisite qualities. “The development of alloys has revo- lutionized industry. Consider, for (‘X-i ample, the new metal carballoy. A few | grains of it at the end of a lathe tool | makes a cutting edge many times the hardness of steel. Saving of Alloys. “The electrical industry for many years has made use of an alloy of sili- and steel, a laboratory product, which, it is estimated, has saved in ex- cess of $300,000,000, more than enough | to build a Panama Canal “Another profitable fruit of research is the new process of hardening steel It used to be that a metal worker, after he had shaped a piece of steel into thé desircd form, plunged the hot metal into a chilling bath. A disadvantage | as that this process not only hardened | the surface, where hardening was need- | | | strains and stresses in its interior erys- tals. Today, thanks to the laboratory | explorers, the metal worker, by putting | the steel in an atmosphere of nitrogen | and heating the metal to a high tem- | perature, hardens its surface only and | { leaves the inner texture unchanged and | { without strain | “Research has revolutionized the | chemical industries. Formerly gasoline | was obtained by distilling petroleum. A certain percentage hoiled off and was refined, but most of the pstroleum re- mained in coarser products. Today the refiners use a cracking process. By subjecting the crude oil to pressure and high temperature nearly all the petro- leum 15 converted into gasoline.” Many years ago the mathematics of steam power was worked out by experi- | | mental scientists in the laboratorics by | researchers probing into the laws of | heat, and our whole technique of steam | | engincering rests on these fundamental | explorations. Formulas were developed | for the ordinary range of pressure up | to 250 pounds to the square inch, which | was about as high as engineers dared | to go. Higher Pressure Is Demanded. But recent research has d-monstrated the economy and efficiency of higher | | pressures, and today industry is de- manding boilers capable of operating | at 1.200 pounds to the square inch and even higher, The manufacturers have come to the scientists saying: “Give us new steam tables wiich can be used a ed for bearings, but also hardened the | metal all the way through and set up | * | records show th: Whitney, Thought Dumb in Fall Crisis, __(Continued From Third Page) their annual dinners, when prizes are awarded, Dick Whitney is always elected by acclamation as the principal speaker “And he doesn't shoot any broad Har- vard ‘a’s’ at us,” said one of his boosters. “He knows our lingo and talks it.” There are strict rules in Broad street governing all employes of the Stock Exchange. There must be no specula- tion—on_stocks, horse races or ball games. There are other regulations of conduct which must be observed to pro- tect the reputation of the exchange it- self. Serious offenses, of course, cannot be tolerated But more than one young | runner or page boy is grateful to Dick Whitney, whose voice is always lifted for the lad Who has transgressed the rules only slightly. As far as the records of the Stock Exchange disclose, Richard Whitney will | Youngest Man to Head Stock Exchange be the youngest man ever to serve as its president. From this fact those who have been watching him in action, par- ticularly since he became a member of the governing committee 11 years ago, do not hesitate t» predict that 16ng be- fore he has reached 50 and the gray { now at his temples has spread through his jet black hair the name of Whitney will be as familiar in faraway places as are those of Morgan, Lamont and Mitchell today. He takes the helm at the Stock Tx- change at a very important hour in its history. America is more conscious of the “big board” in Wall Street than ever before, and American business, as represented by the men who stand on duty in the greatest money market in the world, is pretty thoroughly satisfied | that Dick Whitney is competent to | carry on the policies of Simmons, Crom- well, Noble and his other predecessors. with high-pressure steam.” And the new tables are being worked out. “I might add,” remarked Dr. Stratton with a chuckle, “that the job is about as difficult as any you could put up to a physicist “Higher pressures are demanded, not only by the petroleum refineries and other chemical works, but by all indus- tries that use steam. And this demand has brought a whole train of researches. For one thing, we had to produce steel strong enough to withstand the higher ssures plus the higher tempera- research has been directed the use of fuel. Power-plant at in 1919, 3.2 pounds of coal were required to produce one kilowat of electricity for an hour; that was the average for all power plants in the United States. In 1928 the average had been reduced to 1.70 pounds of coal for each kilowatt—a saving of nearly one-half. “The modern steam engine is by no means perfect,” Dr. Stratton went on, ‘and steam itself is by no means the ideal fluid for driving an engine. The most_efficient form of engine is in which the vapor is condensed back into liquid after it has done its work. But steam does not condense rapidly at ordinary temperatures. “Thus, on ocean liners there are powerful pumps which force cold sea- water through the condensing system Other toward And adjoining large power plants on | land you may