Evening Star Newspaper, December 1, 1929, Page 35

THE SUNDAY STAR, WASHINGTON, D 3 DECE .BER 1, 1929—PART Eg& 3 U. S. TURNING TO ALASKA ‘FOR PULPWOOD SUPPLY Government Award of Contracts Ex- pected to Boom Industry and Attract New Population. BY ROBERT FROTHINGHAM, HE recent award by the United States Government of two con- tracts aggregating more than $10,000.000 for 10,000,000,000 board feet of Alaskan spruce and hemlotk for the manufacture of pulp for news print, constitutes a move of marked significance in the fortunes of Alaska. It points the way for the trans- fer of the news print industry of the United States from Canada to Alaska as the principal source of future supply. It is conservatively estimated by the United = States Forestry Service in Alaska, which conducted the details of this transaction, that it will result in increase of not less than 10,000 in the population of Southeastern Alaska, which will be concentrated in Juneau, the capital, and the city of Ketchikan. ‘These two immense plants, the con- struction of which will start next Spring, will be the first of their kind to be established in Alaska and will give employment to 5,000 persons, practically all of whom will be brought in from the States, including an excellent op- portunity for skilled paper makers. In- cidentally, these two big deals represent another triumph for Federal bureau teamwork which is a story in itself. Most significant of all, however, it signalizes the abandonment of archaic methods of territorial trade development and the inauguration of a definite sales ?ol):y. for which Col. W. B. Greeley, former chief of the United States For- estry Service, is largely responsible. The success of that policy is indicated in the character of the International Paper Co., the largest manufacturers of paper in the United States, who figured in the bidding for the leasehold of nearly 400,000 acres of the finest spruce and hemlock forests in southeastern Alaska. A combination representing the San Francisco Chronicie and the Los An- geles Times will establish their mill at Juneau, and the Zellerbach group, the largest news print manufacturers on the Pacific Coast, who will locate at Ketchi- kan. Each plant will have a daily ca- pacity of 500 tons of news paper. United States Puts Salesmen on Job. It is generally admitted by the more thoughtful and forward-looking Alas- kans that this latest exhibition of sales- manship on the part of the national government comes near to settling the question of the advantages of govern- mental leasing of lands over actual own- ership by the exploiters, for which ex- Chief Forester Greeley feels measur- ably proud. Mr. Greeley says that having wasted nearly five years listening to proposi- tions from promoters who came to Alaska with the idea that it would be comparatively easy to obtain water power and timber rights from the gov- ernment, with the expectation of re- turning to the States and’ organizing companies to finance their schemes, he decided to ascertain what might be ac- complished by interesting nationally known concerns of experience and financial ability in the advantages of Alaska’s forests and water power. According to B. F. Heintzleran, as- sistant district forester for Alaska, was sent to the States for a year's selling campaign. As a result, five large cor- porations became sufficiently interested to send thelr engineers and timber ex- perts to ascertain the facts at first hand., Advertising for bids followed. In other words, the United States Government is out for business on a competitive basis instead of handing out Alaskan “plums” to party favorites. And, when the conservation policies of the Government are taken into consid- eration, the far-reaching benefits to Alaska will be quite apparent. All the engineering work pre-requisite to the de- velcpment of these two plants is cor pleted and it is expected that construc. tion will start next Spring. 1,000 Acres Cut Each Day. The eonsu‘zndpuon of news print alone in the Uni States necessitates the cutting of approximately 1,000 acres of pulp timber every working day. Con- servative estimates of the Forestry De- partment place the total volume of virgin timber In Southeastern Alaska at 80,000,000,000 board feet, composed entirely of pulp wood species; west- ern hemlock and Sitka spruce, afford- ing an annual cut of 1,500,000 cords of Ip wood of 600 board feet each. This sufficlent for the production of | 1,000.000 tons of news print paper an- nually, without depleting the supply. Up to now the news print needs of the United States have been supplied by eastern Canada, which has reached its maximum development, while the consumption of news paper continues to grow rapidly. The industry has shown a consistent development based on the law of supply and demand. The argument has been advanced that the government withdrawal of timber, and other lands from private ownership constitutes & barrier to the investment of private capital in leases, Of greater significance, however, is the fact that the continued expansion of the pulp wood industry has brought the Pacific Northwest, British Columbia and Alaska within economic range of the great Eastern markets. Alaska possesses some definite advan- tages over the Pacific Northwest for these immense news print plants, which have come to be the rule, in that the exceedingly large blocks of timber necessary to meet the needs of these outfits are obtainable in Alaska at a minimum initial expense, carrying charges and the danger of fire losses. Incidentally, it may be remarked that the bidders for these vast timber land leases were aware of the Hoover ad- | ministration’s conservation policies. 