see great tower con- densers and sprays to cool the dis- charged steam back into water. But all these appliances are costly, cum- bersome and somewhat inefficient, Need Substitute for Water. “The truth is that engineers need a substitute for water—another liquid which will condense rapidly on being | exposed to _the temperature of the air. | Such a liquid will possibly come through research—by trying the prop- erties of all existing liquids and finding the one that reacts best for the purpose or by the construction synthetically of a liquid that has the desired properties.” The application of research to in- dustry is not alone a question of what | we ‘can do. however—added the physi- | cist—but also of what is most economi- cal ! “There has been much talk of the | utilization of free power—or harness- | ing the tides, for example. The idea is | entirely feasible. There is a tidemill ' now in operation in Chelsea, M: | serves as power plant for a small s | mill; it works, though its output of | power is small. Engineers could un- doubtedly build a tidemill of larger capacity in the Bay of Fundy, where | the tidal rise and fall amounts to 50 | feet daily, but the cost of the invest- ment would be out of proportion to the result. The simple fact is that, at the present price of coal, steam power is cheaper. - “So with other forms of free power. |1t is computed that each square yard | of the earth’s sunlit surface receives | continually one horsepower of energy. | When the scarcity of coal and petro- | leum makes it necessary’ to use sun power, research will find a way to that harness the sunbeams—or it will find a | | way to synthesize coal or petroleum— | whichever is most economical of accom- | plishment. “Of course we don’t know enough to | master Nature yet, but we are learning. | There 15, T believe, no limit to the pos- sibility of man's achievement. The great need is more research, more ad- | venuturing, by purely inquiring minds— for it is by exploring the fundamental | laws that the future is expanded. More | research calls for more researchers. And so we come baok to the all-important personal equasion.” As Thomas Carlyle put it: “Produce great men; the rest follows.” Birds of all kinds seem quite help- less in foggy weather. Horses, on the contrary, are not at all worried by the fog, and will keep their direction as well as if it were perfectly clear. Bruce Barton no more zest for him. He had lost his audience. Go into any restaurant and watch the couples at their meal. See the man expanding under the encouraging smile of a girl, talking along, showing what a great fellow he is. And she, asking questions which are much dumber than they need to be, deliberately concealing her own wisdom in order to make him appear the wiser. They are a great invention, these women, and particularly those of them who do us the honor to become our wives. Whenever any one tells me that, with the increasing wealth of the country, the wives are growing more idle, I contend that they still earn their living handsomely. And would continue to earn it even if they had to do noth- ing but listen to us talk. | Business Recognizes Individuals Differ (Continued From Third Page.) her pupils in order that she may adapt her instruction to them. She passes less time than heretofore |in presenting things to the class as & whole, because she knows from experi- ence that such class presentation is | adapted only to the average and is therefore too fast and too difficult for the slow child and too slow and too | casy for the able child. Rigid Standard Discarded. Her teaching now -consists mainly in giving to each child the particular kind {and amount of help which he needs at his particular stage of advancement at that particular time. She is more a helper than a master, She judges her success not in terms of how many pupils attain some fixed and external stand- ard, but rather by the number of pupils who have made appreciable gains dur- ing the time they have been under her guidance. The school, of necessity, changes, just as other activities in life change. Since the school is charged with the respon- sibility for the education of the chil- dren of the Nation, every parent is con- cerned with the changes in the schools. There are three or four tendencies which seem to me to be increasingly evident in the modern school. The first is the increased amount of study of individual children by teachers, in order that their individual needs may be discovered and met. The second is the growing emphasis in teacher-train- ing agencies on developing teachers who will be increasingly well fitted to adapt their instruction to the particular needs of the individual puplls. The third is the marked modifications in the | physical organization and equipment for teaching in the effort to provide for 'hetber individual adjustment. Variety in Class Rooms Sought. No longer is a boxlike structure of 12 rooms, exactly alike, an adequate school building. Every community is insisting on_having different kinds of rooms and different kinds of equipment and sup- plies for the variety of needs of the pupils. Finally, there is apparent throughout the country a growing amount of careful, scientific study on the part of the school agenci®s concern- ing ways and means of adapting in- struction to child needs. As the years go by the superintendents of schools and boards of education are more and more basing on verifiable fact their decisions as to the direction of educational efforts. Thus the same sci- entific procedure which has been pro- ductive of so great progress in industry and in business is at work in educatjon Farm Population Less As Cities Grow Large (Continued From First Page.) tween the type of mind developed in a house with an attic and a cellar and a lawn and a garden and perhaps a cow or some chickens and a dog (not a Pekinese)—and, on the other hand, the type of mind developed in a city apart- ment, with nothing to turn to after sup- per except some highly artificial form | of amusement? What social historian will make clear the distinction between the two types of mind, from childhood up, contrasting the conditions of life as lived by an average city dweller earning say $3,000 a year—and, on the other hand, the conditions of life as lived by an average village dweller or farmer earning the $1,000 a year that would be the equivalent of the city dweller's $3,000? To understand this difference is go- ing to be important, conSidering that America in the past has been run by the village type of mind and in the fu- ture is zoing to be managed by the city type. Can Will Rogers tell us the differ- ence? Will White of Emporia could if he would put his mind on it. | Fountain Gives Wine For Grape Festival ‘Ten tons of grapes and 1,100 gallons of wine were given away to those who trooped to the little town of Marino, not far from Rome, to celebrate the festi- vals of the grapes recently. In accord- ance with ancient custom, the public fountain of the village was made to give forth wine, and every one was al-' lowed to drink as much as he wished— or at least as much as he could. Thi.sl year there were a goodly number of tipsy folks wandering about the narrow streets before the wine had been flowing an hour, and it was said to carry a much stronger “punch” than it had for a good many years. Unfortunately for those who came late, the wine was only given away for an hour, after which the thirsty crowds were forced to seek consolation in the village cafes. Much more order marked the celebration this year than usually, thanks to the pres- | ence of Fascist guards, who kept the CHILDREN OF MUST GET Secretary Nation’s Youngs (Continued From First Page.). tant educatiowal system offering to most of the childyen of the land a period of training at least up until the “th year, and for those of mere. training for many years beyo. whole temdency is to delay the of yoush, in so far as reaching a pl of ‘self-support and family support is concernes. It now takes an average of 25 years to prepare properly a physician, lawyer, minister, teacher or an expert in the field of business administration. It re- quires also much study beyond that period to provide the experts for the trained services of our community life. Our future safety will rest on the num- ber of ‘these we can find, train ade- quately and put into service. ‘The child is acquiring a new signifi- | cance with this extension of responsi- bility and opportunity. We are sens- ing the values of the child in many new ways. Our present democracies are the result of a definite shift in human thinking. The more imperial- istic conceptions of providing cannon fodder and drudge labor through an advancing birth rate, while still in the world, are of less significance. We see in the proper training of the child the opportunity for continued advance in our social mechanism. We see in the failure to give such training the crashing of our hopes and the degreda- tion of our opportunities. Use of Knowledge Is Uneven. Great advances have been made in every phase of the handling of child- hood from conception to maturity. But there is a very uneven use of the knowledge we possess. President Hoover, in setting up the White House confer- ence on child health and protection has brought together a group of sevexal hundred ex&e:u to consolidate the gains that have n made in handling chil- dren in the years that have gone by and to map out the next great cam- paign which will move us forward. One man alone—Pasteur—through his discovery of the relaticnship of micro-organisms to disease, did more for children than any one is ever likely to do again. Before his discovery, all children had to pass through a series of tragic and dangerous periods due to infectious disease, many of them now known to be preventable. We are free from many of the terrors that kept mothers in anxiety,and filled the ceme- teries with little coffins, and we can now extend the range of interest and assistance to children to many other fields. The White House conference will begin with the beginning and ex- tend through to maturity. R One of the sections of this conference will study the whole question of medi- cal service for children. Dr. Samuel McC. Hamill is chairman qf this section. Another, under the chalrmanship of Surg. Gen. Hugh S. Cumming, will study the Public Health Service and its administration, with subcommittees specializing on communicable ~disease control and milk production and control. Training to Be Considered. The education and training of the child will be the subject of a third sec- tion of the conference. Dr. F. J. Kelly will head this study. Separate groups will consider the problems of family