3,000,000 Acres in Reserve. Most of the standing timber in Southeastern Alaska is in the Tongass National Forest, which the Department | of Agriculture insists shall be preserved for future generatlons. This reserve includes 3.000.000 acres, carrying a | growth of timber of commercial value, with an average stand per acre of 26,000 board feet, comprising a total of nearly 80,000,000,000 board feet, sub- | divided as follows: Western hemlock, | ‘74 per cent: Sitka spruce, 20 per cent; | Western red cedar and Alaskan red cedar, 3 per cent each. | The average mature spruce is five | feet in diameter and 160 feet high. | It flourishes from tidewater to an alti. tude of 1,500 feet. It is a magnificent | tree. It is manufactured into all the | usual forms of lumber and particularly afrplane stock. Studies in conserva- | Alon by the Forestry Bureau estimate a | rotation period in growth of between | @5 and 100 years. Allowing 90 years, therefore, as the period during which this virgin timber can be reproduced, approximately 1,500,- 000 cords of wood of 600 board feet each can be removed each year during that period. The Tongass Forest crop produced in this period will have a per acre volume at least twice the average volume now found therein. Stumpage Alone Sold. ‘The conservation policies of the For- estry Bureau, therefore, provide that the | stumpage alone is offered for sale, the | land being retained for the production | of succeeding forest crops. It will be apparent that the custom of “killing the goose that lays the golden eggs” will not be tolerated under National Government supervision. Provision will be made for a continuous and adequate supply of timber for such wood-using plants as may be installed. They, in their turn, will be obliged to foster the permanent development of the territory and permit a sustained contribution to the Nation's supply of timber products. With a view to attracting home in- dustries, a permanent and convenient supply of timber will rnished for local consumption, with such an addi- | students and young eral lumber markets as may be nec- g::.ry to justify efficient milling facili- ties and provide year-long operation. Other things being equal, preference will be shown those industries and ap- plicants that contemplate most com- plete manufacture in Alaska. Pulp timber allotments will be made with regard to available water-power sites suitable for use in the manufac- ture of that product. Each allotment will include sufficient land to provide a sustained annual yield of timber equal to the mill capacity obtainable through & full economic development of the ac- companying water-power sites. In this respect the Alaska aero-survey expedition of the Navy Department has given invaluable service by the di ery of hitherto unsuspected lakes high up among the peaks of the Pacific Coast range, which parallels the coast of Brit- ish Columbia and Alaska as far north and west as the Aleutian Islands. The mountains, which are exceedingly rugged, range from 5,000 to 6,000 feet in height, with an occasional reaching from 7,000 to 9,000 feet al sea level. They had not been explored until the airplane came into use, and then only within the last two years. The most recently discovered lake lies within 35 miles of Ketchikan and con- stitutes an ideal water-power site. It was immediately placed under Govern- ment litense to the Zellerbach interests, It was the deciding factor in locating their plant near that city. This - ticular lake, together witn three ers in the same locality, will produce 60,000 horsepower, all of which will become & part of the Ketchikan plant. Lesson in Co-operation. ‘This instance is eloquent of the co- operation between the various govern- ment bureaus operating in Alaska. The Navy Department supplied the air- Pplanes, flying personnel and the mother ship from the naval base at San Diego, Calif. The Geological Survey and the Department of Agriculture paid all the expenses involved in the survey. In the inception of the work it was necessary {0 prove that a submarine cable across Takue Inlet could be used to support hydro-electric power to the paper mills fo be built at Juneau. Here the Geodetic Survey came into the pic- ture by making the necessary hydro- graphic_survey for the benefit of the Forest Service. In connection with the blocking out of the vast timberland areas to be placed under contract by the Forest Service to the news print manufacturers, it was necessary to have accurately surveyed base lines. These were run by the Public Survey Division of the General Land Office. The Alaska Road Cimmission, under the direction of the War Departmen built trails to reach all the lofty water- power lakes which had been discovered by the Aero Service photographers, in order to expedite the Forest Service power surveys—and all for the benefit of the successful bidder for govern- ment-controlled pulp-wood leaseholds. Six Agencies Represented. Despite this rather involved combi- nation of Federal bureaus, the fact re- mains that the pulp-wood manufac- turers had but one set of men to deal with—the Forest Service, which, in this instance, represented six separate gov- ernment agencies. The outstanding feature of this re- markable accomplishment of bureau- cracy is that it had its in Col. Greeley’s decision to send his dis- trict deputy to the States for a year's selling campaign. And yet there are iz of the Sereiary ‘ve hapelemly oh: o ry are meshed in Pederal red tape. The Alaska branch of the Forestry Service feels that a $10,000,000 order, which ties up an aggregation of capital for 50 years, with the privilege of cut- ting 10,000,000,000 board feet of timber i‘nm orrge.r to supply v.h;‘;\eeusme‘ cf erica’s newspaper readers, is fairly good business in return for the sales efforts of one man for a 12-month, not to mention an additional population of 10,000 which, it is estimated, these two great plants will bring to Alaska. America and Britain Help French Catalogue International intellectual co-opera- tlon § not a mere word. A new exam- ple of its benefits has been recently shown by-the help many American pub- lic libraries are giving to the French Bibliotheque Nationale for the publish- ing of the latter's monumental cata- logue of its printed books. Ninety volumes of this catalogue are already printed. Eighty-eight more are to be printed, and the general Ii- brarian thought that the work could be done only in 25 years, at the rate of three or four volumes a year, But, in answer to an appeal from Dr. C. C. Williamson, gene: librarian of Columbia University, 98 American Ii- braries and 5 English libraries, amon; them the Oxford