and parent education, the infant and pre-school child, the school child, voca- tional guidance and child labor, rec- reation and physical education, special classes and the probiem of youth out- side of home and school. Problems presented by the handi- capped child will be studied by a fourth section, under the chairmanship of Dr. C. C. Carstens. The State and local organizations for the handicapped will be investigated and other subcommittees will seek ways of bringing relief to the physically, mentally and socially handi- capped and the delinquent child. The participation of the conference in the domain of health is of vital im- portance. This will form, necessarily, much of the basis upon which results for the child are to be obtained. The conquest of the various diseases, while well on its way, is far from complete. Each day the unselfish, patient workers in the laboratories of the world are providing more and more information which can be put to the service of the child in the prevention of disease and in the relief of those who are ill. More significant, perhaps, than any- thing else is the new conception which our people are developing of health as a source both of wealth and happiness. ‘The former conception of iliness as un- avoldable and due perhaps to acts of Providence is rapidly passing from the public mind. We are conscious more and more that disease in a child means that something has gone wrong which need not have gone wrong. Nutrition Is Fuadamental. The nutrition of the child is funda- mental to health. Witk the decrease in the capacity of the human mother to nourish her infant, there has come the compensation of accurate studies on other forms of feeding. The bottle-fed child lacks certain qualities that come from the mother's breast, but can still be vigorous, strong and resistant to dis- ease. The relationship of nutrition to sunshine and to proper food is now suf- ficiently understood so that diseases such as rickets no longer need occur, and tuberculosis is subject to control. We can provide vitamins from known sources in foods and can, to a consider- able measure, even with our present in- complete information, understand and deal with deficiencies or exaggerations in the physiological action of the various and powerful glands of the body. There is no glory that approximates the glory of a perfect child, perfect in body, mind and mental reaction. It is sad, indeed, that we must face in our country the misery of the blasted child damaged perhaps before birth in body or in mind, or damaged by disease later. We cannot escape the fact that we have a considerable number of mental culls and physical culls to be considered as part of our child population. In so far as we can see, there will always be a certain number of idiots, of subnormal children and of the deaf and the blind. Nature does not always volve a perfect product with any of its f]vlng organisms, but a study and con- trol of habits, of parenthood and of eugenics can reduce to lower levels the human misery associated with these types. There will always be accidents to human beings. Legs and arms will be cut off, heart valves will be damaged by disease, nerves will be paralyzed even when the child starts with a nor- mal foundation. Must Salvage the Subnormal. With our concept of human life as something that must be preserved at all costs for the longest possible time, we face the problem of salvaging those who are below the normal level. One of the great problems before the White House conference will be to see how far this salvage work can go.and how it can be most_ wisely and economically accom- plished. In strictly physical fields it is| more tangible, and there are many ex- perts available to help us in’this re-| habilitation. In the fleld of behavior lies perhaps | our greatest salvage problem. It seems to me that the control of the will and the necesary self-management which all human beings must learn, are the most vital processes for the child to acquire if it is to go forward to a contented, healthy and successful adult life. Habits | are based on developed nervous mechs nisms and we become the prey to them. ‘That quality which we call character is | | thirsty ones in line and passed out| paper cups to each person, a distinct improvement over the common glasses from which all haads used to guzale. strengthened through repeated decision, aceepting present discomforts for fu- ture values. There is an element of fraud in Freudism, since it leans to the Wilbur Discusses UNCLE SAM PROTECTION Status of ters and Hopes of Conference. side of weakness and not to that of strength in the inevitable decisions that every growing person must meet Soft-pillow bringing up leads to a mushy spinal marrow. Misdirected habits often lead to misbehavior, mis- behavior to unsocial action and crim- inality. Youth is a period of trial and learning. Fortunately indeed is the child who does not have to try every- thing once, but who can let fools be fools and observe instead of imitate With the growing child misbehavior must be taken at the child’s level. not at the adult’s level. We must view the juvenile period as one of self-training in which the adult must be helpful and sympathetic. Education Is Important. Significant in this period of training 15 what we call education. It now con- sumes a large portion of the