Bodelian, have decldes to raise special funds in order to hasten publication of the much-wanted French | catalogu e. This friendly ald will allow the Biblo- theque Nationale to issue eight voulmes a year, and the whole work will be done in 11 years, with benefit to all intellec- tual workers throughout the world. Japanese Will-Direcl Thinking of Country Guidance of public thought of Japan In proper channels is considered of so much importance by the government that a special bureau will be created in the ministry of home affairs which will devote itself solely to this ques- tion. It will be called the social educa- tion bureau and will busy itself with investigations of the prlopenl’n ities of people in general. When and if it {s thought that “dan Tous thoughts” are becoming preva- ent steps will be taken to correct this fault by means of moving pictures, lec- tures and pamphlets. The concern over dangerous thoughts” is more than a passing one to the authorities at pres- ent. Arising chiefly out of the spiritual nd intellectual complexities caused by e mixing of Western ideas with those of the Orient, this problem is troubling the Conservatives and giving the Lib- erals food for thought. What the gov- ::‘l‘l’rlrilent Iuleh mm((‘!lwf!r is a state (l,l c opinion whicl neither over! Left nor Right. ey — Buddhists of China Assail Religious Ban In its war on superstition, which has Involved the destruction of a number of temple idols, the Nanking | ment has aroused the Buddhists of Hankow, who, claiming that over- drastic attacks have been made on their faith, have appointed a delegation to visit Nanking and to demand that & golicy of no discrimination against uddhism be adopted. The delegation de::;er;u flutx;‘! religion is to be sup- pre or religious nmrn confiscated then they demand thal nu’nl be treated on the same basis. &;‘; | ernment, in accepting a petition | the Buddhists, has let it be known that the delegation will be given a hearing. | Holding office under the government are many Chinese Christians, who are now to be faced with the problem of agreeing to attack their own religion 8s well as Buddhism or else show why tion supnly to the local sawmills for the the Buddhists are being denied religious liberty, AE Wall Street Chastened Great Financial Center Wants to Forget—Workers Drawn Together by Common Suffering BY FRANK J. WILLIAMS. NEW Wall Street is rising out of the tragedy of the recent stock market break, a subdued, greatly chastened Street. The stock crash was a great leveler and in the unparalleled agony of financial losses the great multitude of men and women who toil daily in New York's nn:‘::cm district were drawn closer together. Few men can stand the strain of great wealth suddenly acquired. The last five years of bull markets made the men in the Street rich beyond their wildest dreams. There was a tendency toward swagger and autoc- racy from which even the most con- servative members of the district were not entirely free. Wall Street was getting just a little bit swelled-headed and overfond of pleasure. Subjected to the corrosion of big money all ranks in the Street were beginning to belleve they had the divine right to do as they pleased any- where. Actually the easy money in the Street was becoming a menace and a corruption in all the capitals in the world. The ordinary mortal who had to work for his money found he was hopelessly outranked financially wher- ever he went. Tips. Stewards on liners who ordinarily would be overjoyed to receive a $10 tip turned their noses up at such an in- significant sum after having $100 bills pressed into their hands by bloated speculators. Men who shine shoes in the office buildings downtown were used to getting 25-cent and 50-cent tips for about three minutes’ work. Manicurists who had received $25, $50 and $100 | thin, for putting a little polish on the finger- nalls of the lucky ones could hardly be expected to give service for a lowly quarter or 50 cents. Men who would have been perfectly satisfled to live comfortably and re- spectably with their wives and families in small suburban towns, built them- selves $50,000 and $100,000 houses in g.-“flF’”FW.—. S SCENE IN WALL STREET, NEW YORK CITY. the fast Long Island and Westchester towns and hired numerous servants, chauffeurs and gardeners. Many of them rented flashy apartments in New York as places of relaxation. Any ordinary citizen who has seen newly rich Wall Street men in Paris, Lendon, Havana, Bermuda, Montreal or Quebec cannot help feeling a sense gt. relief that the days of easy money ve passed. Wall Street cannot be too severely criticized for all this. All the eritics of conditions would have done the same g if they had been given the oppor- tunity A Big Price. For all its sins Wall Street has paid a big price and Wall Street men have roved themselves dead game sports. t cannot be said that Wall Street has come up smiling, although most of the Tuined men have been able to crack § grin at the horde of new jokes devel- oped during the break. ‘Wall Street actually is bleeding at every pore. The chubby, self-satisfied faces of only one month ago have been replaced by countenances that are haggard and lined with deep furrows. The men who have lost the most are not talking very much about it, but one sees the t: in their bloodshot eyes, and it is reflected in softer man- ners and greater consideration for others. Up to now the Street has not been sble to really get back to work. Its sufferings have been too great. Men who had their fortunes placed in good securities, including bank stock, felt ab- solutely secure a few weeks ago. Many of them are past middle age and some are even old. A few days of hysterical panic and they are poor, either having lost all or the greater part of their wealth. They know they can never get it back, but they are not whining. Professional ‘Wall Street never whines. It can give and take a beating. Only the amateur speculator seeks a sympathetic shoulder upon. itiful to_weep ‘The p! part of the break is that the conservative investor has suffered ulator. The tor feel very sorry for. He lives by the sword, and he must be prepared to die by the sword. But there are in Wall Street thou- sands of minor executives who by care- ful investment in piled up large fortunes. Many of them in- vested their money in the shares of their own institutions only to see them crumble with the rest. had faith in the house that employed them, and 50 pledged their money with it. These men are the most tragic figures in the Street now. It is perfectly true that the hardened bear traders, who have never been known to show pity, grew sick at the sight of the havoc they helped to bring about and stopped torturing the mar- ket. It was too easy. The market was a great big frlfilunod elephant floun- dering around terror. Never before had prices been so easily de) . Bear traders built up enormous fortunes in a few days. average bear is sportsmen enough to want to fight to add zest to his operations and it must be remembered that the bears were badly trimmed for many years. It is not on record that the bulls showed them any mercy. Tired of Selling. One large bear trader, who had made over $100,000,000, said in disgust, “I am tired of the slaughter. I will not sell another share of stock.” Over on the | floor men were drawn together by the | common woe, and the bulls at times | actually asked for quarter. It was not uncommon for one specialist on the floor to say to another, “Give me a chance, Bili, will you.” . large order to one cannot One broker with a execute at the market would say to an- (Continued on Fourth Page.) The Story the Week Has Told BY HENRY W. BUNN. ‘The following is a brief summary of the most important news of the world for the seven days ended November 30: FRANCE —Georges Clemenceau is dead at 88; the most towering states- man since Lincoln. ‘The average person has a fairly just notion of Clemenceau’s direct participa- tion in the war; of the situation of France in 1917; how treason, defeatism and pacifism had gone far to paralyze the government; how fear of betrayal from the rear was undermining the morale of the army, so that many ap- prehended a French and more disastrous Caporetto; and how Clemenceau, under- the premiership at the age of 76, clapped the traitors in quod, silenced the pacifists, entirely restored the mo- rale and confidence of the troops (with whom he spent three days a week at the front, constantly exposed to fire), and with his “Je Fais 1a Guerre! Je Fas la Guerre!” created the atmosphere es- sential to victory. It is this Clemenceau of 1917 of whom we are apt to think to the exclusion of the rest of his remark- able career; Le Pere de la Victoire of 1917 and 1918, And nd yet—it seems not un- likely t the philosophical historian of the future will find that the service rendered by Clemenceau as head of the government, as organizer of victory, was not more important than the service rendered by Clemenceau the censor, the super-Cato, during the long period from 1876, when he entered the National As- sembly, until 1917 (except the years 1906-1909, when he was minister of the interior and premier). Reviewing the history of the third republic, one wonders how it survived the intrigues of clericals, Orleanists, Legitimists and Bonapartists, the Pan- ama scandal, the Dreyfus affair (in connection with which Clemenceau played so magnificent a part), so much else, including—not least important— the opportunism of genuine Republicans (why, Gambetta himself turned oppor- tunist). It survived because of suc- cessive purgations effected by the most savage, unremitting, honest, intelligent, informed, fearless and patriotic political critic the world has ever seen—namely, Georges Clemenceau. Probably, but for Clemenceau it would not have been in plight in 1914 to sustain the terrific impact of the German attack. Clemenceau’s criticism during all those years was not merely destructive. It was in many ways constructive, both as te domestic and as to foreign policy. To him the all-important desideratum of foreign policy was an_intimate un- derstanding with Great Britain.” Far more than any other man was he in- strumental in the creation of the An- glo-French entente. In the eighties and nineties of the last century a con- siderable proportion of the French people would have preferred an alliance with Germany to an alliance with Great Britain. One of the most effec- tive points made against Clemenceau by the coalition which defeated him for re-election to the Chamber in 1893 was his friendship for Britain. such difficulties, after an uphill fight of many years, he achieved the entente. More clearly than any other French- man he perceived the inevitability of another attack by Germany, and he knew that France must go under with- out the British alliance. 8o, then, as critic and as seer Clem- enceau was scarcely less indispensable. to France and the crushing of imperial Germany than as head of government. But Clemenceau was not only a statesman, he was one of the most effective journalists the world has seen; é was a first-class wit, i things” being almost as numerous as those ettributed to Lincoln, and he was novelist, playwright, essayist. It is doubtful, however, if any of his writ- ings will Jive except the “Demosthenes,” in which, under the guise of a biograph- ical skeich of the great Athenian, he poignantly appeals to the French people not to forget certain lessons of history. No, one should except also that essay in which he tells again the story told by Plutarch and Rabelais and gianced at in the most imaginative passage of Milton —the story of the mariner ‘Thamous, plying from the island of Paxo to a of Epirus, who heard a volce him on arrival at the Against | diaf latter to proclaim that Pan, the great | Pan, was dead. Another thing should be noticed. Clemenceau was a great stoic, one of the greatest. From his two-volume work, “In the Evening of My Thoughts,” which appeared on the very eve of his death, could be distilled a treatise on stoicism to defy all-eating time. Clemenceau was buried in a little wood on his ancestral estate near the village of Colombier in La Vendee, within sound of the sea he loved. By | his direction the funeral was absolutely private and devoid of ceremony. * k% % CHINA.