time of youth. At the present time we marshat our children in school rooms, giving them set and similar exercises over a series of years, trying to impart to them the knowledge that has been gained in the past and to prepare them for the future. While we have had much ex- perience, we are still far from under- standing what the educational process should be for all of our children, and particularly what. it should be for indi- vidual children. At the best, our re- sults are mere averages. Many careful studies are going on in this direction. They need to be summarized and new ones put bn their way. With this prolongation of the child pericd of life, while there are new op- portunities for training and educaticn, there are new responsibilities in connec- tion with the normal play life of the child and with what we now properly classify as recreation. Our pfesent attempt to bring up chil- dren in the midst of factories, apart- ment houses, paved streets, automobiles and machines, and in the absence of flowers, trees, grass, birds and animals, is a real test of our capacity to think in terms of the future. We can in no way escape biology. We have grown up through the ages under certain condi- tions. They were those of the'open field and the open air, the sunshine and the rain and the natural opportunity provided for children under those con- ditions. The industrial world must be looked at coldly and critically and a place found it it where the children can develop normally to a capable, healthful and efficient manhood. Any failure on our part will be eventually disastrous. Dollars made in improved industry must be used to buy back a chance for children. ‘I doubt if there was ever a period in the history of the world when more was going on and when environment changes were more rapid than they are today. Since all of these changes have an effect in one way or another upon the mother and the child, a survey of just what has been done and what can be done, such as that offered by the White House Conference iz, in my judgment, one of the most significant and important problems that human beings face today. History of May Day Long and Interesting (Continued Prom First Page.) or 30 yoke of oxen, each animal decked with nosegays tied to the tips of his horns. A joyous crowd of men, women and children followed with piping and singing. ‘When the pole was planted flowers were scattered around it and bowers of green boughs were set up nearby. Here feasting and merrymaking went on all day long, while one set after another of youths and maidens fell in place to “leapce and daunce” around the pole. A King and Queen of the May were chosen beforehand. They sat on & throne of roses holding scepters of rushes and presided over the masques and mummeries of the crowd. The masque of Robin Hood was a favorite. There were morris dances, archery con- tests and various other sports. Usually a man riding a pasteboard hobby horse went among the spectators to oollect contributions in a ladle stuck in the horse’s mouth. At evening great bonfires were lighted and the May Queen abdicated her share of the throne, leaving the King and his men to conduct the revels of the night. These lasted till morning. In the villages the May poles were usually set up anew each vear, but in London and other cities they were often left permanently standing. There was a May pole in the Strand in London, put up in the year of the Restoration, which was 134 feet high and was a famous landmark in its day. One of the curious old customs still in existence in Devonshire and certain parts of Wales was the parading of “May dolls” through the streets. This obviously is a survival from the floral festivals, when images of the goddess were carried in procession. Sometimes there was & quaint admixture of Chris- tianity in the “May doll” ceremony—a large doll carried a baby doll in its arms, thus suggesting the Madonna of the Catholic processions. Thus, with all its “divers shews,” as an old writer expresses it, “with good archers, morrice-dauncers and other devices for passtime all the day long,” and in the evening with “stage-plaies and bonfires in the streets,” with plenty of brown October ale to add to the cheer amd a contagious spirit of Jollity abroad, May day was an efficient :’ao(;!é}; V:Avep{;l;c pent-up libido. No T the ans pounced so fiercely. - Spenee s ‘_ PUBLIC LIBRARY Recent accessions to the Public Library and lists of recommended read- ing will appear in this column every Sunday. : * Art and Artists. Collings, E. H. R. Mod oM W30-Coom. Sskegor nway, Sir Martin. Gi - L prgione. W10 Gmgmari P;n:y. aréd Blomfield, Sir R. T. reek Art and Archi % Cha T chitecture. 1922 Goya y Luclentes, F. J. de. Francisco de Goya. 1927 W10-G748. Graves, M. de B. A Study of American Art and Southern Artists of Note. N Bt s e ot WJ-H86m. Mlbfl’].}'. Joseph. The Prin 3 1880. WQ-M 11. e Mead, C. W. Peruvian Art as.Shown e on Teé:llleT lnghP.o}mry. ‘W998-M46. leryon, Charles. rles Meryon. 1927, ‘W10-M559. i3 . Muzuu-v}eb:guk.s'r. ‘W. Flemish Draw- gS Of e Seventeent . 5 ,lDZszFQgI-MM A ‘eirce, Hayford, and Tyler, Royall. o Whflr]:‘ne JA\'L.AXDQDOJ. W?:-P!i o r, J. A . James Mc] Whistler. 1927. W10-W578a2. i Geology. Jillson, W. R. Sketches MC83-J56s. Seb i Merrlam, J.'C. The Living Past. MC- M35, Willis, Balley and Robin. Geologic Structures. MN-W676ge.