—Dispatches of the 24th an- nounced that Soviet forces were over- running all Manchuria west of the Khingan Mountains (Khailar 1is the most important settlement in this region), and that other Soviet forces had penetrated west along the Chinese Eastern Railway from Pogranichnaya (on the frontier between Manchuria and the Maritime Province) to Muling. But dispatches of the same date co tained matter still more important: To the effect, namely, that the menace from Russia had caused a surge of patriotic feeling throughout China and by the same token had énded (or sus pended) the rebellion against the Na- tionalist government. The Nanking government had announced an armistice in Honan and Hupeh; Wang Ching-wei, the leader of the left wing of the Ku mintang and head of the “reorganiza. tion” movement, whose aims Chang Fa- Kwel professes to be promoting, had ordered that firebrand to cease his ad- vance upon Canton and to make peace with Nanking; Yen Hsi-Shan had again assured Nanking of his earnest support; and again denial had issued from Muk- den that Chang Hsueh-Liang, Super Tuchun of Manchuria, was seeking to reach a settlement of the Chinese East- ern business with Moscow independent- 1y of Nanking. Dispatches of the 25th partially eon- tradicted those of the 24th. They said nothing of an armistice, but did indi- cate decisive Nationalist successes in Honan and Hupeh. They showed Chang Fa-Kwei continuing his advance upon Canton and the Manchurian sit- uation substantially as described in the dispatches of the 24th. Dispatches of the 27th confirmed the report of an armistice, secured partly by Nationalist success in the field and partly by bribery, and told of dispatch of a considerable u;fl““"’" force to Kwangtung to pol off Chang Fa- Kwel. The Nanking government, in identical notes, appeals to the governments sig- natory of the Briand-Kellogg pact * take appropriate steps to stop and pun- ish” the Russian invasion, characteriz- ing it as a “deliberate violation of the anti-war pact”; and there appears to be a possibility of some sort of re- sponsive action by the governments of United States, Great Britain and Japan under the general terms of the Kellogg On the 27th Moscow announced ac- ceptance by the Manchurian authorities of its demands concerning the Chinese Eastern. If this is true, it introduces a new complication in the general Chi- nese internal situation. A Tokio re- port of the same date announced with- drawal from Manchuria of the invading Russian forces. ‘There seems a strong possibility that, in default of effective action under the Kellogg pact, Nanking would make for- mal application to the League for its intervention (under article XI of the covenant), in her dispute with Russia. There is evidence that the League is not eager to intervene. The present president of the League Councll is a Persian. A Moscow dispatch informs us that the demands accepted by Chang Hsueh- Liang, Super Tuchun of Manchuria, are as follows: “1, Official consent by the Chinese to restoration of the situation of the Chi- nese Eastern Railway existing prior to the conflict on the basis of the Peking- Mukden agreement of 1924. 2. Im- mediate reinstatement of the manager and assistant manager of the railway recommended by the Soviet government in accordance with the Peking-Mukden agreement. 3. Immediate release of all Soviet Russian citizens arrested in connection with the dispute.” The above preliminary to direct ne- gotiation. Dispatches of the 28th were very vague indeed. The Nanking govern- ment seems to have formally disavowed the action of Chang Hsueh-Liang and to have made fresh proposals to Mcs- Long Pull and Bitter Controversies Faced by New Session of Congress (Continued From First Page.) so simple a matter as taking a week's adjournment: venture to say that if every Senator were left absolutely free from any influ- ence of possible political effect as the result of his vote, there would be an overwhelming vote in favor of imme- | te adjournment. . . . If we had 30 cents worth of courage we would vole now to adjourn.” Is there any worthwhile construction to_be brought out of all this? There is. Making & tariff bill this way is bad for politics, bad for politiclans, bad for statesmen, if any. It is hurtful to the courage and morale of all public life. Also, making a tariff this way results in a bad tariff. In short, the tariff is bad for itics and politics is bad for the tar; The tariff ought never again to be made this way. This is not merely the dictum of an inconsequential observer. It is the deeply held, seasoned, earnest conviction of nine-tenths of the Senate By going through the Congressional Record dand some newspaper sympo- siums I have seen I could find strong expressions of opinion to this effect from fully 50 Senators, If the wholc Senate were painstakingly interviewed, nine-tenths of them, I am confident, would subscribe to this judgment. ‘The only Senator from whom I have found a public statement in dissent is Shortridge of California. He says: “There is nothing wrong with our sys- H ofl tarift m-khl:n." ‘Ege Bml";‘o{‘: m either party who would agree that statement are not more than a r handful. They compose a tiny group, largely very h‘l’gh vr%ot.ecuon men, who don't belleve in any flexible provision ‘whatever, who believe :::l’;f::::m;{_fl:: once every se . :r:\‘i":l:onld stay Ir.ly it is for the follow- ing seven years. Aside from this group, Senator after | Senator is on record with profound con- victions to the effect that there should never again be a general tariff revision. That is, that never again should the tariff as a whole be revised all at one time, The suggestion of Senator Cara- way of Arkansas is characteristic of the conviction held by fully 80 of the 95 Senators: “Bring in the schedules separately and dispose of them one by one; finish the one under consideration before tak- ing up another schedule; it might even be in the public interest not to legislate on more than one schedule at a session. This will end bartering and log-rolling.” That 1s the general tenor of the com- mon oonvlcum!; detalls differ with dif- ferent Senators. That us to the most important aspect of the coming session. Like many basic it comes to the surface as an incident of something else. There is involved in one detail of the tariff bill— namely, the flexable provision—there is involved and will be answered the ques- tions: Whether there will ever again be a general revision of the tariff? "If the answer is no, then just how and through what mechanism will future revisions take place? To what extent through the Tariff Commission, to what extent through the President, to what extent through Congress? cow. But it is quite possible that this | tcal is only save-face, even possible that Nanking was privily consenting to Muk- |den's action. At any rate, it seems very probable that it will acquiesce in the development. The indication is that the powers appealed to by Nan- king will consider that the situation has so framed itself as no longer to call for their offices. ‘The reader is requested to d the above notes on the Sino-Russian dis- pute as purely provisional, as represent- ing an attempt to feel my way through the murk. * k% UNITED STATES OF AMERICA— Senator Prancis Emroy Warren of Wyoming is dead at 85. He was “The Father of the Senate,” having served uninterruptedly in that body for more than 34 years. He served four years in the Civil War, enlisting at 18, and winning the Congressional Medal of Honor, born and “raised” in Massa- chusetts, he went to Wyoming as a ploneer in 1868. He served several years as Governor of Wyoming Ter- ritory, and was the first Governor of Wyoming State. Wyoming has ap- propriately named her loftiest mounta (in the Windy River Range) for this her most distinguished son. Senator Warren had large business interests, chiefly in Wyoming, where he owned more land and lve stock than any other person. L ‘THE ANTARCTIC.—At $:29 pm., November 28 (10:29 p.m. New York time), Comdr. Byrd takes off from Little America, Antarctica (Bay of Whales, Ross Sea), pointed for the South Pole, 780 miles away. redoubtable Balchen is at the controls, and the huge Ford plane, the Floyd Bennett, carries also Radioman June and Capt. Ashely . McKinley, photog- rapher and surveyor. It is necessary to climb 12,000 feet to surmount the mountain barrier between the base and the vast polar plateau, which “itself is about 9,000 feet high. But here is a happy consideration. The foot of the mountains is less than 400 miles from the Pole. The going should be simple, over comparatively low and level ground, till the mountains (Queen Maud Range) are reached, and eight supply depots have been established at regular intervals in a straight line from Little America to the foot of the mountains. The weather is divine for the start, and there is promise of good metero- logical conditions ahead. Win or lose, this is one of the supreme aventures. The commander carries food for three months, and suitable equipment against the possibility of a forced land- ing, including clothing, camping and traveling outfits, etc. Well, they did it, arriving back at | Little America on November 29, hlvl.na | made the round trip in 18 hours an fueling at depot No. 7 near the north foot of the mountains. Comdr. Byrd has clinched the immortality achieved by his north polar flight. It was a fight to get over the mountains. “We had to dump a month and a half of food to do it,” says the commander. “It was nip and tuck all the way.” * ok ok % NOTES.—The new Australian labor government has decided to abolish com- pulsory military training in the co monwealth, substituting volunteer train- ing, “with ample encouragement for flying and rifle clubs.” ‘The Jaspar cabinet of Belgium, rep- resenting a Catholic-Liberal coalition (76 Catholics and 28 Liberals, together | & majority of the chamber) has re- signed. M. Jaspar is chairman of The Hague conference, so that, presumabply, unless M. Jaspar suc himself as Belgian premier, The Hague conference will have to find a new chairman. i and Bukharin, chief spokesmen of the heresy within the Russia; party have made confession of their sin, have recanted their heresy and all is now harmony within the party. The last remnant of “bourgeois” sentiment has been derancinated. No member of the party hercafter will express, how- ever he may feel, doubt of the success of the five-year plan, The drive for | mm&n of agriculture gathers A 59 minutes, including an hour for re-| IMMUNITY OF FOOD SHIPS [S WEIGHED BY THE NATIONS Humanitarian Aspects of Hoover Sugges- tion Seen by Some, but Approval Has Hindrances. NY proposal made by the Presl- dent of the United States will n receive comment in capitals. That the Pn‘s’uent nfllen his &mpunl as a_purely personal one makes no difference. The incumbent is too close- ly identified with his office to permit of any general discrimination between his personal and official opinions. This is well {llustrated in the world- wide discussion of President Hoover's tion that *“food ships should be made free of any interference in times of war.” The n was obviously & spontaneous . whhu o&n unique lence combating the m{“eflem n women and children of the use starvation as a weapon of warfare. There wu]n£ ll:#enfion to make a formal proposal to other coun- tries along mpr?“m or to bring the matter up officially at the forthcoming London Naval Conference. Mr. Hoover ‘was simply lmnl the idea before the peoples of world for them to think about. o i And think about it they have, the great naval powers particularly, but many other countries as well. In gen- eral, the reaction has been ome of commendation for the humanitarian as- pects of the President's suggestion. When this aspect has happened to coin- cide with the memory or interest of the country concerned, the commendation has been unqualified. National Reactions Typical. Where other memories or interests intrude, the commendation has been modified by qualifications which, in some cases, amount to a negative ver- Ium. ‘The national reactions are so typical as to afford a striking illustra- tion of the traditional national atti- tudes toward the whole question of war and international politics. Take our own country, for example. The day after this speech there was a deluge of telegrams at the White House, most of which enthuslastically seconded the proposal to exempt food ships from naval interference. A number of Sen- tors and Representatives voiced their 8 . Pastors and pacifists swelled the note of praise. In traditional fash- ion the vocal sentiment of the country ranged itself behind the humanitarian aspect of the idea. Some went further and urged that the President's s stion be placed upon the agenda of the London confer- ence. This was strongly supported by those who favored a general discussion of the freedom of the seas at that con- ference. The President and Secretary of State, however, appear to be of the opinion that such a discussion would hamper rather than assist the main purpose of the London meeting, namely, the limitation—and possible. reduction —of the world’s navies. Skeptical Pose Questions. ‘There has been considerable commen| to the effect that the exemption o food ships would be a fine thing, but that it is not practicable. Belligerents, fighting with their backs to the wall, could not be e ted to live up to any such rule when its obvious effect would be to strengthen the enemy, ibly to the point where he would enabled to win. And who is to enforce the new regu- lation if there is not at least one neu- tral navy as strong as that of the bellig- erent who violates it? And will that neutral navy go to the extreme of mak- ing war to enforce it? These are some of the questions raised by the skep- ‘There is & smaller and quieter sec- tion of opinion which, despite a high regard for President Hoover in general, looks upon the food ship proposal as “utterly .” It is imprac- ticable. It will arouse resentment abroad because it will be looked upon as made in our own interest to insure our trade in foodstuffs at least with both belligerents in time of war. Hidden Purpose Sought. As Europe has banned practically all war except one to restrain an aggressor under the League Covenant, the Hoover proposal will be construed as a blow at ism. And, lastly, when the world is bending every effort to eliminate war altogether, why confuse the issue by offering a project to mitigate the evils of war? Above all, why offer a project which it adopted would not only make it easier for nations to go to war but the operation of which would prolong the struggle indefinitely and thereby nega- tive the very humanitarian considera- tions which ostensibly prompt the offer. Those who argue along these lines— for the most part men who are steeped in the so-called ‘“realities” of interna- tional politics—seek to find some hid- den purpose behind the President’s pro- posal. For them it is too “preposter- ous” to be considered for what it pre- tends to be; therefore there must be some ulterior motive. Some profess to find this in the idea that by assuring the free passage of food ships to belligerent countries the chief argument of the “big navy” peo- ple in England can be undermined. “England must control the seas,” is the old Admiralty cry, “in order to insure a food supply for the British people in time of war.” Ingenuous Arguments Used. All right, insure the food supply by & new regulation, and the dominating fleet is no longer necessary. Thus the “big navy” men can gracefully retire from their position or, if they will not, they can be forced out of it. ‘The proponents of this view of Mr. Hoover's plan can, of course, supply many paragraphs in_the unreported conversation on the Rapidan between the American President and the British Prime Minister. To this school of thought the whole project is a little scheme of Mr. Hoover and Mr. Mac- Donald to checkmate the British “big navy crowd.” Other students of international in- trigue look uj the project as directed at France. wiseacres see France’s the success of the London Conference. They expect Paris to insist upon an un- limited number of submarines. This, even if there is no contributing cause, will prevent the British from agreeing to limit the number of their cruisers. This in turn will prevent an Angl American limitation agreement, and everybody return to feverish building. Pit France Against Britain. Into this picture they inject the Hoover proposal. France, they say, will oppose the exemption of food ships from naval operations. Their ostensible reason for doing so will be that it nulli- fles the economic sanctions of the League of Nations against an aggressor state. But Mr. Hoover hopes to smoks hem out. If the French insist upon an un- limited number of submarines, then her real purpose must be to keep her hands free in case of necessity to use her submarines against Great Britain and hfln'.get.hnl proud island to her knees by starvation process. Rather than be placed in this position, so the argu- ment runs, France will find it expedient to -yleld someth! and Mr. Hoover's hidden purpose be accomplished. We are T.ll:o free to choose accord- ing to our taste which of these various trends of ion we shall adopt as our own. Before doing so, however, we may get some additional light from the re- actions to 'Mr. Hoover's proposal in other countries. These, as might be expected, are in close accord with the interests, real or fancied, of the nations concerned. ‘The mere mention of food ships by the League, masked by humanitarian- | tio intransigence as the chief menace 10| pe Mr. Hoover serves to flll the German mind with bitter memories of the last {,un of the great war, when the allled lockade began to spread starvation abroad in the land. ' Earlier incidents in Belgium are forgotten or overlooked. Austria, too, remembers the gaunt :c::clly which preceded the ::n de- feat. dependent upon outside sources of food supply, see nothing but good in the Hoover proposal. Japan as a naval power is even more interested. The Japanése navy is su- preme in the Western Pacific. Even if it were not, the cutting off of her food supplies is not her principal concern. Japanese could in case of necessily feed themselves from their own ree sources. On the other hand, no naval blockade which they could establish would seriously affect China, or Russia, gl;ngx: “Unlued suui-..' or any other etical enemy of Japan. The Japenese are w\R‘uT( enough, then, to grant immunity to food ships in time of war, but they would like to see that immunity extended to ships carrying ofl, and coal, and steel, and other supplies. These are absolutely necessary to the maintenance of Japan's economic machinery, and even more so for the waging of war, for her domestic sources are utterly inadequate. More diverse and considered discus- sion is to be heard in the capitals of the European naval powers. Some of the Roman papers, despite the careful Fascist supervision of the press, got off on the wrong foot. It has been cus- tomary for the Fascist press, even while Signor Mussolini gives a cautious wel- come to all proposals in the way of dis- armament, o rail at such proposals as utterly unrelated to the realities of world politics in general and the reali- ties o!] Italy’s restricted resources in cular. partic Called Window Dressing. It is a favorite Fascist thesis—and none has been more vocal in support of it than Il Duce himself—that Italy must have more territory, colonial or otherwise, and that she must prepare herself to go to war for it if she cannot get it by peaceful means. A corollary of this thesis has been a supercilious attitude toward all proposals for limi- tation of armaments or the renuncia- tion of war. ‘The general effort seems to be to im- press the Italian le with the idea that, while such limitation and renun- clation may furnish politicians with a means of decelving their constituents, the whole thing is really nothing but window dressing, and that when the occasion for war arises war will come. In accordance with this general ten- dency, tlhem first mpt ’mm l{l’:’ to th; proposal exem) &) was characterize it as another deceptive ef- fort of the Americans to impose their own wishes on the rest of the world, particularly on England, and to insure & market for their food exports in the case of a European war. Then the ‘“realities” of Italy's own situation seem to have been brought into the discussion. Italy must import a considerable portion of her own food supplies. Her peninsular geography makes the sea routes the natural source of supply. She is therefore icu- larly susceptible to a naval blockade, At the same time there would be little opportunity for Italy geriously to cur- tail the sea-borne fo supply of any hypothetical enemy. Under these circumstances there has been a sudden soft-pedaling of the Fascist press on the Hoover proposal. Perhaps it would not be so bad for Italy after all. And Italian spokesmen hasten to point out that Italy is el- ways in favor of any action designed to :&ert the dangers of war or o mitigate Blow at League, French Protest. France has been most outspoken in opposition to the Hoover suggestion. This opposition is not based upon the fact that Prance 18 practically self- supporting in the matter of food sup- plies. Prench opinion hastens to the rescn;xe of the threatened League of Na- More keenly hurt than any one else by America’s failure to join the League, there is always a lingering suspicion of America’s will toward that organi- zation. ether maliciously or inad- vertently, President Hoover, they feel, has by this new proposal aimed a blow at the League. While there exists a so-called “gap” in the covenant under which member Dations c:lag. legil vi league obligations in general are so designed that any nation resorting to war by so doing will become an ag- gressor nation and an outlaw so far as the League is concerned. The covenant contemplates the possi- bility, even the nmbnhfuty, of a com- bined military effort to restrain the ag- gressor. But it also relies to a large Flations” Wit the spemeson By S ‘essor m;:nl:l’l: of 'll:le League. i ere that the Hoover suggestion cuts under the League in the 'g;lmon of its Prench defenders. The League boycott naturally would finclude trade in foodstuffs. The cutting off of food supplies would be one of the most ef- fective means by which League mem- zra re"o:hi bring a recalcitrant nation President Hoover's proy 1 | strike this weapon from l:hepu?n:lnd:? ‘:&2 e French see it, this would act as a direct encouragement to ANy aggressive- minded nation to resort to war to attain its end. At the very best it would en- able the aggressor to escape one of the severest penalties of his aggression. So far as the French are concerned, the proposal to exempt food ships from naval interference tlgeo all of the sub. stance out of the Kellogg pact. In their view the Kellogg pact is an instrument by which America could associate itsel? with the members of the League in the suppression of an aggressor state. Military Factor Weighed. Although the United States could n ot expected to employ its armed forces In such a League operation, it is as- sumed that an aggressor under the cove. nant would alsa be a violator of the Kellogg pact and that the United States could not therefore insist upon its rights s a neutral to carry on trade with the aggressor state without stiltifying itself. This it seemed greatly strengthened e League. But if food ships are to be exempted then a most vital source of strength is to be conserved to an ag- . France frankly does not like Behind this frank and open opposi- tion of Prench opinion there is a small and silent but very powerful group which thinks more specifically in terms of nn&olmon to food ships proposal. This is the group which corresponds tn the “Britannia-rules-the-waves” erowd I':hfil"lllln;t “I".n'hlnl:‘ :l‘ltha ultimate on of all internatios ble lel;l{l:‘ 0‘1;1 military power. by e group that opposed to the last ditch evacuation of the Rhinsiand, fathers the loan of military supplies to the countries of the little entente, schemes against Italy fn the and feels it a sacred duty to be red to humble England in case that country should interfere too seriously with the glorious future they cherish for France France has made no effort since ‘Trafalgar to ehfllew the British on the sea. Although the 5:167 ratio for English _and Prench battleships fixed by the Washington agreement is looked upon as unjust, if not insulting, to France, there is no disposition now to which could co; build a French fleet te the British fleet. But m: (Continued on Sixth Page.)